Karchnon's First Law or Kirchhoff's Current Law Aecoreing to Krenhot's Curent io, ‘he total curent entering a juneton or @ node is equate the charge leaving the ‘pod ano charge ot Put citron the algebraic sum of every current entering nt leaving the nods ha 0 be nul This property a krehhot awe ‘commonly cates conservation o charge, wreroin ent) + enter) = 0 Reo More: ico ret Low Letehetegee Inthe obove igure, the currents sand is ‘entaring the noses considered postive, Skewis, he currents ional eating the nocee ‘econsidered negative in values. This con be ‘expressed inthe form a an equation: hthth-u-beo | nade ofr to @ junction connecting wo or ‘mere curent-carying routs tke cables and ‘thor components. Krchhotts curent tow con ‘so be applied to analyse parallel circus Kirchhoff's Second Law or Kirchhoft’s Voltage Law According to Krehhot's Vag Law, ‘The votagecround a oop equals the umf every votoge aop inthe same loop for any closed netwerk anc equals Putaitrenty the algebraic sum of very votage inthe loop hat o be equal te ero and this property otkehhots tie called conservation of energy. Road More: ichhotfs Secon Law \When you begin at any point ofthe oop an continue inthe same direction note the votoge drops in al the negative r positive ‘rections and returns tothe same pont. is ‘essential to maintain the direction othor counterciockwise of clockwise otherwise the final voltage value wi pot be tro. The vokage aw con aso be appiod in analyzing ceuts in When either AC cous or crests ro ‘nciysed based on krehhots cicu avs, you need tobe clr vith lhe terminologies and Setintions that describe the cout components ie path, nodes, meshes and oops © scanned with OKEN ScannerPower Factor The cosine of angle between voltage and current in an AC circuit is called the power factor of the circuit. In other words, the power factor is defined as the ratio of active power to the apparent power in the circuit, ie., Power factor, cos @ = Active power (in Watts) Apparent power (in VA) Where,@ is the power factor angle. In an AC circuit, there may be a phase difference (@) between voltage and current. The term cos ¢ is called the power factor of the circuit. e@ When the given circuit is inductive, then the current lags behind the voltage and the power factor is termed as lagging power factor. e@ When the given circuit is capacitive, the current leads the voltage and hence the power factor of the circuit is referred to as leading power factor. © scanned with OKEN ScannerPower Triangle The power factor of an AC circuit can also be analysed in terms of power drawn by the circuit. If each side of the current triangle of Figure-1 is multiplied by the voltage V, the resulting triangle is called the power triangle of the circuit as shown in Figure-2. oO Vicose A VI sin @ vi B Figure-2 From the power triangle, The active power component in Watts or kW is, OA = VIcosd The reactive power component in VAR or kVAR is, AB = VIsing The apparent power in VA or kVA is, OB = VI © scanned with OKEN ScannerINTRODUCTION > A magnetic circuit is made up of one or more closed loop paths containing a magnetic flux ¢ (= magnetic field/flux density B = cross-sectional area A). > The flux is usually generated by permanent magnets or electromagnets and confined to a path by magnetic cores consisting of ferromagnetic materials like iron, although there may be air gaps or other materials in the path. > Magnetic circuits are employed to efficiently channel magnetic fields in many devices such as electric motors, generators, transformers, relays, solenoids, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI machines. APPLICATIONS Motors Generators Transformers kee im j Relay Switches Circuit Breakers © scanned with OKEN Scanner€ GO Q 8: Magnetomotive force (mmf) > In an electric circuit, the current is induced due to the existence of an electromotive force (emf F, battery voltage). By analogy, we say that in a magnetic circuit the magnetic flux is induced due to the existen magnetomotive force (mmf F) caused by a current flowing th. one or more turns of coil v ‘The value of the mmf Fis proportional to ,_/ Lor» the current flowing through the coil and to the number of turns in the coil, and is }) expressed in units of “ampere-turns” or MS JJ just. amperes (number of turns is dimensionless) F=NI) Magnetic field strength/intensity (H) > The magnetomotive force per unit length of the magnetic circuit is termed the magnetic field strength/intensity (H). for 7 ( H= 1 where, F= NT amperes where /is the length of the magnetic ed circuit or flux loop v Units of Hare ampere-turns per metre (At/m) or just ampere per metre (A/m) -F amperes per metre Permeability of free space 4, (magnetic constant) ‘The permeability of free space or non-magnetic materials is, Io = 2 for a vaccum and non-magnetic materials| [Mg = 47 "107 H/m (The units of ty are H/m (Henry per meter)) where B (= $/A) is the magnetic flux density (units of Tesla, 1), Ais the cross-sectional area through which the flux passes, is the magnetic flux (units of Weber (Wb)) and His the magnetic field strength (units A/m). Da eeti eae 4 Comment Highlight Draw Text _Fill& Sign More tools II O < © scanned with OKEN ScannerMAGNETIC CIRCUIT ANALOGY WITH ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT Reluctance, S Magnetic circuit EMF, E-—— difference, V. Current, I ial Potentia Resistance, R Analogous electrical circuit MAGNETIC CIRCUIT ANALOGY WITH ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT S.No Magnetic circuit quantity Electrical circuit quantity 1 | Magnetic flux density B (T = Wb/m?) Current density J (A/m?) 2 Magnetic flux @ (Wb) Current J (A) 3 Magnetic field intensity H (A/m) Electric field intensity E (V/m) 4 m.m.f. F (A) em.f. E (V) 5 Reluctance § (A/Wb) Resistance R (Q = V/A) 6 Permeance (H = Wb/A) Conductance (S = A/V) 7 Permeability « (H/m) Conductivity o (S/m) © scanned with OKEN ScannerHysteresis Loss > The hysteresis caused by cyclic magnetization-demagnetization leads to some magnetizing energy to be lost. > The area of the B-H loop gives the amount of power lost as heat in the cyclic magnetization-demagnetization process (less area => less loss) > Empirical formula for power loss due to hysteresis:| P, = K,, fB’, The constants K;, and n depend on core material. fis the frequency of AC magnetizing current. Typically n ~ 1.6 - 2 (called the “Steinmetz Exponent”) B,, is the maximum/saturated induced flux density per cycle Eddy Current Loss If the magnetic core is solid, there can also be Eddy current loss. Vv » Localized Eddy currents excited by AC magnetic flux induced voltages (Lenz’s law) result in R losses. » Loss can be reduced by using laminated core designs. Laninates Steel Core > Core in the form of sheets separated by insulating material. > Loss:| P = K,( £B,,)” (K, lower for laminated as compared to bulk material) Laminations © scanned with OKEN Scanner3, ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Ifa magnet is brought to a coil which is connected with a galvanometer, an electric current is produced in the circuit (See Figure 22.3), The direction of the current so induced in the circuit, is reversed when the magnet recedes away from the coil The current so produced lasts long, as there is relative motion between the magnet = and the coil, Itis shown that whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, Figure 22.3: Induced current in an induced em. is produced in the circuit and lasts as long as the flux changes. cojj dye to relative movement Such currents are produced due to induced electromotive force and the ‘of magnet phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction. The magnitude and direction ‘of induced electromagnetic force is given by the following Faraday’s and Lenz's laws respectively. 3.1 Faraday’s First Law Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit changes, an induced electromotive force is produced which produces an induced current in the circuit which lasts as long as the change lasts. Physics | 22.3 3.2 Faraday’s Second Law The induced e.me. is equal to negative of rate of change of flux through the circuit. ‘The negative sign shows that the induced e.m.f, opposes the changes in the magnetic flux. Ndo If the coll has N number of turns, then e=—"5*. 4, LENZ'’S LAW ‘The direction of induced electromotive force is such that it opposes the cause that produces the electromagnetic induction, N(b.~4s) t When the magnetic flux} through a closed circuit of known resistance R changes, the quantity of induced charge can be found as below: deena) If the magnetic flux changes from $, toy in time t, the average induced emt is given by e(avg) = wae), (ae) Nag _ Total change of flux at AO) g mint N/40) ae = NO RoR\at stm R Resistance Furthermore, the direction of induced emf. is that of the induced current. Lenz's law follows from the law of conservation of energy. © scanned with OKEN ScannerPrimary and Secondary Cell 26035 Views DEFINITION Difference between Primary, Secondary and Fuel cells, Primary cell: A primary cell or battery is the one that cannot easily be recharged after one use, and are discarded following discharge. These cell are not chargeable because the electrode reaction occurs only once and after the use over a period of time the batteries become dead and cannot be reused, Secondary cell: A secondary cell or battery is one that can be electrically recharged after its complete discharge. It is recharged by passing current through the circuit in the opposite direction to the current during discharge. Fuel cell: Fuel cells are another means by which chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy. Main disadvantage of a primary cell is that it can deliver current for short period of time only because, the quantity of oxidizing and reducing agentis limited. But energy can indefinitely be obtained from fuel cell as long as outside supply of fuel is maintained. RESULT Primary cells v/s secondary cells S.NoPrimary cell Secondary Cell 3 Chemical reaction is Chemical reaction is reversible. irreversible. Chemical energy is converted Chemical energy is converted into electrical energy during energy supply into electrical energy. & electrical energy is converted into chemical energy during charging. 3. Cannot be recharged Can be recharged 4 Internal resistance is high. Internal resistance is low. Can supply weak currents 5 aly. Py Can supply weak and high currents. 6 Light and cheap. Heavy and costly. : Simp 7 Example: Simple voltaiccell, maple: Lead (or acid) accumulator, Ni-Fe Dry cell © scanned with OKEN Scanner