URBANIZATION
AND RURAL-URBAN
MIGRATION
Presented by: Aguado, John Paul and Astillo, Shereelyn
BSA 1-2
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 4
Urbanization…………………………..
Urban Population
Association of Urbanization and Development
Agglomeration Economies
Effects and forms of Agglomeration
Process of Urbanization
Causes of Urbanization
Urbanization and Development Policies in the Philippines…..
Development Issues and Challenges
Philippine Long Term Vision
Other Urban Development Policies
Government Agencies that handles Urbanization
The SDG Goal related to Urbanization
Rural-Urban Migration……………………………..
Causes of Migration
Push and Pull Factors
Trends
Effects of Rural-Urban Migration
Challenges Faced by Migrants
Government Initiative and Policies
The SDG Goal related to Urbanization
Urbanization
Urbanization is the agglomeration of population in cities, it is the growth of the
proportion of the population living in cities. The positive association between
urbanization and per capita income is one of the most obvious and striking “stylized
facts” of the development process. Generally, the more developed the country,
measured by per capita income, the greater the share of population living in urban
areas. At the same time, while individual countries become more urbanized as they
develop, today’s poorest countries are far more urbanized than today’s developed
countries were when they were at a comparable level of development, as measured
by income per capita, and on average developing countries are urbanizing at a faster
rate.
URBAN POPULATION STATISTICS
(COMPARISON BETWEEN THE 2015 and 2020 urban population)
AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES
To a large degree, cities are formed because they provide cost advantages to
producers and consumers,
Effects of AGGLOMERATION
Positive
Have a positive impact on manufacturing, transport, storage, and communication
and other service sectors, in varying magnitudes.
Negative
Negative consequences occur associated with clustering such as congestion,
pollution, disease, crime and high rents.
TWO FORMS OF AGGLOMERATION
LOCALIZATION ECONOMIES
- Economies of scale that arise from many firms in the same industry located near
one another.
URBANIZATION ECONOMIES
- Economies of scale that arise from having many people located together,
regardless of the industry in which they work.
PROCESS OF URBANIZATION
There are different processes of urbanization:
1. Demographic process: Urban population growth (natural increase or
migration).
2. Infrastructure process: Expansion of urban infrastructures and land use.
3. Economic process: Creation of secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors.
4. Creates a society where values and lifestyles are cosmopolitan in outlook.
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF URBANIZATION?
1. Historical: In term of defense it is for the
protection against invasion. In terms of trade
routes, it means the development of ports.
2. Social: Increased social interactions and the
development of societal institutions
3. Economic: it is linked with agricultural surpluses
and an increased economic opportunities, access
to labor and specialization, and economies of scale
and of agglomeration.
Urbanization and Development Policies in the Philippines
Development Issues and Challenges
Urban / settlement food expansion and food security
Land use conflicts
Urban effiecieny and capacity
Disaster risk and vulnerability
uneven distribution of economic development
Lack of integration between transportation and land use planning
Unmanaged urban form and design
THE PHILIPPINES LONG-TERM VISION
“Cities that work as engines of economic growth and venues of poverty reduction,
with infrastructure that provides quality services and affordable housing, and
forming efficient and connected networks of sustainable communities.”
Other Urban Development Policies in the Philippines
- THE NEW URBAN AGENDA
- PHILIPPINE NEW URBAN AGENDA
- NATIONAL URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND HOUSING FRAMEWORK
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES THAT HANDLES THE URBANIZATION
1. National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA): NEDA is
responsible for formulating policies and coordinating the planning and
programming of socioeconomic development. It plays a crucial role in urban
development planning at the national level.
2. Department of Human Settlements and Urban Development (DHSUD):
DHSUD is the primary agency tasked with the planning, implementation,
and monitoring of policies, programs, and projects related to housing, human
settlements, and urban development.
3. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB): HLURB is responsible
for regulating land use and development in urban areas. It ensures
compliance with land use plans and zoning regulations to promote
sustainable urban growth.
4. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH): DPWH is involved in
the construction and maintenance of infrastructure projects, including roads,
bridges, and flood control systems, which are essential for urban
development.
5. Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG): DILG works closely
with local government units (LGUs) to strengthen their capacity in urban
planning, governance, and service delivery. It provides technical assistance
and oversight to LGUs in implementing urban development initiatives.
6. Department of Transportation (DOTr): DOTr plays a role in urban
transportation planning and infrastructure development, including public
transportation systems and traffic management in urban areas.
The SDG related in Urbanization
In the context of urbanization, several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
outlined by the United Nations are particularly relevant. One of the primary goals
targeted in urbanization is:
Sustainable Development Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
Goal 11 aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable. It includes targets such as:
1. Ensuring access for all to adequate, safe, and affordable housing and basic
services.
2. Providing access to safe, inclusive, and accessible green and public spaces.
3. Implementing policies for sustainable urban planning and management,
including land use planning and regulation.
4. Strengthening efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and
natural heritage.
5. Reducing the environmental impact of cities through improved air quality,
waste management, and sustainable transport systems.
6. Enhancing resilience and disaster risk management in urban areas.
Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from rural areas, typically
agricultural regions or villages, to urban areas, such as cities and towns, in
search of better employment opportunities, improved living standards, access
to education and healthcare, and a more diverse range of amenities and
services.
1. Economic Factors
Job Opportunities Urban areas often offer more diverse and higher-paying job
opportunities compared to rural areas, motivating individuals to migrate in search
of better employment prospects.
Income Disparities Economic disparities between rural and urban areas drive
migration, as individuals seek to improve their standard of living and access better
economic opportunities.
Agricultural Decline Declining agricultural productivity and income in rural
areas push people to migrate to urban centers where non-agricultural employment
is available.
2. **Social Factors**:
Education Access to quality education is often limited in rural areas, leading
individuals to move to urban areas where better educational facilities and
opportunities exist.
Healthcare Urban areas typically have better healthcare infrastructure and
services, attracting individuals seeking improved medical care for themselves and
their families.
Social Networks The presence of family members or acquaintances who have
previously migrated to urban areas can influence others to follow suit, creating
networks that facilitate migration.
3. Environmental Factors
Natural Disasters Rural areas are often more susceptible to natural disasters such
as typhoons, floods, and landslides, leading people to migrate to urban areas
perceived as safer.
Climate Change Environmental degradation and the impacts of climate change,
such as droughts and sea-level rise, can disrupt livelihoods in rural areas,
prompting migration to urban centers for economic stability.
PULL FACTORS
- poverty, lack of employment opportunities, limited access to education and
healthcare in rural areas)
PUSH FACTORS
- better job prospects, improved living standards, access to amenities in urban
areas
TRENDS
INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
Infrastructure development in urban areas, including transportation networks,
healthcare facilities, and educational institutions.
ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES
Urban areas offer a wide range of economic opportunities compared to rural
regions.
POPULATION SHIFT
There is a noticeable shift in population from rural areas to urban centers in the
Philippines.
EFFECTS OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
- SOCIAL EFFECTS CHANGES IN FAMILY STRUCTURE, CULTURAL
ASSIMILATION
- ECONOMIC EFFECTS URBANIZATION OF POVERTY, STRAIN ON
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE
- ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS URBAN SPRAWL, INCREASED
POLLUTION
Poverty and subsistence incidence among population, First semester 2021 and
202
CHALLENGES FACED BY MIGRANTS
HOUSING: LACK OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN URBAN AREAS.
- EMPLOYMENT: COMPETITION FOR JOBS IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR.
- SOCIAL INTEGRATION: STRUGGLES WITH ADAPTING TO URBAN
LIFESTYLE AND CUSTOMS.
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVE AND POLICIES
URBAN PLANNING: STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN
DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENT.
- RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS: INITIATIVES TO CREATE JOB
OPPORTUNITIES AND IMPROVE LIVING CONDITIONS IN RURAL
AREAS.
- MIGRATION POLICIES: MEASURES TO ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF
MIGRANTS AND FACILITATE THEIR INTEGRATION INTO URBAN
COMMUNITIES.
1. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
- CARP seeks to address rural poverty and landlessness by redistributing
agricultural land to landless farmers and farmworkers.
- Through land acquisition and distribution, agrarian reform beneficiaries gain
access to land, capital, and support services, reducing the need for rural-to-urban
migration for livelihood opportunities.
2. Balik Probinsya, Bagong Pag-asa Program (BP2)
- Launched in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, BP2 aims to decongest
Metro Manila by encouraging residents, particularly informal settlers and displaced
workers, to return to their provinces.
- The program provides incentives such as transportation assistance, livelihood
support, and access to housing and basic services in rural areas to facilitate
successful reintegration.
3. Rural Infrastructure Development
- The government has prioritized rural infrastructure development to improve
access to basic services and promote economic growth in rural areas. This includes
the construction and rehabilitation of roads, bridges, irrigation systems, and other
vital infrastructure
4. **K-12 Education Reform**:
- The K-12 education reform in the Philippines was implemented to enhance the
quality of basic education and make graduates more competitive globally. It added
two years to the country's basic education program, making it a 12-year cycle.
5. Social Housing Program
- The government has a social housing program aimed at providing affordable
housing for low-income families, including those living in urban areas. One of the
key initiatives is the Social Housing Finance Corporation (SHFC), which provides
financing for socialized housing projects.
6. Philippine Rural Development Project (PRDP)
- PRDP is a government program aimed at promoting rural development and
reducing poverty in the Philippines. It focuses on improving rural infrastructure,
enhancing agricultural productivity, and strengthening the capacity of rural
communities to participate in market-driven value chains.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) RELATED TO RURAL-
URBAN MIGRATION
- HIGHLIGHT RELEVANT SDGS AND TARGETS
- EMPHASIZE THE ROLE OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
1. SDG 1: No Poverty
- Addressing rural-urban migration involves tackling poverty in rural areas and
ensuring equitable access to economic opportunities and social services. SDG 1
aims to eradicate poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including through
targeted interventions to uplift rural communities and reduce the drivers of
migration.
2. SDG 2: Zero Hunger
- Rural-urban migration can impact food security and agricultural productivity.
SDG 2 aims to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote
sustainable agriculture. Initiatives related to agrarian reform, rural development,
and sustainable livelihoods can help address migration-related food security
challenges.
3. SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
- Promoting decent work and economic growth in rural areas is crucial for
reducing the need for migration to urban centers in search of employment
opportunities. SDG 8 aims to promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all,
including measures to stimulate job creation and entrepreneurship in rural areas.
4. SDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
- Improving infrastructure and connectivity in rural areas can help reduce
migration pressures by creating local economic opportunities and enhancing access
to markets and services. SDG 9 aims to build resilient infrastructure, promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation, including
investments in rural infrastructure development.
5. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
- Sustainable urbanization is essential for managing rural-urban migration and
ensuring that cities can accommodate migrants while maintaining environmental
sustainability and social inclusion. SDG 11 aims to make cities and human
settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, including through measures
to improve urban planning, housing, and service delivery.
6. SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals
- Addressing rural-urban migration requires collaboration among governments,
civil society, private sector, and other stakeholders. SDG 17 emphasizes the
importance of partnerships for achieving sustainable development goals, including
efforts to mobilize resources, share knowledge, and strengthen capacity-building
initiatives related to migration and rural development.
