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MODULE 4
ADVANCED FEATURES OF JAVA
CHAPTER 1
Java Library & Collections framework

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STRING
• In Java, string is basically an object that represents sequence of
char values. An array of characters works same as Java string. For
example:
char[ ] ch={‘h','a',‘i',‘j',‘a',‘v',‘a'};
String s=new String(ch);
is same as:
String s = “haijava";
• Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations
on strings such as compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(),
replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring() etc.
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 Create a string object

There are two ways to create String object:
• By string literal
• By new keyword
1) String Literal
Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:
String s = "welcome";
• Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the "string constant
pool" first.
• If the string already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled
instance is returned.
• If the string doesn't exist in the pool, a new string instance is created
and placed in the pool. For example:
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String s1="Welcome";
String s2="Welcome"; //It doesn't create a new instance
• In the above example, only one object will be created.
• Firstly, JVM will not find any string object with the value
"Welcome" in string constant pool, that is why it will create a new
object.
• After that it will find the string with the value "Welcome" in the
pool, it will not create a new object but will return the reference to
the same instance.
• Note: String objects are stored in a special memory area known as
the "string constant pool".

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Why Java uses the concept of String literal

To make Java more memory efficient (because no new objects are
created if it exists already in the string constant pool).

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2) By new keyword
String s=new String("Welcome"); //creates two objects and one
reference variable
• In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non-
pool) heap memory, and the literal "Welcome" will be placed in the
string constant pool.
• The variable s will refer to the object in a heap (non-pool).

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String Example

OUTPUT

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STRING CONSTRUCTORS
• The string class supports several types of constructors in Java APIs.
The most commonly used constructors of String class are as
follows:
1. String() : To create an empty String, we will call a default
constructor. For example:
String s = new String();
• It will create a string object in the heap area with no value

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2. String(String str) : It will create a string object in the heap area

and stores the given value in it. For example:
String s2 = new String(“Hello Java“);
Now, the object contains Hello Java.

3. String(char chars[ ]) : It will create a string object and stores the

array of characters in it. For example:
char chars[ ] = { ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’ };
String s3 = new String(chars);
The object reference variable s3 contains the address of the value
stored in the heap area.
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Let’s take an example program where we will create a string object

and store an array of characters in it

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4. String(char chars[ ], int startIndex, int count)

• It will create and initializes a string object with a subrange of a
character array.
• The argument startIndex specifies the index at which the subrange
begins and count specifies the number of characters to be copied.
For example:
char chars[ ] = { ‘w’, ‘i’, ‘n’, ‘d’, ‘o’, ‘w’, ‘s’ };
String str = new String(chars, 2, 3);
• The object str contains the address of the value ”ndo” stored in the
heap area because the starting index is 2 and the total number of
characters to be copied is 3

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EXAMPLE

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• In this example program, we will construct a String object that

contains the same characters sequence as another string object.
As you can see the output, s1 and
s2 contain the same string.
Thus, we can create one string
from another string.

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5. String(byte byteArr[ ]) : It constructs a new string object by

decoding the given array of bytes (i.e, by decoding ASCII values into
the characters) according to the system’s default character set.

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6. String(byte byteArr[ ], int startIndex, int count)

This constructor also creates a new string object by decoding the
ASCII values using the system’s default character set.

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STRING LENGTH
• The java string length() method gives length of the string. It returns
count of total number of characters.
• Internal implementation
public int length() {
return value.length;
}
Signature - The signature of the string length() method is given
below:
public int length()

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String length() method example - 1

Output

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String length() method example - 2

Output

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STRING COMPARISON
• We can compare string in java on the basis of content and reference
• There are three ways to compare string in java:
By equals() method
By = = operator
By compareTo() method
String compare by equals() method
• The String equals() method compares the original content of the
string.
• It compares values of string for equality. String class provides two
methods
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public boolean equals(Object another) compares this string to the

specified object.
public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String another) compares this
String to another string, ignoring case.

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Example 2

Output

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String compare by == operator

• The = = operator compares references not values.

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String compare by compareTo() method

• The String compareTo() method compares values lexicographically
and returns an integer value that describes if first string is less than,
equal to or greater than second string.
Suppose s1 and s2 are two string variables. If:
s1 == s2 : 0
s1 > s2 : positive value
s1 < s2 : negative value

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Eg:
Output

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SEARCHING STRINGS
String contains()
• The java string contains() method searches the sequence of
characters in this string.
• It returns true if sequence of char values are found in this string
otherwise returns false.
Internal implementation
public boolean contains(CharSequence s) {
return indexOf(s.toString()) > -1;
}
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Signature
• The signature of string contains() method is given below:
public boolean contains(CharSequence sequence)
Output

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Eg 2 - The contains() method searches case sensitive char sequence.

If the argument is not case sensitive, it returns false. Let's see an
example below.

Output

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Eg 3 -The contains() method is helpful to find a char-sequence in the

string. We can use it in control structure to produce search based
result. Let us see an example below.

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CHARACTER EXTRACTION
String charAt()
• The java string charAt() method returns a char value at the given
index number.
• The index number starts from 0 and goes to n-1, where n is length
of the string.
• It returns StringIndexOutOfBoundsException if given index number
is greater than or equal to this string length or a negative number.
• Signature - The signature of string charAt() method is given below:
public char charAt(int index)

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Example:

Output
t

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StringIndexOutOfBoundsException with charAt()

• Let's see the example of charAt() method where we are passing
greater index value.
• In such case, it throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException at run
time.

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Java String charAt() Example 3

• Let's see a simple example where we are accessing first and last
character from the provided string.

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Java String charAt() Example 4

• Let's see an example where we are accessing all the elements
present at odd index.

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Java String charAt() Example 5

• Let's see an example where we are counting frequency of a
character in the string.

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MODIFY STRINGS
• The java string replace() method returns a string replacing all the
old char or CharSequence to new char or CharSequence.
Signature
• There are two type of replace methods in java string.
public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
and
public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence
replacement)
• The second replace method is added since JDK 1.5.

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 String replace(char old, char new) method example

public class ReplaceExample1{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java is a very good language";
// replaces all occurrences of 'a' to 'e'
String replaceString=s1.replace('a','e');
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}
Output
jeve is e very good lenguege

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String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence

replacement) method example

Output
my name was khan my name was java

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String replace() Method Example 3

Output

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• The java string replaceAll() method returns a string replacing all the
sequence of characters matching regex and replacement string.
Internal implementation
public String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement) {
return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(this).replaceAll(replacement);
}

Signature
public String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement)

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 String replaceAll() example: replace character

• Let's see an example to replace all the occurrences of a single
character.
public class ReplaceAllExample1{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java is a very good language";
String replaceString=s1.replaceAll("a","e");//replaces all occurrences
of "a" to "e"
System.out.println(replaceString);
}}
Output jeve is e very good lenguege
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 String replaceAll() example: replace word

• Let's see an example to replace all the occurrences of single word
or set of words.

Output
My name was Khan. My name was Bob. My name was Sonoo.

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 String replaceAll() example: remove white spaces

• Let's see an example to remove all the occurrences of white spaces.

Output
MynameisKhan.MynameisBob.MynameisSonoo.

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STRING VALUE OF ( )
• The java string valueOf() method converts different types of values
into string.
• By the help of string valueOf() method, we can convert int to
string, long to string, boolean to string, character to string, float to
string, double to string, object to string and char array to string.
Internal implementation
public static String valueOf(Object obj) {
return (obj == null) ? "null" : obj.toString();
}

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 Signature
• The signature or syntax of string valueOf() method is given below:
public static String valueOf(boolean b)
public static String valueOf(char c)
public static String valueOf(char[] c)
public static String valueOf(int i)
public static String valueOf(long l)
public static String valueOf(float f)
public static String valueOf(double d)
public static String valueOf(Object o)

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 valueOf() method example

Output
3010

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valueOf(boolean bol) Method Example

This is a boolean version of overloaded valueOf() method. It takes
boolean value and returns a string. Let's see an example.

Output
true
false

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valueOf(char ch) Method Example

This is a char version of overloaded valueOf() method. It takes
char value and returns a string. Let's see an example.

Output
A
B

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valueOf(float f) and valueOf(double d) Example

This is a float version of overloaded valueOf() method. It takes
float value and returns a string. Let's see an example.

Output
10.05
10.02

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String valueOf() Complete Examples

 Output

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Immutable String in Java

• In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means
unmodifiable or unchangeable. Once string object is created its
data or state can't be changed but a new string object is created.
Example

Output Sachin
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It can be understood by the diagram given below. Here Sachin is not

changed but a new object is created with sachintendulkar. That is
why string is known as immutable.

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• As you can see in the figure that two objects are created but s
reference variable still refers to "Sachin" not to "Sachin Tendulkar".
• But if we explicitely assign it to the reference variable, it will refer
to "Sachin Tendulkar" object. For example:

Output
Sachin Tendulkar
In such case, s points to the
"Sachin Tendulkar". Please notice
that still sachin object is not
modified.

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Why string objects are immutable in java

• Because java uses the concept of string literal.
• Suppose there are 5 reference variables,all referes to one object
"sachin".
• If one reference variable changes the value of the object, it will be
affected to all the reference variables.
• That is why string objects are immutable in java.

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String and StringBuffer

• Java StringBuffer class is used to create mutable (modifiable)

string. The StringBuffer class in java is same as String class except
it is mutable i.e. it can be changed.
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 Important Constructors of StringBuffer class

Mutable string - A string that can be modified or changed is known

as mutable string. StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes are used
for creating mutable string.

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StringBuffer append() method

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StringBuffer insert() method

The insert() method inserts the given string with this string at the
given position.

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StringBuffer replace() method

The replace() method replaces the given string from the specified
beginIndex and endIndex.

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StringBuffer delete() method

The delete() method of StringBuffer class deletes the string from
the specified beginIndex to endIndex.

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 StringBuffer reverse() method

The reverse() method of StringBuffer class reverses the current
string.

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COLLECTIONS IN JAVA
The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture
to store and manipulate the group of objects.
Java Collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on
a data such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, and
deletion.
Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java Collection
framework provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque) and
classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet,
LinkedHashSet, TreeSet).

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Collection in Java - Represents a single unit of objects, i.e., a

group.
framework in Java
• It provides readymade architecture.
• It represents a set of classes and interfaces.
• It is optional.
Collection framework
The Collection framework represents a unified architecture for
storing and manipulating a group of objects. It has:
• Interfaces and its implementations, i.e., classes
• Algorithm
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Hierarchy of Collection Framework

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The java.util package contains all the classes and interfaces for the
Collection framework.
Collection Interface
• The Collection interface is the interface which is implemented by all
the classes in the collection framework.
• It declares the methods that every collection will have. In other
words, we can say that the Collection interface builds the
foundation on which the collection framework depends.
• Some of the methods of Collection interface are Boolean add (
Object obj), Boolean addAll ( Collection c), void clear(), etc. which
are implemented by all the subclasses of Collection interface.

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LIST INTERFACE
• List interface is the child interface of Collection interface.
• It inhibits a list type data structure in which we can store the
ordered collection of objects.
• It can have duplicate values.
• List interface is implemented by the classes ArrayList,
LinkedList, Vector, and Stack.
• To instantiate the List interface, we must use :

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List <data-type> list1= new ArrayList();

List <data-type> list2 = new LinkedList();
List <data-type> list3 = new Vector();
List <data-type> list4 = new Stack();
There are various methods in List interface that can be used to
insert, delete, and access the elements from the list.
The classes that implement the List interface are given below.
ArrayList
The ArrayList class implements the List interface. It uses a dynamic
array to store the duplicate element of different data types.

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• The ArrayList class maintains the insertion order and is non-

synchronized. The elements stored in the ArrayList class can be
randomly accessed. Consider the following example.

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Java ArrayList class uses a dynamic array for storing the elements.
It is like an array, but there is no size limit. We can add or remove
elements anytime.
 So, it is much more flexible than the traditional array. It is found in
the java.util package. It is like the Vector in C++.
The ArrayList in Java can have the duplicate elements also. It
implements the List interface so we can use all the methods of List
interface here.
The ArrayList maintains the insertion order internally.
It inherits the AbstractList class and implements List interface.

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The important points about Java ArrayList class are:

• Java ArrayList class can contain duplicate elements.
• Java ArrayList class maintains insertion order.
• Java ArrayList class is non synchronized.
• Java ArrayList allows random access because array works at the
index basis.
• In ArrayList, manipulation is little bit slower than the LinkedList in
Java because a lot of shifting needs to occur if any element is
removed from the array list.

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ArrayList Example

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Iterating ArrayList using Iterator

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