7.

0 MATRICES

7.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATRIX

 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

 The numbers in the array are called the entries in the matrix.

 SIZE : The size of matrix is described in terms of the number of rows (horizontal) and
columns (vertical) it contains.

 A general 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix as
𝑎11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
𝐴=( ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ )
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

 Size/dimension of matrix = no of rows (m)  no of columns (n) = m  n

1 2
(i) (3 0) size : 3 × 2 (read as 3 by 2)
−1 4

(ii) (2 1 0 −3) size : 1  4 (row matrix)

𝑒 𝜋 −√2
(iii) (0 1/2 1 ) size : 3  3 (square matrix)
0 0 0

(iv)
2
( ) size : 2  1 (column matrix)
1

7.1.1 Types of matrices

Square Matrix 7 8 9
2 3
( ) (−1 6 5)
4 5
3 0 4
a square matrix of a square matrix
of order 2 × 2 order 3 × 3

Triangular Matrix 1 0 0 7 8 9
(2 3 0) (0 6 5)
4 5 6 0 0 4
Lower triangular Upper triangular matrix
matrix

Diagonal Matrix 1 0 0
(0 3 0)
0 0 2
 Identity Matrix 1 0 0
1 0
𝐼2 = ( ) , 𝐼3 = (0 1 0)
0 1
0 0 1

Zero Matrix/ Null Matrix (0 0 0 0 0 0

0), ( ), ( )
0 0 0 0 0

Column Matrix / Row Matrix −1

( 4 ) Column matrix has only one column
2

(0 3 −2 1) Row matrix has only one row

Symmetric Matrix 0 4 5
−1 3
( ) , (4 7 8)
3 4
5 8 3

Equality of matrices

If 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] and 𝐵 = [𝑏𝑖𝑗 ] have the same size, then 𝐴 = 𝐵 if and only if [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ] = [𝐵𝑖𝑗 ] or
equivalently 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑏𝑖𝑗 for all i and j.

Example 1
2 1 𝑦 𝑧 𝐴=𝐵
If 𝐴 = 𝐵, where 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ),
3 𝑥 3 5
find 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧. 2 1 𝑦 𝑧
( )=( )
3 𝑥 3 5

Hence, 𝑥 = 5, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑧 = 1.

Transpose of a matrix

Transpose of matrix 𝐴 written as 𝐴𝑇 is a matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns in
𝐴.
Example 2

Find the transpose of the following matrices

1 −5 2 1 3 −1
i. 𝐴 = ( 3 2 4) 𝐴𝑇 = (−5 2 0)
−1 0 7 2 4 7

−1 3
−1 4 2
ii. 𝐵 = ( ) 𝐵𝑇 = ( 4 −1)
3 −1 5
2 5
0
𝑅𝑇 = ( )
iii. 𝑅 = (0 8) 8
7.1.2 Basic operation of matrices

MATRIX ADDITION OR SUBSTRACTION 4 3 2 −1

𝐴=( ) ,𝐵 =( )
5 2 8 0
 The matrices must be the same size.
 𝐴𝑚×𝑛 ± 𝐵𝑚×𝑛 a. 𝐴 + 𝐵
b. 𝐴 − 𝐵

SCALAR MULTIPLICATION 2 4 3
𝐴=( )
−7 5 0
3

𝑘𝐴 where 𝑘 is a scalar. 4 8 6 1 1 2
2

𝑘𝐴 is the matrix obtained by 2𝐴 = ( ) , 𝐴 = (−7 5 )
−14 10 0 2 0
multiplying each entry of the matrix 𝐴 2 2
by 𝑘.
MATRIX MULTIPLICATION 4 1 4 3
1 2 4
If 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = (0 −1 3 1) ,
2 6 0 2×3
 Matrix multiplication is the 2 7 5 2 3×4
multiplication of two matrices. Find 𝐴𝐵.
 Matrix multiplication is defined only if
the number of columns in the first
matrix is equal to the number of rows
in the second matrix
𝐴𝑚×𝑝 𝐵𝑝×𝑛 = 𝐶𝑚×𝑛
 Both matrices NEED NOT be the same
size.

Example 3
4 1 4 3
1 2 4
If 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = (0 −1 3 1) , Find 𝐴𝐵.
2 6 0 2×3
2 7 5 2 3×4
Solution
4 1 4 3
1 2 4
𝐴𝐵 = ( ) (0 −1 3 1)
2 6 0
2 7 5 2
1(4) + 2(0) + 4(2) 1(1) + 2(−1) + 4(7) 1(4) + 2(3) + 4(5) 1(3) + 2(1) + 4(2)
=( )
2(4) + 6(0) + 0(2) 2(1) + 6(−1) + 0(7) 2(4) + 6(3) + 0(5) 2(3) + 6(1) + 0(2)
12 27 30 13
=( )
8 −4 26 12
Example 4
2 7 6 3
Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ]. Find 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐴.
−5 4 4 −9
Solution
2 7 6 3
𝐴𝐵 = ( )( )
−5 4 4 −9
2(6) + 7(4) 2(3) + 7(−9)
= ( )
−5(6) + 4(4) −5(3) + 4(−9)
40 −57
= ( )
−14 −51
6 3 2 7
𝐵𝐴 = ( )( )
4 −9 −5 4
6(2) + 3(−5) 6(7) + 3(4)
= ( )
4(2) + (−9)(−5) 4(7) + (−9)4
−3 54
= ( )
53 −8
Exercise 1

1. Find the following matrix multiplication.

1 0 6 1
i. ( )( )
2 −1 −2 4

6 1
Ans: ( )
14 −2

6 1 1 0
ii. ( )( )
−2 4 2 −1

8 −1
Ans: ( )
6 −4

2
iii. (3) (−1 1 6 2)
0

−2 2 12 4
Ans: (−3 3 18 6)
0 0 0 0

2 −3 0 1 0
iv. ( )( )
−1 1 −1 2 −1

Ans: is undefined
 1 0 2 −3 0
v. ( )( )
2 −1 −1 1 −1

2 −3 0
Ans: ( )
5 −7 1

3 3 1 −1
vi. ( )( )
4 4 −1 1

0 0
Ans: = ( )
0 0

7 −6 2𝑥
2. Find the values of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 if 𝐴 = (𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 ) is a symmetric matrix.
𝑥 −2 5
7.2 DETERMINANT OF MATRICES

If a matrix is square, then we can assign to it a number called its determinant denoted as
det (𝐴) or |𝐴|. Determinants can be used to solve system of linear equations.

7.2.1 Determinant of a 𝟐 × 𝟐 matrix

𝑎 𝑏
Let 𝐴 = ( ). The determinant of the 2 × 2 matrix 𝐴 is
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
det(𝐴) = |𝐴| = | | = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
where 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0. If |𝑨| = 0, then 𝐴 is a singular matrix and if |𝑨| ≠ 0, then 𝐴 is a non-singular
matrix.

Example 5

Find the determinant of the following matrices

Matrix Determinant

2 5 2 5
i. 𝐴 = ( ) |𝐴| = | |
4 7 4 7

= 2(7) − 4(5)

= 14 − 20

= −6
|𝐴| ≠ 0 , 𝐴 is a non-singular matrix.

1 2
ii. 𝐵 = ( )
0 3

2 3 |𝑃| = |2 3
iii. 𝑃 = ( ) |
4 6 4 6

= 2(6) − 4(3) = 12 − 12 = 0

|𝑃| = 0 , 𝑃 is a singular matrix.

7.2.2 Determinant of a 3× 𝟑 matrix.

7.2.2.1 Diagonal expansion

3 × 3  SARRUS’ RULE /DIAGONAL EXPANSION

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
Let 𝐴 = ( 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12

𝑎
| 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | 𝑎21 𝑎22 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎32

det(𝐴) = |𝐴| = (𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 ) − (𝑎31 𝑎22 𝑎13 + 𝑎32 𝑎23 𝑎11 + 𝑎33 𝑎21 𝑎12 )
= 𝑆1 − 𝑆2

Example 6

Find the determinants of the following matrices using Sarrus rule/diagonal expansion.
1 2 −3
i. 𝐴 = (0 −2 −1) 1 2 −3 1 2
4 0 5 |0 −2 −1| 0 −2|
4 0 5 4 0
|𝐴| = [1(−2)(5) + 2(−1)4 + (3)(0)(0)] − [4(−2)(−3) + 0(−1)1 + 5(0)2]
= [−10 − 8 + 0] − [24 + 0 + 0]
= −18 − 24 = −42

3 4 1
ii. 𝐵 = (0 1 2) 3 4 1 3 4
6 5 −1 |0 1 2 |0 1|
6 5 −1 6 5

|𝐵| = (−3 + 48 + 0) − (6 + 30 + 0) = 45 − 36 = 9
7.2.2.2 Expansions by cofactors

Cofactor expansion along the jth column det(𝐴) = |𝐴| = 𝑎1𝑗 𝐶1𝑗 + 𝑎2𝑗 𝐶2𝑗 + … + 𝑎𝑛𝑗 𝐶𝑛𝑗

Cofactor expansion along the ith row det(𝐴) = |𝐴| = 𝑎𝑖1 𝐶𝑖1 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝐶𝑖2 + … + 𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑖𝑛

Before we can see how to find the determinant of a matrix using cofactor expansion, we must first
define a minor and a cofactor. Because the cofactor expansion method requires these two
mathematical operations.

Let 𝐴 be an 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrix.

i. MINOR, (𝑴𝒊𝒋 )

The minor 𝑀𝑖𝑗 of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting the
ith row and jth column of 𝐴.

ii. COFACTOR (𝑪𝒊𝒋 )

The cofactor, 𝑪𝒊𝒋 for the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is defined as

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

𝑀𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 + 𝑗 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = {
−𝑀𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑓 𝑖 + 𝑗 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

Example 7
2 3 −1
Let 𝐴 = ( 0 2 4 ). Find all the MINORS and COFACTORS for the matrix 𝐴. Hence, find the
−2 5 6
determinant of A.

𝒊+𝒋 MINORS COFACTORS

1+1=2 2 4 2 4
𝑀11 = | | = 2(6) − 4(5) 𝐶11 = | | = −8
Even number 5 6 5 6
2 3 −1 = 12 − 20
(0 2 4) = −8
−2 5 6

1+2=3 0 4 0 4
𝑀12 = | | 𝐶12 = − | | = −8
Odd number −2 6 −2 6
2 3 −1 = 0 − (−8)
(0 2 4) =8
−2 5 6

1+3=4 0 2 0 2
𝑀13 = | | = 0 − (−4) 𝐶13 = | |=4
Even number −2 5 −2 5
2 3 −1 =4
(0 2 4)
−2 5 6
 2+1=3 3 −1 3 −1
𝑀21 = | | = 18 − (−5) 𝐶21 = − | | = −23
Odd number 5 6 5 6
2 3 −1 = 23
(0 2 4)
−2 5 6
2+2=4 2 −1 2 −1
𝑀22 = | | = 12 − 2 𝐶22 = | | = 10
Even number −2 6 −2 6
2 3 −1 = 10
(0 2 4)
−2 5 6
2+3=5 2 3 2 3
𝑀23 = | | = 10 − (−6) 𝐶23 = − | | = −16
Odd number −2 5 −2 5
2 3 −1 = 16
(0 2 4)
−2 5 6
3+1=4 3 −1 3 −1
𝑀31 = | | = 12 − (−2) 𝐶31 = | | = 14
Even number 2 4 2 4
2 3 −1 = 14
(0 2 4)
−2 5 6
3+2=5 2 −1 2 −1
𝑀32 = | | 𝐶32 = − | | = −8
Odd number 0 4 0 4
2 3 −1 =8−0=8
(0 2 4)
−2 5 6
3+3=6 2 3 2 3
𝑀33 = | | 𝐶33 = | |=4
Even number 0 2 0 2
2 3 −1 =4−0=4
(0 2 4)
−2 5 6
2 3 −1
𝐴=( 0 2 4)
−2 5 6
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑐11 + 𝑎21 𝑐21 + 𝑎31 𝑐31

= 2(−8) + 0(−23) + (−2)(14)

= −16 + 0 − 28 = −44.
−8 −8 4
Matrix cofactor, 𝐶𝐴 = (−23 10 −16).
14 −8 4
***Template Cofactor
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
𝐴 = ( 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22

|𝑎 𝑎33 | − |𝑎 | |𝑎 𝑎32 |
32 31 𝑎33 31
𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12
𝐶𝐴 = −|𝑎 𝑎33 | |𝑎 | − |𝑎 𝑎32 |
32 31 𝑎33 31
𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎12
( |𝑎22 𝑎23 | − |𝑎
21 𝑎23
| |𝑎
21 𝑎22 | )
7.3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

Let 𝐴 and 𝐵 are square matrices of size 𝑛 × 𝑛.

1. |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵|

2. |𝐴𝑘 | = |𝐴|𝑘 … 𝑘 positive integer

3. |𝑐𝐴| = 𝑐 𝑛 |𝐴| … 𝑐 is a scalar

1
4. If 𝐴 is nonsingular then |𝐴−1 | = .
|𝐴|

5. |𝐴𝑇 | = |𝐴|

Example 7

Consider the matrices

1 −2 2 −1
𝐴=( ) and 𝐵 = ( ). Find
4 −1 4 0

i. |𝐴| |𝐴| = |1 −2|

4 −1

= −1 − (−8) = 7

ii. |𝐵| |𝐵| = |2 −1

|
4 0

= 0 − (−4) = 4
iii. |𝐴𝐵| 1 −2 2 −1
𝐴𝐵 = ( )( )
4 −1 4 0

−6 −1
=( )
4 −4

|𝐴𝐵| = |−6 −1
| = −6(−4) − 4(−1) = 24 + 4 = 28
4 −4

iv. |𝐴||𝐵| |𝐴||𝐵| = 7(4) = 28

v. 𝐴+𝐵 1 −2 2 −1
𝐴+𝐵 =( )+( )
4 −1 4 0

3 −3
= ( )
8 −1

vi. |𝐴 + 𝐵| |𝐴 + 𝐵| = |3 −3
| = −3 − (−24) = 21
8 −1

vii. |𝐴| + |𝐵| |𝐴| + |𝐵| = 7 + 4 = 11

**** Note that |𝐴 + 𝐵| ≠ |𝐴| + |𝐵| ****

viii. |3𝐴| 3 −6
3𝐴 = ( )
12 −3

|3𝐴| = | 3 −6|
12 −3
= −9 − 12(−6)
= 63
= 32 |𝐴|

ix. |12𝐵|
7.4 INVERSE MATRIX USING ADJOINT METHOD

If 𝐴 is a square matrix, then 𝐴 has an inverse if and only if det(𝐴) ≠ 0. (|𝑨| ≠ 0 means the matrix A
is non-singular). If |𝑨| = 0 then A is singular matrix and not invertible.

7.4.1 Finding an inverse of matrix

𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼

provided 𝐴 is non-singular matrix. 𝐼 is an identity matrix.

7.4.1.1 Inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix

𝑎 𝑏
Suppose 𝐴 = ( ). Then the inverse of 𝐴 is
𝑐 𝑑
1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = ( )
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
if 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 ≠ 0. (|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐)

Note: If 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0, then 𝐴 is singular or not invertible.

Example 8

Find the inverse of each of the following matrices.

5 −2 STEP 1 – find the determinant of A
i. 𝐴 = ( )
4 −2
|𝐴| = |5 −2|
4 −2

= 5(−2) − 4(−2) = −10 + 8 = −2

STEP 2 – plug in the formula of inverse for 2 × 2

1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = ( )
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

1 −2 2
= ( )
−2 −4 5

1 −1
= (2 −2 )
5

2 3
ii. 𝐵 = ( )
−1 4

ANS:
 1 4 −3
𝐵−1 = ( )
11 1 2
4 −3

= (11 11 )
1 2
11 11

3 4
iii. 𝐷 = ( )
2 2

ANS:
1 2 −4
𝐷 −1 = − ( )
2 −2 3
−1 2
=( 1 −2)
3
7.4.1.2 Inverse of a 3 × 3 matrix

Suppose 𝐴 is a 3 × 3 matrix . Then the inverse of 𝐴 is

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝐶𝐴𝑇

Example 9

1. Find the inverse of each of the following matrices.

1 1 1
i. 𝐵 = (2 4 0) 1 1 1
0 6 −5 𝐵 = (2 4 0)
0 6 −5

STEP 1 : Find cofactor matrix of matrix 𝐵

4 0 2 0 2 4
| | −| | | |
6 −5 0 −5 0 6
Ans: 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝐶𝐵 = −| | | | −| |
−10 11
−2 6 −5 0 −5 2 4
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
( |4 0| −| | | |
−1 5
𝐵 =( 5 − 2
1) 2 0 2 4 )
6 −3 1

−20 10 12
𝐶𝐵 = ( 11 −5 −6)
−4 2 2

STEP 2: Find |𝐵| using cofactor expansion

|𝐵| = 𝑏11 𝑐11 + 𝑏21 𝑐21 + 𝑏31 𝑐31

= 1(−20) + 2(11) + 0(−4)
= −20 + 22 = 2

STEP 3 : Find the transpose of 𝐶𝐵

𝐶𝐵𝑇 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐵)

−20 11 −4
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐵) = 𝐶𝐵𝑇 = ( 10 −5 2)
12 −6 2

STEP 4 : Plug in the quantities into the inverse formula using

adjoint method

1
𝐵−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐵)
|𝐵|
11
−10 −2
−1
1 −20 11 −4 2
5
𝐵 = ( 10 −5 2 ) = ( 5 −2 1)
2
12 −6 2
6 −3 1
 STEP 1 : Find cofactor matrix of matrix 𝐷
−2 1 4
ii. 𝐷 = ( 3 −2 5) −2 5 3 5 3 −2
| | −| | | |
0 1 3 1 3 0 3 0 1
1 4 −2 4 −2 1
𝐶𝐷 = − | | | | −| |
1 3 0 3 0 1
1 4 −2 4 −2 1
Ans: ( |−2 5
| −|
3 5
| |
3 −2 )
|
11 1 13
−25 25 25 −11 −9 3
−1 9 6 22 =( 1 −6 2)
𝐷 = −25 −25 25
3 2 1 13 22 1
( 25 25 25 )

STEP 2: Find |𝐷| using cofactor expansion

|𝐷| = 𝑑13 𝑐13 + 𝑑23 𝑐23 + 𝑑33 𝑐33

= 4(3) + 5(2) + 3(1)
= 25

STEP 3 : Find the transpose of 𝐶𝐷

𝐶𝐷𝑇 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐷)

−11 1 13
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐷) = 𝐶𝐷𝑇 = ( −9 −6 22)
3 2 1

STEP 4 : Plug in the quantities into the inverse formula using

adjoint method

1
𝐷 −1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐷)
|𝐷|

11 1 13
−25
1 −11 1 13 25 25
9 6
𝐷−1 = ( −9 −6 22) = −25 −25 22
25 25
3 2 1 3 2 1
( 25 25 25 )

−4 𝑥
2. Find all the values of 𝑥 such that 𝐴 = ( ) is singular.
2𝑥 −2

|𝐴| = |−4 𝑥
|=0
2𝑥 −2
8 − 2𝑥 2 = 0

𝑥2 = 4

𝑥 = ±√4 = ±2
7.5 SOLVING SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS USING INVERSE MATRIX

𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

𝐴−1 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

Example 10

Solve the system of linear equations using the inverse.

3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 24 STEP 1 – Rewrite in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵
i.
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 17
3 7 𝑥 24
( )( ) = ( )
2 5 𝑦 17

STEP 2 – Find the determinant of 𝐴

|𝐴| = |3 7
| = 3(5) − 2(7) = 15 − 14 = 1
2 5

STEP 3 – Find inverse of 𝐴, 𝐴−1

1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = ( )
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎

1 5 −7 5 −7
= ( )=( )
1 −2 3 −2 3
𝑥
STEP 4 – To get matrix 𝑋 = (𝑦), multiply the inverse matrix
𝐴, 𝐴−1 and 𝐵

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

5 −7 24
=( )( )
−2 3 17
𝑥 1
(𝑦 ) = ( )
3

Hence, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 3.

2 −1 𝑥 4
(
)( ) = ( )
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4 3 −1 𝑦 5
ii. 2 −1
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5 |𝐴| = | | = −2 − (−3) = 1
3 −1

1 −1 1 −1 1
𝐴−1 = ( )=( )
1 −3 2 −3 2

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
−1 1 4
=( )( )
−3 2 5
𝑥 1
(𝑦 ) = ( )
−2
 Hence, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = −2.

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −1 STEP 1 – Rewrite in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

iii. 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13
5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 5 1 −1 2 𝑥 −1
(4 1 1) (𝑦) = ( 13 )
5 −1 8 𝑧 5

𝐴 – coefficients matrix STEP 2 – Find cofactor matrix of 𝐴, 𝐶𝐴

𝑋 – variables matrix 1 −1 2
𝐴 = (4 1 1)
5 −1 8
𝐵 – constant matrix
1 1 4 1 4 1
**NOTE: | | −| | | |
−1 8 5 8 5 −1
−1 2 1 2 1 −1
𝐶𝐴 = − | | | | −| |
STEP 2 to STEP 5 are steps −1 8 5 8 5 −1
to find the inverse of the −1 2 1 2 1 −1
matrix. ( |1 1
| −|
4 1
| |
4
|
1 )

9 −27 −9
=( 6 −2 −4)
−3 7 5

STEP 3 – Find determinant of 𝐴, |𝐴|

|𝐴| = 𝑎21 𝑐21 + 𝑎22 𝑐22 + 𝑎23 𝑐23

= 4(6) + 1(−2) + 1(−4)
= 24 − 2 − 4 = 18

STEP 4 – Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)

𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝐶𝐴𝑇
9 6 −3
𝐶𝐴𝑇 = (−27 −2 7)
−9 −4 5

STEP 5 – Find 𝐴−1 . Substitute |𝐴| and 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) into the formula

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|

1 9 6 −3
= (−27 −2 7)
18
−9 −4 5

1 1 1
−
2 3 6
3 1 7
= −
2
−9 18
1 2 5
−2 −9
( 18
)
 STEP 6 – Find 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
1 1 1
−
2 3 6
−1
3 1 7
= −
2
−9 18
( 13 )
1 2 5 5
−2 −9
( 18
)

1 1 1
(−1)
+ 3(13) + (− )(5)
𝑥
2 6
3 1 7
(𝑦) = − (−1) + (− ) (13) + (5)
𝑧
2 9 18
1 2 5
− (−1) + (− ) (13) + (5)
( 2 9 18 )

3
=( 2 )
−1

Hence, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2 and 𝑧 = −1.

𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 1 STEP 1 – Rewrite in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

iv. 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1 1 −1 −4 𝑥 1
(2 5 −1) (𝑦) = ( 2 )
3 2 −3 𝑧 −1

STEP 2 – Find cofactor matrix of 𝐴, 𝐶𝐴

1 −1 −4
𝐴 = (2 5 −1)
3 2 −3

5 −1 2 −1 2 5
| | −| | | |
2 −3 3 −3 3 2
−1 −4 1 −4 1 −1
𝐶𝐴 = − | | | | −| |
2 −3 3 −3 3 2
−1 −4 1 −4 1 −1
( | 5 −1| −|
2 −1
| |
2 5 )
|

−13 3 −11
= (−11 9 −5 )
21 −7 7

STEP 3 – Find determinant of 𝐴, |𝐴|

|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑐11 + 𝑎21 𝑐21 + 𝑎31 𝑐31

= 1(−13) + 2(−11) + 3(21)
= 28

Ans :
𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = −1
STEP 4 – Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)

𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝐶𝐴𝑇
−13 −11 21
𝐶𝐴𝑇 = ( 3 9 −7)
−11 −5 7

STEP 5 – Find 𝐴−1 . Substitute |𝐴| and 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) into the formula

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|

1 −13 −11 21
= ( 3 9 −7)
28
−11 −5 7
−13 −11 21
28 28 28
3 9 −7
=( 28 28 28
)
−11 −5 7
28 28 28

STEP 6 – Find 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
−13 −11 21
28 28 28 1
3 9 −7
=( 28 28
)( 2 )
28
−11 −5 7 −1
28 28 28
𝑥 −2
(𝑦) = ( 1 )
𝑧 −1

Hence, 𝑥 = −2 , 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑧 = −1 .

STEP 1 – Rewrite in matrix form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵

𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 = 1
v. 2𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −2 1 2 −1 𝑥 1
−𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = −1 (2 5 1 ) (𝑦) = (−2)
−1 −2 2 𝑧 −1

STEP 2 – Find cofactor matrix of 𝐴, 𝐶𝐴

1 2 −1
𝐴=( 2 5 1)
−1 −2 2

5 1 2 1 2 5
|| −| | | |
−2 2 −1 2 −1 −2
2 −1 1 −1 1 2
𝐶𝐴 = − | | | | −| |
−2 2 −1 2 −1 −2
2 −1 1 −1 1 2
( |5 1 | −|
2 1
| |
2 5
| )
 12 −5 1
= (−2 1 0)
7 −3 1
Ans:
𝑥1 = 9, 𝑥2 = −4, 𝑥3 = 0 STEP 3 – Find determinant of 𝐴, |𝐴|
|𝐴| = 𝑎13 𝑐13 + 𝑎23 𝑐23 + 𝑎33 𝑐33
= −1(1) + 1(0) + 2(1)
=1

STEP 4 – Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)

𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝐶𝐴𝑇
12 −2 7
𝐶𝐴𝑇 = (−5 1 −3)
1 0 1

STEP 5 – Find 𝐴−1 . Substitute |𝐴| and 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) into the formula

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
|𝐴|

1 12 −2 7 12 −2 7
= (−5 1 −3 ) = ( −5 1 −3)
1
1 0 1 1 0 1

STEP 6 – Find 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
12 −2 7 1
= (−5 1 −3) (−2)
1 0 1 −1
𝑥 9
(𝑦) = (−4)
𝑧 0

Hence, 𝑥 = 9 , 𝑦 = −4 and 𝑧 = 0
TUTORIAL MATRICES

1. Given the following equation

2 𝑎 𝑎 6 3 𝑏
( )( )=( )
5 3 1 −4 𝑏 18
Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏

a=1, b=8

2. Determine if an inverse matrix exists for each of the following matrices. If an inverse exists,
find the matrix.
3 5
i. ( )
2 3
−3 5
ans: ( )
2 −3
3 5
ii. ( )
4 7
7 −5
ans: ( )
−4 3
3 −6
iii. ( )
−2 4
ans: 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

2 3 −4
iv. (0 −4 2 )
1 −1 6
−22 −14 −10
ans: 𝐴−1 = ( 2 16 −4 )
4 5 −8
1 2 3
v. (2 3 4)
1 5 6
−2⁄ 1 −1⁄
3 3
ans: 𝐴−1 = −8⁄3 1 2⁄
3
7 −1 −1
( ⁄3 ⁄3)

2 3 −4
vi. ( 1 0 −2)
−2 3 3
2 −7 −2
ans: 𝐴−1 = (1⁄3 − 2⁄3 0 )
1 −4 −1
 −1 1 2 𝑝 0 −2
3. Consider the matrix 𝐴 = (−1 0 4). Given 𝐶(𝐴) = (4 0 2 ) where 𝐶(𝐴) is the
0 2 0 4 𝑞 1
cofactor matrix of 𝐴. Compute

i. the value of p and q.

ii. the inverse of A using the adjoint method.

Ans: p=-8, q=2

|A|=4

−2 1 1
−1 0 0 1⁄
𝐴 =( 2)
1 1 1
− ⁄2 ⁄2 ⁄4

4. By using the method of matrices, solve each of the following sets of simultaneous equations.
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
(a)
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5
2 −1 𝑥 4
Ans:( )( ) = ( )
3 −1 𝑦 5
𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = −2
5𝑥 + 7𝑦 = −3
(b)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −1
5 7 𝑥 −3
Ans: ( )( ) = ( )
2 3 𝑦 −1
𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
(c)
5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2
2 −1 𝑥 1
Ans: ( )( ) = ( )
5 −2 𝑦 2
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1

3𝑝 − 5𝑞 = 7
(d)
2𝑝 − 4𝑞 = 6
3 −5 𝑝 7
Ans: ( )( ) = ( )
2 −4 𝑞 6
𝑝 = −1, 𝑞 = −2
𝑟 + 𝑠 = 11
(e)
4𝑟 − 𝑠 = 9
1 1 𝑟 11
Ans: ( )( ) = ( )
4 −1 𝑠 9
𝑟 = 4, 𝑠 = 7
 5𝑢 + 2𝑣 = 4
(f)
2𝑢 − 𝑣 = 7
5 2 𝑢 4
Ans: ( )( ) = ( )
2 −1 𝑣 7
𝑢 = 2, 𝑣 = −3

5. By using the method of matrices, solve each of the following sets of simultaneous equations,
stating the condition for the value of 𝑘 in each case.
(2𝑘 + 1)𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
(a)
(𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2
2𝑘 + 1 −1 𝑥 1
Ans: ( ) (𝑦) = ( )
𝑘−1 1 2
1 𝑘+1
𝑥= ,𝑦 = ,𝑘 ≠ 0
𝑘 𝑘

𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 = 1
(b)
𝑘𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2
1 −𝑘 𝑥 1
Ans: ( )( ) = ( )
𝑘 −4 𝑦 2
2 1
𝑥= ,𝑦 = − , 𝑘 ≠ ±2
𝑘+2 𝑘+2

6. Using the method of matrices, solve each of the following sets of equations.
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −1
(a) 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13
5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 5
1 −1 2 𝑥 −1
Ans: (4 1 1) (𝑦) = ( 13 )
5 −1 8 𝑧 5
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 1
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 1
(b) 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1
1 −1 −4 𝑥 1
Ans: (2 𝑦
5 −1) ( ) = ( 2 )
3 2 −3 𝑧 −1
𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = −1
 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 24
(c) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 17
6𝑥 − 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = −21
4 2 −1 𝑥 24
Ans: (2 3 2 ) (𝑦) = ( 17 )
6 −5 7 𝑧 −21
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 5, 𝑧 = −2

4𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 6𝑧 = −18
(d) 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −9
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 12
4 −7 6 𝑥 −18
Ans: (5 𝑦
1 −4) ( ) = ( −9 )
3 −2 3 𝑧 12
𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 12, 𝑧 = 9

7. A factory produces three types of medals for a sports championship, namely gold, silver and
bronze. The total profit obtained from the sale of 1 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medal is RM20. The
profit obtained from the sale of 1 gold and 2 bronze medals is RM13. The profit obtained from the
sale of 3 silver and 1 bronze medal RM11 more than the profit obtained from the sale of 1 gold
medal. By using 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 respectively to represent the profits obtained from the sale of 1 gold, 1
silver and 1 bronze medal respectively, obtain a matrix equation to represent the above information
given. Determine the profit obtained from the sale of each type of medal.

Ans: x = RM7, y = RM5, z = RM3

8. A school spends RM84 to purchase 100 files for its office use. A total of 𝑥 files of brand 𝐴 at a
cost of 70 sen each and 𝑦 files of a brand 𝐵 at a cost of 90 sen each were bought. Write down a
system of linear equations from the information given, and rewrite it in matrix form. Hence, using
the method of matrices, solve the linear equations to obtain the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

Ans: x = 30, y = 70
1 7 3 5 −7 1
9. If A = (0 5 2 ) and B = (−6 10 2 ), find AB.
3 0 −1 15 −21 −5
Hence, find 𝑨−1 .
8 0 0
Ans: 𝐴𝐵 = (0 8 0)
0 0 8