MUMBAI UNIVERSITY

Semester -1

ENGINEERING MECHANICS QUESTION PAPER – DEC 2017

Q.1Attempt any four questions

Q.1(a) State and prove varigon’s theorem. (5 marks)

Solution:
Statement:
The algebraic sum of the moments of a system of coplanar forces about any point in the plane is
equal to the moment of the resultant force of the system about the same point.
ΣMAF= ΣMAR

Proof:
Let P and Q be two concurrent forces at O,making angle θ 1 and θ2 with the X-axis
Let R be the resultant making an angle θ with X axis
Let A be a point on the Y-axis about which we shall find the moments of P and Q and also of
resultant R.
Let d1,d2 and d be the moment arm of P,Q and R from moment centre A
The x component of forces P,Q and R are P x,Q x and R x
∴ MAP = P x d1 ……..(1)
∴ MAQ = Q x d2 ……..(2)
∴ MA R = R x d
=R( OA.cosθ )
=OA.Rx
Adding (1) and (2)
∴ MAP+MAQ=Pd1+Qd2
ΣMAF = P x OAcosθ1 + Q x OAcos θ2

=OA.Px+OA.Q x (as Px=P.cosθ1 and Q x=Qcosθ2)

=OA(Px+Q x)
∴ ΣMAF = OA(R x) ……..(3)
From (4) and (3)
ΣMAF= ΣMA

Thus,Varigon’s theorem is proved

Q.1(b) Find the resultant of the force system as shown in the given figure.
(5 marks)

Solution:
Taking forces having direction upwards as positive.
Net force = 200+300-200-300
=0 N
Taking moments of the forces about the point A
Taking anticlockwise moment direction as positive
∴ MA = 200 x7 +300 x 5 – 300 x2
=2300 Nm (anticlockwise direction)

The resultant force is 0.

Net moment is 2300 Nm(anticlockwise)
Q.1(c) Find the co-ordinate of the centroid of the area as shown in the given figure.
(5 marks)

Solution:

Figure Area(mm2) X co- Y co-ordinate Ax Ay

ordinate of of centroid (mm2) (mm2)
centroid (mm)
(mm)

Quarter 0.25 x π x R2 4𝑅 4 𝑥 20 4𝑅 4 𝑥 20
= =
circle =0.25 x 202 x 𝝅 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 2666.6667 2666.6667
=314.1593
=8.4883 =8.4883

Semi-circle -0.5 x π x r2 4𝑅 4 𝑥 10
= -157.0796 10 = -1570.7963 -666.6667
(to be 3𝜋 3𝜋
removed) =4.2441

Total 157.0796 1095.8704 2000

 ΣAx 1095.8704
∴ X co-ordinate of centroid (x̅)= = = 6.9765 cm
ΣA 157.0796

ΣAy 2000
∴ Y co-ordinate of centroid (y̅)= = = 12.7324 cm
ΣA 157.0796

Centroid = (6.9765,12.7324) cm
 Q.1(d) A force of 500 N is acting on a block of 50 kg mass resting on a horizontal
surface as shown in the figure. Determine the velocity after the block has
travelled a distance of 10m. Co efficient of kinetic friction is 0.5.
(5 marks)

Solution:
Given : Co-efficient of kinetic friction (μk)=0.5
P = 500 N
m = 50 kg
u = 0 m/s
s = 10 m

To find : Velocity after the block has travelled a distance of 10 m

Solution:
The body has no motion in the vertical direction.
∴ ΣFy = 0
∴ N - 50g + Psin30 = 0
∴N = 50g - 500sin30
Let us assume that F is the kinetic frictional force
∴ F = μk x N
∴F = 0.5(50 g – 500 sin 30)
∴F = 25g – 125

By Newton’s second law of motion

∑ Fx = ma
∴Pcos ϴ – F = 50a
∴50a = 312.7627
∴ a= 6.2553 m/s2

By kinematics equation
v2 = u2 + 2 x a x s
∴v2 = 02 + 2 x 6.2553 x 10
∴ v= 11.1851 m/s

The velocity of the block after travelling a distance of 10 m = 11.1851 m/s

Q.1(e) The position vector of a particle which moves in the X-Y plane is given
by
𝒓̅ = (3t3-4t2)𝒊̅ + (0.5t4)𝒋̅ (5 marks)
Calculate velocity and acceleration at t=1 sec

Solution:
Given : 𝑟̅ = (3t3-4t2)𝑖̅ + (0.5t4)𝑗̅
To find : Velocity and acceleration at t=1s
Solution:
𝑟̅ = (3t3 -4t2)𝑖̅ + (0.5t4)𝑗̅
Differentiating w.r.t to t
𝑑𝑟̅
∴ = 𝑣̅= (9t2 -8t) 𝑖̅ + (2t3) m/s ……..(1)
𝑑𝑡

Differentiating once again w.r.t to t

𝑑𝑣̅
∴ = 𝑎̅=(18t-8) 𝑖̅+(6t2) 𝑗̅
𝑑𝑡

∴ 𝑎̅=(18t-8) 𝑖̅+(6t2) 𝑗̅ m/s2 ………..(2)

At t = 1,
Substituting t=1 in (1) and (2)
At t=1 s
𝑣̅ = 𝑖̅ + 2𝑗̅ m/s
𝑎̅ = 10𝑖̅ + 6𝑗̅ m/s2
For magnitude :

v = √12 + 22
 =√5
=2.2361 m/s

a = √102 + 62

= √136
= 11.6619 m/s2

Velocity at t=1s is 2.2361 m/s

Acceleration at t=1s is 11.6619 m/s2

Q 2 a) Find the resultant of the force acting on the bell crank lever shown. Also
locate its position with respect to hinge B. (8 marks)

Given: Forces on the bell crank lever

To find: Resultant and it’s position w.r.t hinge B

Given : Forces on the bell crank lever

To find : Resultant and it’s position w.r.t hinge B

Solution:
Let the resultant of the system of forces be R and it is inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal
The hinge is in equilibrium
Taking direction of forces towards right as positive and towards upwards as positive
Applying the conditions of equilibrium
ΣFx = 0

Rx = 50cos60 + 120
= 145 N
Ry = -50sin60 -100
= -143.3013

R = √𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2

= √1452 + (−143.3013)2
= 203.8633 N

𝑅𝑦
θ = tan-1 ( )
𝑅𝑥
143.3013
= tan-1 ( )
145

=44.6624o

Let the resultant force R be acting at a point x from the point A and it is at a perpendicular
distance of d from point A
Taking moment of forces about point A and anticlockwise moment as positive
 Applying Varigon’s theorem,
203.8633 x d = -(100 x 20) – (120 x 40cos30)
d = -30.2012 cm = 30.2012 cm ………..(as distance is always positive)
𝑥
sin 44.6624 =
30.2012

x = 21.2293 cm
Distance from point B = 40 – 21.2293
=18.7707 cm

Resultant force = 203.8633 N ( at an angle of 44.6624 o in first quadrant)

Distance of resultant force from hinge B = 18.7707 cm

Q2b) Determine the reaction at points of constant 1,2 and 3. Assume smooth surfaces.

(6 marks)

Given: The spheres are in equilibrium

To find: Reactions at points 1,2 and 3
Solution:
Considering both the spheres as a single body
The system of two spheres is in equilibrium
Applying conditions of equilibrium:
∑Fy=0
R1cos25 + R3 cos15 – g - 4g = 0
R1cos25 + R3 cos15 = 5g ……(1)
∑Fx = 0
R1sin25 - R3 sin15 = 0 …….(2)
Solving (1) and (2)
R1 = 19.75 N and R 2 = 32.2493 N …….(3)
Let the reaction force between the wo spheres be R2 and it acts at an angle α with X-axis
Sphere A is in equilibrium
Applying conditions of equilibrium
∑Fy=0
R1cos25 - R2 sinα – g = 0
R2sinα = 8.0896 ……..(4) (From 3)

∑Fx=0
R1sin25 - R2cosα = 0
R2cosα = 19.75sin25
R2cosα = 8.3467 ………(5)

Squaring and adding (4) and (5)

R22(cos2 α+sin2 α) = 135.1095
R2=11.6237 N
Dividing (4) by (5)

𝑹𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝛂 𝟖.𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟔
=
𝑹𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝛂 𝟖.𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟕

α = tan-1(0.9692)
=44.1038o

R1=19.75 N (75o with positive direction of X-axis in first quadrant)

R2=11.6237 N (44.1038o with negative direction of X-axis in third quadrant)
R3=32.2493 N (75o with negative direction of X axis in second quadrant)
 Q.2 c) Two balls having 20kg and 30 kg masses are moving towards each
other with velocities of 10 m/s and 5 m/s respectively as shown in the figure.
If after the impact ,the ball having 30 kg mass is moving with 6 m/s velocity to
the right then determine the coefficient of restitution between the two balls.
(6 marks)

Solution:
Taking direction of velocity towards right( →) as positive and vice versa

Given :m1=20 kg
m2=30 kg
Initial velocity of ball m1(u1)=10 m/s
Initial velocity of ball m2(u2)= -5 m/s
Final velocity of ball m2(v2) = 6 m/s

To find : Co-efficient of restitution(e)

Solution:
This is a case of direct impact as the centre of mass of both balls lie along a same line.
 According to the law of conservation of momentum:
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2v2
∴ 20 x 10 + 30 x (-5) =20 x v1 +30 x 6
∴ 200 – 150 =20 x v1 + 180
∴ -130 = 20 x v1
∴ v1 = -6.5 m/s

Co-efficient of restitution (e) = (𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏)/(𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐)

∴ e = (6 – (-6.5))/(10-(-5))
∴e=12.5/15
∴e=0.8333

The co-efficient of restitution (e) between the two balls is 0.8333

Q.3(a) Determine the position of the centroid of the plane lamina. Shaded portion is
removed. (8 marks)
 Solution:
FIGURE AREA X co-ordinate Y co-ordinate Ax Ay
(mm2) Of centroid Of centroid (mm2) (mm2)
(mm) (mm)
Rectangle 120 x 100 120 120 720000 600000
= 60 = 60
=12000 2 2
Triangle 1 120 −60 144000 -72000
x 120 x 60 = 40 = −20
2
=3600 3 3

1 120 4∗60 339292.01 709486.68

Semicircle x 𝝅 x 602 100 +
2 = 60 3π
=1800 𝝅 2
=5654.8668 =125.4648
Circle - 𝝅 x 402 120 -301592.89 -502654.82
= 60
(Removed) =5026.5482 2 100

Total 16228.32 901699.12 734831.86

ΣAx 901699.12
= = 55.56 mm
ΣA 16228.32

ΣAy 734831.86
= = 45.28 𝑚𝑚
ΣA 16228.32

Centroid is at (55.56,45.28)mm
Q3(b) Explain the conditions for equilibrium of forces in space. (6 marks)

Answer:

A body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant force and the resultant momentum acting on a
body is zero.

For a body in space to remain in equilibrium, following conditions must be satisfied:

(1) Algebraic sum of the X components of all the forces is zero.

ΣFx =0

(2)Algebraic sum of the Y components of all the forces is zero.

ΣFy=0

(3)Algebraic sum of the Z components of all the forces is zero.

ΣFz=0

(4)Algebraic sum of the moment of all the forces about any point in the space is zero.

Q.3(c) A 30 kg block is released from rest.If it slides down from a rough incline which is
having co-efficient of friction 0.25.Determine the maximum compression of the
spring.Take k=1000 N/m. (6 marks)
Solution:
Given : Value of spring constant = 1000 N/m
W = 30N
µs = 0.25

To find : Maximum compression of the spring

Solution :

Let the spring be compressed by x cm when the box stops sliding

N = Wcos30
= 30 x 0.866
= 25.9808 N
Frictional force = µsN
= 0.25 x 25.9808
= 6.4952 N
Displacement of block = (1.6+x) m
Work done against frictional force = FD x s
=6.4952(1.6+x)
 At position 1
v1=0 m/s
Vertical height above position(II) = h = (1.6+x) sin30
PE1 = mgh = 30(1.6+x)sin30 = 15(1.6+x)
1
KE1 = x mv12=0
2

Compression of spring=0
1
Initial spring energy = x K x2 = 0
2

At position II
Assuming this position as ground position
H2 = 0
P.E2 = 0
Speed of block v = 0
1
K.E2 = x mv2 = 0
2

Compression of spring = x
1
Final spring energy = ES = x K x (x2)
2

= 0.5 x 1000 x x2
= 500x2
Appling work energy principle for the position (I) and (II)
U1-2 = KE2 - KE1
-WF + PE1 - PE2 - ES = KE2 - KE1
-6.4952(1.6+x) + 15(1.6+x)- 0- 500 x 2 = 0-0
500x2 - 8.5048x - 13.6077= 0
x=0.1737 m

The maximum compression of the spring is 0.1737 m

Q.4(a)Find the support reactions at A and B for the beam loaded as shown in the given
figure. (8 marks)

Solution:

Given : Various forces on beam

To find : Support reactions at A and B

Solution:
Draw PQ ⊥to RS
Effective force of uniform load =20 x 6 = 120 kN
6
2+ =5m
2

This load acts at 5m from A

1
Effective force of uniformly varying load = x (80-20) x 6
2

=180 kN
6
2+ x 2 =6m
3

This load acts at 6m from A

The beam is in equilibrium
Applying the conditions of equilibrium
∑MA = 0
-120 x 5 -180 x 6 +R Bcos30 x 10 -80 x 13 =0
10RBcos 30 = 120 x 5+180 x 6 + 80 x13
RB = 314.0785 N
Reaction at B will be at 60 o in second quadrant
∑Fx = 0
RAcosα - RBsin30 = 0
RAcosα - 314.0785 x 0.5 = 0
RAcosα = 157.0393 N ……..(1)
∑Fy = 0
RAsinα - 120 - 180 + RBcos30 - 80 = 0
RAsinα = 12 + 180 -314.0785 x0.866 + 80
RAsinα = 108.008N ……..(2)
 Squaring and adding (1) and (2)
RA2(sin2 α + cos2α) = 36325.3333
RA = 190.5921 N
Dividing (2) by (1)
𝑅𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛α 108.008
=
𝑅𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠α 157.0393

α=tan-1(0.6877)
=34.5173o

Reaction at point A = 190.5921 N at 34.5173 o in first quadrant

Reaction at B = 314.0785 N at 60o in second quadrant

Q 4b) The V-X graph of a rectilinear moving particle is shown. Find the acceleration of
the particle at 20m,80 m and 200 m. (6 marks)

Solution :
Given : V-X graph of a rectilinear moving particle
To find : Acceleration of the particle at 20m,80 m and 200 m.
Solution :
𝒅𝒗
a=v
𝒅𝒙
 Part 1: Motion from O to A
O is (0,0) and A is (60,6)
𝑑𝑣 6−0
Slope of v-x curve = =0.1s-1
𝑑𝑥 60−0
𝑢+𝑣 6+0
Average velocity = = = 3 m/s
2 2
𝑑𝑣
aOA = v = 3 x 0.1 = 0.3 m/s2
𝑑𝑥

Part 2: Motion from A to B

A is (60,6) and B is (180,6)
𝑑𝑣 6−6
= = 0 m/s2
𝑑𝑥 180−60
𝑑𝑣
aAB = v = 0 m/s2
𝑑𝑥

Part 3: Motion from B to C

B is (180,6) and C is (210,0)
𝑑𝑣 0−6
= = -0.2s-1
𝑑𝑥 210−180
𝑢+𝑣 6+0
Average velocity = = = 3 m/s
2 2
𝑑𝑣
aBC = v = 3 x (-0.2) = -0.6 m/s2
𝑑𝑥

Acceleration of particle at x = 20 m is 0.3m/s2

Acceleration of particle at x = 80 m is 0 m/s2
Acceleration of particle at x = 200 m is -0.6 m/s2
Q.4(c) A bar 2 m long slides down the plane as shown.The end A slides on the horizontal
floor with a velocity of 3 m/s.Determine the angular velocity of rod AB and the velocity
of end B for the position shown. (6 marks)

Solution:
Given : va = 3 m/s
Length of bar AB = 2 m

To find : Angular velocity ω

Velocity of end B

Solution:
Let ω be the angular velocity of the rod AB
ICR is shown in the free body diagram
Using Geometry:
∠BDE=30o, ∠BAD=20o
∠CBD= ∠BDE=30o
∠CBA= ∠BAD=20o
∠CBI=90o-30o=60o

∠ABI= ∠CBI + ∠CBA=60o+20o=80o

∠BAI=90o -20o=70o

In △IAB, ∠AIB=180o-80o-70o=30o
𝐴𝐵 𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝐴
By sine rule, = =
sin 𝐼 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

2 𝐼𝐵 𝐼𝐴
∴ = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛30 sin 70 sin 80

2𝑠𝑖𝑛70
∴ IB = = 3.7588 m
sin 30
 2 sin 80
∴ IA = = 3.9392 m
sin 30

𝑣𝑎 3
∴ Angular velocity of the rod AB = = = 0.7616 rad/s (clockwise direction)
𝑟 3.9392

∴ Instantaneous velocity of point B = rω = IB x ω = 3.7588 x 0.7616 = 2.8626 m/s

The instantaneous velocity at point B is always inclined at 30 o in the third quadrant (as shown in
the free body diagram)

Angular velocity of the rod AB = 0.7616 rad/s (clockwise)

Instantaneous velocity at point B = 2.8626 m/s (30 o ↙)

Q.5(a)Referring to the truss shown in the figure. Find :
(a) Reaction at D and C
(b)Zero force members.
(c)Forces in member FE and DC by method of section.
(d)Forces in other members by method of joints. (8 marks)
Solution:

By Geometry:
In Δ ADC, ∠ADC = ∠CAD = 30o
AC = CD = l
Similarly, in Δ EDC,
ED = EC
Δ DEG and Δ CEG are congruent
𝑙
DG = GC =
2

In Δ DEG, ∠EDG=30o, ∠DGE=90o

𝐸𝐺
tan30 =
𝐷𝐺
𝑙 1 𝑙
EG = DG.tan30 = x =
2 √3 2√ 3

In Δ ACH,
𝐴𝐶 𝑙
CH = =
2 2
 𝑙 3𝑙
DH = DC + CH = l + =
2 2

No horizontal force is acting on the truss, so no horizontal reaction will be present at point A
The truss is in equilibrium
Applying the conditions of equilibrium
Σ MD = 0
-20 x DG -50 x DH + RC x DC = 0
𝑙 3𝑙
-20 x -50 x + RC x l = 0
2 2

-10 - 75 + RC = 0
RC = 85 kN
Σ Fy=0
-20 – 50 + RD + RC=0
RD = -15kN
Loading at point B and F is shown

As per the rule,member BF will have zero force and is a zero force number.
Similarly,Member CF will have zero force
Method of sections :

Applying the conditions of equilibrium to the section shown

Σ MD = 0
-20 x DG – FEC cos 30 x EG - FEC sin30 x DG = 0
𝑙
-20 x x - FEC cos30 x EG - FEC sin30 x DG = 0
2

𝑙 √3 𝑙 1 𝑙
-20 x x -FEC x x -FEC x x =0
2 2 2 2 2
𝑙 𝑙
-10 x l - FEC x -FEC x = 0
4 4
2𝑙
- FEC = 10L
4

FEC = -20kN

RD – 20 - FEC sin30 + FEA sin30 = 0

-15 - 20 + 20 x 0.5 + FEA x 0.5 = 0
FEA = 50kN
FEC cos30 + FEA cos30 + FDC = 0
-20 x 0.866 + 50 x 0.866 + FDC = 0
FDC = - 25.9808kN
Method of joints:

Joint A
-50 - FAEsin30 - FAC cos30 = 0
-50 - 50 x 0.5 = FAC x 0.866
FAC = -86.6025kN
Joint D
FDC + FDEcos30 = 0
-25.9808 + 0.866FDE = 0
FDE = 30kN

Final answer :
Member Magnitude (in kN) Nature
AE (AF and EF) 50 Tension
AC (AB and BC) 86.6025 Compression
EC 20 Compression
DE 30 Tension
DC 25.9808 Compression
FB 0
FC 0
Q.5b) Determine the force P required to move the block A of 5000 N weight up the
inclined plane, coefficient of friction between all contact surfaces is 0.25. Neglect the
weight of the wedge and the wedge angle is 15 degrees. (6 marks)

Given : Weight of block A = 5000 N

µs=0.25
Wedge angle = 15o

To find : Force P required to move block A up the inclined plane

Solution:
The impending motion of block A is to move up
The block A is in equilibrium

N1,N2,N3 are the normal reactions

Fs1 = µ1N1 = 0.25N1
Fs2 = µ2N2 = 0.25N2
Fs3 = µ3N3 = 0.25N3
Applying the conditions of equilibrium
ΣFy = 0

∴ -5000 + N1 cos 60 – Fs1 sin 60 – Fs2 sin 15 + N2 cos 15 = 0

∴ N1 x 0.5 – 0.25N1 x 0.866 -0.25 N2 x 0.2588 + N2 x 0.9659 = 5000 (From 1)
∴ 0.2835 N1 +0.9012 N2 = 5000 ……………..(2)
Applying the conditions of equilibrium
ΣFx = 0

∴N1 sin 60 +Fs1 cos 60 –Fs2 cos 15 – N2 sin 15 =0

∴ 0.866 N1 + 0.25 x N1 x 0.5 -0.25 x N2 x 0.9659 –N2 x 0.2588 = 0(From 1)
∴ 0.991 N1 -0.5003 N2 = 0
Solving equation, no 2 and 3
N1 = 2417.0851 N
N2 = 4787.79 N
The impending motion of block B is towards left
Block B is in equilibrium. Applying the conditions of equilibrium
ΣFy = 0

∴ N3 + Fs2 sin 15 –N2 cos 15 = 0

∴N3 + 0.25N2 x 0.2588 – N2 x 0.9659 = 0
∴ N3 – 0.9012 N2 = 0
∴ N3= 0.9012 x 4787.79 = 4314.7563
Applying conditions of equilibrium
ΣFx = 0

∴ -P + Fs3 +Fs2 cos 15 +N2 sin 5 =0

∴ 0.25 N3 +0.25 N2 x 0.9659 +N2 x 0.2588 =P
∴ P = 0.25 N3 +0.5003 N2 = 0.25 X 4314.7563 + 0.5003 x 4787.79 = 3474 N

The force P required to move the block A of weight 5000 N up the inclined
plane is P=3474 N
Q 5c) Determine the tension in a cable BC shown in fig by virtual work method.
(6 marks)

Given: F=3500 N
ϴ = 50o

Length of rod = 3.75 mm + 1.5 mm = 5.25 mm

To find : Tension in cable BC

Solution:
Let rod AB have a small virtual angular displacement θ in the clockwise direction
No virtual work will be done by the reaction force RA since it is not an active force
Assuming weight of rod to be negligible
Let A be the origin and dotted line through A be the X-axis of the system

Active force(N) Co-ordinate of the point of Virtual displacement

action along the force
3500 Y co-ordinate of 𝛿yD=3.75cos θ𝛿θ
D=yD=3.75sin θ
Tcos30 X co-ordinate of 𝛿xB=-5.25sin θ𝛿θ
B=xB=5.25cos θ
 Tsin30 Y co-ordinate of 𝛿yB=5.25cos θ𝛿θ
B=yB=5.25sin θ

By principle of virtual work :

-3500 x yd -Tsin 30 x yB -Tcos 30 x xB =0

-3500(3.75cos θ𝛿 θ) – Tsin30(5.25cos θ𝛿 θ) -Tcos30(-5.25sin θ 𝛿 θ) = 0

Putting value of θ = 50o and dividing the above equation by 𝛿 θ

(-3500 x 3.75cos50) – (Tsin30 x 5.25 cos50) + (Tcos30 x 5.25 sin50) = 0

5.25T(-sin30.cos50 + cos30.sin 50) = 3500 x 3.75 cos 50

3500 ∗ 3.75𝑐𝑜𝑠50
T=
5.25(cos 30.𝑠𝑖𝑛50−𝑠𝑖𝑛30.𝑐𝑜𝑠50

3500 ∗ 3.75𝑐𝑜𝑠50
=
5.25𝑠𝑖𝑛20

= 4698.4631 N

The tension in the cable BC is 4698.4631 N

Q 6a) A 500 N Crate kept on the top of a 15 sloping surface is pushed down the plane with
an initial velocity of 20m/s. If µs = 0.5 and µk = 0.4, determine the distance travelled by
the block and the time it will take as it comes to rest. (5 marks)

Given: Weight of crate = 500 N

Initial velocity(u) = 20 m/s
µs = 0.5
µk = 0.4
θ = 15o
Final velocity (v) = 0 m/s

To find: Distance travelled by the block

Time it will take before coming to rest

Solution:
𝑊
Mass (M) =
𝑔

500
=
9.81
 =50.9684 kg
Normal reaction (N) on the crate = 500 cos 15
Kinetic friction (Fk) = µk x N
= 0.4 x 500cos 15
= 193.1852 N
Let T be the force down the incline
Taking forces towards right of the crate as positive and forces towards left as negative
T + Fk = 500sin15
∴ T = 500sin15 – 193.1852
∴ T = -63.7756 N
By Newton’s second law of motion
a = F/m
−63.7756
∴a= = -1.2513 m/s2
50.9684

Using kinematical equation:

v2 = u2 +2as
∴ 0 = 202 – 2 x 1.2513 x s
∴ s = 159.8366 m
Using kinematical equation:
v = u + at
∴ 0= 20 – 1.2513t
∴ t = 15.9837 s

∴ Distance travelled by the block before stopping = 159.8366 m

∴ Time taken by the block before stopping = 15.9847 s
Q.6b)Derive the equation of path of a projectile and hence show that equation of path of
projectile is a parabolic curve. (5 marks)
SSS

Solution :

Let us assume that a projectile is fired with an initial velocity u at an angle θ with the horizontal.
Let t be the time of flight.
Let x be the horizontal displacement and y be the vertical displacement.

HORIZONTAL MOTION :

In the horizontal direction,the projectile moves with a constant velocity.

Horizontal component of initial velocity u is u.cosθ

Displacement = velocity x time

x = u.cosθ x t
𝑥
t=
𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
 VERTICAL MOTION OF PROJECTILE:

In the vertical motion,the projectile moves under gravity and hence this is an accelerated motion.
Vertical component of initial velocity u = u.sinθ
Using kinematics equation :
1
s = uyt + x a x t2
2

𝑥 1 𝑥
y = usinθ x - xgx( )2
𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 2 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠θ

𝒈𝒙𝟐
y = xtanθ -
𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝛉

This is the equation of the projectile

This equation is also the equation of a parabola
Thus, proved that path traced by a projectile is a parabolic curve .

Q.6c)A particle is moving in X-Y plane and it’s position is defined by

𝟑 𝟐
̅̅̅=
𝒓 ( t2)𝒊̅+ ( t3)𝒋̅ .Find radius of curvature when t=2sec. (5 marks)
𝟐 𝟑

Solution :
3 2
𝑟 = ( t2)𝑖̅+ ( t3)𝑗̅
Given : ̅
2 3

To find : Radius of curvature at t = 2sec.

Solution :
Differentiating 𝑟̅ w.r.t to t
𝑑𝑟̅ 3 2
= 𝑣̅ = ( x 2t)𝑖̅+ ( x 3t2)𝑗̅
𝑑𝑡 2 3

𝑣̅ = 3t𝑖̅ + 2t2 𝑗̅
Once again differentiating w.r.t to t
𝑑 𝑣̅
= 𝑎̅ = 3𝑖̅ + 4t𝑗̅
𝑑𝑡
 𝑎̅ = 3𝑖̅ +4t𝑗̅
At t=2s
𝑣̅ = (3 x 2) 𝑖̅ +(2x 22) 𝑗̅
= 6𝑖̅ + 8𝑗̅
𝑎̅ = 3𝑖̅ + (4 x 2)𝑗̅
=3𝑖̅ + 8𝑗̅

v = |𝑣̅ | = √62 + 82
=10 m/s
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎̅ x 𝑣̅ = 3 8 0
6 8 0
= i(0-0) -j(0-0) + k(24-48)
= -24k
|𝑎̅ x 𝑣̅ | = 24

𝒗𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟑
Radius of curvature = |𝑎̅ ̅|
=
x𝑣 𝟐𝟒

=41.6667 m

Radius of curvature at t=2 s is 41.6667 m

Q.6 d) A Force of 100 N acts at a point P(-2,3,5)m has its line of action passing through
Q(10,3,4)m. Calculate moment of this force about origin (0,0,0). (5 marks)

Solution :

Given: O = (0,0,0)
 P= (4.5, -2)
Q= (-3,1,6)
A= (3,2,0)
F=100 N

To find : Moment of the force about origin

Solution:
Let 𝑝̅ and 𝑞̅be the position vectors of points P and Q with respect to the origin O
̅̅̅̅ = -2𝑖̅ +3𝑗̅ + 5𝑘̅
∴ 𝑂𝑃
̅̅̅̅̅= 10𝑖̅ +3𝑗̅+ 4𝑘̅
∴𝑂𝑄

∴̅̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 = ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅ = (10𝑖̅ +3𝑗̅ +4𝑘̅) – (-2𝑖̅ +3𝑗̅ +5𝑘̅)
𝑂𝑄 -𝑂𝑃
̅
= 12𝒊̅ – 𝒌

∴ ⃓ PQ ⃓ = √122 + (−1) 2 = √145

̅
⏞ = ̅̅̅̅̅
Unit vector along PQ = 𝑃𝑄
𝑃𝑄 𝟏𝟐𝒊̅ – 𝒌
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ =
| 𝑃𝑄 | √145

𝟏𝟐𝒊̅ – 𝒌 ̅
Force along PQ = ̅𝐹 = 100 x
√145

Moment of F about O =̅̅̅̅̅

𝑂𝑃 x 𝐹̅

100
𝑖̅ 𝑗̅ 𝑘̅
= x −2 3 5
√145
12 0 −1
̅)
= 8.3045 ( -3𝑖̅ + 58𝑗̅ − 36– 𝒌
= -24.9135𝑖̅ + 481.661𝑗̅– 298.962𝑘̅ Nm

̅ Nm
Moment of the force = -24.9135𝒊̅ + 481.661𝒋̅– 298.962𝒌