Sarhad Journal of Agriculture

Research Article

Comparative Effectiveness of Chlorantraniliprole and Neem Leaf

Extract against Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.E. Smith)
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Nimra Altaf1, Muhammad Arshad1, Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1, Muhammad Irfan Ullah1*, Hamza
Latif1, Muhammad Zeeshan1, Gulfam Yousuf1 and Muhammad Afzal2
1
Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan; 2Baba Guru Nanak University Nankana
Sahib, Pakistan.
Abstract | Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a destruc-
tive insect pest of various economic crops. This species was first reported in Pakistan during 2019, and is now
an emerging threat to Pakistan’s Agriculture. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of
a synthetic insecticide Chlorantraniliprole in comparison to different concentrations of single botanical, i.e.,
neem leaf extract @ (50 ppm and 100 ppm) against FAW larvae in maize. Our findings showed a significant
effect (P < 0.001) of these chemicals on the mortality and consumption rate of FAW larvae. Results show
that mortality increased in all treatments with time. Recommended dose of chlorantraniliprole (50 ml/100
litre water) insecticide showed 71.0% mortality of FAW on 5th day, which increased up to 82.0% on the 7th
day after application of treatments. No significant (P > 0.05) difference in larval mortality was observed for
chlorantraniliprole (recommended dose) and neem at 100ppm on the 5th and 7th day after application. Higher
concentration (100ppm) of neem showed 59.0% mortality of FAW larvae on 5th and 72.0% on the seventh
day of application. Chlorantraniliprole reduced 62.9% food consumption on the 5th day and 71.9% on the
7th day, while 43.5% on the 5th day and 51.6% on the 7th day reduction in food consumption occurred at 100
ppm when compared to the control group. While using 50ppm concentration of neem extract, 20.90% and
27.35% consumption rate was reduced at 5th and 7th day respectively. Our findings suggest chlorantraniliprole
as an effective insecticide to control FAW larvae in maize crop; however, neem extract at 100 ppm concen-
tration also performed well against this pest. As botanicals have less harmful to humans and the environment
than synthetic insecticides, neem leaf extract can be used in integrated pest management programs of FAW.
Received | June 06, 2021; Accepted | January 19, 2022; Published | July 04, 2022
*Correspondence | Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Department of Entomology, University of Sargodha, 40100, Sargodha, Pakistan; Email: Muhammad.
irfanullah@uos.edu.pk
Citation | Altaf, N., M. Arshad, M.Z. Majeed, M.I. Ullah, H. Latif, M. Zeeshan, G. Yousuf and M. Afzal. 2022. Comparative effectiveness of
Chlorantraniliprole and neem leaf extract against Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Sarhad Journal of
Agriculture, 38(3): 833-840.
DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2022/38.3.833.840
Keywords | Spodoptera frugiperda, Consumption rate, Botanical, Mortality, Chlorantraniliprole

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

September 2022 | Volume 38 | Issue 3 | Page 833

 Sarhad Journal of Agriculture
Introduction mans (Kazem and El-Shereif, 2010; Lozowicka et
al., 2015). These conditions have led to searching for

F all armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.E.

Smith) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a destruc-
tive insect pest of various economic crops worldwide
other valuable and eco-friendly approaches, especially
natural plant sources (Fetoh and Asiry, 2012). Various
botanicals are readily available and inexpensive and
(Georgen et al., 2016; Naeem-Ullah et al., 2019). It available to the agricultural community; they are safer
feeds on more than 80 plant species in which maize, for humans and the environment with little residual
cotton, rice, millet, and sorghum are preferred hosts effect and are less toxic to mammals (Isman, 2006;
(Montezano et al., 2018; FAO, 2018; Abrahams et al., Koul et al., 2008).
2017; Clark et al., 2007; Prowell et al., 2004; Sena et
al., 2003). The most damaging FAW stage is larvae Neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) belongs to
that feed on leaves, and lateral instars damage every the family Meliaceae is originated from Southeast
part of the plant (Abrahams et al., 2017). Due to its Asia and the Indian subcontinent (Brahmachari,
attack, the plant’s photosynthetic area reduces, and 2004; Campos et al., 2016). Each part of neem plants
it also directly damages the grains (Chimweta et al., produces active secondary compounds used previous-
2020). The first time FAW was reported in tropical ly to control insect pests (Amaral et al., 2018). This
and subtropical regions of America (FAO, 2018). plant has more than 100 active biological compounds,
During 2016, FAW caused severe yield losses of the such as terpenoids, and azadirachtin (Hossain et al.,
corn crop in the different areas of Africa (Rose et al., 2013; Campos et al., 2016), which have insecticidal,
2000; Goergen et al., 2016; Abrahams et al., 2017; repellent, and antifeedant properties and are very use-
Cock et al., 2017), and about 98% of corn growers ful to suppress the population of insects (Isman, 2006;
were affected (Day et al., 2017, Cock et al., 2017). This Mordue and Nisbet, 2000; Martinez, 2002). This
pest causes a loss of 400 million dollars every year in plant has been considered a very useful in integrated
Brazil (Cruz, 2008). In India, it was reported in May pest management program (De Franca et al., 2017).
2018, and its presence was also confirmed in Thailand Keeping in view the importance of the neem plant as
and Myanmar (Kalleshwaraswamy et al., 2018; Guo a botanical insecticide, its efficacy was compared with
et al., 2018). In April 2019, FAW was first observed in new chemistry insecticide chlorantraniliprole against
the Sindh province of Pakistan (Naeem-Ullah et al., FAW larvae.
2019) So, the management of this devastating pest is
of utmost importance. Materials and Methods

The management strategy, primarily used to control Rearing of Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.E. Smith 1797)
FAW is the use of Genetically Modified Crops and FAW larvae and egg batches were collected from the
synthetic insecticides (Sisay et al., 2019), but resistant maize field nearby the University of Sargodha, Paki-
development in this pest has been reported against stan (32°09’04.0”N 72°43’26.4”E). To establish a large
several groups of synthetic insecticides (Abrahams et colony, FAW larvae were fed on fresh young leaves of
al., 2017) due to repeated applications of insecticides maize. However, once the colony was established, an
(Gutierrez-Moreno et al. 2019). Synthetic insecticides artificial diet was provided to larvae. The artificial diet
are available resources to control this pest, which is a was prepared using maize leaf powder, bean powder,
significant achievement of modern agricultural prac- brewer’s yeast, sorbic acid, ascorbic acid, vitamin E
tices and improves crop yield. A novel insecticide, tablets, methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, sucrose, agar, and
chlorantraniliprole target on the ryanodine receptors formaldehyde by using the method suggested by Par-
of insects. In the result of ryanodine receptors binding, sanna et al. (2018). The larvae were fed on an artificial
Ca+2 extensively produced. Due to high production of diet till pupation. The pupae were then placed in a
Ca+2 insects paralyzed and leads to death (Lahm et plastic jar lined with cotton. The adult pairs were kept
al., 2005; Cordova et al., 2007). Lepidopteran insect in the adult rearing cages and fed with 10% (w/v)
pests are being controlled by chlorantraniliprole (Liu sugar solution. The egg batches were separated and
et al., 2017). Indiscriminate use of pesticides to pro- placed in glass Petri dishes that were sterilized be-
duce and protect plants causes toxic effects by contact, fore use. Regularly, egg batches were observed until
inhalation, and food exposure, leading to carcinogen- hatching. Neonate larvae were provided with soft fo-
esis, reproductive problems, and mutagenesis in hu- liage of maize leaves to feed. The 3rd instar larvae were
September 2022 | Volume 38 | Issue 3 | Page 834
 Sarhad Journal of Agriculture
placed in the plastic petri dishes individually to avoid Where;
the cannibalism. The F3 generation larvae were used C.I: Consumption index; F: Fresh or dry weight of
in the experiment. food eaten; T: Duration of feeding period (days); A:
Mean fresh or dry weight of insects during feeding
Insecticide period.
A new chemistry insecticide, chlorantraniliprole 20
SC, was purchased from the local market of Sar- Mortality data of FAW was recorded at 1, 3, 5, and 7
godha, and the recommended dose (50 ml/100litre days after application. Mortality data was corrected
water) was tested against FAW larvae in lab. using Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925).
Collection and preparation of plant extract
Fresh leaves of neem, Azadirachta indica were collect- Data analysis
ed from the field near by Sargodha University. Leaves Larval mortality and consumption data were analyzed
were shade-dried for twenty days. Dried leaves were using one-way ANOVA, and means were separated
ground to a fine powder and kept in Laboratory at by Tukey HSD all-pairwise comparison test. All the
room temperature. 100 g of neem leaves powder was analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 software.
mixed in 1 L of water in a conical flask to make a
stock solution (10% w/v). The mixture was agitated Results and Discussion
for one hour using an electric shaker (KS130, Ger-
many). The solution was filtered using Whatman no. Chlorantraniliprole at recommended dose rate (50
1 filter paper before use. The solvent was evaporated ml/100litre water) and neem extracts at two differ-
using a rotary vacuum evaporator, and the extract was ent concentrations (50ppm and 100ppm) were test-
stored in the refrigerator at 4 ºC for one month be- ed against 3rd instar larvae of FAW under laboratory
fore use (Kumar et al., 2011). conditions.

Leaf-Dip bioassay There was a significant effect of treatments on mor-

The experiment was performed in the laboratory of tality of S. furgiperda on 1st (F = 128.0, P < 0.001), 3rd
the Department of Entomology, University of Sar- (F = 561.0, P < 0.001), 5th (F = 76.9, P < 0.001) and
godha, Pakistan. Field recommended dose chlorant- 7th (F = 99.1, P < 0.001) day after application. Over
raniliprole (50 ml/100 litre) and two concentrations time, mortality was increased. Chlorantraniliprole
of A. indica extract (50 ppm and 100 ppm) were used insecticide showed 71.0% mortality of FAW on the
in the bioassay. Water was used in the control treat- 5th day, and it was increased up to 82.0% on the 7th
ment. The treatments were replicated three times, and day. No significant (P > 0.05) difference was observed
15 larvae were used in each replication totaling 45 for chlorantraniliprole and neem @ 100ppm on the
larvae/treatment. Leaf dip bioassay was used to as- 5th and seventh day. Higher concentration (100ppm)
sess the mortality of FAW larvae. Maize leaves were of neem showed 59.0% mortality of FAW larvae on
collected from the field and washed with distilled wa- the 5th and 72.0% on the seventh day of application.
ter. The leaves were cut into pieces and dipped in the Neem (50ppm) showed 35.0% mortality of FAW lar-
solutions for 10 seconds and left to dry for 10 minutes vae on the 5th and 42.0% on the seventh day of ap-
at room temperature. Third instar larvae of FAW were plication. In the control treatment, no mortality was
collected from the already developed culture in lab found (Figure 1).
and kept them starving for 24 hours before releasing
them into the Petri dishes. Maize leaves were changed Larval Consumption rate was calculated and it was
daily, and feces were removed. The weight of leaves found that A significant effect of treatments was
before and after the feeding of FAW was recorded found on consumption rate of FAW on 1st (F = 496.0,
to evaluate the consumption rate. The consumption P < 0.001), 3rd (F = 421.0, P < 0.001), 5th (F = 289.0,
rate of FAW was recorded using the formula given by P < 0.001) and 7th (F = 439.0, P < 0.001) day after
Waldbauer (1968). application. The consumption rate was found to be
higher on 1st day (220.0 mg), on 3rd day (260.0 mg),
on 5th day (310.0 mg) and on 7th day (385.0 mg) in
control treatment. Chlorantraniliprole reduced 62.9%
consumption on 5th day and 71.9% on 7th day when
September 2022 | Volume 38 | Issue 3 | Page 835
 Sarhad Journal of Agriculture
compared to control group. Similarly, neem 100 ppm FAW larvae than neem extract. However, no signif-
reduced 43.5% on 5th day and 51.6% on 7th day com- icant difference in larval mortality was observed us-
pared to control. While using 50ppm concentration of ing insecticide and higher concentration (100ppm)
neem extract, 20.90% and 27.35% consumption rate of neem at 5th and 7th day post treatment interval.
was reduced at 5th and 7th day respectively (Figure 2). Various Lepidopteran pests are highly susceptible
to Chlorantraniliprole insecticide (Cao et al., 2010;
Pereira, 2013), a registered insecticide against many
Lepidopteran non-Lepidopteran pests (Lutz et al.,
2018). Chlorantraniliprole attacks insects’ ryanodine
receptors and disturbs the calcium homeostasis in the
cells, resulting in feeding cessation, muscle paralysis,
lethargy, and ultimately death of that insect (Lahm et
al., 2005). Armyworm larvae had a high potential to
resist Chlorantraniliprole (Muthusamy et al., 2014).
Further research is needed on whether moths can
quickly develop resistance to chlorantraniliprole.

Figure 1: Percent mortality (means ±SE) of Spodoptera frugiperda Our findings showed that neem extract at 100 ppm
after application of coragen and neem extract meand sharing similar concentration also showed effectiveness as a synthetic
letters across treatments for each time interval are not significant at insecticide. There was no significant effect in mortal-
P>0.05.
ity due to neem 100ppm and insecticide after 5 and
7 days of application. Neem plant belonging to the
family Meliaceae has been reported for its potential
as bio-insecticide (Verma et al., 2007; Montes-Moli-
na et al., 2008; Javed et al., 2008; Anjorin et al., 2008;
Farooq et al., 2011). The neem plant’s insecticidal
properties are due to azadirachtin, a widely known,
effective insecticide (Zheng et al., 2011). Neem, Aza-
dirachtin can control many insect pests, including
fall armyworm (Nisbet, 2000; Silva et al., 2015). The
damaging properties of neem extract on insect pests
are highly effective and complex molecule azadirach-
tin (Viana et al., 2007). Azadirachtin is an environ-
ment-friendly, non-mutagenic, selective, and easily
Figure 2: Food consumption (means ±SE) of Spodoptera frugiperda
larvae after application of coragen and neem exrract meand sharing decomposable, having minimal effect on mammals,
simila letters across treatments for each time interval are not signif- and it could be an outstanding alternate for the man-
icant at P>0.05. agement of FAW (Campos et al., 2012).

Synthetic insecticides are becoming a big problem Chlorantraniliprole insecticide and neem extract at
for the environment; that is why plant-based insecti- the concentration of 100ppm caused a significant re-
cides are being used to control different insect pests, duction in the feeding activity of FAW. In agreement
including armyworms. For the management of in- with our observations, other studies also demon-
sect pests, the botanical extracts showed an effective strated the deterrent effects of A. indica (Lehman et
control. Many plant extracts have a repellent effect al., 2007; Montes-Molina et al., 2008; Sharma et al.,
against different damaging insect pests (Pang et al., 2008; Hernández-Lambraño et al., 2014). Azadirachta
2020). indica shows antifeedant properties against many lep-
idopteran pests (Liang et al., 2003; Roel et al., 2010).
We used neem extract at 50 and 100 ppm concen-
trations in comparison to Chlorantraniliprole insec- Conclusions and Recommendations
ticide against FAW 3rd instar larvae. Our findings
showed that insecticide showed higher mortality of Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.E.
September 2022 | Volume 38 | Issue 3 | Page 836
 Sarhad Journal of Agriculture
Smith) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a very destructive dens leaf-cutting ant queens. Environ. Pol-
insect pest of various economic crops. The chlorantra- lut., 243: 809-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
niliprole is an effective synthetic insecticide to control envpol.2018.09.066
FAW larvae, however, neem extract at 100 ppm con- Anjorin, S.T., H.A. Makun, T. Adesina and I. Kudu.
centration also performed well against this pest. As 2008. Effects of Fusarium verticilloides, its me-
botanicals are less harmful to humans and the envi- tabolites and neem leaf extract on germination
ronment than synthetic insecticides, neem leaf extract and vigour indices of maize (Zea mays L.). Afr.
@ 100ppm can be used in integrated pest manage- J. Biotechnol., 14: 2402-2406.
ment programs of FAW. Brahmachari G. 2004. Neem – an omnipotent plant:
a retrospection. Chembiochem., 5(4): 408-421.
Novelty Statement https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.200300749
Campos, A.P., A.L. Boica Junior and D.C.
The findings showed that chlorantraniliprole and Lagartas. 2012. Spodoptera frugiperda ( J.
neem extract at 100 ppm concentration performed E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) sub-
well to control FAW’ larvae. As botanicals have less mitted to different concentrations of neem
harmful to humans and the environment than syn- oil. Rev. bras. milho sorgo., 11 (2): 137-144.
thetic insecticides, neem leaf extract can be used in https://doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.
integrated pest management programs of FAW. v11n2p137-144
Campos, E.V., J.L. de Oliveira, M. Pascoli, R. de
Authors’ Contributions Lima and L.F. Fraceto. 2016. Neem oil and
crop protection: from now to the future. Front.
Hamza Latif, Muhammad Zeeshan, and Gulfam Plant Sci., 7: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/
Yousuf: Performed experiments. fpls.2016.01494
Muhammad Irfan Ullah, Nimra Altaf and Muham- Cao, G., Q. Lu, L. Zhang, F. Guo, G. Liang, K. Wu
mad Arshad: Wrote the manuscript. and Y. Guo. 2010. Toxicity of chlorantranilipro-
Muhammad Afzal and Muhammad Zeeshan Ma- le to Cry1Ac-susceptible and resistant strains
jeed: Designed the experiment. of Helicoverpa armigera. Pestic. Biochem. Phys-
Muhammad Arshad and Nimra Altaf: Analyzed the iol., 98(1): 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
data. pestbp.2010.05.006
Chimweta, M., I. Nyakudya, L. Jimu and A.B.
Conflict of interest Mashingaidze. 2020. Fall armyworm Spodop-
All authors have declared no conflict of interest. tera frugiperda ( J.E. Smith)] damage in maize:
management options for flood-recession crop-
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