Intelligent Wireless Power Transfer using Embedded

Automation
Project Contents:

1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Literature Survey
4. Methodology (Block Diagram and Description)
5. Implementation (Hardware and Software Requirement)
6. Circuit Diagram and Description
7. Introduction of Software
8. . Introduction of Embedded System
9. Introduction of NodeMCU
10. Flowchart

11. Results of Project

12. Applications

13. Advantages

14. Conclusion
15. Bibliography
 1. Abstract:
This research described the construction and implementation of the contactless (wireless)
mobile phone battery charging which becomes popularity nowadays. The power was
transferred to the destination by means of inductive coupling between two coils. In
transmitter part, the desired frequency was produced from Arduino based Node MCU Board
by means of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). This frequency was used to drive the induction
coil by using Transistor driver. The Transistor operated as a switch in terms of T on and Toff .
The power in transmitter coil was transmitted to surroundings by means of electromagnetic
field. The receiver coil was induced by electromagnetic field and produces DC voltage. That
converted DC voltage was filtered by capacitor and then regulates to required voltage by
using voltage regulator. Optimal frequency range for maximum power transfer is gained by
performing theatrical approach and experimental test. At receiver side total amount of
power received is calculated and update on LCD smart display board.
 2. Introduction
We live in a world of technological advancement. New technologies emerge each and every
day to make our life simpler. Despite all these, we still rely on the classical and conventional
wire system to charge our everyday electronic gadgets. The conventional wire system
creates a mess when it comes to charging several electric vehicles simultaneously. It also
takes up a lot of electric sockets at the charging port. At this point, a question might arise.

What if a single technology can be used to charge these electric vehicles simultaneously
without the use of wires and not creating a mess in the process? We gave it a thought and
came up with an idea. The solution to this problem is inductive coupling, a simple and
effective way of transferring power wirelessly.

Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is the efficient transmission of electric power from one
point to another point through a vacuum or an atmosphere without the use of wire or any
other substance. This can be used for applications where either an instantaneous amount or
a continuous delivery of energy is needed, but where conventional wires are unaffordable,
inconvenient, expensive, hazardous, unwanted or impossible. The power can be transmitted
using Inductive coupling for shortrange, Resonant Induction for mid-range and
Electromagnetic wave power transfer for high range. WPT is a technology that can transport
power to locations, which are otherwise not possible or impractical to reach. Charging the
battery of electric vehicles by means of inductive coupling could be the next big thing.

The objective of this project is to implement an intelligent wireless power transfer system
and charging platform to transmit electrical power wirelessly through space and charge the
battery of an load like mobile, electric vehicle ..etc. The system will work by using inductive
coupling to transmit power from a transmitter to a resistive load or battery of a device.
Success in doing so would eliminate the use of cables in the charging process thus making it
simpler and easier to charge the battery of an electric vehicle. It would also ensure the
safety of the battery since it would eliminate the risk of a damaging the battery.
 3. Literature Survey:
Literature Survey-1:

Electric Vehicle Charging System using Wireless Power Transmission, IoT and Sensors

Authors: Shaikh Arbaz, Nayna Dahatonde, Nagori Meeran, Shirgaonkar Zimad, Shaikh
Maseera

Publication: International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) , Volume:

07, Issue: 05 , May 2020 , www.irjet.net

As the new era of the automobile, the industry is rapidly transforming from an IC engine vehicle to
an electric vehicle. The demand for an electric vehicle is increasing, these lead to an increase in
charging station as well. In this project, a wireless charging system is used to charge the vehicle
wirelessly via inductive coupling. we just simply need to park the car on the charging spot. The
transmission of electrical energy from source to load from a distance without any conducting wire or
cables is called Wireless Power Transmission. The concept of wireless power transfer was the
greatest invention by Nikola Tesla. Also, an Internet of things based collection system is designed in
which a person can use the RFID to pay the charging charges of that vehicle. The system checks if the
person has sufficient balance and then deduct the charging charges and update the balance. The
Internet of Things describes the network of physical objects that uses sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems.
This system doesn’t require any human interaction. The result of this project is we can charge our
vehicles wirelessly via inductive coupling and pay our charging charges through RFID tags. Wireless
power transmission might be one of the technologies that are one step towards the future. This
project can open up new possibilities of wireless charging that can use in our daily lives.

Literature Survey 2:

Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicles

Authors: Chaitra C

Publication: International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VI,
Issue VIII, August 2019.

Wireless power transfer technology has more advantages over conventional means of
power transfer and its generation, thus it has received more attention in the few decade
and has been employed to apply to a wide range of applications, ranging from low power
required for biomedical applications to railway vehicles with efficiency up to 95% or higher
in some prototype systems. Magnetic wireless power transfer systems rely on magnetic
field coupling to transfer electric power between two or more magnetically coupled coils.
The main objective of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles is to transfer power
within a smaller range. The wireless power transfer system consists of transmitter and
receiver part which are separated by small distance of about 3cms. Therefore the transfer
can be seen as the receiver receives the power to run the motor. Wireless power
transmission technology uses time varying electromagnetic field. This electromagnetic field
is created around the free space which carries a steady current of charges creating a
magnetic field around it and this field contains energy in it and the EMF is generated
between the coils and it is transmitted to the receiver.

Literature Survey 3:

AN EFFICIENT WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION FOR FUTURE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Authors: Jayasudha Muthu , Sruthi Jarugumalli , Sundaresan Sabapathy

Publication: International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Volume 119, No. 14,
2018

Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) emerges as one of the focalize technologies and engine vehicles
plays a cardinal aspect in Global Warming, WPT is one of the pivotal catalyst playing a portentous
role in it. This paper aims to understand the application of WPT for Electric Vehicles (EV) statistically
and dynamically. This paper proposes magnetic resonance coupling technique to transfer power.
The proposed concept is a technique where the EV could be charged up even if it is in motion
dynamically and also could charge statically at bus stops, parking areas etc. This increases the
effective driving range and reduces the size of the battery. This paper also propose ideas for billing
amount and money collection from users for power consumption through power grids. `
 4. Methodology (Block Diagram and Description)

Transistor TXR Coil

DC Source PWM
Switching

Battery Filter Rectifier RXR Coil

Storage

Power Sensor
Node MCU
Microcontroller
LCD Display

Basic design flow of this project is shown in the figure. It consists of power transmitting
section and receiving section. Power transmitting section consists of DC Source, Transistor
PWM Switching and TXR Coil (Transmitting coil). Low voltage ac supply is taken and rectifier
converts AC to DC supply. DC source is transmitted to receiver section through transistor
switching and TXR coil. Receiver section consists of RXR coil (Receiving coil), rectifier, filter,
battery storage, Arduino microcontroller, Power sensor, and LCD Display. RXR Coil receives
the energy from TXR coil. Received energy is converter as DC supply using rectifier and
filtered noises. Finally filtered power supply given to battery storage where energy is stored.
Power sensor is used to read power received from transmitter section and this sensor data
is given to Arduino board. LCD Display used for display purpose.
Transmitter and Receiver Coils:

The basis of a wireless power transfer system involves essentially two magnetically coupled
coils separated by an air gap—a transmitter and a receiver coil. The transmitter coil is
energised by alternating AC power to generate a magnetic field, which in turn induces a
voltage in the receiver coil.

Node MCU Board:

NodeMCU is an open-source LUA based firmware developed for the ESP8266 wifi chip. By
exploring functionality with the ESP8266 chip, NodeMCU firmware comes with the ESP8266
Development board/kit i.e. NodeMCU Development board. Since NodeMCU is an open-
source platform, its hardware design is open for edit/modify/build.

LCD Display:
A liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of
any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It
is often utilized in battery-powered electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of
electric power.
 5. Implementation (Hardware and Software Requirement)

Hardware Requirements:

SI.NO HARDWARE QUANTITY

1 Node MCU Microcontroller 1

2 DC Source Adopter 2

3 Transistor PWM switching circuit 1

4 Coil Transmitter and Receiver 2

5 Rectifier 1

6 Filter 1

7 Batttery 1

6 Power sensor 1

7 LCD Display 1

Software Requirements:

SI.NO SOFTWARE

1 Arduino Software

2 Embedded C
6. Circuit Diagram and Description:
Wireless Power Transfer:

Wireless Power Transfer System

One of the major problems in power system is the losses occurring during the transmission
of electrical power. The loss of percentage during the transmission is approximated as 26%.
The main cause for power loss during transmission is the resistance of wires used in the grid.
According to WRI (world resource institute), the electricity grid of India has the highest
percentage (27-40%) of power transmission losses in the world. For this reason, Telsa has
proposed methods of electricity transmission using an electromagnetic induction method.

What is Wireless Power Transfer?

Wireless Power Transfer

Wireless power can be defined as the transmission of electrical energy from a power source
to an electrical load without connecting wires. It is reliable, efficient, fast, low maintenance.
 Circuit Diagram of Wireless Power Transfer :

• NPN Transistor. I used a BLD123D transistor from the CFL bulb circuit. [You could use
any NPN transistor such as 2n2222, bc547, bd139, tip3055, MJE13001, MJE13005,
MJE13007, etc.

• Resistor. A 22 Ohm resistor would be used to protect the transistor from burning out
in case of overload or excess usage at heat. This resistor gets very hot, so you can
use a resistor of 1 watt or higher.

• Capacitors. 0.01uF non-polar capacitor used for noise canceling and 22uF 50V
capacitor used for smoothing the input dc voltage.

• Primary Windings. In the transmitter circuit, the primary windings are 15-0-15
turns with a diameter of 4 cm using 0.25mm insulated copper wire. The internal
connection of primary windings is shown below.
 coil

Make sure, the diameter and the number of primary windings turns are equal.

• Secondary Winding. In the receiver circuit, the secondary winding is 30 turns with a
diameter of 4 cm using 0.25mm insulated copper wire.
• LED. For this circuit, the LED only shows the circuit in action. I used 2mm red LED
(you could use any LED).
• Secondary Winding. In the receiver circuit, the secondary winding is 30 turns with a
diameter of 4 cm using 0.25mm insulated copper wire.
• LED. For this circuit, the LED only shows the circuit in action. I used 2mm red LED
(you could use any LED).
• Adaptor DC: Use 12V, ≥1.5 Amp adopter used here.
Demo & Testing
Below, you can see the wireless power transmission circuit in action.
 Node MCU (ESP8266 Module):

Node MCU Development Kit/Board consist of ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip. ESP8266 chip has GPIO pins, serial
communication protocol, etc. features on it.

ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol.
For more information about ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 WiFi Module.

The features of ESP8266 are extracted on Node MCU Development board. NodeMCU (LUA
based firmware) with Development board/kit that consist of ESP8266 (wifi enabled chip)
chip combines NodeMCU Development board which make it stand-alone device in IoT
applications.

NodeMCU Dev Kit/board consist of ESP8266 wifi enabled chip. The ESP8266 is a low-
cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol. For more information
about ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 WiFi Module.

There is Version2 (V2) available for NodeMCU Dev Kit i.e. NodeMCU Development
Board v1.0 (Version2), which usually comes in black colored PCB.

NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino like Analog (i.e. A0) and Digital (D0-D8) pins on its board.

It supports serial communication protocols i.e. UART, SPI, I2C etc..

How to start with NodeMCU?

NodeMCU Development board is featured with wifi capability, analog pin, digital pins and
serial communication protocols.

To get start with using NodeMCU for IoT applications first we need to know about how to
write/download NodeMCU firmware in NodeMCU Development Boards. And before that
where this NodeMCU firmware will get as per our requirement.

There is online NodeMCU custom builds available using which we can easily get our custom
NodeMCU firmware as per our requirement.

To know more about how to build custom NodeMCU firmware online and download it refer
Getting started with NodeMCU

How to write codes for NodeMCU?

After setting up ESP8266 with Node-MCU firmware, let’s see the IDE (Integrated
Development Environment) required for development of NodeMCU.

NodeMCU with ESPlorer IDE

Lua scripts are generally used to code the NodeMCU. Lua is an open source, lightweight,
embeddable scripting language built on top of C programming language.

For more information about how to write Lua script for NodeMCU refer Getting started with
NodeMCU using ESPlorerIDE
NodeMCU with Arduino IDE

Here is another way of developing NodeMCU with a well-known IDE i.e. Arduino IDE. We
can also develop applications on NodeMCU using Arduino development environment. This
makes easy for Arduino developers than learning new language and IDE for NodeMCU.

For more information about how to write Arduino sketch for NodeMCU refer Getting started
with NodeMCU using ArduinoIDE.

Difference in using ESPlorer and Arduino IDE

Well, there is a programming language difference we can say while developing application
for NodeMCU using ESPlorer IDE and Arduino IDE.

We need to code in C\C++ programming language if we are using Arduino IDE for
developing NodeMCU applications and Lua language if we are using ESPlorer IDE.

Basically, NodeMCU is Lua Interpreter, so it can understand Lua script easily. When we
write Lua scripts for NodeMCU and send/upload it to NodeMCU, then they will get executes
sequentially. It will not build binary firmware file of code for NodeMCU to write. It will send
Lua script as it is to NodeMCU to get execute.

In Arduino IDE when we write and compile code, ESP8266 toolchain in background creates
binary firmware file of code we wrote. And when we upload it to NodeMCU then it will flash
all NodeMCU firmware with newly generated binary firmware code. In fact, it writes the
complete firmware.

That’s the reason why NodeMCU not accept further Lua scripts/code after it is getting
flashed by Arduino IDE. After getting flashed by Arduino sketch/code it will be no more Lua
interpreter and we got error if we try to upload Lua scripts. To again start with Lua script, we
need to flash it with NodeMCU firmware.

Since Arduino IDE compile and upload/writes complete firmware, it takes more time than
ESPlorer IDE.
LCD DISPLAY:

LCD

A liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated LCD) is a thin, flat

display device made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed
in front of a light source or reflector. It is often utilized in battery-powered
electronic devices because it uses very small amounts of electric power.

Overview: Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules

aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the
axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each
other. With no liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing
through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.

The surfaces of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal
material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular
direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is
unidirectionally rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid
crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing.

Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal

molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces. In a twisted nematic
device (still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment
directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the
molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. Because the liquid
crystal material is birefringent, light passing through one polarizing filter is
rotated by the liquid crystal helix as it passes through the liquid crystal layer,
allowing it to pass through the second polarized filter. Half of the incident light
is absorbed by the first polarizing filter, but otherwise the entire assembly is
transparent.

When a voltage is applied across the electrodes, a torque acts to align the
liquid crystal molecules parallel to the electric field, distorting the helical
structure (this is resisted by elastic forces since the molecules are constrained at
the surfaces). This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light,
and the device appears gray. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid
crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and
the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid
crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the
second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By
controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light
can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different
levels of gray.

The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far
less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off
state. Because of this, these devices are usually operated between crossed
polarizer’s such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more
sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). These devices can
also be operated between parallel polarizer’s, in which case the bright and dark
states are reversed. The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears
blotchy, however, because of small thickness variations across the device.
 Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain
ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a
long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades
the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an alternating
current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is
addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the
polarity of the applied field).

When a large number of pixels is required in a display, it is not feasible to

drive each directly since then each pixel would require independent electrodes.
Instead, the display is multiplexed. In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one
side of the display are grouped and wired together (typically in columns), and
each group gets its own voltage source. On the other side, the electrodes are also
grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage sink. The groups
are designed so each pixel has a unique, unshared combination of source and
sink. The electronics or the software driving the electronics then turns on sinks
in sequence, and drives sources for the pixels of each sink.
Pin details
❖ In LCD Display pins 1and 16 are Ground. Pins 2 and 15 are Vcc.
❖ Pins no 3 is used for to adjust voltage contract of LCD display by adding one
Variable resistor.
❖ Pins 4 is use to Reset the LCD.
❖ Pin 5 is used to Read/Write operations.
❖ Pins6 is used to enable the LCD.
❖ For data communication purpose we used 8 pins . They are 7, 8, 9,10,
11,12,13,14 pins.

LCD display is used for display purpose.

I2C Serial Interface Adapter

I2C Serial interface Adapter

It is also known as I2C Module. It has total of 20 male pins. 16 pins are faced to rear side
and 4 pins faced towards front side. The 16 pins for connect to 16x2 LCD and the 2 pins
out of 4 pins are SDA and SCL. SDA is the serial data pin and SCL is the clock pin. The rest
2 pins for power supply (Vcc and ground).There is a POT on the I2C Module. We can
control the contrast of the LCD display by rotating this POT. And the re is a jumber fixed
on the module. When we remove the jumber, the backlight of the LCD display will go
OFF.

Address of I2C LCD

Before starting we need to know about addressing of I2C devices. Every device which
can attached to MCU have an address. We need to know this address for communicate
with that particular device.

You can see three solder pads on the I2C module. which is labeled as A0, A1 and A2. This
is Address selectors. ie, each solder pads have one upper potion and a one lower potion.
if, there is a connection between upper potion with lower connection it is called
"Connected" otherwise it is called "Not connected". When A0, A1, A2 are in "Not
Connected" condition ( A0 = 0, A1 = 0, A2 = 0) the address would be 0x27. In default the
A0, A1, A2 are in "Not connected" condition. And some time default address is 0x3F.
There is no need to change the address of the I2C module when we use only one LCD.
But when we use more than one LCD, need to change the address. Because two or more
different device can't communicate with the same address. For more address see the
table given below.

I2C LCD display Pinout

An I2C LCD has only 4 pins that interface it to the outside world. The connections are
as follows:

GND is a ground pin and should be connected to the ground of Arduino.

VCC supplies power to the module and the LCD. Connect it to the 5V output of the Arduino
or a separate power supply.
It is much easier to connect an I2C LCD than to connect a standard LCD. You only need to
connect 4 pins instead of 12. Start by connecting VIN pin to the 5V output on the NodeMCU
and connect GND to ground.

Now we are remaining with the pins that are used for I2C communication. Note that each
Arduino Board has different I2C pins which should be connected accordingly. On the
Arduino boards with the R3 layout, the SDA (data line) and SCL (clock line) are on the pin
headers close to the AREF pin. They are also known as D1 (SCL) and D2 (SDA).
POWER SUPPLY

Power supply unit consists of Step down transformer, Rectifier, Regulator unit, filters.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER:

The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage from 230V AC
to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly, thus it is stepped down. The
step down voltage is consists of 12V.The Transformer consists of primary and secondary
coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain less number
of turns in its secondary core. The output from the secondary coil is also AC waveform. Thus
the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier
Circuit/Unit.
RECTIFIER:
The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its corresponding DC
voltage. Rectifier having three types,

➢ Half wave rectifier.

➢ Full wave rectifier.
➢ Bridge rectifier.

The most important and simple device used in Rectifier circuit is the diode. This
project used to bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge
arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with
individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge
is wired internally.

Bridge Rectifier

The simple function of the diode is to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in
reverse bias. The Forward Bias is achieved by connecting the diode’s positive with positive
of the battery and negative with battery’s negative. The efficient circuit used is the Full wave
Bridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier is in rippled form, the ripples from
the obtained DC voltage are removed using other circuits available. The circuit used for
removing the ripples is called Filter circuit.
The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The
application of the simple capacitor filter is very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely
high-voltage, low-current power supplies for cathode-ray and similar electron tubes, which
require very little load current from the supply. The capacitor filter is also used where the
power-supply ripple frequency is not critical; this frequency can be relatively high. The
capacitor (C1) shown in figure above is a simple filter connected across the output of the
rectifier in parallel with the load.

Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are removed and pure DC
voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to reduce the harmonics of the input
voltage. The primary action performed by capacitor is charging and discharging. It charges in
positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in negative half cycle. Here we
used 1000µF capacitor. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This
filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from ripples.

REGULATOR
Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. Regulators is of two
types.
➢ Positive regulator (78XX)
➢ Negative regulator (79XX)
The output voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC
voltage. As and then the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to avoid this
Regulators are used. Also when the internal resistance of the power supply is greater than 30
ohms, the output gets affected. Thus this can be successfully reduced here. The regulators are
mainly classified for low voltage and for high voltage. Here we used 7805 positive regulator.
It reduces the 12V dc voltage to 5V dc.

The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit. Capacitor is most
often used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge and discharge. It charges
during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and discharges during the negative half cycle.
So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the
Regulator circuit to filter any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here
we used 0.1µF capacitor. The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the Microcontroller
 7. Introduction to software

Arduino Software:

Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical world than

your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple

microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.

Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or

sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects can

be stand-alone, or they can be communicate with software running on your computer (e.g. Flash,

Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-

source IDE can be downloaded for free.

The Arduino programming language is an implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing

platform, which is based on the Processing multimedia programming environment.

Why Arduino?

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical

computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others

offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming
and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with

microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over

other systems:

• Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand,

and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50

• Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux

operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.

• Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is easy-

to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well.

For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so

students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with the look and feel of

Arduino

• Open source and extensible software- The Arduino software is published as open source

tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded

through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the

leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. SImilarly, you

can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.

• Open source and extensible hardware - The Arduino is based on Atmel's ATMEGA8 and

ATMEGA168 microcontrollers. The plans for the modules are published under a Creative

Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the

module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the

breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.
 8. Introduction of Embedded System

Classification of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are often required to provide Real-Time response. A Real-Time

system is defined as a system whose correctness depends on the timeliness of its response.
Examples of such systems are flight control systems of an aircraft, sensor systems in nuclear
reactors and power plants.

For these systems, delay in response is a fatal error. A more relaxed version of Real-
Time Systems is the one where timely response with small delays is acceptable. Example of
such a system would be the Scheduling Display System on the railway platforms. In technical
terminology, Real-Time Systems can be classified as:

· Hard Real-Time Systems - systems with severe constraints on the timeliness

of the response.

S· Soft Real-Time Systems - systems which tolerate small variations in response

times.

· Hybrid Real-Time Systems - systems which exhibit both hard and soft
constraints on its performance.

Application of Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are playing important roles in our lives every day, even though
they might not necessarily be visible. Some of the embedded systems we use every day
control the menu system on television, the timer in a microwave oven, a cell phone, an MP3
player or any other device with some amount of intelligence built-in.

In fact, recent poll data shows that embedded computer systems currently outnumber
humans in the USA. Embedded systems is a rapidly growing industry where growth
opportunities are numerous.
Programming Languages in Embedded Systems
It is nice to have functional example code in some real language. Also, it is useful to
point out some features of popular programming languages that are especially important for
embedded systems.

· ANSI C programming language: Many microprocessors and microcontrollers can be

programmed in C, and a number of C cross-compilers exist for that purpose. C is perhaps the
most frequently used language for new embedded system development. The "const" and the
"volatile" keywords, rarely used in desktop application programming, become very important
in embedded systems.

· Assembly language: There are many different microcontroller families, each with
their own assembly language with its own unique quirks. This book will cover some basics of
assembly language common to most microcontrollers. Unlike desktop application
programming, embedded system programs generally must set up an "interrupt vector table".
 9. . Introduction of NODE MCU

NodeMCU Development Kit/Board consist of ESP8266 wifi chip. ESP8266 chip has GPIO
pins, serial communication protocol, etc. features on it.

ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi chip developed by Espressif Systems with TCP/IP protocol.
For more information about ESP8266, you can refer ESP8266 WiFi Module.

The features of ESP8266 are extracted on NodeMCU Development board. NodeMCU (LUA
based firmware) with Development board/kit that consist of ESP8266 (wifi enabled chip)
chip combines NodeMCU Development board which make it stand-alone device in IoT
applications.

. NodeMCU ESP8266 Specifications & Features

• Microcontroller: Tensilica 32-bit RISC CPU Xtensa LX106

• Operating Voltage: 3.3V
• Input Voltage: 7-12V
• Digital I/O Pins (DIO): 16
• Analog Input Pins (ADC): 1
• UARTs: 1
• SPIs: 1
• I2Cs: 1
• Flash Memory: 4 MB
• SRAM: 64 KB
• Clock Speed: 80 MHz
• USB-TTL based on CP2102 is included onboard, Enabling Plug n Play
• PCB Antenna
• Small Sized module to fit smartly inside your IoT project
Pin Detail of Node MCU Board:

General-purpose input/output (GPIO) is a pin on an IC (Integrated Circuit). It can be either an

input pin or output pin, whose behavior can be controlled at the run time.

NodeMCU Development kit provides access to these GPIOs of ESP8266. The only thing to
take care of is that NodeMCU Devkit pins are numbered differently than internal GPIO
notations of ESP8266 as shown in the below figure and table. For example, the D0 pin on the
NodeMCU Devkit is mapped to the internal GPIO pin 16 of ESP8266.

NodeMCU DevKit GPIOs

The below table gives NodeMCU Dev Kit IO pins and ESP8266 internal GPIO pins mapping

ESP8266 Internal GPIO Pin

Pin Names on NodeMCU Development Kit
number

D0 GPIO16

D1 GPIO5

D2 GPIO4

D3 GPIO0

D4 GPIO2

D5 GPIO14

D6 GPIO12

D7 GPIO13

D8 GPIO15

D9/RX GPIO3

D10/TX GPIO1

D11/SD2 GPIO9

D12/SD3 GPIO10

The GPIO’s shown in the blue box (1, 3, 9, 10) are not commonly used for GPIO purpose on
Dev Kit

ESP8266 is a system on a chip (SoC) design with components like the processor chip. The
processor has around 16 GPIO lines, some of which are used internally to interface with other
components of the SoC, like flash memory.

Since several lines are used internally within the ESP8266 SoC, we have about 11 GPIO pins
remaining for GPIO purposes.

2 pins out of 11 are generally reserved for RX and TX in order to communicate with a host
PC from which compiled object code is downloaded.

Hence finally, this leaves just 9 general-purpose I/O pins i.e. D0 to D8.
As shown in the above figure of NodeMCU Dev Kit. We can see RX, TX, SD2, SD3 pins are
not commonly used as GPIOs since they are used for other internal processes. But we can try
with SD3 (D12) pin which mostly likes to respond for GPIO/PWM/interrupt like functions.

Note that the D0/GPIO16 pin can be only used as GPIO read/write, no special functions are
supported on it.

Note:

Some of the GPIO pins are used while booting, so Pulling this pin HIGH or LOW can
prevent NODEMCU from booting

• GPIO0: It oscillates and stabilizes HIGH after ~100ms. Boot Failure if pulled LOW
• GPIO1: LOW for ~50ms, then HIGH, Boot Failure if Pulled LOW.
• GPIO2: It oscillates and stabilize HIGH after ~100ms, Boot Failure if Pulled LOW.
• GPIO3: LOW for ~50ms, then HIGH.
• GPIO9: Pin is HIGH at Boot.
• GPIO10: Pin is HIGH at Boot.
• GPIO15: LOW, Boot failure if Pulled HIGH
• GPIO16: HIGH during Boot and Falls to ~1Volt.

Consider Pins HIGH/ LOW at boot, if you are connecting any peripheral device as
output i.e. Relay, Optocouplers, transistors or any such drivers may create a problem.

Built-in LED on NODEMCU: GPIO2 i.e. D4 pin, even some board have LED on
GPIO16.
NodeMCU is an open-source Lua based firmware and development board specially targeted
for IoT based Applications. It includes firmware that runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from
Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module.
NodeMCU Development Board Pinout Configuration

Pin Name Description

Category

Power Micro-USB, Micro-USB: NodeMCU can be powered through the USB port
3.3V, GND, Vin

3.3V: Regulated 3.3V can be supplied to this pin to power the board

GND: Ground pins

Vin: External Power Supply

Control EN, RST The pin and the button resets the microcontroller
Pins

Analog Pin A0 Used to measure analog voltage in the range of 0-3.3V

GPIO Pins GPIO1 to NodeMCU has 16 general purpose input-output pins on its board
GPIO16

SPI Pins SD1, CMD, NodeMCU has four pins available for SPI communication.
SD0, CLK

UART TXD0, RXD0, NodeMCU has two UART interfaces, UART0 (RXD0 & TXD0) and
Pins TXD2, RXD2 UART1 (RXD1 & TXD1). UART1 is used to upload the
firmware/program.

I2C Pins NodeMCU has I2C functionality support but due to the internal
functionality of these pins, you have to find which pin is I2C.
10. Flowchart
RESULT
12. Applications
• It can be used in Consumer electronics
• It can be used in Transport
• It can be used in Heating and ventilation
• It can be used in Industrial engineering
• It can be used in Model engineering
• It can be used in electric vehicle charging application

13. Advantages
• Simple design
• Lower frequency operation
• Low cost
• Practical for short distance
• Easy to Maintain
• Low Cost

14. Conclusion
Intelligent wireless power transfer system using embedded automation system has been
designed and demonstrated successfully. TIP122 transistor is used for PWM switching at
transmitting coil side. Node MCU ESP8266 board has been used in this project. Sensor
automation-based battery rating is calculated. 12v DC supply is tested in this project. LCD
Display 16X2 is used for display purpose.
15. Bibliography
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“Development of a Wireless Power Transfer Circuit Based on Inductive Coupling,
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[3] Govind Yatnalkar and Husnu Narman, “Survey on Wireless Charging and Placement of
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[4] Balamurugan S, Aman Bhattad, Vishnu R and Marimuthu R, “RFID BASED SMALL
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[6] K. Huang and V. K. N. Lau, “Enabling wireless power transfer in cellular networks:
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[9] X. Lu, P. Wang, D. Niyato, D. I. Kim, and H, Zhu, ”RF Energy Harvesting Networks: A
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