STRUCTURAL COMPONENT
AND DESIGN LAYOUT
Aircraft Design 2 Lecture
Topic
Major Aircraft Stresses
5 Main Components of an Aircraft
Primary Flight Controls
Secondary Flight Controls
Types of Fuselage Structures
Materials Commonly Used in an
Aircraft
Major Aircraft Stresses
A.
TENSION
-The stress that resists a force that tends to pull something
apart. The engine pulls the aircraft forward, but air resistance
tries to hold it back.
B. COMPRESSION
-The stress that resists a crushing force.
-The stress that tends to shorten or squeeze aircraft parts.
C.
TORSION
-The stress that produces twisting. While moving the aircraft
forward, the engine also tends to twist it to one side, but other
aircraft components hold it on course. Thus, torsion is created.
SHEAR
D.
-The stress that resists the force tending to cause one layer of
a material to slide over an adjacent layer.
-Aircraft parts, especially screws, bolts, and rivets, are often
subject to a shearing force.
E.
BENDING
-A combination of compression and tension. The rod in Figure E
has been shortened (compressed) on the inside of the bend and
stretched on the outside of the bend.
5 Main Components
of an Aircraft
FUSELAGE WINGS
The fuselage is one of the major Commonly known as foils, are one of
aircraft components. Its long hollow the aircraft parts that are most
tube, also known as the body of the imperative for flight. The airflow over
airplane, holds the passengers along the wings is what generates most of
with cargo. the lifting force necessary for flight.
EMPENNAGE POWER PLANT
Located at the tail end of the aircraft.
Its two main components, the rudder
The power plant of an airplane
and elevator, help with the stability of
structure includes the engine and the
the plane. The rudder helps the aircraft
propeller.
steer from right to left, and the
elevator helps with changing elevation.
LANDING GEAR
You cannot have a safe plane without having
the landing gear. Not only are these parts
imperative to land, but the landing gear is also
used to help an aircraft take-off and taxi. The
landing gear includes shock absorbers for a
smooth landing and takeoff, as well as the
wheels on the plane.
Primary Flight Controls
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
• The ailerons control the rolling motion of the aircraft
through the longitudinal axis.
• The elevator, which controls the pitch of the aircraft
through the lateral axis.
• The rudder controls the yaw of the aircraft through the
vertical axis of the aircraft.
Secondary Flight Controls
SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROLS
• The flaps and slats help to slow down the aircraft for
landing and help to reduce the ground roll on take-off.
• The trim control surfaces reduce the effort the pilot has
to apply to fly the aircraft.
• Spoilers and speed brakes assist the pilot in roll and
speed and lift reduction.
Types of Fuselage Structures
MONOCOQUE
STRUCTURE
Monocoque structure uses
its outer shell to support
stresses and loads applied
to it.
Types of Fuselage Structures
SEMI-MONOCOQUE
STRUCTURE
A semi-monocoque
structure has an internal
"skeleton" of supports and
braces to keep its shape
rigid and strong.
Types of Fuselage Structures
TRUSS STRUCTURE
Often used in lightweight
aircraft, a truss structure
fuselage is typically made of
welded steel tube trusses
(though it can also be made of
wood).
Types of Fuselage Structures
GEODETIC STRUCTURE
In a geodetic structure, the
strength and structural integrity,
and indeed the shape, come from
the diagonal "braces" - the
structure does not need the "bits in
between" for part of its strength
(implicit in the name space frame)
as does a more conventional
wooden structure.
MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN
AN AIRCRAFT
•Standard aerospace aluminums – 6061, 7050, and 7075 – and
traditional aerospace metals – nickel 718, titanium 6Al4V, and stainless
15-5PH – still have applications in aerospace. These metals, however,
are currently ceding territory to new alloys designed to improve cost
and performance.
•Aircraft manufacturers prefer to use high-strength aluminum alloys
(primarily alloy 7075) to strengthen aluminum aircraft structures.
Alloy 7075 has copper, magnesium and zinc added for extra strength.
MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN
AN AIRCRAFT
•Better known man-made composite materials, used in the aerospace
and other industries, are carbon- and glass-fiber-reinforced plastic
(CFRP and GFRP respectively) that consist of carbon and glass fibers,
both of which are stiff and strong (for their density), but brittle, in a
polymer matrix, which is tough but neither.
•High-strength aluminum alloy is the most used material for the
fuselage, wing and supporting structures of many commercial airliners
and military aircraft, particularly those built before the year 2000.
MATERIALS COMMONLY USED IN
AN AIRCRAFT
•Aluminum and its alloys are still very popular raw materials for the
manufacturing of commercial aircraft, due to their high strength at
relatively low density. Currently, high-strength alloy 7075, which
contains copper, magnesium and zinc, is the one used predominantly
in the aircraft industry.
CURRENT AND FUTURE MATERIALS
IN AVIATION (COMPOSITE ERA)
CURRENT AND FUTURE MATERIALS
IN AVIATION (COMPOSITE ERA)
Airbus A350
CURRENT AND FUTURE MATERIALS
IN AVIATION (COMPOSITE ERA)
THIS SHOWS THE NEW ADVANCEMENT NOT ONLY IN MATERIALS, BUT ALSO IN THE
COMPONENTS AND DESIGN AS WELL.
Thank you
for listening!
