Q. 1. Write the molecular formula of an alkene and alkane with twenty carbon atoms.
Answer: The general molecular formula of an alkane is written as CnH2n+2, and the general formula of an alkene is written as CnH2n where ‘n’ is the number of carbon atoms.
Now for n=20, the molecular formula of
a) Alkane will be C20H2x20+2 or C20H42
b) Alkene will be C20H2x20 or C20H40
Q. 2. A compound has molecular formula C2H6O. It is usable as fuel. Identify the
compound.
Answer: The compound is ethanol (C2H5OH). Ethanol is used as a fuel in certain
places as it is cleaner, and would give rise to only carbon dioxide and water on burning in the sufficient amount of air.
Q. 3. The molecular formulae of two members of a homologous series are C3H4
and C6H10. Write the molecular formula of the member with five carbon atoms in a molecule.
Answer: One can observe that the given compounds belong to the “alkyne” family, where the molecular formula can be generally represented as CnH2n-2. Here, ‘n’ denotes the number of carbon atoms.
For a molecule with 5 carbon atoms, n=5 and hence the molecular formula will be C5H2x5-2 or C5H8 (pentyne)
Q. 4. Which of the following are carboxylic acids:
C2H4O2, C2H4O, C2H6O, C3H6O2?
Answer: Carboxylic acids are compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by the -COOH group: Note that every carboxylic acid contains 2 O (oxygen) atoms. The carboxylic acids with no other functional groups have the molecular formula CnH2nO2.
Using this, one can say that C2H4O2 (ethanoic acid) and C3H6O2 (propanoic acid) are carboxylic acids.
Q. 5. A vegetable oil contains two double bonds in its molecule. How many moles of hydrogen gas are required for complete hydrogenation of 1 mole of oil?
Answer: Consider the following reaction:
Note that one double bond is hydrogenated using 1 mole of H2.
∴ If there are 2 double bonds in the vegetable oil, then 2 moles of H2 will be required for complete hydrogenation of 1 mole of the oil.
Q. 6. Which alcohol is used in cough syrups and tonics?
Answer: Ethanol (C2H5OH) is used in cough syrups and tonics because it is a very good solvent.
Q. 7. Is ethanol harmful for drinking? If yes, why?
Answer: Ethanol is harmful for drinking. Drinking ethanol in small amounts causes drunkenness. If it is consumed in large quantities, then it can slow down metabolic processes and affect the central nervous system. This will lead to lack of coordination, mental confusion, stupour etc.
Q. 8. What is the effect of drinking methanol?
Answer: When methanol is consumed, it is oxidised to methanal in the liver. Methanal
reacts rapidly with the components of cell, leading to the coagulation of protoplasm. Consumption of methanol can also damage the optic nerve, resulting in blindness. Q. 9. An organic compound ‘A’ of molecular formula C2H4O2 turns blue litmus red and gives brisk effervescence with NaHCO3. Identify ‘A’ and give chemical reaction.
Answer: Given that A turns blue litmus red. So A is acidic in nature.
Brisk effervescence with NaHCO3 indicates carbon dioxide as one of the products.
The molecular formula of A contains 2 oxygen atoms. So the compound is likely to be a
carboxylic acid (general molecular formula is CnH2nO2)
Here n=2 and hence the compound A is ethanoic acid. The reaction is given by:
CH3COOH + NaHCO3→ CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Q. 10. Which type of synthetic detergents are biodegradable?
Answer: Detergents are cleansing agents which are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
Synthetic detergents which consist of continuous chains of carbon are more
biodegradable when compared to the branched-chain synthetic detergents.
Q. 11. Explain why carbon generally forms compounds by covalent bonds.
Answer: The reactivity of elements is described by the tendency to attain noble gas configuration (to attain a completely filled outer shell).
Carbon has 4 electrons in its outermost shell. So to attain completely filled outer shell, it can choose to accept 4 additional electrons or lose the 4 valence electrons to have noble gas configuration, but this is extremely difficult as the above mentioned processes are energetically unfavourable.
To overcome the above issue(s), the valence electrons are shared with other atoms and these shared electrons belong to outer shells of both atoms. The bond so formed by sharing the valence electrons is called covalent bonding. This way both atoms form a molecule and attain noble gas configuration.
Q. 12. Select alkene and alkyne from the following:
C6H12, C3H4, C2H4, CH4, C4H8, C5H8
Answer: The general molecular formula of alkenes and alkynes containing ‘n’ number of carbon atoms is CnH2n and CnH2n-2. Using this one can see that,
Alkenes: C6H12, C2H4, C4H8
Alkynes: C3H4, C5H8
Note that molecular formula alone is not sufficient to uniquely identify a compound. For example, C6H12 can mean hexane (unsaturated hydrocarbon) as well as cyclohexane (saturated cyclic hydrocarbon).
Q. 13. What is the IUPAC name of
(i) CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH2
(ii) CH3CHO?
Answer: (i) Butene
(ii) Ethanal
Q. 14. Write the IUPAC name of
Answer: (i) Butanone
(ii) Propan-2-ol
Here, the –OH group is attached to the second carbon. Count the carbon atoms such that the carbon containing the functional group gets the lowest number.
(iii) Methanoic acid
(iv) Methyl ethanoate
The carbon group (alkyl part obtained from alcohol) attached to O of –COO group (denoted by R’) is mentioned in the first part of IUPAC name. The carbon chain obtained from carboxylic acid (denoted by R) is represented in the second part of the name (the –oate part).
Q. 15. Which property of ethanol makes it suitable for preparing medicines such as tincture of iodine, cough syrups and other tonics?
Answer: Ethanol is a good solvent which makes it suitable for preparing medicines.
Q. 16. What is the function of conc.H2SO4 in the formation of ethene from
ethanol?
Answer: Concentrated sulphuric acid (conc.H2SO4) acts as a dehydrating agent in the
conversion from ethanol to ethene. It helps in removing water molecule (more specifically, the –OH group from one carbon and –H from the other carbon) in the following reaction.
Q. 17. Why are carboxylic acids called weak acids? Name the alcohol which produces methanoic acid on oxidation.
Answer: The strength of acid is determined by its ability to produce H+ in solutions.
Unlike mineral acids, the carboxylic acids (of the form RCOOH) do not completely ionise. They partially ionise to give H+ and RCOO-. Therefore they are called weak acids.
Methanol on oxidation in the presence of a strong oxidising agent like alkaline KMnO 4 produces methanoic acid.
Q. 18. Complete the following reactions:
Answer: (i) This is an example of neutralization reaction
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
(iii) Alcohols will get oxidised to acids in the presence of MoO3 which is an oxidising agent. In this case, methanol (CH3OH) gets oxidised to methanoic acid (HCOOH).
(iv) CH2 = CH2 + Br → CH2Br—CH2Br
This is an example of addition reaction.
(v) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COOH + C2H5OH
This is an example of saponification reaction and is used in the preparation of soaps.
(vi)
This is an addition reaction, where H+ is added to one of the carbon and OH- is added to the other carbon.
Q. 19. (i) Why do we add ethanol to petrol in these days?
(ii) Give one use of ethanol in medicines.
(iii) Why is vinegar used in pickles?
Answer: (i) Ethanol is added to petrol because ethanol is a cleaner fuel which when burnt in a sufficient amount of air to give carbon dioxide and water.
(ii) Ethanol is a good solvent and is widely used in cough syrups and tonics.
(iii) Vinegar is a commonly used preservative. It helps in storing food for a long time.
Q. 20. (a) Identify the compounds ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ in the following reactions:
Answer: (a) (i) A – CH3CH2COOC2H5
(ii) B – CH3COOH
(iii) C – CH4
(b) The compound X is benzene (C6H6). The structural formula is
Generally, bromine water gets decolourised when it is added to an unsaturated
compound. But the double bonds in the benzene are delocalised which increases its stability or decreases its reactivity. Benzene will not undergo addition reaction with bromine water.
Therefore, benzene does not decolourise bromine water.
Q. 21. (a) A compound ‘X’ is C2H4. Draw its electron dot structure. Will it dissolve in water or not? Will it conduct electricity in aqueous solution? Will it have high melting or low melting point? (b) A compound ‘X’ has molecular formula C4H10. It undergoes substitution reaction readily than addition reaction. It burns with blue flame. It is present in LPG. Identify ‘X’ and give the balanced equation for its combustion and substitution reaction with Cl2 in presence of sunlight.
(c) Why are vegetable oils healthy as compared to vegetable ghee? How are vegetable oils converted into vegetable ghee? Name the process.
Answer: (a) The electron dot structure of ethene is
Ethene is a non-polar molecule and will not dissolve in water (polar solvent). Since it does not produce ions in water, ethene does not conduct electricity in aqueous solutions. Ethene is a covalent molecule and has low melting point.
(b) The compound X is butane.
Balanced equation for combustion of butane:
2C4H10 + 13O2→ 8CO2 + 10H2O
Substitution reaction with Cl2 in the presence of sunlight:
C4H10 + Cl2→ C4H9Cl + HCl
C4H9Cl + Cl2→ C4H8Cl2 + HCl
The substitution reaction continues until all H is replaced by Cl.
(c) Vegetable oils contain unsaturated carbon chains whereas vegetable ghee contains saturated carbon chains which are said to be harmful to health.
Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghee by the process of hydrogenation in the presence of a catalyst like nickel.
Q. 22. A prestigious school of Delhi has large canteen which sells burgers, patties, cold drink, Pizzas, Samosas, chips, etc. Most of the children enjoy eating these junk food. School authorities have asked them to sell fresh fruit juices, sprouts, boiled corns, fresh fruits, nimbupani etc. but sale of these items is very less. Some children take sips from same cold drink bottle and bites of same burger.
(a) Which preservative is present in cold drinks?
(b) Which acid is present in vinegar added to vegetable chowmien?
(c) What will you do to make people aware that junk food is harmful for health? Give two suggestions.
(d) What is wrong/right in sipping cold drinks from same bottle or biting same burger by many students? Give one reason.
(e) Do you think junk food and cold drinks should be banned in school canteen as per the directive of Hon’ble High Court’s order? Give two reasons in support of your answer.
Answer: (a) The most commonly used preservative in cold drinks is sodium benzoate which is the sodium salt of benzoic acid. Some carboxylic acids are also used as preservatives.
(b) Ethanoic acid (also called acetic acid) is present in vinegar.
(c) One can organise talk shows, or presentations regarding the health issues associated with junk food. If possible, posters and other articles could be shared among people using social media.
(d) Sipping from the same cold drink or biting the same burger by many students may result in spread of harmful bacteria and other microorganisms if one of the students is ill. Therefore it is advised not to do so.
(e) Yes, junk food should be banned from school canteen because it consists of artificial preservatives and additives which are harmful to our health. Moreover, continuous consumption of junk food and cold drinks may decrease the ability to control the appetite.
Q. 23. Government of India is imposing ban on the use of polythene bags for shopping. List four advantages of using cloth or jute bags over polythene bags.
Answer: The advantages of using cloth bags over polythene bags include
(a) Polythene bags are practically non-bio-degradable. The improper disposal of such bags would result in soil pollution. Cloth bags are bio-degradable and will not pollute the environment. (b) Usage of cloth bags would promote the cottage industries which produce cloth bags.
(c) Cloth bags are more durable when compared to polythene bags.
(d) The production processes of polythene bags involve in the emission of harmful chemicals.
