Module 1 Introduction To Carpentry
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ScribdTranslationsModule 1 Introduction To Carpentry
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ScribdTranslationsCARPENTRY COURSE
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO
CARPENTRY
Carpentry
Carpentry is the name of the trade and the workshop or place where wood and
its derivatives are worked with the aim of changing its physical form to create
objects useful for human development such as home furniture, door frames,
toys, desks. work, etc. Carpenter is the person whose job is working with wood,
whether for construction (doors, windows, etc.) or furniture.
The cabinetmaker is the carpenter specialized in making furniture.
Woodworking is one of the oldest human industry activities that exists, which is
why in each culture and region we will find different ways and tools to work with
this beautiful material.
Originally one of the main carpentry manufactures were doors and windows.
With the appearance of new materials, wooden doors and windows have been
replaced by aluminum and/or PVC ones, with old wood carpenters specializing
in the realization of these specialties that are also known as carpentry :
"Aluminum carpentry" and "PVC carpentry".
Equipment and tools
The main manual tools are:
Saw
Hammer
Drill and wood bits
Gouge and chisel
sandpaper
Rule and square
Pencil
Level
Conveyor
Brush
Electric tools:
sander
Jig Saw
circular saw
Band saw
Electric brush
Woodworking machines:
Saws
Edger
Spinning top
Drill
Turnstile
Saw or scroll saw
Other necessary accessories:
Nails
Varnish , and lacquer
Brush
White glue
Press C
Sergeant
Some of the main operations in carpentry are:
Countersunk
Varnished
Court
Boring
Sanding
Profiling
Nailed
Armed or Assembly
TIMBER
Wood is a hard and resistant material that is produced by transforming
the tree. It is an available forest resource that has long been used as a
construction material. Wood is one of the oldest construction elements
that man has used to build homes and other buildings. But to achieve an
excellent result in its workability, certain aspects related to the way it is
cut, cured and dried must be kept in mind.
Presentation of wood and its derivatives
The presentation of the wood is in solid or processed state. Within the solid
state we find:
Solid Wood
o In blocks
o In tables
o on slats
Lock
Processed we find:
Veneers
Plywood
Agglomerates
Slatted
DM boards or according to its English acronym MDF .
Junk
common woods
Fir - Abies sp.
Carob tree
Pine - Pinus sp.
Beech - Fagus sp.
Teak .
Oak - Quercus sp.
Cherry tree.
Mahogany
Holm oak - Quercus sp.
Poplar.
Jocha.
Okume .
Maple.
Apple tree - Malus sp.
Walnut.
Spring.
Ebony.
Ipé - Tabebuia sp.
Rosewood.
Mahogany .
Cumaru (hardwood).
Garapa (hardwood).
Cypress - Cupressus sp.
Anchico.
pinotea.
Brazilian pine.
Parana pine.
Olive tree - Olea sp.
Red and white quebracho.
Yew.
Tusca.
Vinal.
Paradise.
Willow - Salix sp.
TYPES OF WOOD
Woods, according to the tree from which they are obtained, are classified
as hard and soft.
Hardwoods: obtained from trees that lose their leaves in autumn
(deciduous). Of all this great variety of trees, only 200 exist in sufficient
quantity and are flexible enough for carpentry. Hardwoods, like our skin,
have microscopic pores on the surface. The size of these pores is what
determines the grain pattern and texture. Due to these characteristics,
hardwoods are classified according to pore opening into: closed-pore
woods (small pores), among which the most used are cherry and maple,
and circular-pore woods (larger pores), among which the most used are
oak, ash and poplar.
Classification of hardwoods
Lumber is graded based on the number of defects in a given section of
the length and width of the board. As with softwoods, a lower class of
wood may be perfectly acceptable depending on the place where it is
going to be placed and the use to which it is going to be given.
Among hardwoods we have:
Oak: It is yellowish brown in color. It is one of the best woods
known; very resistant and durable. It is used in quality furniture,
parquet...
Walnut: It is one of the most noble and appreciated woods in the
world. It is used in luxury furniture and decoration.
Cherry: Its wood is highly appreciated for the construction of
furniture. It is very delicate because it is prone to alterations and
woodworm.
Holm oak: It is dark in color. It has great hardness and is difficult to
work with. It is the wood used in the construction of brush boxes
and dowels.
Olive tree: It is used for artistic work and decoration, since its fibers
have very attractive patterns (especially those close to the root.
Chestnut : it is currently used in the construction of kitchen
furniture doors. Its wood is strong and elastic.
Elm: It is resistant to woodworm. In the past it was used to build
cars.
Soft Woods: obtained from evergreen trees (conifers). Only 25% of all
softwoods are used in carpentry. All softwoods have closed pores (small
pores) that are barely noticeable in the finished product. The most
commonly used softwoods are cedar, fir, pine and spruce.
Classification of softwoods
Softwoods are divided into two categories: dimensional lumber, graded
based on strength, and exposed panels, which are commonly used in
carpentry projects. Softwood classification is the work of several
agencies, so you will find some variations in terminology. The different
classes are ordered from the highest class to the lowest.
Among the soft woods we have:
Poplar: It is not very resistant to humidity and woodworm. In Spain
there are two species: The white poplar (with silvery bark) and the
black poplar, better known as poplar.
Birch: Tree of yellowish or reddish-white wood, elastic, not durable,
used in the manufacture of pipes, boxes, clogs, etc. Its bark is used
to make shoes, baskets, boxes, etc.
Alder: Its wood is used in cabinetmaking, turning and carpentry, as
well as in the manufacture of small objects. Tannins are obtained
from its bark.
Alnus glutinosa: Its wood is used in cabinetmaking, turning and
carpentry, as well as in the manufacture of small objects. Tannins
are obtained from its bark.
Alnus incana: Its wood is soft and light, easy to split. It is used in
carvings, boxes and other wooden objects.
WOOD-BASED BOARDS
Laminates and chipboards are resources that have been chosen for
economic and ecological reasons and to avoid the problems of the natural
behavior of solid wood. They are made from unused waste and fibers from
tree trunks, to which resins are added and pressed into boards of different
thicknesses. They are manufactured in dimensions larger than those that
can be obtained from sawn wood.
The main types of boards made from wood are the following:
Plywood: they are made up of sheets or veneers glued together
with wood (glue or synthetic resin). Its dimensions: 0.90 to 1.20
meters wide by 2.10 to 2.44 meters long and its normal thickness
varies between 4 and 19 mm, although they are manufactured
thicker. It is used to cover walls and ceilings, to make furniture and
doors.
Slatted or Panforte: they are formed with a core of wooden slats
and exterior veneers, they are used for the production of furniture.
Particles: it is a material made from wood or bagasse fiber and
agglomerated with synthetic resins, with the application of pressure
and heat, for example “tablopan”. Those with low density (0.25 to
0.40 g/cm3) are used for insulating panels or in complex parts
where it is necessary. Those of medium density (from 0.40 to 0.80
grs/cm3), their use is the same as the previous one and is used in
the manufacture of furniture and in construction. Those with high
density (greater than 0.80 g/cm3) are used the same as the previous
ones and are generally appropriate for indoor environments, as
they decompose in contact with humidity and over time with long-
term loads.
