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i 10th Science, English Medium, Syllabus of TERM-1 (2023-2024) ii

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Chapter 5 -Life Processes
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i Question 1: Why is diffusion insufficient to meet the oxygen requirements of multicellular organisms like ii
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i humans? i
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i Answer- In multi-cellular organisms, all the cells may not be in direct contact with the surrounding environment. ii
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i Thus, simple diffusion will not meet the requirements of all the cells. i
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i Question 2: What criteria do we use to decide whether something is alive? i
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I Answer- Living objects (organisms) have many properties like respiration, growth, reproduction, excretion etc. I
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I Question 3: What are outside raw materials used for by an organism? I
I Answer- Hetrotrophs use food, water and oxygen gas from outside as raw material, But Autotrophs use carbon I
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I dioxide gas, water, minerals and oxygen from outside as raw material. I
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I Question 4: What processes would you consider essential for maintaining life? I
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I Answer – Life processes such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion, etc. are I
I essential for maintaining life. I
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I Question 5 : What are the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic I
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I nutrition? I
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I Answer- I
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I L Food is synthes·sed from i.mpk 1. Food 1s obtained d·rectly or I
II inorganic raw materiais such as indir,ectly from autotroph . This II
I CO2 and water. food is broken down with the I
II hel1 of en mes. C
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I 2. Pr,esence of green pigment 2. o pigment ms required in this I
II (chlorophyU) is necessary. type of nutrition. II
I 3. Food generally prepared 3.
I Food can be prepared at all I
II during day time. times.. II
II 4. AH g_ reen p~ants and some 4. All animals and fungi ha ,e this II
I bacteria ha e this type of type of nutrition. I
II nutrition.
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I Question 6: Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis? I
I Answer- Plants take CO2 from the atmosphere, water is absorbed from the soil and sunlight from Sun. I
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I Prepared by- Kirandeep Singh (GSSS Machhike MOGA) & Samandeep Kaur (GSSS Bilaspur MOGA) Page 7 I
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i 10th Science, English Medium, Syllabus of TERM-1 (2023-2024) ii
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i Question 7: What is the role of the acid in our stomach? i
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i Answer-In our stomach, acid (HCl) kills germs present in the food and makes the food acidic, so that pepsin i
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i enzyme can digest protein. i
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i Question 8: What is the function of digestive enzymes? i
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i Answer- Digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin, etc. help in the breaking down of complex ii
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i Question 9: How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested food? i
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I Answer- The small intestine has millions of tiny finger-like projections called villi. These villi increase the I
I surface area for food absorption. Within these villi, many blood vessels are present that absorb the digested food I
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I and carry it to the blood stream. From the blood stream, the absorbed food is delivered to each and every cell of I
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I Question 10- What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to I
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I obtaining oxygen for respiration? I
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I Answer- Since the amount of dissolved oxygen in water is very low as compared to the amount of oxygen in the I
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I air, the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms. I
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I Question 11: What are the different ways in which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in various I
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I Answer- Glucose is first broken down in the cell cytoplasm into a three carbon molecule called pyruvate. I
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I Pyruvate is further broken down in the following ways to provide energy: I
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I Absence of I
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'in ea.st)
Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Ene:rgy· ~
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(2-carbon molecule) I~
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II cytoplasm Laclc of oxygen
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I Glucose ► Pyruvate . · Lactic acid + Energy I
~~ (6,- c"'.....,_....bon (3~-~
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muscle cells) ,,3-carb on mo!i.eculie.
our 1 , ·) ~~
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I Energy oxygen I
~ - - - - - - - Carbon dioxide ♦ Water + Energy ~
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I mitochondria) I
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I Question 12: How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings? I
I Answer- (1) Haemoglobin transports oxygen from lungs to different cells through arteries. I
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I (2) Being more soluble in blood, carbon dioxide dissolves in blood and go from different body parts to I
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I lungs. Carbon dioxide is also transported by haemoglobin. I
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I Prepared by- Kirandeep Singh (GSSS Machhike MOGA) & Samandeep Kaur (GSSS Bilaspur MOGA) Page 8 I
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10 Science, English Medium, Syllabus of TERM-1 (2023-2024)
Question 13: How are the lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases?
Answer- The exchange of gases takes place between the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli. Each lung
contains 300-350 million alveoli. These numerous alveoli increase the surface area for gaseous exchange making
the process of respiration more efficient.
Question 14: What are the components of the transport system in human beings? What are the functions
of these components?
Answer- The main components of the transport system in human beings are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
(1) Heart pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body. It receives deoxygenated blood from the various
body parts and sends this impure blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
(2) Blood is a fluid connective tissue, it helps in the transport of oxygen, nutrients, CO2 and nitrogenous
wastes.
(3) Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) carry blood either away from the heart to various organs
or from various organs back to the heart.
Question 15: Why is it necessary to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds?
Answer- To keep body temperature normal and to fulfill high energy needs, it necessary to separate oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood in mammals and birds.
Question 16: What are the components of the transport system in highly organised plants?
Answer- Xylem and phloem.
(1) Xylem conducts water and minerals obtained from the soil (via roots) to the rest of the plant.
(2) Phloem transports amino acids and food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant body.
Question 17: How are water and minerals transported in plants?
Answer- Transpiration creates a suction pressure, as a result of which water is forced into the xylem cells of the
roots. Then there is a steady movement of water from the root xylem to all the plant parts through the
interconnected water – conducting channels.
Question 18: How is food transported in plants?
Answer- Phloem transports food materials from the leaves to different parts of the plant body by utilizing energy
from ATP. As a result of this, the osmotic pressure in the tissue increases causing water to move into it. This
pressure moves the material in the phloem to the tissues which have less pressure. This is helpful in moving
materials according to the needs of the plant.
Question 19: Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons.
Answer- Nephrons are the basic filtering units of kidneys. Each kidney possesses large number of nephrons,
approximately 1-1.5 million. The main components of the nephron are glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a
long renal tubule.

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10 Science, English Medium, Syllabus of TERM-1 (2023-2024)
Functioning of a nephron:
(1) The water and solute are transferred to the nephron at Bowman’s capsule through with glomerulus
(2) In the proximal tubule, some substances such as amino acids, glucose, and salts are selectively
reabsorbed and unwanted molecules are added in the urine.
(3) The filtrate then moves down into the loop of Henle, where more water is absorbed.
(4) From here, the filtrate moves upwards into the distal tubule and finally to the collecting duct. Collecting
duct collects urine from many nephrons.

Question 20: What are the methods used by plants to get rid of excretory products?
Answer- (1) Plants can get rid of excess water by transpiration.
(2) They can even lose some parts such as leaves.
(3) Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially in old xylem.
(4) Plants excrete waste gasses through stomata
Question 21: How is the amount of urine produced regulated?
Answer- The amount of urine produced depends on the amount of excess water and dissolved wastes present in
the body. Some other factors such as habitat of an organism and hormone such as Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
also regulates the amount of urine produced.

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10 Science, English Medium, Syllabus of TERM-1 (2023-2024)
EXERCISE QUESTION-ANSWERS
Question 1: The kidneys in human beings are a part of the system for
(a) nutrition. (b) respiration. (c) excretion. ✓ (d) transportation.
Question 2: The xylem in plants are responsible for
(a) transport of water. ✓ (b) transport of food. (c) transport of amino acids. (d) transport of oxygen.
Question 3: The autotrophic mode of nutrition requires
(a) carbon dioxide and water. (b) chlorophyll. (c) sunlight. (d) all of the above. ✓
Question 4: The breakdown of pyruvate to give carbon dioxide, water and energy takes place in
(a) cytoplasm. (b) mitochondria. ✓ (c) chloroplast. (d) nucleus.
Question 5: How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this process take place?
Answer- Fats are present in the form of large globules in the small intestine. The small intestine gets the
secretions in the form of bile juice and pancreatic juice respectively from the liver and the pancreas. The bile
salts (from the liver) break down the large fat globules into smaller globules so that the pancreatic enzymes can
easily act on them. This is referred to as emulsification of fats. It takes place in the small intestine.
Question 6: What is the role of saliva in the digestion of food?
Answer- Saliva makes the food soft for easy swallowing. It contains a digestive enzyme called salivary amylase,
which breaks down starch into sugar.
Question 7: What are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its by-products?
Answer- Autotrophic nutrition takes place through the process of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide, water,
chlorophyll pigment, and sunlight are the necessary conditions required for autotrophic nutrition. Carbohydrates
(food) and O2 are the by-products of photosynthesis.

Question 8: What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms
that use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
Answer-

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10 Science, English Medium, Syllabus of TERM-1 (2023-2024)
Anaerobic respiration occurs in the roots of some waterlogged plants, some parasitic worms, animal muscles and
some micro-organisms such as yeasts.
Question 9- How are the alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of gases?
Answer- The alveoli are the small balloon-like structures present in the lungs. The walls of the alveoli consist of
extensive network of blood vessels. Each lung contains 300−350 million alveoli. This makes large surface area
for maximize the gaseous exchange.
Question 10: What would be the consequences of a deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies?
Answer- Deficiency of haemoglobin in blood can decrease the oxygen supply. This can lead to deficiency of
oxygen in the body cells. It can also lead to a disease called anaemia.
Question 11: Describe double circulation in human beings. Why is it necessary?
Answer- Blood in the form of oxygen-rich blood and de-oxygenated blood moves through heart two times, this
is known as double circulation. Oxygen rich blood from the lungs comes to the thin-walled upper chamber of the
heart, the left atrium. It then contracts, while the next chamber, the left ventricle, expands, so that the blood is
transferred to it. When the muscular left ventricle contracts in its turn, the blood is pumped out to the body.
De-oxygenated blood comes from the body to the upper chamber, the right atrium, as it expands. As the
right atrium contracts, the corresponding lower chamber, the right ventricle, dilates. This transfers blood to the
right ventricle, which in turn pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation.
Double circulation is necessary so that oxygen rich and de-oxygenated blood do not mix.

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i 10th Science, English Medium, Syllabus of TERM-1 (2023-2024) ii
i Question 12: What are the differences between the transport of materials in xylem and phloem? i
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I Question 13: Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to I
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1. This is a functioning unit of lungs. 1. This is a functioning unit of kidneys.
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I 2. There are approximately 30 crores alveoli in each 2. There are approximately 10 lakh nephron in each I
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Alveoli provide a large area for exchange of gasses. 3. It do not have large area.
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