oer Chemical Oceanography Division General Features Chemical Oceanography ‘Chemical Oceanography is fundamentally interdisciplinary. Chemical Oceanographers examine the chemical composition of the oceans.They examine the oo acidity or otherwise and attempt to understand how the ecology, biology and other elements of an ocean might change based on the shifting chemical profile.The chemistry of the ocean is closely tied to ocean circulation, climate, the plants and animals that live in the ocean, and the exchange of material with the atmosphere, cryosphere, continents, and mantle. Business of chemical Oceanographer They are essentially oceanographers, but rather than studying the ecology, biological life and geology of the oceans as a broad subject, they examine the chemical composition of this particular environment. The chemistry of - af : © animal species have evolved to thrive in certain acidities and cannot thrive when the seawater is too acidic or not acidic enough. When an ocean's chemical composition becomes too unbalanced, it can have a profound effect on the ecology. ‘One of the most important roles they may be working on now is the monitoring of ocean acidification. ‘Oceans are a net carbon sink, but acidification is increasing and this has had measurable effects on the acid levels in the ocean - corals have been bleached as a result of increased carbon emissions and are under serious threat. As the ice caps melt, ocean acidification could be diluted in some areas. Chemical Oceanographers may work with environmental engineers to attempt to redress these problems and restore balance. We approach our research from two directions: field measurements and laboratory studies. The research is interdisciplinary and involves investigating interactions between chemical, biological and physical processes in the oceans. We study the distributions, behavior and chemical speciation of trace metals, nutrients and carbon in the water column. We are also interested in the environmental chemistry of contaminants and nanoparticles in marine systems. We investigate how anthropogenic drivers change the chemistry of the ocean and thus impact on biological processes. It's not just coral and it's not just about climate change. They will look at the problems caused by industrial chemicals and pollution, and advice on policy. They may also work as government advisors, providing evidence for court cases where civil action is brought against a business, Areas of Research Carbon Cycle Many of ours are researching how carbon is distributed and exchanged between the oceans, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels influence Earth’s surface temperature and are an integral part of the carbon cycle. All living things and the fossil fuels can evolve, are comprised of carbon. The ocean contains a large reservoir of carbon many times the size of the atmospheric reservoir that can substantially alter atmospheric CO, levels.Geochemistry of Rivers and Estuaries The ultimate source of the chemical constituents of the sea is primarily from rivers that deliver their dissolved and particulate input through estuaries. This is the location of the most intimate contact of the ocean with humans. Marine Biogeochemistry Chemical oceanography investigates the chemical composition of sea water. Chemical oceanographers study the interactions between organic and inorganic substances and the biological, physical and geological conditions of the ocean. They want to understand how marine chemistry is influenced by physical processes and exchanges with the atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. Processes, which introduce chemical species into the ocean and those which remove or transform the substances, are important targets of marine chemical research. We preferentially investigate the cycling of those elements which are important for biological processes (eg, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron). The ocean contains each chemical element of our planet either in its pure form or in any kind of chemical compounds either dissolved or particulate, ‘The origin and fate of gases, affecting the atmosphere are a very special element of research therefore. Greenhouse gases, contributing to atmospheric warming, trace gases forming aerosols and those destroying ozone belong to this category. As chemistry controls and reflects the environment of the ocean-earth-atmosphere system, chemical oceanography has links to all the other disciplines of the GEOMAR. — Marine Sediment Geochemistry Chemical reactions in the ocean change dramatically and are facilitated by a unique set of microbes when the oxygen concentration is exhausted. The most widespread example of this is in ocean sediments which become the most important sink for nitrate after organic matter digenesis depletes oxygen. Other examples are the oxygen minimum zones of the ocean and anoxic basins like the Black Sea. Paleoclimatology Several of our scientist research Earth’s climate and how it has varied in the recent and more distant past. Understanding the natural variability of the climate system is essential for determining when the current climate is outside its normal range. Since thermometers, rain gauges, weather balloons, oceanographic research vessels, and satellites have only been used extensively for less than a century the only way to reconstruct climate is from ocean and lake sediment cores, tree rings, coral and the like. Most of these techniques involve chemical analyses of one type or another, a specialty of our department. Accurate reconstructions of the “pre-instrumental” climate are necessary in order to test the complex mathematical models used to predict future climate changes. Hydrothermal Systems & Chemistry Chemical reactions at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers that bisect all ocean basins involve unique reactions that greatly influence ocean chemical mass balance and provide a host for unique biological systems.oe eke)Adaptive responses to ocean warming and acidification of different marine invertebrates inhabit in the South east coastal area of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh Md. Tarikul Islam Scientific Officer Abstract Ocean acidification, a complex phenomenon that lowers seawater pH, is the net outcome of several contributions. A study pertaining to the seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties and its impacts on marine invertebrates inhabit at the south east coastal waters of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh for a period of January 2018 to June 2018. It shown that the coastal water was significantly influenced by the freshwater discharged from Naf River and other sources from upstream to the coastal area. Total five sampling stations namely saint Martin Island (S1), Naf River (62), Teknaf ($3), Inani (S4) and Rezukhal estuary ($5) were considered for taking the desirable parameters reading. The physic-chemical parameters like Dissolved oxygen, Salinity, Temperature, Conductivity, Total dissolved solids, ‘Transparency were determined by using Hanna HI98194, Refract meter, YSI Pro30 multimeter, Hach HQI1d, Winklers Titration method, Secchi disk respectively. There were implementing two types of experiment 1) Insitu experiment and 2) Exsitu experiment to assess the adaptive responses of different marine invertebrates inhabit on ocean acidification and their potential detrimental effects to marine environment as well as ecosystem processes and services. The foreseen danger to marine invertebrates by acidification is in fact expected to be amplified by several concurrent and interacting phenomena. In addition, a robust ocean acidification monitoring program over time will provide necessary information to scientists and resource managers on the status and trends in ocean parameters related to OA, and thus aid decisions in light of ocean change. Key words: Ocean Acidification, Invertebrates, Adaptability, Parameter, Ecosystem Introduction ‘The partial pressure of CO, in the ocean has increased rapidly over the past century, driving ocean acidification and raising concern for the stability of marine ecosystem. Ocean acidification is responsible for changes in the oceanic carbonate system, with effects on partial pressure of CO, (pCO,), DIC, pH, alkalinity, and calcium carbonate saturation state (Feely et al., 2010; Beaufort et al., 2011). A 30%decline or damage of coral reef ecosystems has been estimated worldwide, and it is predicted that as much as 60% of the world’s coral reefs might be lost by 2030 (Hughes et al., 2003). The sources of elevated atmospheric CO, first of all include anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuels combustion, i-e., coal, petroleum, and natural gas (Le Quéré et al., 2009), enhanced land-use practices (Le Quéré et al., 2009), as well as deforestation (van derWerf et al., 2009; Lapola et al,, 2014). The extent and effects of ocean acidification can be exacerbated by several complex processes, some of which act as stimulating factors, such as local environmental impacts including terrestrial or riverine runoff (Sunda and Cai, 2012; Bauer et al., 2013), modified land use practices (Lapola et al., 2014), and atmospheric acid rain (Baker et al., 2007). Considering the possible devastating consequences on the marine ecosystems, their organisms and the related ecosystem services (Cooley et al., 2009; Doney et al., 2009, 2012; Cai, 2011), itis important to ascertain all the possible causes of ocean acidification and their interlinks. It has been suggested that ocean acidification will occur, as a consequence of atmospheric CO, sequestration into the ocean threatening the biodiversity & survival of marine organisms and ecosystems that may be unable to adapt to the current rate of CO, absorption by the oceans which exceeds that of any other time on the planet (Caldeiraand Wickett, 2003; Guinotte and Fabry, 2008; Turley et al, 2006).Ocean Acidification poses significant problems to marine organisms that form calcium carbonate shells, skeletons, or internal structures (e.g,, otoliths and statoliths) (Anderssonet al., 2008; Cohen and Holcomb, 2009).Although calcification is a central focus of OA research, there is growing evidence from CO, perturbation experiments that OA may alter other processes, notably aspects of reproduction and development (Kurihara, 2008), acid-base regulation (Portner, 2008), photosynthesis (Anthony et al., 2008, Crawley et al., 2010, Iglesias- Rodriguez et al., 2008), respiration (Rosa and Seibel, 2008), aspects of behavior (Mundayet al., 2009), and tolerances of other stressors (Hoegh-Guldberget al. 2007, Hutchins et al., 2009, Portneret al,,2005).The surface of our oceans will experience a decrease in pH from a level of 8.1-8.2 by 0.3-0.5 units and 0.7-0.77 units by the years 2100 (pH 7.6-7.9) and 2300 (pH 7.33-7.5) respectively (Raven et al,, 2005; Royal Society, 2005; Portner and Farrell, 2008). Such decreases in pH may most affect the sensitive and vulnerable early developmental stages of marine organisms because these life histories have specific environmental needs (Thorson, 1950; Kurihara, 2008; Dupont&Thorndyke, 2009). Studies on the effects of ocean acidification have only been conducted on a few crustacean species (Ries, et al., 2009; Pane & Barry, 2007; Walther et al., 2009; Kuriharaet al., 2004; Spicer et al., 2007). However, some of these studies show their vulnerability to elevated seawater CO, as adults and juveniles while another shows that the ability to tolerate a range of temperatures is reduced (Walther et al., 2009). Ocean acidification may therefore affect such organism's physiology, reducing their ability to produce calcium carbonate structures (Feely, 2009; Wicks & Roberts, 2012). Compared to the other parts of world, the south eastern coastal area of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh is comparatively less studied from this perspective. This study would be the baseline data & also useful for the further research & sustainable ecosystem based health management. Objective of the Project The specific objectives of the project was To set up infrastructure for conducting research of ocean acidification impacts on marine invertebrates To know the adaptive capability of marine invertebrates species due to ocean acidification To study the effect of temperature and pH on the growth é& survival of selected marine invertebrate species. To determine the physico-chemical parameters such as SST, pH, SSS, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, Electric conductivity, Surface water Transparency of the study area Materials and Method Study Area An adjacent river estuary along the south eastern coast of Cox’s-bazar and only existing coral island of Bangladesh was the study site for conducting this research. Five sampling sites were selected for this, study namely Saint Martin Island (1), Nafriver(S2), Teknaf ($3), Inani (64), Rezukhal ($5) repectively. Experiments There were two experiments for this research. One is in-situ experiment and another is ex-situ experiments. For in-situ experiment, water samples were collected and measured from the selected sampling station by using different scientific equipment. Surface water samples were collected monthly in preconditioned (pre-washed in 10% nitric acid) 500 ml polyethylene bottles. At the same time two invertebrate species representing from the phylum molluska and arthropods were collected from their natural habitat and transferred to the laboratory with proper precautionary measures. Once collected, the invertebrate species were acclimatized in flowing seawater in the container/rearing tank system at el ambient temperatures and pH for at least 24 hour. Figures: Study area showing, sampling stationsFor in-situ experiment water quality parameters such as salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity were measured using YSI Portable water quality meter. The effects of altered temperature and pH on the growth and survival of selected invertebrate species were assessed by rearing them in the culture tank & aquarium under controlled environment. The experiments were conducted in a purpose-built flow-through seawater system with UV sterilized and filtered water delivered independently into each individual rearing container using irrigation dripper valves. The experimental pH was regulated by injection of pure CO, into the seawater as it passed through reservoirs in the system using an automatic CO, injection system, mixed using a vortex mixer and continuously bubbled with air to aid mixing and to maintain dissolved oxygen. The pH in sections of system were regulated according to water chemistry conditions in the rearing containers with pH controllers. This water was fed into subsequent reservoirs where it was warmed to the required temperatures, using aquarium heaters, Temperature was automatically regulated using temperature sensors in the rearing containers and a temperature controller connected to the heaters, Water from each sub-header tank was continually circulated using pumps to maintain even temperatures within each treatment. Temperature, pH and salinity of water of rearing containers were measured daily in all treatments. The measured temperature and pH were contrasted among treatments by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with nominal pH or temperature treatment as fixed factors and day as a random factor. The test species were reared in the container for the assessment of their growth and survival at different temperature and pH level. At least three replicate experiments were conducted in order to test the effects of increased temperature & lowered pH and their interaction on the survival and growth of different experimental species. One control treatment was set in each experiment where the temperature and pH will maintain at the condition that prevails in the natural environment. Three more experiment was conducted treated with different level of temperature and pH on different life stages of the experimental marine invertebrates. Marine invertebrate species at different age group were collected from the field in different month of the year and placed individually into the containers supplied with seawater in the experimental flow through seawater system. Experimental species of each container were examined daily, provided with fresh food if needed, and their containers were cleaned of faces and detritus. Histological effects on Invertebrates Histological changes in experimental species were checked over time by microscope to observe the influence of changed condition. Data analysis After 15 and 30 days, the number of surviving species in each container was recorded. Size of individuals of each species was observed by taking photographs. Size was measured from a digital image using the length of the curved line drawn from anterior region to posterior region of the experimental species. Survival at days 15 and 30 were contrasted among treatments by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the number surviving per species as the dependent variable, and pH and temperature as fixed, factorial independent variables. The size and growth rate of surviving species were contrasted among treatments using ANOVA with temperature and pH as fixed factors and different invertebrate species as a random factor nested within each combination of pH and temperature Result and Discussion For conducting this type of research work there was need to install/ construct some infrastructures which are given at table-1 and it was installed successfully at Bangladesh Oceanography Research Institute Campus under the department of Chemical Oceanography.‘Table-1: Materials for infrastructure construct SI] Name of the Trem Description ‘Quantity Remarks T | Cartidge Filter 24 Ton capacity per hour Installed & operating Seuccesstally 2 [OV Filter 24 Ton capacity per hour 1 __| Installed & operating Seuccessfully 3] Aquarian Dimension (LxWxH; 4™2F | 10 | Installed & operating Souccesstully with Smm temper glass 4 | Seawater reservoir | Dimension (LxWH): | 1 | Installed & operating Seuccesstally Tank 11210) 3 | Sea water overhead | Dimension (aweily | 1 | Installed & operating Scuccessfully tank, 10108 @_| Small culture lank | Dimension (LXWaH); 10x3"F_| 4 Installed & operating Seuccessfall 7_[ Plankton culture tank_| Dimension (LxWxH): 10%3%4"_| 2 Installed & operating Seuccessfull ‘S_[ Large culture tank | Dimension (LxWxH): 12%5%4" |__| Installed & operating Seuccessfully ‘9 Ring Blower T Ring Blower T__ [Installed & operating Seuccessfull 10 | Other accessories | Air hose pipe, Alstone Tight | _As | Installed & operating Scuccessfully Water pump. required, In-situ Experiment At the Saint Martin Island max. temperature was in June, pH , Salinity in May, DO in January and Transparency in February respectively. On the other hand, Min. temperature was in January, pH, Salinity, DO and Transparency in June respectively (Table-2), Table-2: Monthly physico-chemical parameters result of Saint Martin Island Station-T: Saint Martin Toland a Water Salinity] Conductivity TDS] TRSPARRE | popn, Month | Temperature(‘c) | (ppt) (mS/cm) PH | @/o (m) Downes!) Tan: 213 30, 355 S15 | 28.85 a7 Feb. 235) 34 44.85) 21 | 29.52 482 March 25.68 324 4543) 8.23 | 30.22 3.54 April 288 33.08 49.54 8.28 | 31.32 3.65, May 2535) 3h6 31 33 [31.65 3.44 Tune 30.25 303 a, B13 | 28.78 242 Avera 26.48 32.07 46.66 822 | 30.06 381 Max 30.25 346) SL 33| 5.65) 482 Min. 23 3035 3.66 Bas | 28.78 242 5D 3.58) 1 3.30 006 [ 123 [089 0.20 ‘At Naf river max. temperature, pH was in June, Salinity in May, DO in January and Transparency in April respectively. On the other hand, Min. temperature was in January, pH in June, Salinity in January, DO and Transparency in June respectively (Table-3).. Table- Monthly physico-chemical parameters result of Naf River ‘Station-2: Naf River a a = | Conductivity Transpareney | po Month | remperature(<) | S*NiV(PP9 | (g/cm) (my | PO(ms/) Tan Zz UT 13.86 102 Te Feb BB 78.5 1.6 1.04 16] March | 35:12 38 4.68 098 466 | April 78.32 30.12 16.65 il 4a May 25.98 31a 4675 O98 4a June 29.88 30.88 49.45 0.88, 432 ‘Avera 26:13 2942 597 7.00 455 Max 2988 31a Bas ial 498 Min. 7.22 7 13.6 O88 432 SD 3a 7a 203 [05 L007 O24 At Teknaf max. temperature, DO, Transparency was in April, pH respectively. On the other hand, Min.temperature was in January, pH in and Transparency in June respectively (Table-4). in January, Salinity in May April, Salinity in January, DOTable-4: Monthly physico-chemical parameters result of Teknaf ‘Station-5 Teknaf, Water 5 Conductivity TDS] Transp aFERY | boa Month | remperature(%) | SMini¥(PP9 | (sje PHT gy (a) | POWs) Tr 22.08 SOE 457 eis 7.61 | 132 ao Feb, 73.66 30.12 25.88 soz | 2788 | 112 456 March 25.88 30) 25.98 $06 [26.95 aa 436 ‘Apa 79.98 31.22 46.56 s_| meas 146 98 May 29.12 S19 6.88 Biz] 2856 | 132 58 June 29.04 30.28 1546 S05 | 2.81 | 098 a8 Avera 26.62 3075 46.07 807 [28.05 127 467 Max. 29.98 3.9 46.88 813 | 2881 16 a9 Min, 22.08 S04 45.46 S| 2655 [098 a8 sD 326 07 Ost o05| 070 a1 [039 At Inani max. temperature, Transparency was in May, pH in February, Salinity in May, DO in January respectively. On the other hand, Min. temperature was in January, pH in June, Salinity in January, DO and Transparency in June respectively (Table-5) Table-5: Monthly physico-chemical parameters result of Inani ‘Station-k: Inant Water Conductivity TDS] Transparency Month | temper | Salanivterd | one PH yy ee | powme/ Tan 21 ao ra 1[ 772 112 a8 Feb 237 30.18 5.94 S20 | 2794 | 115 468 March [2575 3038 oe sis [2705 [a 456 April 23.12 31a 16.68 S12 | 26 _| 136 484 Maj 2938 32.02 16.96 $09 | 28.68 [1a 434 Tune 23s 30.28 5.68 $02 | 2875088 a2 Averag_| 2675 3088 46.18 [S18 | 28 155 46 Max 2998 32.02 16.96 $2| 28 142 498 Min Za 30a Bs S02 [2705 | Ose 24 D 339 a7 052 Bose | 06s [0.19 [028 At Rezukhal estuary max. temperature, Salinity was in May, pH in February, DO in January and Transparency in March respectively. On the other hand, Min. temperature was in January, pH, Salinity, DO and Transparency in June respectively (Table-6). Table-6: Monthly physico-chemical parameters result of Rezukhal estuary Station: Rezukhal | Month | rampart) | #059) pal ny [vey | Dome) Tan 2432 wa Soe | 272 [1.14 52 Feb 35.25 23:56 S14 | 264 [1.8 512 March_| 25.88 RSE 02 | 2705 | 128 198 April 28.64 295 738 | 2824 12 43 _| May 30.12 3056 794 | 2818 |__1.22 454 Tune 2% 27.26 788_| 2665 |__ O84 42 Avera a6 28.55 8007 | 2745 | 114 432 ‘Max. 30:12 30.56 S14] 2804 | 1.24 5.22 Min 283 26 788 | 2665 | _084 42 sD 259 iil Dost] 067 [0.5 038 Ex-situ experimental Result There were two selected species (Green Mussel & Mud Crab) from two individual phylum (Mollusca &Arthopoda) taken for conducting this research. Here | try to measure the physico-chemical parameters and the total biomass with different environmental condition. There were taken three Tank. Tank-A for represents normal environment, Tank-B represents control unit-1 and Tank-C represents control unit-2,Table~ Physico-chemical parameters of the normal environment at Tank A (Normal unit) ST] Name ofthe | Unit | parameter] Parameter] Parameter] _ Water parameter Feadingat | readingafter | reading after2 | Exchange initial month | “monthlater | "month later [Sain Bet 30 2B 2, 2 | Temperature |e 27 Be 27.5 : ea 52 S24 Sis Roy [Transparency | mm 3 292 288 5 DO- mg/L BD 7.98. 784 | ‘otal biomass of the sample with normal environment (Tank-A) ST] Name [Quantiy] Size/we ] Size/w ] Size/wet | Weight ] Moral] Morphol | Gchavi | Remar ofthe tweight | et” | weight | Gain | yRate | opal | or | ke sample initial | weight | “at | (Final change | change ‘month | “att | month | Intl) ronth | "Tater latee 1| susset | 20008 | 150m | 165¢m | 789m | 286m | 20% | normat_| “at | Good Soils Tomm 2 | senate | 2000s. | sogm | 55 10gm_| 30 20% | norma [| “3 | coos Table-9: Physico-chemical parameters of the control environment at Tank B (control unit-1) SI] Nameofthe | Unit) parameter Parameter] Parameter] _ Water parameter reading initial | reading 1 reading 2 | Exchange month month later_| _ month later T | Salinity pe 27 25.58 252 2 [Temperature |" 25 25.24 25.44 SPA S02 Sus ae Maney 4 | Transparency | m 2.84 2.62 2.52 i 5 [DO mg/l [7.98 752 ema | }: Total biomass of the sample with control environment (Tank-B) SE] Name [Quant] Sie/wet | Sia/w ] Saefwat | Weight ] Monat | Morphals | Behavior | Rena ofthe weoignt | ee | weight. | Gain | Rate | geal | change. | rhe sole stint | secight | at 2month | (inl- cfonge month | se Tater | Ita sont fe Geen Paria —] Paral | New 1| stasse|| 20008. | 180m | 160m | a7igm | 21gm | 24% | normal _| Normal _| good Syl Paral — [Paral —[ Not 2 | semata | 20n00 | sogm [90pm | 05g | 2sgm | ase | Normat | Normat | good Table-11: Physico-chemical parameters of the control environment at Tank C (control unit-2) ST] Name orthe ] Unit] —_paramster Parameter Parameter Was parameter rending initial | reading Imonth | reading 2month | Exchange month later ater 1 [satay — [pr 25 23.24 22.26 2 | Temperanre |e 23 2 22.21 3 PE 7.88 772 778 ee 4 | Transparency m 2.54 2.42 23 . s[ bo mel 6.88 6.2 6.22 Table-12: Total biomass of the sample with control environment (Tank-C) I] Name ] Quantity | Size7wet | Sae/wet | Sia/wet | Weight | Mortality | Morphologieal | Behavior | Remaria ofthe weight | weight | weight | Gain | Rate change | change semple atiniial | att | at? | (inal: raed | mmeoth | month | Inia) Tater_| later Rénarmal | Abrornat | Nor 1 zones. | 150m |_157qm | r66gm_| 165m |_ 32% od ‘onarmal | Abnormal | Not 2 zones | _sogm | soxm | r00gm | 20¢m | _a8% good Finally we can say that good water quality would be enhances the biomass of selected species and they show the great adaptive response with the change of water parameter.‘Sea water culture unit at BORT aeChemical Oceanography lab-2 ‘Marine Specimen preserving, Conclusion The uptake of anthropogenic changes the seawater chemistry and will significantly impact biological systems in the up- CO, by the ocean per oceans. The carbonate ion concentration will also decrease by almost 50% relative to preindustrial levels. Such changes will significantly lower the ocean’s buffering capacity and, therefore, reduce its ability to accept more CO, from the atmosphere. Laboratory studies revealed that the carbonate chemistry of seawater has a significant effect on the calcification rates of individual species especially on marine invertebrates. This research would be first ever research on ocean acidification in terms of Bangladesh. Furthermore studies will be needed to evaluate the actual acidification status and its impacts in coastal areas of Bangladesh,References Andersson, AJ., Fred T. Mackenzie, F.T. and Bate, N.R,, 2008, Life on the margin: implications of ocean acidification on Mg-calcite, high latitude and cold-water marine caleifiers. Mar Ecol. Prog, Ser,373: 265-73. Anthony, K. R. N., Kline, DL, Diaz-Pulido, G., Dove, S. and Hoegh-Guldberg, 0.2008. 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C. & Roberts, J. M. (2012).Benthic invertebrates in a high C Annual Review, 50:127-188 \,world. Oceanography& Marine BiologyA study on seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties and its impacts on coral associated biodiversity at the south eastern coastal waters of Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh Md. Tarikul Islam Scientific Officer Abstract The present investigation carried out to assess the seasonal variation in physico-chemical properties and its impacts on coral associated biodiversity at the coastal waters of Saint Martin Island, Bangladesh for a period of July 2018 to June 2019. It shown that the coastal water was significantly influenced by the freshwater discharged from Naf River and through heavy precipitation during the monsoon period. Total nine sampling stations namely Saint Martin Island (S1), ShahporirDwip ($2), Teknaf (S3), Inani (64), Rezukhal ($5), Himsori ($6), Bakkhali ($7), Moheshkhali ($8) & Sonadia ($9) were considered for taking the desirable parameters reading. The parameters like Dissolved oxygen, Salinity, Temperature, Conductivity, Total dissolved solids, Transparency were determined by using Hanna HI98194, Refract meter, YSI Pro30 multimeter, Hach HQ11d, Winklers Titration method, Secchi disk respectively. Salinity and water pH showed very strong changes between 14 psu to 34 psu and 7.78 to 8.28 due to heavy precipitation and freshwater discharges into the stations from the Naf River. Water pH, Total dissolved solids and Electrical conductivity displayed strong correlation with salinity changes. The physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, Salinity, pH, TDS, Water Transparency and EC were increased during Pre-Monsoon season and decreased during monsoon season. In contrast, only temperature was decreased during winter & monsoon season. The physico-chemical properties have exposed reasonable seasonal and spatial variations. Saint Martin is the only coral Island of Bangladesh and generally we referred it as a biological paradise. Due to the change of physico-chemical properties seasonally, its strongly influenced on the coral associated biodiversity. This study revealed that coral bleaching has been occurred frequently during the monsoon and post monsoon period. About 15% boulder coral were partly bleached. But it is a hope that most of the bleached coral were regenerate easily with the change of physico-chemical properties during the winter and pre-monsoon season. Physico-chemical properties have strong influence on Saint Martin seaweed vegetation. During the study period the author shown that from May to December about 95% seaweed was totally absence and January to April were heavily vegetated. On the other hand due to ocean acidification and surface water warming some of the invertebrate species were migrated from the coastal area to another place and some inhabitants face great problem. Keywords: Physico-chemical parameters, Coastal waters, Seasonal variation, spatial variation, Cox's Bazar Introduction ‘The chemistry of water reveals much about the metabolism of the ecosystem and explains the general hydro biological interrelationship (Meena et al., 2017). The coastal ecosystem is the vibrant host for fauna and flora and it is the most important resource to provide a good platform for the coastal life (Adebola et al., 2019). The physico-chemical parameters of coastal water and the dependence of all life process of these factors make it desirable to take water as an environment. (Soundarapandian et al., 2009). Coastal marine environments are reported to have greater biodiversity than open ocean regions and majority of world’s most productive marine ecosystems are found within coastal environments and owe their productivity, diversity and wealth of life to their terrestrial adjacency (Bierman et al., 2009). The open ocean is a lot of stable compare to the close to shore waters wherever the interaction with terrestrial and makes the variations in hydro graphic properties. The water quality depends on each natural processes, like precipitation, erosion, weathering of crustal materials and evolution processes like urbanization, industrialization, mining and agricultural activities (Meena et al., 2017). The interactive physical, chemical,and biological processes operation in the coastal ecosystems sustain higher resulting in richness in diversity (Zhou et al. 2007). The salinity stratification has a strong stabilizing effect on the upper ocean, maintaining a shallow mixed layer (Mignot ct al., 2007) and often resulting in the formation of a barrier layer, ic. a salinity-stratified layer between the bottom of the mixed layer and top of the thermocline (Lukas and Lindstrom, 1991). Barrier layers usually appear during summer in the eastern Bay of Bengal and mature during winter both in amplitude and spatial extent, covering the entire northern Bay of Bengal (Rao and Sivakumar, 2003). In a recent study using an ocean general circulation model, Behara and Vinayachandran (2016) found that freshwater fluxes induced a ~0.5°C warming in the northwestern Bay of Bengal during summer, and 0.5 to 15°C cooling in the eastern Bay of Bengal during both summer and winter. Climate models and theoretical arguments indeed support an intensification of the hydrological cycle as the troposphere warms in response to increasing greenhouse gases concentrations (e.g. Held and Soden, 2006). The observational records already detect an intensification of salinity contrasts as a result, ie. increasing salinities in regions dominated by evaporation, and decreasing salinities in high rainfall regions, including in the Bay of Bengal (e.g. Durack and Wifjfels, 2010). The pH level reduction rate may be around 0.08 per year which is very shocking news for the biodiversity of the Bay of Bengal. Feely et al. 2009 have shown a map on the global ocean acidification scenario of 2095 that the pH level of sea water in Bay of Bengal will be less than 8.0 in 2050 and bellow 7.8 in 2095. They also reported that the current pH of North Indian Ocean where Bay of Bengal is situated is 8.068 + 0.03, Over the past 200 years, atmospheric CO has increased from 280 ppm to a global average of nearly 390 ppm due to burning of fossil fuels, cement production and landuse changes (Hilmi et al. 2012). The Bay of Bengal is a reservoir of lot of marine species specially shells, coral reefs and many sea fish and mammals, The effect of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems and organisms that inhabit them has only recently been recognized and is of serious concern to scientists and policy makers involved in climate change, biodiversity and the marine environment. The Physico-chemical parameters, which is useful to evaluate the health of the coastal system, the present study was conducted to study the Physico-chemical properties of water in some place of south eastern coastal area of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh during July 2018 to June 2019, Materials and Methods Study area Cox's Bazar is a city, fishing port, tourism center and district headquarter in south-eastern Bangladesh. The beach in Cox's Bazar is sandy and has a gentle slope and it is the longest natural sea beach in the world running 120 kilometers (Panday, V.C., ed. 2004). A lot of rivers and channels flow to the south eastern part of the Bay of Bengal and these rivers carry fresh water to the open sea. The mixing of fresh water with sea water reduces the pH and Salinity. The study area consists of nine different locations (S1) Saint Martin Island (Lat. 20°63'33” N and Lon. 92°32'54” E), (S2) ShahporirDwip (Lat. | 20°76'89" N and Lon. 92°34’25” E), (S3) Teknaf (Lat. 20°91’10 N and Lon. * 92°20"16” E), (S4) Inani (Lat. 21°13'68" N and Lon. 92°04'15” 5), ($5) [ies a Rezukhal (Lat. 21°30'52” N and Lon. 92°04'05” E), ($6) Himchori (Lat igure I: Study area 21°33'15” N and Lon. 92°00'67” E), (S7) Bakkhali (Lat. 21°45’70” N and Lon. 91°93'29" E), ($8) Moheshkhali (Lat. 21°58’13” N and Lon. 91°98'79" B), and (69) Sonadia Island (Lat. 21°47'79” N and Lon. 91°88'67" F), respectively. The study area is shown in the Figure 1.The main intention of study is to estimate the baseline characteristics for the sea water and to analyze the chemical and physical characteristics of sea water of the southeastern coast of Cox's Bazar. Estimation of Water Analysis Water samples were collected monthly from the nine stations for a period of one year during July 2018 to June 2019. Samples were collected every month with a sterilized plastic bottle and immediately kept in an ice box and transported to the laboratory for determining the physical and chemical parameters. Water temperature was measured by using digital multi-stem thermometer of 0.1° C accuracy. Salinity was measured by using a hand held refractometer (Atago hand refractometer, Japan). Total dissolved solids, pH and electrical conductivity were analyzed by using Hanna HI98194 multimeter and YSI portbablemultimeter. Statistical Analysis, For the data analysis Microsoft Excel 2010 and SPSS 16.0 has been used. Result and Discussion Physico-chemical parameters were measured one of the most significant characteristics that have the ability to impact marine ecosystem and shown wider progressive and spatial variations. All physico-chemical parameters have presented with certain periodic patterns that are typical to the tropical marine ecosystem. Status of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) The temperature is important for its effects on the Seon ay ete temperate chemistry and biological activities of organisms in * water. The seasonal variation of the coastal water E> temperature values ranged from 25-30#1.72 (S1), ie 24-3041.72 ($2), 26-2941.72 ($3), 26-2941.72 (SA), ri 27-2941.72 ($5), 26-2941.72 (86), 27-3141.72 (87), = 27-3141.72 ($8), 27-3141.72 (69) (Figure-2). The mas +S SS EEE maximum temperature (31.8°C#1.72°C) was recorded “Mime |My ym 7a x yey | De aw in Bakkhali (57) during pre-monsoon and minimum Press| [uo | sr [er |e [as (24.7°C41.72°C) was recorded in ShahporirDwip (S2) ore ere eaeneeen eee during winter season. Generally, surface water temperature is influenced by the intensity of solar radiation, evaporation, freshwater influx and cooling and mix up with ebb and flow from adjoining neritic waters. Less solar radiations with misty sky and moderate rainfall during the Monsoon season may greatly reduce the water temperature (Karuppasamy et al., 1999). Higher temperature values recorded in the dry season may be because of heat raising temperature of surface water. Low temperature in post monsoon season was due to winter (Das et al., 1997). Status of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) Salinity acts as a vital factor among environmental parameters in distribution of living organisms to the earnest coastal water. Fluctuations in salinity affect fauna of the coastal areas and determine the succession of species and it has a high influence on the marine environment of the Bay of Bengal. The seasonal variation of observed salinity values (%o) are ranged from 26-3346.19 (S1), 20-3046.19 (S2), 22-3146.19 (S3), 22-306.19 (S4), 16-306.19 ($5), 16-30:6.19 (56), 9-2846.19 (S7), 14-2946.19 ($8), 15-2946.19 (69) (Figure-3). The maximum salinity was recorded in Saint Martin Island 33.2146.19 %o (S1) during Pre-monsoon season and the minimum was recorded in Bakkhali 9.646.19%. (S7) during Monsoon season. The ascertained higher values might be attributed to the low quantity of rainfall, higher rate of evaporation and additionally as a result of neritic water dominance (Balasubramanian and Kannan, 2005). Observations just like to present study were reported earlier by Palpandi (2011) in Vellar estuary.‘The variability of salinity indicates the upright mixing of the water column due to the nature of the sea-tide seasonally. Salinity demonstrates the negative liaison with phytoplankton biota, whereas Dissolved Oxygen (DO) indicates the symmetry between respiration and . photosynthesis and exposed a positive liaison (Barik, et . al, 2017). Salinity acts as a limiting factor in the distribution of living organisms, and its variation caused [SS SS ST Ss SS SS SS ar by dilution and evaporation is most likely to influence ==is=1ss—"s as -as— as sataa Sta the fauna in the intertidal zone (Gibson, 1982). Figure-: Variability of Sea Surface Salinity Status of Water pH ‘The pH value depends upon the salinity and temperature of the water and the climatic conditions of that area. The chemical & biological condition of water also places a role in the control of pH concentrations. The seasonal variation of observed PH values were ranged from 8.03-8.24+ 0.16(S1), 7.87-7.96 0.16 (S2), 7-78-8.09 0.16 (S3), 7.82-8.16+ 0.16 ($4), 7.70-8.10 0.16 (S5), 7.77-8.154 0.16 (6), 7.50-7.01+ 0.16 (S7), 7.67-8.01+ 0.16 (S8), 7.81-8.01+ 0.16 (S9) (Figure-4), Seva vay fate Pa ‘The maximum PH was recorded in Saint Martin Island 2 8,240.16 (S1) during Pre-monsoon season and the % during Monsoon season. The low pH observed during 2 the month of June to September may be due to the % influence of fresh water, dilution of seawater, low "| a [sa | a4 | as [ss | ey | ss | se minimum was recorded in Bakkhali 7.540.16 (S7) temperature and organic matter decomposition as e-roimnin ai 1 7a vm 77 Yes Tm suggested by Ganesan (1992). Generally, fluctuations soy tm gu aw aw aw an ewer ke in pH values during different seasons of the year is Figures: Variability of Water pH attributed to factors like removal of CO, by photosynthesis through bicarbonate degradation, dilution of seawater by freshwater influx, low primary productivity, reduction of salinity and temperature and decomposition of organic materials as stated by Rajasegar, 2003. High pH values observed may cause sea water deprivation and high density phytoplankton effect (Prabu, et al., 2008) Status of Electric Conductivity Conductivity is a measure of water's capability to pass electrical flow. It shows seasonal variation with respect to different study sites. It chiefly depends on the amount of dissolved solids in water. The conductivity of water is affected by the suspended impurities and also depends up on the amount of ions in the water. Sasa vary a Ee Coadectnan£) The seasonal variation of observed electric 2 Se conductivity (mS/cm) values were ranged from 40-49+ & © 8.89 mS/cm (S1), 32-464 8.89 mS/cm (62), 35-46 889 3» mS/cm ($3), 36-46% 8.89 mS/cm ($4), 23-454 889 = mS/cm ($5), 28-46 8.89 mS/cm ($6), 18-46+ 8.89 - mS/cm (57), 21-48 8.89 mS/cm (S8), 27-484 8.89 iesy au wer use dein ais ane non ue ae mS/cm (59) (Figure-5). The maximum EC was SESS |Si{aer[ as [ae {aoa [aoe] aan recorded in Saint Martin Island 49.22+ 8.89 mS/cm rman |2/ 4s [es 4 Gn [te te as as Pen ee nee een aan Figure: Variability of Electrical Conductivity was recorded in Bakkhali 18,09 8.89 mS/cm (S7) during Monsoon season. The present study agrees with earlier reported by (Surana, R et al,, 2013), High conductivity during post monsoon might be attributed to low mixing of fresh water input from river (Izonfuo and Bariweni, 2001).Status of Total Dissolved Solids (IDS) Total dissolved solids (TDS) include all of the disassociated electrolytes that make up salinity concentrations, as well as other compounds such as dissolved organic matter. The amount of total dissolved solids in sea water was increased by the influence of activities on the land. The investigated coastal water TDS (g/l) values ranged from 22-2946.28g/1 (S1), 17-2646.28g/1 (S2), 20-3046.28g/1 Seas tat t anova [ae (63), 20-2946.28g/1 ($4), 12-2846.28g/1 (85), Figure: Variability of DS 15-2846.28g/1 (66), 8-2646.28g/I (S7), 12-2846.28¢/I (S8), 14-28+6.28g/1(S9) (Figure-6). The maximum TDS (30.526.28¢/1) was recorded in Teknaf (3) during pre-monsoon and minimum (8.32£6.28g/1) recorded in Bakkhali ($7) during monsoon season. TDS can be influenced by changes in pH. Changes in the pH will cause some of the solutes to precipitate or will affect the solubility of the suspended matter. TDS value was higher during pre-monsoon and lower during monsoon. The mean values for the total dissolved solids (TDS) were higher in dry season than in the rainy season. The lower values of this parameter suggest that the runoff water only contributes to its dilution in the rainy season (Izonfuo and Bariweni, 2001). Water with a high total dissolved solids indicated more ionic concentration, which is of inferior palatability and can induce an unfavorable physicochemical reaction in the consumers. Kataria et al,, (1996) reported that increase in value of TDS indicated pollution by extraneous sources. Impacts of seasonal variation of physic-chemical properties on coral associated biodiversity Corals occupy less than 1% of the world’s ocean bed, but provide habitats to more than one quarter of the marine life globally. There are at least 68 species of corals and about 100 species of seaweed around Saint Martin Island, making its marine area a unique biodiversity hot spot in Bangladesh. The study revealed that about 15% boulder coral were partly bleached, But it is a hope that most of the bleached coral were regenerate easily with the change of physico-chemical properties during the winter and pre-monsoon _ season. Physicochemical properties have strong, influence on Saint Martin seaweed vegetation. Field study shows, from May to December about 95% seaweed is totally absent and January to April is heavily vegetated. On the other hand due to ocean acidification and Figure 8 &9:Seaweed vegetation of Sant Martin's land Bangladesh surface water warming some of the invertebrate species migrate from coastal area to other places. Conclusion The study aims to know the physico-chemical characteristics in the water quality based on season and anthropogenic inputs. The seasonal fluctuation in physico-chemical parameter the seasonal tidal amplitude and fresh water influx leading to the continual exchange of organic, inorganic, plant and animal matters in the coastal water. However, the nine stations the water quality parameters such as temperature, pH, TDS and EC were increased during Pre Monsoon season. The precipitation received during the Monsoon long and short rainy periods, were found have appreciable impact on coastal water characteristics at this location. Distributions of nutrient levels were also altered by the seasonal variation.References Adebola, T, Mutsert, K.D., 2019. Investigation Fishing Impacts in Nigerian Coastal Waters Using Marine Trophic Index Analysis. Marine and coastal fisheries, Volumell, issue 4 Balasubramanian, R,, and Kannan, L., 2005. “Physico-chemical characteristics of the coral reef environment of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve”, India, Int.j. Ecol. Environ. Sci., vol. 31, pp. 265-27, Barik, S. 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Mr. Islam received his B.Sc& MS in Marine Science under the Institute of Marine Sciences & Fisheries from University of Chittagong. Mr. Islam has a strong interest in Marine Chemical Ecology, Ocean Acidification, Mariculture, Nutrient Dynamics & Planktology. 2100 (projected) increased acidity higher concentration of atmospheric CO, CO, carbon dioxide @ ®& <—-> H,CO; carbonic acid Ht free hydrogen ions HCO3” bicarbonate