CHAPTER 2

CIM

Hawassa University Institute Of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering
(mebt@hu.edu.et)

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 Contents
2.1 Introduction to CIM
 CIM objectives
 CIM system
 Basic element of CIM

2.2 Product Design and CAD

 TheDesign Process
 Application of Computers in Design
 CAD system hardware and software

2.3 CAM, CAD/CAM, and CIM

 CAM
 CAD/CAM
 CIM

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 CIM overview
2.1 Introduction to CIM
 Manufacturing companies today have faced intensive market
competitions. Besides the traditional competition for low cost and
high quality, the competition pressure for today’s manufacturing
companies are:-
• Way of Manufacturing of more complex and more
customized products
• shorter product life cycle and shorter delivery time
• Utilization of fewer skilled workers
 In order to win in the global market, manufacturing companies
should improve their competition ability by implementing CIM
system.

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CIM definition
 Since the concept of CIM was put forward in 1973, it has been
enriched due to the contributions of many researchers and
practitioners.

 One earlier definition of CIM given by Kochan and Cowan (1986) is

 CIM is the concept of a totally automated factory inwhich all
manufacturing processes are integrated and controlled by a
CAD/CAM system.

 This definition does not put much emphasis on the role of information.

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 Contd.
 Another definition given by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)
(Ayres, 1991) is:

 CIM is the application of computer science technology to the

enterprise of manufacturing in order to provide the right
information to the right place at the right time, which enables the
achievement of its product, process and business goals.

 This definition has put much emphasis on the role of information.

But does not give much emphasis to the very important concept of
integration.

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 Some other definitions have pointed out that CIM is a philosophy in
operating a manufacturing company. As Greenwood (1988) :
 CIM is an operating philosophy aiming at greater efficiency
across the whole cycle of product design, manufacturing, and
marketing, thereby improving quality, productivity, and
competitiveness.

 Society of Manufacturing Engineers has given the following CIM

definition (Singh,1996).
 CIM is the integration of the total manufacturing enterprise
through the use of integrated systems and data communications
coupled with new managerial philosophies that improve
organizational and personnel efficiency.

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 Cont…
 It should be pointed that CIM does not mean to replace man by
machine or computer, so as to create a totally automatic business and
manufacturing processes.

 It is not necessary to build a fully automatic factory in order to

implement a CIM system.

 Generally CIM is not a product that can be purchased and installed.

 It is a way of thinking and solving problems.

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 Contd.
2.1.1 CIM Objectives
 Simplify production processes, product designs, and factory
organization as a vital foundation to automation and integration

 Automate production processes and the business functions that

support them with computers, machines, and robots

 Integrate all production and support processes using computer

networks, cross-functional business software, and other
information technologies

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 Contd.
2.1.2 CIM Systems
 Engineering systems – computer Aided design (CAD),
analysis (CAE) and manufacturing (CAM)

 Manufacturing resource planning systems-production

forecasting, production scheduling, material resource planning,
capacity planning and production cost control

 Manufacturing execution systems (MES) -

performance monitoring information systems for factory floor
operations
Process Control – control ongoing physical processes
Machine Control – controls the actions of machines

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 Contd.
CIM SYSTEMS

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 Contd.
2.1.3 Elements of CIM system

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I. Marketing:
 The need for a product is identified by the marketing division.
 The specifications of the product, the projection of manufacturing
quantities and the strategy for marketing the product are also
decided by the marketing department.

ii. Product Design:

 Establishes the initial database for production of a proposed
product, through activities such as geometric modeling and
computer aided design.
 The design process creates the database required to manufacture
the part.

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iii. Planning:
 Planning involves several subsystems dealing with materials,
facility, process, tools, manpower, capacity, scheduling,
outsourcing, assembly, inspection, logistics etc.

iv. Purchase:
 The purchase departments is responsible for placing the
purchase orders and follow up, ensure quality in the production
process of the vendor, receive the items, arrange for inspection
and supply the items to the stores or arrange timely delivery
depending on the production schedule for eventual supply to
manufacture and assembly.

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v. Manufacturing Engineering:
 Manufacturing Engineering is the activity of carrying out the
production of the product, involving further enrichment of the
database with performance data and information about the
production equipment and processes.
 In CIM, this requires activities like CNC programming,
simulation and computer aided scheduling of the production
activity.
vi. Factory Automation Hardware:
 In CIM system this consists of computer controlled process
machinery such as CNC machine tools, flexible manufacturing
systems (FMS), Computer controlled robots, material handling
systems, computer controlled assembly systems, flexibly
automated inspection systems and so on.
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vii. Warehousing:
 Warehousing is the function involving storage and retrieval of
raw materials, components, finished goods as well as shipment of
items.
 In today's complex outsourcing scenario and the need for just-in-
time supply of components and subsystems, logistics and supply
chain management assume great importance.
viii. Finance:
 Finance deals with the resources pertaining to money.
 Planning of investment, working capital, and cash flow control,
realization of receipts, accounting and allocation of funds are the
major tasks of the finance departments.

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ix. Information Management:
 Information Management is perhaps one of the crucial tasks in
CIM.
 This involves master production scheduling, database
management, communication, manufacturing systems integration
and management information systems.

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 Contd.
2.2 Product Design and CAD
 Product design is a critical function in the production system.

 It is very significant portion of the cost of the product and quality,

which is most important factor in determining the commercial
success and societal value of a product.

 Design and manufacturing cannot he separated in the production

system. They are bound together functionally, technologically, and
economically.

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2.2.1 The Design Process
 General process of design characterized by Shigley is consisting six
phases:

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1) Recognition of need
 Involves the realization of problem existence for which some
corrective action can be taken in the form of a design solution.
Example
 Identifying of some deficiency in a current machine design by an
engineer or perceiving of some new product opportunity by a
salesperson.

2) Problem definition
 It involves specification of the item to be designed.

 This specification includes the physical characteristics,

function, cost, quality, and operating performance.

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3) Synthesis and 4) analysis .
 They are closely related and highly interactive in the design
process.
 Synthesis is conceptualization of the design by the designer
 Analysis is inspection of the design for the requirement

5) Evaluation
 It is measuring of design against the specifications established in
the problem definition phase.
 Requires the fabrication and testing of a prototype model to assess
operating performance, quality and other criteria.

6) Presentation
 It is documenting the design by means of drawings, material
specifications and assembly lists in design data base.
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2.2.2 Application of Computers in Design
 CAD means effective use of the computer to create, modify,
analyze, or document an engineering design.

Application of Computers in Design

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 1.

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 2. Engineering Analysis

 After a particular design alternative has been developed, some form of

engineering analysis often must be performed as part of the design
process.

 The analysis may involve ,stress strain calculations, heat transfer

computations, or use of dynamic behavior of the system being
designed.

 The term computer aided engineering (CAE) is often used for

engineering analyses performed by computer.

 Two important examples of this type are:

I. Analysis of mass properties
II. Finite element analysis
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 I. Analysis of mass properties:

 For solid object: surface area , weight , volume, center of gravity,

and moment of inertia.

 For a plane surface (or c/s of solid object) the corresponding

computations may include the perimeter, area, and inertia
properties.

II. Finite element analysis:

 With this technique the object is divided into large number of

finite elements, which form an interconnecting network of
concentrated nodes.

 By using a computer, the entire object can be analyzed for stress-

strain, heat transfer and other characteristics by calculating the
behavior of each node.
 Cont…

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 3. Design Review and Evaluation
 Design evaluation and review procedures can be improved by CAD.
 Some of the CAD features that are helpful in evaluating and
reviewing a proposed design include:
 Automatic dimensioning
 Error checking.
 animation and simulation of solutions.
 Plant layout design scores.(for facilities design)

4. Automated Drafting
It involves the creation of hard copy engineering
drawings directly from the CAD database.

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Reasons for using a CAD

To increase the productivity of the designer.
To improve the quality of the design,.
To improve design documentation.
To create a manufacturing data base.

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 Contd.
2.2.3 CAD system hardware and software
 The hardware for a typical CAD system consists of the following
components:
 One or more design workstations,
 Digital computer,
 plotters, printers. and other output devices. and
storage devices

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 2.3 CAM, CAD/CAM, AND CIM
2.3.1 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
 CAM is defined as the effective use of computer technology in
manufacturing planning and control.

 With reference to model of production the applications of CAM can

be divided into two broad categories:
(1) manufacturing planning and
(2) manufacturing control.

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1. Manufacturing Planning
 It is CAM applications to support the production function, but there
is no direct connection between the computer and the process.

 The computer is used "off-line“ to provide information for the

effective planning and management of production activities.

 The following are the important applications of CAM in this

category:

a) Computer-aided process planning (CAPP)

 Process planning is concerned with the preparation of route sheets
that list the sequence of operations and work centers required to
produce the product and its components.

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b) Computer-assisted NC part programming
 For complex part geometries, computer-assisted part programming
represents a much more efficient method of generating the control
Instructions for the machine tool than manual part programming is.

c) Production and inventory planning

 These functions include:
 maintenance of inventory records, automatic reordering of stock
items when inventory is depicted.
 production scheduling, maintaining current priorities for the
different production orders, material requirements planning, and
capacity planning.

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d) Computer-aided line balancing.
 Finding the best allocation of work elements among stations on an
assembly line is a large and difficult problem.
 Computer programs have been developed to assist in the solution of
this problem.

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2. Manufacturing Control.
 Control is concerned with managing and controlling the physical
operations in the factory. These management and control areas
include:

 Process monitoring and control.

 It is observing and regulating the production equipment and
manufacturing processes in the plant.

 Includes transfer lines, assembly systems, NC, robotics, material

handling and flexible manufacturing systems.

 Quality control.
 Quality control includes a variety of approaches to ensure the
highest possible quality levels III the manufactured product
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 Shop floor control
 Shop floor control is collection of data from factory operations and
using the data to help control production and monitoring the factory.

 Inventory control
 Inventory control is concerned with maintaining the most appropriate
levels of inventory in the face of two opposing objectives:

 Just-in-time production systems

 The term just-in-time refers to delivering exactly the right number of
each component to downstream workstations in the manufacturing
sequence just at the time when that component is needed.

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2.3.2 CAD/CAM
 CAD/CAM is concerned with the engineering functions in both
design and manufacturing.

 CAD/CAM denotes an integration of design and manufacturing

activities by means of computer systems.

 the goal of CAD/CAM is not only to automate certain phases of

design and certain phases of manufacturing, but also to automate the
transition from design to manufacturing.

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2.3.3 Computer Integrated Manufacturing
 Computer integrated manufacturing includes all of the engineering
functions of CAD/CAM, but it also includes the firm's business
functions that are related to manufacturing.

 The ideal CIM system applies computer and communications

technology to all of the operational functions and information
processing functions in manufacturing from order receipt, through
design and production, to product shipment.

Figure 7 The scope of CAD/CAM and ClM

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 Contd.
 In this integrated computer system, the output of one activity serves
as the input to the next activity, through the chain of events.

 Customer orders (computerized order entry system with

specification of product)

 The specifications serve as the input to the product design

department and New products are designed on a CAD system.

 The bill of materials and assembly drawings are prepared.

 The output of the design department serves as the input to

manufacturing engineering for process planning and tool design.

 The output from manufacturing engineering provides the input to

production planning and control.
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 Contd.

Figure 2.3 Computerized elements of a CIM system.

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 Simple CAD/CAE/CAM Product Lifecycle

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 Reference
1. Vajpayee. S. K., Principles of computer integrated
manufacturing, practice Hall, England Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995

2. COHN, D,S., "What Happening in 3D?" Desktop Engineering.

March. 1998, pp 24-30
3. LEE, K., Principles of CAD/CAM/CAE Systems. Addison
Wesley, Reading Massachusetts.1999
4. BAKERJLAN,R ., and MITCHELL, P.. Tool and
Manufacturing Engineers Handbook (Fourth edition), Volume
VI. Design for Manufacturability, Society of Manufacturing
Engineers, Dearborn. Michigan. 1992

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 End of CHAPTER 2
Introduction to CIM

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