GROUP 1

MEDICAL DISPLAY -A monitor that meets the high demands of medical imaging.

-automated compliance with DICOM and other medical

standards.

-can go to 1,000 cd/m² or more but more importantly, their

luminance output remains steady over time.

Their display form factor allows viewing of multiple modalities

(both color and grayscale) on a single screen, enabling side-by-

MULTI-MODALITY IMAGING
side comparisons and image fusions in no time, without

switching displays.

According to a study by The Marketech Group, 87% of

radiologists experience some form of physical discomfort when

ERGONOMIC READING
reading images.

To-fit capability in many medical screens makes reading more

efficient and ergonomic as well.

DISPLAY WORKSTATION Any computer that a health care worker uses to view a digital

image.

1. High-resolution (2.5 × 2 K) liquid crystal display (LCD) for

primary diagnosis at the radiology department

 FOUR TYPES OF DISPLAY 2. Medium-resolution (2000 × 1600 or 1600 × 1K) LCD for

primary diagnosis of sectional images and at the hospital wards

WORKSTATIONS CATEGORIZED BY

THEIR RESOLUTIONS: 3. Physician desktop workstation (1K × 768) LCD, and

4. Hard copy workstations for printing images on film or paper.

DIAGNOSTIC MONITOR DISPLAYS- are specialized instruments

that offer a range of features not typically found in

commercial-grade displays.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT- The brain of the computer.

DISPLAY WORKSTATION TOOLS:
-main core chip in the computer that carries out all the tasks

and instructs all other components on what functions they

have to perform.

KEYBOARD- Often used as an input device to interact with the

system.

PRINTER- It provides tangible output of medical images for

various purposes, including diagnosis, patient records, and

communication among healthcare.

GROUP 2
 Two-dimensional representation of medical

Images that are used for diagnostic purposes.

Visual representation of the internal structures of the human

2D DISPLAY body captured through various imaging modalities such as

xray, computed tomography (ct), magnetic resonance imaging

(mri), ultrasound, and

Nuclear medicine.

Visualization of medical images in three dimensions, providing

a more realistic and detailed representation of anatomical

structures.

3D DISPLAY Allows healthcare professionals to view and analyze medical

data in a more intuitive and immersive manner, enhancing

their ability to diagnose and treat various conditions.

Enhanced Visualization

3D display provides a more comprehensive view of anatomical

structures, allowing healthcare

professionals to better understand the spatial

relationships between different organs and tissues

BENEFITS OF 3D DISPLAY IN
 MEDICAL IMAGING Improved Diagnosis

By visualizing medical images in 3D, subtle

abnormalities or pathologies that may be missed in 2D images

can be detected more easily.

Patient Education

3D display technology enables healthcare

professionals to explain complex medical

conditions or treatment plans to patients in a more

accessible and understandable way.

Allows users to visualize three-dimensional scalar fields.

This is important for any industry that produces 3D Data sets

3D VOLUME RENDERING for analysis, including physics,

Medicine, disaster preparedness, and more.

Type of data visualization technique that creates a three-

dimensional representation of data. Ct and MRI data are

USE OF VOLUME RENDERING:
frequently visualized with volume rendering in addition to

other reconstructions and slices

3D VOLUME RENDERING Ray Casting

It provides results of very high quality, usually

METHODS CAN BE GROUPED
considered to provide the best image quality.
INTO 4 CATEGORIES:

Resampling or shear warp

n this technique, the viewing transformation is

transformed such that the nearest face of the

volume becomes axis aligned with an offscreen image data

buffer with a fixed scale of

voxels to pixels.

Texture Slicing

In this technique, the user slices through the

volume to acquire the right information at each

point .

Splatting

The splatting method renders less accurately

than techniques such as ray casting, but also

works more quickly

technique used to represent the propagation of

electromagnetic (optical) wavefronts through a system.

RAY-TRACING
Astronomy Ray Tracing

Is being increasingly used in astronomy to simulate realistic

OTHER USES: images of the sky.

Radio SIgnals

traces radio signals, modeled as rays, through the ionosphere

where they are refracted and/or reflected back to the Earth.

Ocean Acoustics

used to calculate the path of sound through

the ocean up to very large distances, as well

as reflections and refractions off the ocean

surface and bottom.

Optical Design

used in the design of lenses and optical systems, such as in

cameras, microscopes, telescopes, and binoculars.

Seismology

geophysicists use ray tracing to aid in earthquake location and

tomographic reconstruction of the

Earth's interior.

Plasma Physics

Another way of computing the propagation of waves in the

 plasma medium is by using Ray tracing method.

A computer-generated environment with scenes and objects

that appear to be real, making the user feel they are immersed
VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGY
in their surroundings.

Virtual reality provides opportunities for healthcare providers

to educate patients more effectively.

VR IN HEALTHCARE
Medical Training and Simulation.

Pain Management.

Physical Rehabilitation.
EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF Exposure Therapy.

VIRTUAL Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Treatment.

Social Skills Training for Autism.

REALITY (VR) IN HEALTHCARE:
Medical Imaging and Visualization.

Stroke Rehabilitation.

GROUP 3

It refers to the overall design of a computer network. It is how

 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE network devices and services are structured to serve the

connectivity needs of client devices

Refer to a group of interconnected networks often spanning

large distances. Its network architecture will be vastly different

WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WAN)
from that of a local Area network (lan) of a smaller office

branch.

1. PEER-TO-PEER ARCHITECTURE- A model in which each

user shares the same capabilities, such as query, add,

and update, and any party can initiate a communication

session

TYPES OF NETWORK
2. CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE- All devices in the
ARCHITECTURE
network, called “clients, ” are connected to a central

hub, called a “server.” The server handles the bulk of

the network operations – data storage, processing of

client requests, cybersecurity, and access control.

1. HARDWARE- These are the equipment that forms the

components of a network, such as user devices

(laptops, computers, mobile phones), routers, servers,

and gateways.

2. TRANSMISSION MEDIA- It refers to the physical

 connections between the hardware devices on a

network.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN They come in two forms: wired and wireless.

Wired media involves physical cables for connection.

Wireless media, on the other hand,

relies on microwave or radio signals.

3. PROTOCOLS- Protocols are the rules and models that

govern how data transfers between devices in a

network.

4. TOPOLOGY- Topology is the structure of the network.

This is important because factors like distance between

network devices will affect how fast data can reach its

destination, impacting performance.

It refers to the arrangement or layout of interconnected

devices, nodes, and links within a computer network.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY It plays a crucial role in determining how data is transmitted,

 shared, and managed within a network.

1) BUS TOPOLOGY- In a bus topology, all devices are

connected to a single central cable or "bus

COMMON TYPES OF NETWORK Function: It is simple and cost-effective but can suffer from

TOPOLOGIES performance issues as network size grows.

2) STAR TOPOLOGY- In a star topology, all devices are

connected to a central hub or switch.

Function: Offers easy management, high reliability, and

scalability but can be more expensive due to the central hub

3) RING TOPOLOGY- In a ring topology, each device is

connected to exactly two other devices, forming a

closed loop,

Function: Ensures data integrity, but network interruptions can

be problematic as a break in the ring can disrupt

communication.

4) MESH TOPOLOGY- In a mesh topology, every device is

 connected to every other device in the network.

Function: Provides redundancy and high reliability, making it

suitable for critical applications, but can be expensive and

complex to set up

5) HYBRID TOPOLOGY- A combination of two or more

different topologies.

Function: Offers flexibility to meet specific network

requirements, balancing the advantages and disadvantages of

different topologies.

6) TREE TOPOLOGY- A tree network is similar to a

hierarchical structure with a central root node and

successive branching nodes. This topology is commonly

used in wide area networks (WANs) and internet

infrastructure

NETWORK TOPOLOGY CAN HAVE Telemedicine and Telehealth

Electronic Health Records (EHR)

SEVERAL APPLICATIONS IN THE
Medical Imaging
MEDICAL FIELD,
 Health Information Exchange

Remote Monitoring Devices

CONTRIBUTING TO THE
Research and Collaboration
IMPROVEMENT OF HEALTHCARE
Emergency Response
SERVICES AND PATIENT
Pharmacy and Medication Management
OUTCOMES IN VARIOUS WAYS:
Patient Information Security

Training and Education

It refers to the rules and standards that govern the

communication between devices on a network.

NETWORK PROTOCOL
Enable devices to interact with another device because of

predetermined rules built into devices' software and hardware.

NETWORK STRUCTURE It refers to the arrangement and organization of components in

a network.

SYSTEM COMPONENTS It refers to the different physical and logical elements that

make up a network

These are the physical devices that connect and transmit data

within the network.

1) NETWORK DEVICES

Examples: routers, switches, hubs, gateways, bridges, and

access points.

These are the physical cables that connect devices in the

 network.

2) NETWORK CABLES
Common types of network cables include Ethernet cables fiber

optic cables and coaxial cables.

These are the ports and connectors on devices that allow them

to connect to the network.

3) NETWORK INTERFACES

Examples: Ethernet ports, USB ports and wireless interfaces.

These are the rules and standards that govern how data is

transmitted and received within the network.

4) NETWORK PROTOCOLS Examples: TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and FTP (File

Transfer Protocol).

These are the central devices in a network that provide

services or resources to other devices.

5) NETWORK SERVERS

Examples: file servers, web servers, email servers and domain

controllers.

These are the devices or software applications that connect to

a network to access resources or services.

 6) NETWORK CLIENTS Examples: desktop computers, laptops, smartphones and web

browsers.

These are devices that secure and protect the network from

unauthorized access attacks and threats.

7) NETWORK SECURITY Examples: firewalls, antivirus software, intrusion detection

DEVICES systems, and virtual private networks (VPNs).

These are software applications or systems used to monitor

control and manage the network.

8) NETWORK MANAGEMENT

TOOLS Examples: network monitoring tools, configuration

management tools and performance analysis tools.

1) ENHANCED CONNECTIVITY

- It allows for real-time data sharing communication

and collaboration ultimately improving patient care and

outcomes.

2) DATA INTEGRATION AND MANAGEMENT

-This promotes centralized data management making it

USE OF NETWORK STRUCTURE easier to access and analyze patient information

leading to more accurate diagnoses and personalized

AND SYSTEM
treatment plans.
COMPONENTS IN THE MEDICAL 3) TELEMEDICINE AND REMOTE MONITORING

-This allows doctors to remotely assess and treat

FIELD:
patients monitor vital signs and provide health

guidance especially in rural or underserved areas

4) DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

-These systems can assist in clinical decision-making

medication management and patient safety ultimately

improving the quality of care.

5) SECURE DATA EXCHANGE

-In the medical field maintaining data security and

privacy is of utmost importance

6) SCALABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY

-This enables healthcare organizations to adjust to

evolving needs and ensure that critical processes

continue to run smoothly

GROUP 4

Refers to the process of sharing and transmitting medical

image data among healthcare professionals, medical

MEDICAL IMAGE DISTRIBUTION
institutions, and various stakeholders involved in patient care.

NETWORKS AND A NETWORK refers to a collection of interconnect devices that

can communicate and share resources with each other.

COMMUNICATION
Networks can be local (LAN) or wide area (WAN) and can be
 wired or wireless.

COMMUNICATION is the process of exchanging information,

messages, or data between individuals, devices, or systems.

MEDICAL IMAGE DISTRIBUTION, Medical image distribution, networks, and communication

involve the transfer and sharing of medical images and related

NETWORKS AND
data among healthcare providers, specialists, and institutions
COMMUNICATION for diagnosis, treatment and research purposes.

(MEDICAL IMAGE DISTRIBUTION, Medical imaging involves capturing images of the human body

NETWORKS AND COMMUNICATION) using techniques such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT),

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, or positron

MEDICAL DISTRIBUTION emission tomography (PET).

Specialized networks are used to facilitate the transmission of

medical images. Picture Archiving and Communication Systems

NETWORKS IN MEDICAL IMAGE
(PACS) are dedicated networks that store, retrieve, distribute,
DISTRIBUTION: and display medical images.

PACS networks are designed to handle large volumes of data

and ensure the secure and timely delivery of images to

authorized recipients.

COMMUNICATION IN MEDICAL Communication systems in medical image distribution are

crucial for healthcare providers to exchange information, seek

IMAGE
consultations, and coordinate patient care.
 DISTRIBUTION:

INTEROPERABILITY AND Medical image distribution relies on interoperability between

different imaging systems, devices, and software to ensure

STANDARDS:
seamless communication and sharing

Medical image distribution networks and communication

systems must prioritize security and privacy to protect patient

information. Encryption, authentication, and access controls

SECURITY AND PRIVACY: are implemented to prevent unauthorized access, tampering,

or interception of medical images during transmission.

REMOTE ACCESS AND Medical image distribution networks enable remote access to

imaging studies, allowing healthcare providers, radiologists,

COLLABORATION:
and specialists to review and interpret images from various

locations.

(MEDICAL IMAGE DATA TRANSFER) 1. Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

2. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine

(DICOM)
THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS

USED FOR MEDICAL IMAGE DATA 3. Health Information Exchange (HIE)

TRANSFER:
4. Cloud-based image sharing platforms

PICTURE ARCHIVING AND PACS is a widely used technology in healthcare that enables

the storage, retrieval, sharing, and distribution of medical

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM (PACS) images.

DIGITAL IMAGING AND Standard for transmitting, storing, printing, and displaying

medical images.
COMMUNICATIONS IN MEDICINE

(DICOM)

Enables the exchange of patient information, including medical

images, between different healthcare entities.

HEALTH INFORMATION EXCHANGE

(HIE)

CLOUD-BASED IMAGE SHARING With the advent of cloud computing, many healthcare

organizations are adopting cloud-based platforms for storing

PLATFORMS
and sharing medical images. These platforms provide secure

storage, accessibility, and sharing capabilities, allowing

healthcare providers to collaborate remotely.

Refer to the various services and tools provided over the

internet that enable users to access, retrieve, share, and

interact with information, resources, and other individuals.

These services play a fundamental role in allowing users to

browse websites, communicate with others, transfer data,

conduct transactions, and perform numerous online activities.

INTERNET SERVICES Examples of internet services are the following:

World wide web (www)

 Electronic mail (email)

File transfer protocol (ftp)

Instant messaging (im)

Social media

Here are the functions of internet services in the distribution of

medical image data:

Picture archiving and communication system (pacs)

Teleradiology

Virtual consultations and telemedicine

Cloud-based medical image sharing

(INTERNET SERVICES) PACS is a medical imaging technology that allows healthcare

providers to store, retrieve, and distribute medical images

electronically.

PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM (PACS) PACS systems are often integrated into hospitals and

healthcare facilities and are accessed through web-based

interfaces.

Teleradiology is the practice of remotely interpreting radiology

images, such as X-rays, CT scans, or mris, using

telecommunication technology.
 TELERADIOLOGY
With internet services, radiologists can securely transmit

medical images to specialists located in different geographical

areas for interpretation and consultation.

Teleradiology services heavily depend on reliable and fast

internet connections to transfer large image files to ensure

timely diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Internet services enable virtual consultations and

telemedicine, where medical professionals and patients can

VIRTUAL CONSULTATIONS AND
connect remotely via video conferencing platforms.
TELEMEDICINE
These platforms provide secure storage, accessibility, and

sharing capabilities, allowing healthcare providers to

collaborate remotely.
CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL IMAGE

SHARING: Images can be uploaded to the cloud and accessed by

authorized users from anywhere using a web browser or

dedicated applications.

Play a vital role in the efficient and secure transfer of medical

image data. These services enable the sharing, storage, and

INTERNET SERVICES
remote access of medical images, supporting timely diagnoses,
 consultations, and collaborations among healthcare

professionals.

GROUP 5

Refers to the process of transferring medical images from one

location to another.

MEDICAL IMAGE This can involve sending images from imaging centers to

DISTRIBUTION hospitals or clinics, sharing images between healthcare

professionals for consultation or second opinions, or archiving

images for long-term storage.

1. LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LAN)

- LANs are used within a single facility or campus to

NETWORKS USED FOR connect devices and enable fast and reliable image

MEDICAL IMAGE transfer.

- In a healthcare setting, LANs are commonly used to

DISTRIBUTION: connect imaging modalities (such as MRI machines or

CT scanners) to picture archiving and communication

systems (PACS) for immediate access to images.

2. WIDE AREA NETWORKS (WAN)

- used to connect multiple LANs across different

 locations.

- enable image sharing between healthcare facilities

that may be geographically dispersed

3. INTERNET-BASED NETWORKS

- allow healthcare professionals to securely exchange

medical images across different organizations and

geographical locations.

Internet has revolutionized medical image distribution

by providing a global platform for sharing images

1) Digital Imaging & Communications in Medicine

(DICOM)

- is the industry-standard protocol for the transmission

of medical images and related information.

It defines a set of rules for formatting, storing,

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS transmitting, and displaying medical images across

FOR MEDICAL IMAGE different devices and systems.

DISTRIBUTION
2) Health Level Seven (HL7)
 - is a set of international standards for the exchange,

integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health

information.

While DICOM focuses on medical imaging data, HL7

complements it by providing a framework for

exchanging clinical and administrative data between

different healthcare systems.

3) TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/ internet

protocol)

- is the foundational protocol suite used for

communication over the internet. It provides reliable,

end-to-end data transmission between networked

devices.

TCP/IP is widely used in medical image distribution to

ensure secure and error-free transfer of images over

the internet.

1) PACS (PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM

- is a web-based application that allows healthcare

 professionals to store, retrieve, and view medical

images.
WEB APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL

IMAGING: 2) RIS (RADIOLOGY INFORMATION SYSTEM)

- is a web-based application that manages patient

information, appointment scheduling, and image

tracking.

3) EHR (ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORD)

- is a web-based application that stores and manages

patient health information, including medical imaging

results.

In a client/server-based system, images are sent directly to the

archive server after acquisition and are centrally located.

CLIENT/ SERVER DISTRIBUTED

COMPUTING IN MEDICAL The display workstation functions as a client of the archive

IMAGING: server and accesses images based on a centralized worklist

that is generated at the archive server.

1. Improved accessibility: Web applications and web services

enable healthcare professionals to access medical images and

related information from any location with an internet

 connection.

2. Enhanced collaboration: Web applications and web services

facilitate collaboration among healthcare professionals,

enabling them to share medical images and related

information in real-time.

BENEFITS OF WEB APPLICATIONS,

3. Increased efficiency: Web applications and web services
WEB SERVICES, AND
automate many tasks, improving the efficiency of medical
CLIENT/SERVER DISTRIBUTED imaging analysis and interpretation.

COMPUTING IN MEDICAL
4. Improved accuracy: Client/server distributed computing
IMAGING:
applications, such as CAD and image analysis, improve the

accuracy of medical imaging analysis and interpretation.

ENTERPRISE COMPUTING Refers to the use of advanced technologies and systems to

manage and analyze medical data within a healthcare

organization.

One of the key aspects of enterprise computing for medical

informatics is electronic health records (EHR).

EHRs are digital versions of patients' medical records that

contain comprehensive information about their health history,

diagnoses, medications, lab results, and more.

HIS encompasses a wide range of software applications and

technologies designed to capture, store, process, and transmit

health-related information securely.

These systems include ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD (EMR)

software, PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATION

SYSTEMS (PACS), LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEMS (LIS),

PHARMACY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, and more.