SJ MEPLA

User’s Manual
Version 5.0.6
June 2019

SJ Software GmbH Aachen

Dr.- Ing. Dirk Bohmann
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1 General program information...........................................................................................4

2 Program Versions and License regulation......................................................................7
2.1 Versions for installation.................................................................................................7
2.2 License regulation.........................................................................................................7
2.3 Information about the various program packages.........................................................8
2.3.1 Program package 3................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Program package 2................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Program package 1................................................................................................8
3 Start Dialogue....................................................................................................................9
3.1 Request of serial number..............................................................................................9
3.2 Online activation......................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Continue with Package X............................................................................................11
3.4 Path to license file.......................................................................................................11
3.5 License Viewer........................................................................................................... 12
3.6 Download default license file......................................................................................12
3.7 Brief introduction.........................................................................................................12
3.8 Information.................................................................................................................. 12
3.9 Purchase order........................................................................................................... 13
4 Program structure........................................................................................................... 14
4.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 14
4.2 The Program Window.................................................................................................14
4.3 Menu bar.................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.1 Start..................................................................................................................... 15
4.3.1.1 Program.........................................................................................................15
4.3.1.2 Edit................................................................................................................ 23
4.3.1.3 Archive........................................................................................................... 24
4.3.2 View..................................................................................................................... 25
4.3.3 Language............................................................................................................. 25
4.3.4 Specials............................................................................................................... 25
4.3.5 Help...................................................................................................................... 27
5 Workspaces..................................................................................................................... 27
5.1 Project information......................................................................................................27
5.2 Geometry.................................................................................................................... 27
5.3 Layers......................................................................................................................... 30
5.3.1 Structure of layers................................................................................................30
5.3.2 Structure of packages..........................................................................................31
5.3.3 Intermediate Space, Gap.....................................................................................31
5.4 Supports..................................................................................................................... 34
5.4.1 Spring support......................................................................................................34
5.4.2 Edge supports......................................................................................................34
5.4.3 Glass fixing........................................................................................................... 35
5.4.4 Spacer.................................................................................................................. 45
5.4.5 Elastic edge beam................................................................................................46
5.4.6 Elastic edge supports...........................................................................................48
5.4.7 Elastic base.......................................................................................................... 48
5.4.8 Elastic line supports.............................................................................................49
5.4.9 Bonded edges......................................................................................................50
5.5 Loads.......................................................................................................................... 51
5.5.1 Face load............................................................................................................. 51
5.5.1.1 Pressure loads...............................................................................................51
5.5.1.2 Dead weight...................................................................................................52
5.5.2 Concentrated loads..............................................................................................52
5.5.3 Impactors............................................................................................................. 53
5.5.3.1 Pendulum Impact...........................................................................................54
5.5.3.2 Extended impact model.................................................................................54
5.5.4 Temperature differences.......................................................................................55
5.5.5 Climate loads.......................................................................................................55

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5.5.6 Pressure hit.......................................................................................................... 56

5.5.7 Line loads............................................................................................................. 57
5.5.8 Load cases........................................................................................................... 57
5.5.8.1 Manual definition of load cases......................................................................59
5.5.8.2 Automated load case generation...................................................................62
5.5.9 Border Loads........................................................................................................69
5.6 Options....................................................................................................................... 70
5.6.1 General................................................................................................................ 70
5.6.2 Verification............................................................................................................ 74
5.6.3 Residual capacity.................................................................................................83
5.7 Results........................................................................................................................ 84
5.7.1 Before calculation.................................................................................................84
5.7.2 Calculation........................................................................................................... 85
5.7.3 Calculation results................................................................................................87
6 Error messages............................................................................................................... 90
7 General conditions of sale and delivery........................................................................93

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1 General program information

The dimensioning and the stress calculation of plate structures under various loads is a
standard task of the daily engineering practice. Panes varying from a rectangular form can
no more be calculated by table works or manual formula but have to be evaluated by the
method of the finite elements.
In the glass building sector all of the systems to be examined are very similar, so that the
mesh generation is almost always limited to standard geometry, for which always new
meshes have to be created. For the calculation of laminated safety glass panes generally
there was need to work with volume elements.
The bearing conditions are in most cases reduced to few variants (elastic spring-supports,
glass point fixings, edge supports). Also the evaluation of the calculation results follows the
same method (deflections, stresses, proof) and so far always explicitly has to be read out of
the finite element data.
There is hardly a possibility to calculate insulating glass units (from 2, 3 or 4 laminated glass
panes) if any pane forms shall be examined or geometrically non-linear approaches shall be
used.

Here the program SJ MEPLA applies:

All inputs, like the geometry, the bearing conditions, the kind of loads, the calculation ap-
proach or the requested output, are guided and displayed by input masks. The control and
output of the results occurs visually on a graphics surface and a calculation protocol, which
can be added to the static assessment.
Special new finite element methods allow the simple input and quick calculation of sandwich
structures (laminated safety glass), so that the entire problem can be solved at shortest time
(within a few minutes).
Thus the program is suited for dimensioning as well as also for static calculations, during
which it offers a variety of calculation possibilities:

• Automated mesh generation for straight or curved borders by the input of corner
points. The element size is preset, but may also be changed manually to increase the
accuracy of the calculation. (The user, however, is not aware of the fact that he is
working with a Finite Element Program).
• With this, any system shape including cut-offs or holes are possible

• all subsequent calculations can be made linear or geometrically non-linear (large de-
flections).
• any pane structure (e. g. of laminated safety glass) considering the stiffness of the
compound material by input of the layer order
• consideration of pre-defined bearing designs for the plate edges as well as for any
point bearing with the corresponding spring rigidities
• fully automated installation of point fixings
• several fixing types (own elements) within the pane area
• clamp fixings with circular or angular shape (usable as glass shoes)

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• down-holders with circular or angular shape

• bonded fixing without generation of holes
• specification of the bearing stiffness (sub-construction or type of the point fixings)
• optional use of springs or jointed bars at the point fixing

• applying loads directly at the fittings

• the properties of the point fixings can be stored in a database
• point supported insulating glass units with special fittings
• spacers in insulation glass (e.g. unsupported borders)
• elastic edge or line supports including contact conditions
• elastic beams acting at the borders

• elastic base
• any positioning of local springs with translation and rotation degrees
• multi-language version (German, English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Por-
tuguese, Czech and Polish)

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• calculation of stresses resulting from temperature differences given for each layer
• face loads, line loads, water pressure
• dead weight (indication by the direction of the gravity vector)
• any point loads which are automatically distributed over the given area
• calculation of insulation glass under consideration of the gas pressure laws in the in-
termediate pane space (gap) under any load (climate loads like pressure differences,
thermal expansion of the gas, external loads, pendulum impact,…)
• all loads can be combined
• calculation of load cases with any combinations of loads and accompanied safety
factors
• automated generation of load cases according to set standard
• automated design check according to preset standard using a customer edited for-
mula and evaluating by a formula interpreter
• tabular protocol of load case results

• point fixings can be calculated with contact algorithms

• Calculation of the residual load-bearing capacity of broken panes or an approximate
crack progression when a limit stress is exceeded
• dynamical calculation of the pendulum impact for single-layer glass, laminated and in-
sulation glass of any design
• the drop height of the pendulum and the impact point can be freely chosen
• enhanced Kelvin-Voigt impact model with free selectable spring- and damping values
• linear or non-linear approaches for single glass layers, laminated safety glass and
also for insulating glass units
• output of curve diagrams for forces, deflections and stresses during the impact period
for any predefined position

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• dynamically calculated pressure hits like wind blasts

• manifold evaluation possibilities in the post-processor

• stresses across the plate thickness and layer order at any point
• display of the pendulum impact in slow-motion
• output of all stress components
• display of the spring forces
• vector-plot of the principal stresses

2 Program Versions and License regulation

2.1 Versions for installation
There two different versions for installation:

1. Test-version WITHOUT printed calculations results

You can download this test-version directly from our internet homepage. You can try all
dialogue and input possibilities. As well calculations can be done, but their result won’t be
shown in the protocol. To verify stresses and deflections and so on you can use the
graphics surface, where most results can be seen.

2. Full-version

A full version is obtained after your order.

This can (depending on your order) be limited or unlimited in time.
Shipping is done via CD, E-Mail or download link.

2.2 License regulation

The program can be used by two different license regulations:

1. As “local license” coupled to one computer only

When the program is installed on one local computer, you can start it only here. Of
course all data can be stored anywhere, so also on a server.

2. As “server license” coupled to a server

If you install the program centrally on a server, you can start the program by desktop links
from any client connected to the server. The simultaneous use is controlled by a floating-
license-system and depends on the number of bought licenses.

You will get a license file, which regulates the complete licensing.

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2.3 Information about the various program packages

The program SJ MEPLA is offered in 3 different program packages.
These packages are designed for different requirements.

2.3.1 Program package 3

Package 3 is the complete version containing all program functions.

2.3.2 Program package 2

In package 2 all dynamic calculation and the residual capacity simulation are disabled.

The following can’t be chosen:

• <Impactor> in the workspace <Loads>
• <pressure hit> in the workspace <Loads>
• <Residual capacity> under <Options>

2.3.3 Program package 1

In addition to the above register cards also the application of point fixings are blocked.

- The tab sheet <point fixing> in the workspace <supports> can’t be selected.

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3 Start Dialogue
The first program call after installation will show the following starting dialogue:

3.1 Request of serial number

This button is only active in the trial version. If you have installed the trial version and start it
for the first time you need to request from us a special serial number to unlock the software.
A new dialogue pops up where your contact data is requested:

Click on <OK> to create an automated e-mail template you can directly send out:

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The same request for a serial number you can send also in any other way via e-mail.

In return you will receive an email with your serial number. With this unique number you can
unlock the software for a fortnight.
Note:
You may extend your licence for a few days, if required. In such cases please send an e-
mail.

In the Full Version this button is disabled, as after purchasing this software you will directly
receive a valid serial number automatically, without an additional request.

3.2 Online activation

After receipt of your Serial Number you can activate the software by this button.

The following dialogue will pop up:

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Please enter the Serial number you received from us.

Click on <OK> to open the next dialogue:

Click on „Activate now“ and the software will unlock automatically.

3.3 Continue with Package X

This button is only enabled if the software was successfully unlocked and if the licence is lim-
ited in time. In this case the start dialogue pops up each time you start the software showing
the remaining days for possible usage:

In case of an unlimited and valid licence (normal case) this dialogue isn’t shown any longer
and the software starts directly.

3.4 Path to license file

When the program is installed, an "empty" license template is saved in the "SJ_Lizenz_Me-
pla" license folder. This folder is created by default under "C:\Users\"UserName"\Docu-
ments\".

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If you do not want to use the default path to the license file, you can change this path here

However, this should be done before downloading a license template or before activation,
since all subsequent operations refer to the path currently set.

When installing on a server, make sure that this license folder is accessible by all users and
that they have full read/write/modify access rights.

If activation has already been carried out with the standard settings and the path to the li-
cense file is to be changed again later, the directory must be moved manually (e.g. with the
Explorer) and then the path to the new location of the license file must be redirected.

Important:

The licence depends on certain hard- and software components. If you change the path, your
license may stop working. So, first deactivate the license, then move the license directory
and then activate the license again.

3.5 License Viewer

The licence viewer is an additional dialogue showing all important information related to your
licence:

If you have problems with your licence this License Viewer may help you gathering all import-
ant information to localise the problem. If this doesn’t help, please send us a screenshot
combined with a detailed description of your problem.

3.6 Download default license file

Normally, the license template is saved in the user directory under Documents during the
program installation. If necessary, you can download a new license template into the direct-
ory previously defined with the path to the license file.

3.7 Brief introduction

This brief introduction is highly recommended as you such will get a brief compendium on the
program structure and its handling.

3.8 Information
In this pdf-file you will find general information about the software, installation, how to update
and to get support.

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3.9 Purchase order

Here the software connects to our online shop.

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4 Program structure
4.1 Introduction
The format of this manual is organised analogously to the program structure.
The single chapters correspond exactly to the dialogues and functions of the program.

4.2 The Program Window

Menu bar
The menu bar is located on top of the program window.

Workspaces
Within these workspaces 7 different entries from <Project information> to <Result> are
permanently shown.
These workspaces thereby specify the order of the work flow for setting up a project.

Projects
On the left side the projects are displayed as a tree view. New projects folder, renaming or
re-arrangements can be done directly here. Clicking the right mouse button will open a pop-
up menu.

Input area, Dialogue

This is the area in the middle of the program window. In dialogues and input boxes you can
make your corresponding entries or start further functions.

Tab sheets
A tab sheet is a dialogue which makes logical subdivisions of a workspace.
There you find for example in the workspace <supports> the tab sheets <spring support>,
<edge support>, <glass fixing>,…

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Drawing area
The drawing area on the right side of the program window will always show the defined sys-
tem. Depending upon the actual workspace and task additional information like border num-
ber, loads areas or the position of glass fixings are displayed too.

A left mouse click within this window will zoom the drawing to maximum possible size. A
second click within this window or using the ESC button will close this pop up.

Program Feedback
Within this window the program status or error messages during calculation are reported.

4.3 Menu bar

The Menu bar can permanently be opened by double-click on one of the listed menu items
(Start, View, Language,…). A second double click will again close this permanent view.

Such the possible space within the program window will be enlarged, so that this permanent
option should only be used temporarily.

4.3.1 Start
4.3.1.1 Program
4.3.1.1.1 Settings

General

On hardcopies of the calculation protocol this office line appears as the head line on each
page.

Material

SJ MEPLA always works under consideration of predefined material properties which are
used as default data in the workspace <Layers>. Such defined layer can be changed here.
But, it’s useful to maintain these standard materials here, so that later inputs can be carried
out much quicker.
The database is predefined with the most usual materials. Amendments or new items are
made with the buttons <new item> and <delete item>.

- <New item>
Open a free entry above the marked line. Then key in the new material properties. The
TAB-button leads into the next entry field.

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- <Delete item>
Delete the marked line from the database. This deleting can’t be undone.

Filling gases (for insulating glass units)

Analogously to the procedure described in <Material> possible intermediate space materials

(gases) are defined here. The most usual gases are pre-set here. The intermediate spaces
are explained in the workspace <Layers>.

Fixings

In order to minimise the effort of the geometry description and the elastic properties, often
used glass fixings are specified here. These data can always be reused in the workspace
<Supports> and tab sheet <Glass fixing> and thus do not always have to be defined anew.
Every input obtains a name referring e.g. to the manufacturer or the brand name. In future
this data base will be maintained with the new type of fixing and manufacturer data. Such in-
put are coloured and cannot be changed in the data base. But this is possible in the work-
space <Layers>, if other separation layers than those given by the manufacturer shall be
used.

Explanations of these inputs are made in the section <Glass fixing>.

Climatic Loads

In this table user defined climate loads can be given. All these definitions can later be used to
select a climate load for usage under <Layer> or <Load cases>.

According to German standard (TRLV) or DIN 18008 two standard climate loads can always
be chosen, even if nothing has been defined in this table. They are called Summer (Stand-
ard) and Winter (Standard). They are related to the old German Guideline TRLV and the Ger-
man Standard DIN18008.

Code Template

Within this section predefined constants like safety factors or combination factors of Stand-
ards/Codes are stored. According to those settings the load cases can later be generated or
an automated design check can be done. The design formula according to the Standard to
be used, can be set by the user himself.

The shown items do have the following meaning:

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Para- Variable Description

meter
fk A Characteristic glass strength
fk_b B Characteristic glass strength of an annealed surface
ƔM C Safety coefficient of material
free chos- D-G for own usage
able
kz H Factor for strength reduction at a special glass edge
kc I Factor to consider the way of construction (DIN 18008)
kLSG J Factor to consider laminated glass (additional safety aspect)
kmod K Modification coefficient for the load duration

Further descriptions for usage of these parameters and variables can be found in this section
5.6.2.

Symbols C – G

These symbols/characters can be freely edited,

by clicking on the corresponding character where this dialogue opens:

To find a special character or character string that should be displayed instead of the variable
(C - G), click on the corresponding character or write it directly into the symbol field via the
keyboard. The same procedure is used for the index. The result is displayed under Preview
and further on used for the selected variable with <OK>.

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If the fields remain empty, the variable itself is used as the identifier by default.

Design formula

The formula can be self written. For it’s definition the following signs and functions are al-
lowed:

0 – 9 “blank” + - * / A B C D E F G H I J K ( ) ^ sin() cos() tan() abs() exp() sqrt()

The sign ^ followed by any expression, will build a power calculation. To extract a root you so
can write ^0.5. Alternatively you can use the function sqrt().

Function Sign Syntax

Sinus sin x sin( ...)
Cosine cos x cos( ...)
Tangent tan x tan(... )
Absolute value |x| abs(... )
x
Exponential e exp(... )
Square root √x sqrt(... )
x
Power a a^x

The syntax must be equivalent to the shown description. So in small letters and followed by a
parenthesized expression.

All other signs are blocked. Mathematical rules are considered correctly.

By obviously missing bracket, missing digits after operands,… an error message will appear.

The formula

A/C*K

invokes for example the usage of A (characteristic glass strength) divided by C (safety coeffi-
cient of material) multiplied by K (modification coefficient for load duration). This specified for-
mula will now be used for the design check of the allowed stresses with accordingly given
values in the table for each glass package.

Snow load conversion

As for the design formula, you can enter any formula for converting the snow load.

The snow load P given under <Load Cases>

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can for example be converted into an angle-dependent load component perpendicular to the
pane using any formula expression, if the check mark of this formula was set under <Load
cases>. However, the conversion only applies to the constant snow face load applied here
and not to the linearly increasing pressure load that could also be applied in this section be-
low.

However, in this formula only the variables P and W are permitted:

•
The variable P denotes the face load applied under snow in the load case card, which
is to be processed further in this formula.
• The variable W is the angle of the pane inclination (in rad), which was either specified
directly or which results subsequently from the direction vector of the acting gravita-
tion.

The formula shown above

S = P * cos(W)^2

thus calculates the snow load component S as a function of the angle of inclination W by the
square of the cosine, which now results in the perpendicular component onto the glass out of
the basic snow load S0.

An input of S = P * 0.5 would only halve the snow surface load P, without using the angle
W.

It should be noted that this conversion is only used if the check mark is set and that this con-
version refers to all load cases in which the snow load is used.

Combination rules

For the automated load case generation the safety factors for permanent and variable loads
are defined here for use in the combination rule.

Load Type ULS1 ULSi SLS1 SLSi

Dead weight 1: permanent permanently used permanently used permanently used not used
factor factor in case of factor
unfavourable
loading

Wind 2: varying Ultimate Limit Ultimate Limit Serviceability Limit Serviceability Limit
State, Main load State, Secondary State, Main load State, Secondary
loads loads

Snow 2 freely settable freely settable freely settable freely settable

Line load 2 ... ... ... ...

Conc. load 2
Climate Δp, ΔT 2
Climate ΔH 1

Way of combination

Ultimate Limit State

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Ed = ∑ ULS 1,j⋅Gk,j ⊗ ULS Q ,1⋅Qk ,1 ⊗ ∑ ULSQ,i⋅Q k,i

j≥1 i>1

Serviceability Limit State

Ed = ∑ SLS1,j⋅Gk,j ⊗ SLS Q ,1⋅Qk ,1 ⊗ ∑ SLSQ,i⋅Qk,i

j≥1 i>1

where the second entry under ULSi or SLSi is used in the event of unfavourable permanent
loading.

The further rules for load case generation are explained in section 5.5.8.2 under Load case
generation and Way of Combination.

Special combination rule for TRLV/TRAV

If this check box is chosen,

special combination rules for the proof and load cases generation according to the German
guideline TRLV and TRAV are used. This relates to Section 4.2, 5.1.2 and 5.2.1 of the TRLV.
This is specially that climate loads ΔT, Δp and ΔH are used in one common load case; that
for using laminated glass in insulated glass units also the full shear effect (monolithic beha-
viour) has to be checked and that for insulated glass units in load cases together with climate
loads an increase of 15% (25% for areas < 1.6m²) can be used for the load resistance (allow-
able stresses). Related to this last section, special predefined entries in the preset Code
“TRLV Germany” can be selected for the type of glass assignment. For calculating the allow-
able stresses an increased kmod = 1.15 (resp. 1.25) is used, when insulated glass is proven
and climate loads are acting.
Further on the German Guideline TRAV is considered by setting up the combination of load
cases. If wind and horizontal line loads are acting together (Section 4.2), then climate loads
can be neglected – but additionally new loads cases with sole 100% wind and sole 100% line
load must be checked together with climate loads. Further information can be found in TRLV
and TRAV.

That loads acting in parallel can be considered automatically, the position of the glass must
be known. According to the Standard DIN18008 a glass is vertically used when the angle is
less then 10° against the vertical. This is the default setting for the preset Standard defini-
tions.

Shear Strength

The additional factor kVSG (variable J) for laminated glass of 1.1 (here +10% increase in
strength) shall only be used in cases where no or very low shear stiffness for the foil is used.

This limit for the Young’s modulus E of the foil can be set here. Above this value the given
factor kVSG will not be used for the design check (so only kVSG = J = 1.0).

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All values and settings here shown can freely be set for each new opened Code Template.
So for automated load cases generation as well as for the design check the corresponding
Standard or Code can be chosen (see <Load cases>) out of this list.

Special rules for NEN2608

If this checkbox is set, according to the NEN2608 the variable ka = F is build by this formula

k a =F=1.644⋅A -1/25

if uniform loading together with the non-linear calculation approach is used. Under such both
conditions the value F given in the table is overwritten by the formula value. To avoid confu-
sion with variable A, variable O (“Oberfläche”) is used here instead on “Area”.

At the same time, by setting this NEN2608 option, a possibly set factor for the edge quality E
= ke < 1.0 can be addressed in the formula with the variable E and an additional check of Rd
is performed for the selected system edges. So with this option, a separate system border
check with a reduced strength is performed not only for H = kz < 1.0 but also for E = ke < 1.0,
especially for NEN2608. For other position than selected edges, E = ke = 1.0, so no reduction
factor is used. If NEN2608 option is not set, always only the set value for E is unmodified
used within the formula and no additional stress check will be done at edges.

Combination depth

With a given value > 0, the depth of the combination of variable loads can be influenced. If
the depth is set to 1, only the main loads are used to form the load combinations. If the value
is set to 2, all combinations of main load and one additional load are formed. The default set-
ting is 0, where all possible combinations are done. For more information, see also Further
combination settings.

More information can be found too in section 5.6.2 Verification.

Impactor Model

The parameter used to describe the enhanced Kelvin-Voigt impact model, can be stored, de-
leted or changed here, so that they can later be used to define the model characteristics
much faster.

More information on the mechanical data can be found under 5.5.3.2 Extended Impact Model

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Paths

Projects
The pre-setting for the project path is called:
“C:\Users\”User”\Documents\SJ_Projekte_MEPLA”

If you do not want to save your project locally on the computer but centrally on a server (or a
commonly used hard disk) you have to move the directory “SJ_Projekte_MEPLA” using the
Windows Explorer to the required position. This path has to be changed accordingly.

Base data
Within the presetting for the project path
C:\Users\”User”\Documents\SJ_Projekte_MEPLA a directory “sj_basisdaten\sj_mep”

is located, where a user copy of all material data is stored for usage in the program.
If you put these data centrally on a server you must change the path accordingly.

Program
Is only shown for your information where the program has been installed.

Options

Colourize active input box:

If this button is marked when entering a value, this input box will highlight.

Colourize inactive input box:

If this button is set, all disabled input boxes are shown in darker colour. For some operating
systems this may appear much too dark and so it may be better no to choose this option.

Set spacers automatically:

If this is enabled, at all borders a spacer is set automatically. If performing a calculation
where symmetry is used you may have to remove this automatic setting under <Supports>,
<Spacer> not to generate a spacer at such special positions.

Show warning before overwriting an existing calculation:

A calculation will generate some result files. If running a calculation again, you will be asked
to overwrite these existing results. Here you can select, if this question shall be further on
suppressed.

Solver:
There is the possibility to choose 3 different types of equation solvers. This setting will be
used under <Options> as a first default suggestion, which type of solver to use normally for
each calculation.

- In-Core (IC):
All calculations are exclusively done within the available RAM (Random Access Memory).
If this would not be possible, an error message will appear. Then you have to change this
setting and re-run the calculation. This option is specially used if you have installed a high
amount of RAM to address in a 64-bit systems. This is the fastest option.

- Out-Of-Core (OOC)
If the available RAM is very small (< 1GB) this option should be set as default. Then all
calculations are mainly performed by swapping the memory to disk. This calculation
takes somewhat more time – but is then able to run largest systems.

- In-Core (< 2GB) or Out-Of-Core (>2GB):

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This setting will let the solver decide by its own. If more space than 2 GB is needed then
the OOC Solver will be used. If the system is less then 2 GB, then the faster In-Core
solver is taken. This option shall only be used in cases of very low memory, as any use of
the OOC Solver will slow down the solution process.

This setting can be altered again under <Options> separately for each project.

Check for Updates

In parallel to each program start a check for updates will be done. If an update (frequently
free of charge) is available, a separate update window will open where more information is
shown. This online check can be disabled here (not recommended).

Print

Here you can choose a logo and its position which shall be used within the protocol. Addition-
ally you can prevent writing the footer.

4.3.1.1.2 Quit
<Quit> will terminated the program after a check-back of the changes which have not been
saved yet.

4.3.1.2 Edit
This menu section <Edit> uses context sensitive functionality. For this you should first select
a desired entry in the project folder whereby this function can be chosen directly by clicking
the right mouse button. This will be much faster than clicking the edit button from the menu
bar.

Possible options like Cut, Copy or Delete are related to the position where you are working:

 Project folder (tree view)

If a project has been marked, the chosen function refers to this project.

For example, a marked project folder will be stored if the <Edit - Copy> button or
<Right Mouse Button – Edit> is clicked. Now you can switch to a different project,
where you can insert your stored data, to perform a copy from the project.

 Input boxes:

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If you are working in the input area of the program window within an input box, you may
highlight this value, to apply a similar function onto this marked text.

You may here for example use as well <Edit – Copy> to transfer this selection into the
clipboard. Now you are able to use this stored data at other positions as insertion.

This not so often used functionally is normally done by <Ctrl +C>, < Ctrl +X> und <
Ctrl +V> and will not be explained here any longer.

New
This will create a new empty project and a new name can be given.

Safe
Will safe all changes done in this project. (Shortcut <CRTL + S>)

Change
This menu item is only active if a project folder has been marked in the tree structure.
With the feature <Change> a dialogue for changing of the project name opens. Alternatively
the button <F2> can be used.

Delete
The function <Delete> will delete the marked project folder after a confirmation dialogue.
This can not be undone! This function is also invoked by pressing the <Del> key.

Undo
This function is only available in an input box and not for changes within projects! All function
you apply to projects like copy, paste, delete can’t be undone.

The button <Undo> will only activate if something within an input boxes has been changed.

Hint:
Changes within a project can be undone as long as they haven’t been saved! In such a case
chose “No”, when asked to save changes.

Cut
When a project folder and the function <Cut> have been chosen, the folder sign is displayed
more brightly to recognise that <Cut> is active. Now you can choose a different location and
insert (<Paste>) your data there. The <Esc> button will abort this action anytime to select a
different project to <Cut>.

Copy
If you have selected a project folder to <Copy> this, the folder sign is not changing, what in-
dicates that you are only copying some data but not removing it from the original location.
<Paste> will insert these data at the selected new location into your project structure.

Paste
<Paste> will insert all data stored in the clipboard at the marked position.

Hint:
You can also use the key combination <Ctrl + C>, <Ctrl + X> an <Ctrl + V> to invoke these
Copy, Cut and Paste function.

4.3.1.3 Archive

Create Zip-Archive

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For storage or the transfer of data to computer not connected within a network, there is a
special function available. Here it’s possible to pack projects into a zip-file. These will have
the ending .zip and can be opened as well with standard programs like WinZip.

After marking a project folder you can apply <Create Zip-archive> on this project. A windows
dialogue for saving this file is shown. After pressing <Save file> you will have the option to
give a password. If nothing entered, no password safety is used. When there are several sub
levels of projects within your selection, these data and folder structure will be stored too.

This option is also used for exchanging projects for hotline purposes. If you need help for a
project, you can send us this file in zipped format via e-mail. We can open this project and
can do some modifications or correction. In the same way back you will receive this project,
to insert and open this again in project tree.

Open Zip-Archive
Open zip archive will unpack such project files again in your project tree. If the top level “Pro-
jects” is marked, all data will be inserted directly at this level.
If a lower level folder is chosen such data will by insert there.

A standard windows dialogue will open. After selection of the zip archive it’s unpacked and in-
serted in the project structure.

4.3.2 View

Font
The pre-set standard font is Arial 10 pt. Other fonts and type sizes can be selected here.

Sorting
The collation of the project numbers can be chosen either in ascendant or descendant order.
This enables you to list the projects in a logical order.

Mouse track
If the mouse track is active the currently selected project/workspace is coloured and under-
lined in the project tree structure.

Update
In case the tree structure is not displayed properly this command enables you to start a re-
draw. You can use the key <F5> as well.

Display help
An additional window for displaying some brief helping lines is shown.

4.3.3 Language
Here you can switch between the nine languages English, German, French, Dutch, Italian,
Spanish, Portuguese, Polish and Czech.

Handbooks only exist in German and English language. In other cases than German the
English versions are shown.

4.3.4 Specials
License Viewer
The license viewer shows the bought and actually used licenses (see section 3.5)

Activation key

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If you have already received a license file and purchased additional licenses or up-
graded to a higher package, you must reactivate the license with your previous activa-
tion key. The license file will be adjusted automatically.

Deactivate license
If you want to transfer your licence to another computer, you have to deactivate the current li-
cence first. The following dialogue will pop up showing your current serial number:

Click on <OK> to proceed to the next dialogue:

Click on <Deactivate now> to release the existing license, which will then be transferred
back onto our license server and can then be used for a new <Online Activation> (see sec-
tion 3.2).

Online activation
In order to start the software you had to activate it already in the start dialogue. Here you can
repeat the online activation, for instance if you want to
- extend an existing licence that is limited in time
- upgrade to a higher package (e.g. from 2 to 3)

Support form
An e-mail will be created automatically where you please describe your question in detail.
Support is currently available in English or German language. If you have questions concern-
ing a certain project, please attach the project in form of a zip-file (see section 4.3.1.3).

Order
Here you will be connected with our Online Shop (see section 3.9).

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Live Update
This function is only available in the full-version and not in the test-version. As you need full
administrator rights to change the installation directory, you should start the program directly
with admin rights.

When clicking on <LiveUpdate> you will be connected to our internet server. Here your ver-
sion number and the actual version for a possible update are shown.
If a newer version exists you may want to install, you have to set the check box first before
starting <Installation>. Now all needed data is transferred and the program will close and
open anew. In the lower left footer you will see the updated new version number.

Note:
If a chargeable update is available, the program will inform you in time in the lower status
bar.
Updates are always free if only the last digit of the version number has changed (e.g. 5.0.0 to
5.0.1). These updates can be installed directly via the LiveUpdate function (as administrator).

However, a chargeable upgrade (e.g. 5.0.3 to 6.0.0) is not offered within this LiveUpdate
function, but is made available by us via a separate download link after the purchase. After
the installation of a cost related update you will need a new license file or activation key.

Properties
Here you will get information about the active project folder using the Windows® standard dia-
logue.

System settings
Here opens the standard windows dialog to the system properties of the computer.

Info
Here you obtain information about the version number, our contact details and an e-mail link,
which you can use for hotline questions.
Alternatively you can use the e-mail support@mepla.net.

4.3.5 Help

Handbooks
Here 4 manuals are available for more detailed information: A Program Manual, a Manual for
the Graphics Surface, a Theory Manual and a Brief Introduction. Those manuals are avail-
able only in German and English language.

5 Workspaces
5.1 Project information
In this edit area any project related information can be written.

5.2 Geometry
The shape of the plate is defined by giving corner points. It can be chosen, if a straight line or
a circular formed line shall be used for reaching the next point.

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Example for a rectangle plate 1500x 2000mm

The co-ordinates x and y of each geometry point must be given such, that a counter clock-
wise orientation (CCW) of the points building the plate boundary is set. The build system is
always updated and drawn such, that the last line closes the system.

When a curved connection to the next corner point shall be set instead of a straight connec-
tion, an additional coordinate (xM, yM) must be defined for the arc centre. To finalize this set-
ting, the direction if the arc or circle shall be generated positive (clockwise) or negative
(counter clockwise) must be given. A positive direction is indicated by “1” (right hand rule). A
negative direction (in most cases a cut-off of the system like the picture above) is used by
setting “-1”. A value of zero will describe a straight line, even if a centre point has been set.

You have to take care, that the curved line definitely will end upon the next corner point. If
not, you can use <Correction> to redefine the position of the next corner point which follows
an arc. Then the position is re-calculated in radial direction from the centre point to lie exactly
on the radius.

Input:

The input order of the corner points are indicated in the diagram and must be in mathemat-
ical positive direction (counter clockwise). The generated shape is displayed just in time
within the drawing area.

Inputs:

Value Description Units

x, y Co-ordinates of the corner points [mm]
xM, yM Co-ordinates of the centre point „M“ [N/mm²]
-1, 0, 1 direction of rotation -
(negative, none, positive rotation around
the centre)

The element size is preset with 80mm. A coarser or finer element mesh can be set by modi-
fying the element size.

Input:

Element size: Values larger than 0, default 80mm

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The exactness of the calculation process depends on the mesh density (see Theory Manual).
The calculation effort grows with an increasing number of layers. The use of an element size
of 10 - 30 mm will lead to higher calculation efforts. If such a fine mesh is not needed, the
element size shall be increased. This applies especially to a dynamic calculation which has
to solve the equation system most frequently. In the case of doubt the mesh quantity shall be
regarded using the system preview.

Example 1: Semi-circle

A semi-circle is build from one straight line and one circular border. The first border 1 is given
without a rotation centre, as no values are set. The second border begins at the co-ordinate
(1000, 0) and will automatically close the system, but now uses a curved line, described by
the centre point of (500, 0) and a positive rotation (1). The end of curve will exactly lie at the
starting point (0, 0), where the system is closed.

Border X Y XM YM rotation
1 0. 0.
2 1000. 0. 500. 0. 1

Element mesh with one straight and one curved border line

Example 2: Circular plate with hole

The border starts at point (0, 0) and goes by straight line to the second point (0, 300). The
next border will have a curved form with the rotation centre (0, 500) and a negative rotation (-
1). As the next point is the same as the starting point (0, 300), a circle is build. The next
straight border 3 now will end at position (0, 0) and is such chosen exactly identical to the
border 1. The last description starts from here and forms a second circle with the same rota-
tion centre, but now build in positive direction (+1).

Border X Y XM YM Rotation
1 0. 0.
2 0. 300. 0. 500. -1
3 0. 300.
4 0. 0. 0. 500. +1

The circular disk has a diameter of 1000mm and the holes an opening of 400 mm.

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Circular disk with hole

5.3 Layers
The term <Layers> stands for the partition of the glass panel (or any sandwich) into areas
made of the same material. According to the theory of the multi-layer elements the total num-
ber of the layers always has to be odd, as two cover layers always must encapsulate one in-
termediate layer.

5.3.1 Structure of layers

The structure of the layers is defined in a way that the lowest (inner) pane of a package al-
ways has the number 1 and that further layers continue upwards (outwards) (as if they were
laid on).

The input or selection of a layer is made by a combo box which offers the pre-set materials. If
the required material does not exist, a new material can be defined in the menu bar under
<Start - Settings - Material>.
Optionally a material in the workspace <Layers> can be changed by overwriting. These
changes have no effect on the data base.

New item
By mouse click on the button <New item> a list of choices with the materials existing in
the data base opens (see chapter Menu bar, <Start – Settings – Material>). The values
of the chosen material are transferred into the input line. Here only the thickness “t” and
if necessary the temperature difference have to be entered. Further changes are pos-
sible at any time.

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The temperature difference in the sense of a material description is logically not at the
right place, as temperature differences between the single layers describe a load case.
For transparency reasons this item was still included here, as it is a layer-specific set-
ting.

Delete item
The marked line is deleted from the layer structure.

Input:

Value Description Units

Material choice from database -
E Young´s modulus [N/mm²]
ν Poisson’s ratio -
t layer thickness [mm]
ρ mass density of the layer [to/mm³]
αT thermal expansion coefficient [1/K]
ΔT temperature difference [K]

For calculations without temperature effects there is no need to define the thermal expansion
coefficient and the temperature difference may be set to zero. Static calculation without dead
weight does not need the mass density to be defined.

5.3.2 Structure of packages

A package designates a sandwich (e. g. laminated glass plies) composed by several cover
layers (glass) and intermediate layers (e.g. PVB). You can define a maximum of 4 packages.
The selection and definition of second and further packages always means that an insulated
glass unit (or also other materials with a pressure-tight intermediate space) shall be calcu-
lated. You are thus subject to certain restrictions, e.g. that for the edges a simply supported,
a symmetry boundary condition or a spacer must be used, to fix the gap opening at least in-
ternally.

The first, lowest package always has the number 1 and is the default setting in the program.

p a
If you t 2 pai2further
activate T2 package (by setting the combo box to 2) all input boxes are at your
disposal again, which means that e. g. any insulation glass made of laminated glass can be
3
described. The position of the glass packages are counted like the layers from bottom to top
2
or from inside to2outside. So the highest glass package is the glass on top for horizontal
1 or the outside glass for vertical glass.
glass
t1 pi1 T1
5.3.3 Intermediate Space, Gap
5
4
If 3you activate a second package the gas in the intermediate space has to be defined by the
2
volume expansion 1 coefficient, the gap height between the packages and the inner pressure
1 t
during production. z
Also here you can dispose of pre-set values from the list of choices.
The indications of the temperature difference of the gas and the pressure are actually already
load indications which are made here as an intermediate layer specific property.

The temperature difference is the difference between a possible temperature at site and the
manufacturing temperature of the IGU.
The pressure pi refers to the absolute gas pressure in the intermediate space (gap) during
manufacturing of the insulating glass unit, what has been the barometric pressure during this
production (sealing).

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Input:
Value Description Units
t intermediate space height, gap height [mm]
γL volume expansion coefficient [1/K]
ΔT temperature difference [K]
pi inner gas pressure during production/sealing [N/mm²]

Upon input of the packages with the gas pressure in the intermediate space the outer pres-
sure has to be set (default pressure: 0.101 N/mm² = 1.010 bar = 1010 mbar). An omission of
this input would mean that e.g. an insulating glass unit would be set in a vacuum environ-
ment and it would thus arch extremely outwards!

Input:

Value Description Units

pa external pressure (barometric pressure) on produc- [N/mm²]
tion height
ΔH difference of height [m], (installation height - pro- [m]
duction height)

A simplified input of climatic load cases is possible by selecting winter, summer or self-
defined climatic loads in the database. With this selection, the predefined data according to
DIN 18008-1 such as the difference pressures, temperatures and height differences to be ap-
plied are entered for the gap. The values can also be changed subsequently.

Since the exact height formula is used for the calculation of the external pressure, the correct
external pressure at the height of the production site should also be used for larger height
changes ΔH outside -300 m and +600m. If, for example, not only these two standard cases
are to be calculated according to DIN with small height differences, the exact height differ-
ence can be applied up to heights of 11km.

The following table shows the air pressures at the production site up to altitudes of 2500m (at
T0 = 15°C, average temperature at sea level):

Production altitude Low pressure area Normal pressure High pressure area
m hPa hPa hPa
Sea Level 0 990,00 1013,00 1030,00
100 978,32 1001,05 1017,85
200 966,75 989,21 1005,81
300 955,30 977,49 993,89
400 943,95 965,88 982,09
500 932,71 954,38 970,40
600 921,58 943,00 958,82
700 910,56 931,72 947,35
800 899,65 920,55 936,00
900 888,84 909,49 924,76
1.000 878,14 898,54 913,62
1.100 867,54 887,70 902,60
1.200 857,05 876,96 891,68
1.300 846,66 866,33 880,87
1.400 836,37 855,80 870,16
1.500 826,18 845,38 859,56

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1.600 816,10 835,06 849,07

1.700 806,11 824,84 838,68
1.800 796,22 814,72 828,39
1.900 786,43 804,70 818,21
2.000 776,74 794,79 808,13
2.100 767,15 784,97 798,14
2.200 757,65 775,25 788,26
2.300 748,25 765,63 778,48
2.400 738,94 756,11 768,80
2.500 729,73 746,68 759,21

Example:

An insulating glass production is located at an altitude of 300m. There the insulating glass is
sealed. The table shows the existing air pressures for a low pressure (955), high pressure
(993) and normal pressure area (977) in this height. With the requirement according to DIN
18008 to consider the 2 air pressure changes of +40mbar and -20 mbar the prevailing worst
case air pressures of the two load cases summer and winter can again be determined in this
height.

The insulating glass is now to be used additionally 2000m higher at height 2300m. Since the
exact location is known, it is not necessary to take into account the change in height of the
two standard load cases according to DIN. By entering the altitude difference ΔH = 2000m,
the ambient (external) air pressure at altitude 2300m is now calculated.

Load Case Ambient air Inside pressu- ambient air Ambient difference
pressure at re at producti- pressure at pressure from diffe-
300m height, on, mbar 2300m, mbar rence of height,
mbar mbar
Summer 974 994 749 225
(1010 mbar
at Sea Level)
Winter 995 955 764 231
(1030 mbar
at Sea Level)

If the altitude of usage is not known and you only want to consider the two standard load
cases, you can (as in the old versions) choose the standard load case Winter or Summer
from the list. The only thing you have to take into account is that the differences in height
must also be possible! If the production site is at sea level, the site of operation cannot be
300m lower. The ΔH would therefore have to be selected to 0m here. The standard default is
therefore, as before, to adapt to the actual conditions or also to a known difference in alti-
tude.
If you do not pay attention to the production altitude and use the air pressures at sea level as
the starting value, you will get slightly different pressure differences (218, 222mbar) which
would also be within the accuracy range. At higher production sites, however, the difference
will grow.

The supports of insulation glass units at a border can be simulated in an easiest way suffi-
ciently precisely by a simply supported edge condition (type 0, see Theory Manual). Instead
of this you may also use a spacer to close the borders of an insulating glass unit. These
spacers will connect the glass borders internally to keep a fixed distance. Here you optionally
can use additional elastic supports to consider rubber supports.

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As an additional tool you can choose a calculation with contact condition for the insulated
glass panes. By indicating the tolerance you define from which distance the pane contact
shall initiate (see Theory Manual).

Input:

Value Description Units

tolerance tolerance distance for pane contact [mm]

5.4 Supports
In this workspace all possible types of supports are listed.

5.4.1 Spring support

A special way of supports can be defined using springs. While the edge supports (3.4.2) al-
ways act on the entire defined pane border and bear it stiffly with the taken degrees of free-
dom, a punctual and flexible bearing is possible by the use of local springs.

As every node of the finite element mesh has at least 5 degrees of freedom, and thus also
degrees of freedom in pane direction exist, these possibilities of displacement (u, v, w) and
rotations (φ, θ) have to be considered for a statically defined bearing. MEPLA automatically
defines as a default 3 springs which suppress this displacement. Each package is so held by
default at the corner point 1 in x and y-direction and at the corner point 2 only in y-direction
by small spring rigidity (1.0 N/mm). These directly visible springs in the drawing area can of
course be removed or re-stiffened if another fixation is necessary.

All single springs can have a movement stiffness in x, y and z direction as also a rotational
stiffness around the x and y axis.

Inputs:

Value Description Units

x, y position of the spring [mm]
Cx, Cy, Cz, rigidities of the springs [N/mm]
Cφ, Cθ [Nmm/rad]

All springs only act on the lowest layer (number 1) of each package. Such springs are dis-
abled by setting 0 for the stiffness or deleting them fully. The calculated deflections and reac-
tion forces for these springs are printed into the protocol.

5.4.2 Edge supports

A predefined boundary condition can be separately assigned to each border of the plate. The
displayed possibilities (Type 0 to 7) can be chosen by a list of choices.
This type of bearing is set at the selected edge for all glass layers and glass packages set
up. The standard case for the bearing of an insulating glass unit is type 0 which describes a
simply supported condition.
With the types 2 and 3 you can take advantage of symmetry of the system and thus save cal-
culation time. This is mainly interesting for multi-layered laminated glass panels with a high
number of elements. This symmetry condition can only be taken advantage of if it’s parallel to
a co-ordinate axis x or y. The system can then maximally be quartered.
Not only the geometry but also the loads are then considered symmetrically. This shows that
e.g. pendulum impact simulations can’t take advantage of the symmetry as the pendulum
otherwise would exist twice or four times.

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Typ 0 1 2 3

v Symmetry Symmetry
w, u, v = 0 in x-direction in y-direction
u w=0 =0 u, =0 v, =0

4 5 6 7

=0 w, =0 u,v =0 w, u, v = 0

Type 1 is used for a stiff and rotation free clamping, which cannot be used for glass struc-
tures, but only for e.g. welded steel plates or steel sandwiches. For clamped glass panels
normally type 5 is taken, as glass can’t be fixed at the glass cross section like welded steel
plates and can always been pulled out of such a notch. A more accurate solution for clamped
laminated glass is achieved by taking the clamped glass areas into account as well, for which
elastic supporting lines can be used.

Type 4 is a rarely used situation where only the rotations are suppressed and any other de-
gree of freedom is possible.

The type 6 will suppress the deflection in x- and y-direction only. Type 7 additionally will take
the DOF of transverse deflection in z-direction indicated with “w”. For 6 and 7 it must be re-
garded, that for laminated glass as well a bending constraint can arise due to the distance of
such fixed layers. Normally those types 6 and 7 are only used for to locally support <Elastic
beams> and should not be used for laminated glass.

5.4.3 Glass fixing

By now 10 types of glass point supports are defined:

Type 1: Countersunk fixing

Type 2: Disk fixing
Type 3: Circular clamp fixing
Type 4: Angular clamp fixing
Type 5: Circular downholder
Type 6: Angular downholder
Type 7: bonded disk fixing
Type 8: Countersunk fixing, Layer1, LSG
Type 9: Countersunk fixing, package 1, insulation
Type 10: Disk fixing, package 1, insulation

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The point fixings of type 1, 2, 7 - 10 can only be set within the pane area; the clamps and
down-holders 3 – 6 only at the border.

These point fixings are independent new own finite elements which describe all possibilities
of displacement. The separation layers that prevent the glass-steel contact are considered
exactly by the position, the Young's modulus and the thickness of the separating material.
Special set ups of the force transmission consider a sliding of the separation layers at the
glass face or the borehole rim. The input of these point fixings is again made by pre-set
designs which are deposited in the data base. Here the geometric design together with the
elastic properties of the separation layers is stored. Changes or self-defined types are of
course also possible. This choice, how the point fixing looks like and which properties it has,
is called a reference. In the data base there are 10 predefined fixings given, which can be
changed accordingly to own needs.

Input:

Reference: name of the fixing (from database)

Type: 1 to 10

In dependency of the type of fixing, the needed values for describing the geometry and
mechanical behaviour are shown together with a picture:

Type 1 and 2: (Countersunk fixing, disk fixing)

Values Description Units

ri outer radius of the bush
(or radius of the borehole) [mm]
ra outer radius of the disk layer, (shim) [mm]
Es E-module of the shim layer, (shim) [N/mm²]
Eh E-module of the bush [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
th thickness of the bush [mm]
for countersunk fixing:
hk conic height [mm]
rk outer radius of the cone including the separa- [mm]
tion layer (bush)

rk ri
ri th

hk ts
Eh
Eh

+z +z
ts ts
Es Es
Zh Zh
ra th
ra
Cx
Cx

Cz Cz

Type 3: (circular clamp fixing)

Values Description Units

- (empty) -
r radius of the disk, shim [mm]

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Es E-module of the shim layer [N/mm²]

Eh E-module of the edge separator [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
th thickness of the edge separator strip [mm]

th
ts
Eh

+z r
ts
Es
Zh Cx
r
Cx
Cy
Cz

Type 4: (angular clamp fixing)

Values Description Units

a width 2a of the clamping along the edge [mm]
b depth b [mm]
Es E-module of the shim layer [N/mm²]
Eh E-module of the edge separator [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
th thickness of the edge separator strip [mm]

ts th

Eh
+z b
ts
Es
Zh Cx a
b
Cx
Cy
Cz

Type 5: (Circular downholder)

Values Description Units

- (empty) [mm]
r radius of the disk, shim [mm]
Es E-module of the shim layer [N/mm²]
- (empty) [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
- (empty) [mm]

Es
ts

+z r

r Zh
Cx
Cx

Cz Cy

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Type 6: (Angular downholder)

Values Description Units

a width 2a of the downholder along the edge [mm]
b depth b [mm]
Es E-module of the shim layer [N/mm²]
- (empty) [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
- (empty) [mm]

Es
ts

+z b

b Zh a
Cx
Cx

Cz Cy

Type 7: (Bonded disk fixing without hole)

Values Description Units

- (empty) [mm]
r radius of the bonding [mm]
Es Young’s module E [N/mm²]
Gs shear-module G [N/mm²]
ts thickness [mm]
- (empty) [mm]

+z
ts
E s ;G s
Zh
ra
Cx C,C
Cz

Type 8: (Countersunk fixing, Layer 1, LSG)

Values Description Units

ri outer radius of the bush
(or radius of the borehole) [mm]
ra outer radius of the disk layer, (shim) [mm]
Es E-module of the shim layer, (shim) [N/mm²]
Eh E-module of the bush [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
th thickness of the bush [mm]
hk conic height [mm]
rk outer radius of the cone including the separa- [mm]
tion layer (bush)

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This point fixing only clamps the first layer of a laminated glass. Next layers don’t have a
bore hole.

Type 9: (Countersunk fixing, package 1, insulation)

Values Description Units

ri outer radius of the bush
(or radius of the borehole) [mm]
ra outer radius of the disk layer, (shim) [mm]
Es E-module of the shim layer, (shim) [N/mm²]
Eh E-module of the bush [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
th thickness of the bush [mm]
hk conic height [mm]
rk outer radius of the cone including the separa- [mm]
tion layer (bush)

Point fixings of type 9 only clamp the first glass package. Next packages from an insulated
glass unit don’t have a hole. This type of fixing is specially made for insulated glass units.

Type 10: (Disk fixing, package 1, insulation)

Values Description Units

ri outer radius of the bush
(or radius of the borehole) [mm]
ra outer radius of the disk layer, (shim) [mm]
Es E-module of the shim layer, (shim) [N/mm²]
Eh E-module of the bush [N/mm²]
ts thickness of the shim [mm]
th thickness of the bush [mm]

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Now you can use each of these selected references as often as you like by indicating the
place where the pane shall be fixed like this.

The distance Zh describes the eccentricity of the fixing, so the position and length of the arm.
Is the fixation point/ base point located under the lower bottom side of the glass pane this Zh
value must be negatively entered. The related reference point with a height of z = 0 is located
on the bottom side of layer 1.

Options for applying boundary conditions:

0 1 2

It’s possible to applied springs, bars or forces at a point fixing:

Type 0:

The additional properties of the elastic bearing or the special construction layout (e.g. a ball
shaped head) are set up by 5 spring rigidities. The first 3 rigidities describe the displacement
rigidities of the point fixings base point (position where the springs act on), the last 2 values
describe the rotation rigidity around the y-axis and the x-axis.

This way the rigidity of the sub-construction and the design of a tension free bearing
(whether, e.g. the point fixings generate a statically determined bearing of the panes) enters
into the calculation. The possibility to displace freely (free movement) is indicated by C = 0, a
rigid bearing by a high rigidity C = 1.e6 N/mm and for rotation stiffness C = 1.e10 Nmm/rad.

Type 1:

Alternatively you can set instead of 5 separate springs a directed jointed bar (or cable), which
will hold the point fixing. This choice takes place by changing the last menu button from <0>
(spring) to <1> (bar or cable). This bar will then act as a directed spring which connects the
fixings reference point (the same point where before the 5 springs are attached to) to a fix
point at the wall. This point must be given with his 3 co-ordinates. At both endings of the bar
a hinge is located, so that only normal forces and no bending can be transmitted. Eccentricit-
ies, given by the value Zh are of course considered. This may lead to bending moments in the
glass at the point fixing. Note, that flexible cables can’t transmit compression forces. So if
negative reactions forces will arise, the system may in real not be able to carry that load.

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There will be not warning in case of compression forces! You have to check yourself if buck-
ling of thin rods or in case of cables direct collapse could arise.

Example: Point fixings connected with bars

When the input line is changed from <0> to <1>, a bar can be given to connect the point fix-
ing with the wall. This is done by defining the position (x0, y0, z0) and describing the rigidities of
the bar (Young’s modulus E and cross section area A)

Zo

Z
Y X
Xo

The bar will be fixed with Zh = 20 mm above the bottom side of the pane and the fix point for
wall connection is at (200, 0, 800), so that the anchor is lying 800mm above the x-axis.

Reference x y Zh x0 y0 z0 E A
Disk fixing 200. 500. 20. 200. 0 800. 210000. 78.5 1

The location can only be controlled in inside the Graphics Surface.

Buckling of bars under compression is not regarded in the program and must be done by
hand calculation using the resulting forces.
Plausibility is also not checked. If bars or cables are intersecting the pane must be checked
within the graphics surface.

Type 2:

Using this type <2> forces and moments can be applied. In this way loads from hand rails
can be regarded directly. Eccentricities resulting from longer bolts (defined by Zh) will con-
sider automatically the related moments transferred into the pane.

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Inputs:

Specific Value Description Units

Reference name out of above choices -
x, y position of the point fixing [mm]
Zh distance of the base to the lower bottom side [mm]
of the pane

Type 1 ( 5 springs)
Cx, Cy, Cz displacement rigidities of the springs [N/mm]
Cφ, Cθ rotation rigidities for the y-axis and the x-axis [Nmm/rad]

Type 2 (bar, rod, cable)

x0, y0, z0 Fix point where the bar in connected at the [mm]
ground (wall)
E Young’s modulus of the bar [N/mm²]
A cross section of the bar [mm²]

Type 3 (forces)
Fx, Fy, Fz Forces applied at the base point [N]
Mφ, Mθ Moments applied at the base point [Nmm]

Output:
- deflections
- rotations
- reaction forces

Rotational degree of freedom:

=0

The glass fixings 3, 4 and 7 exhibit an additional degree of freedom around the z-axis. With
this setting, these types can freely rotate around this axis. The default setting is “fixed”, so
that these fixings initially can’t rotate. When signing the flag the rotation is set to free. This is
the default setting, if those fixings are connected with bars.

The glass fixings 1, 2 and 8 – 10 are set as default for free rotation, as they never can carry
torsion loads. The glass down-holders of type 5 and 6 do also not have such degrees of free-
dom. They are always fixed for z-rotation.

For fixings Type 5 and 6 the clamped glass package can be given.

This way toggle glazing is possible to simulate, where only the inner glass package is
clamped against the sub-construction, not to disturb the glass front from outside. If the
marker is not set, the largest glass package is always clamped by default.

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Explanations of point fixings:

Example:

The point fixing of type 2 shown in the picture has a ball-shaped head as a rotation point
which is not located in the centre of the glass pane. This point of rotation is Zh=+5 mm above
the bottom side of the lowest glass panel where Zh is defined as 0.

The definition of the reference (name, geometric values, rigidities) is:

Reference Art ri ra Es Eh ts th hk rk
Eigendef1 2 18.0 30.0 40. 500. 1.5 3.0

The position of the above defined point fixing and the spring rigidities of the sub-construction:

Reference x y Zh Cx Cy Cz Cφ Cθ
Eigendef1 100. 130. 5. 10000. 10000. 1000. 0. 0. 0

The indication of the Zh distance displaces the base point from the lower bottom side of the
glass pane by 5 mm in positive z-direction into the glass pane centre. By the rotational rigidit-
ies Cφ and Cθ set to 0, a free rotation (ball shaped head) will be set according to the above
picture.
These point fixings always lie aligned between the top and bottom side of the glass panels.
The height of the point fixing (and so as well the bush length) thus depends on the total
height of the glass package which was defined in <Layers>.

Types 3 to 6 are clamps or down-holders, which can be set at borders. Their position must be
at least within a distance of 70 mm to the border. Such locations are then computed by drop-
ping a perpendicular to the border. At this position the clamping is located and the eccentri-
city according to the distance from the edge will be regarded during calculation.
These fixings are by default fixed with a high movement stiffness of 1·104 [N/mm] and a rota-
tion stiffness of 1·108 [Nmm/rad] for nearly stiff behaviour. This can be changed according to
the real behaviour.

Clamp fixings of this type can be used at straight or curved borders. If they are located too
near to a corner, where straight or curved borders start, the mesh may probably not been
build correctly. There must be enough space to build the finite element mesh around these
clamps. In such cases you should also try to use smaller elements in order to get the mesh
been build.

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Directly at the corners only circular glass fixings of type 3 or down-holders of type 5 can be
set. They must lie within a distance of 30 mm and are always re-located to fit exactly with the
corner point. Eccentricities or angular types are not possible to locate at corners.

Down-holders of type 5 or 6 can be used for suction protection for e.g. bonded facades
(structural glazing). They only transfer loads to the given glass package from one side. If con-
tact condition is chosen, they can only transfer compression loads into the clamp. Under ten-
sion load the elastic material will detach so that no connection will exist any longer.
In such cases <Elastic line support> , <Edge supports> or as well <Bonded edges> can
be used to take over these supporting function which are still free.

Type 7 is a special type of fixing. This disk fixing must be located within the glass area and
will not build a hole but a continuous finite element mesh. The connection is done by elastic
material (bonding) defined by the Young’s and shear modulus of this film. By setting G=0, no
shear force can be transmitted on to package 1 (where it can be attached only). Then only
normal forces perpendicular to the glass face can interact. Transverse shear forces can not
arise so that the disk can freely slide in pane direction (as simply laid on).

Type 8 is for the use of laminated glass. This countersunk will only clamp the first layer. All
higher layers will have a going through glass ply.

Fixing of type 9 and 10 are specifically for insulated glass units. Normally with type 1 and 2
such a fixing is clamping all packages from outside combined with going through holes. Here,
these type of fixings 9 and 10 will only clamp the first package, whereas all other packages
will have no holes.

Special mechanisms:

Special geometric conditions at the borehole rim or force transmittance mechanisms at the
edges can be selected by check boxes. Here you can define:

- which layer of a laminated glass pane lies in direct contact with the bush (for disk fixing
type 2 and 10). Background is, that only one hole is drilled with correct diameter and all
other layers of a laminated glass will get larger holes to ensure that after the laminating
process the bush can always be inserted.

- whether only the countersunk of a point fixing can transmit forces to the bore rim (default
setting for countersunk fixings type 1 and 9),

- which glass package shall be clamped from the top by a down-holder (type 5 and 6),

- and whether the calculation shall be made with contact algorithms (for all fixings valid).

The definition of the layer lying in contact with the bush is only valid for the lowest glass
package 1. Other packages will never lie in contact, if this option has been chosen. If a
counter sunk shall be considered, as default, the countersunk is the only part which can
transfer loads into the glass; even if several packages has been defined. If these borehole

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load transmission settings are switched off, any borehole rim can transfer stresses into the
bush. Regard that such a way of bolting may lead to high stresses, which normally does not
exist, as now any shear movement in that hole area will be prevented!

The contact calculations are distinguished in set-ups for the disk pads and the bush or separ-
ation layers at the edges, which then apply to all defined point fixings. For both effects the tol-
erance can be set separately, when the glass shall detach. The weaker the separating layer
is, the higher the tolerance can be. The default values for the tolerances are from 0.01 to
0.001 mm. The input 0.0 is impossible for mathematical reasons (see Theory Manual).

Point fixings may also be set for insulating glass units. Simultaneously with their use, spacers
will be inserted at the borehole to locally seal the insulating unit and to couple internally the
glass packages by these spacers.

5.4.4 Spacer
If unsupported edges of insulated glass units shall be set, there is need for spacers, which
will internally couple and seal the panes at these borders. These spacers can be set for each
edge separately. This setting describes in a first option the rigidity of the silicone sealing in-
cluding all effects coming from the aluminium profile, whereas the bending stiffness of the in-
termediate profile is not regarded. So this option will keep a nearly constant distance in-
between the panes. The defined stiffness and width will describe the common effects from
the silicone, the aluminium profile and the butyl. Predefined safe sided values for this are 100
– 1000 N/mm² with a standard width of 5mm. Due to this constant setting, tension and com-
pression are treated in the same way.

Additionally, there's the possibility to describe a second, different mechanism. Beneath the
linear behaviour a non-linear behaviour may be chosen. This second non-linear method will
distinguish the behaviour for tension forces, where only the sealing material (e.g. silicone) is
loaded and for compression, when the panes are pressing against the aluminium profile, a ri-
gid body contact will be considered. This option is more for scientific use.

When point supported panes with fixings of type 1 or 2 (a going through bore hole) are used,
the characteristic values which are set for the spacer behaviour at boreholes are used auto-
matically for such positions.

This second property can be selected for these spacers, since a different system (e.g. from a
POM ring) is often used here. This mechanical property is therefore preset with E = 3000, G
= 0, and b = 10mm, which can be adjusted by the user at any time.

If old projects from previous versions are loaded into version 5.0.1, the previously adjustable
property for the spacer is initially used for both settings. If new projects are created, the
above different default values are initially suggested.

E, G
b
Input: (only possible for insulation glass)

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Specific Value Description Units

Definition of the border, which shall get a
Border
spacer -
Properties of the sealing material:
modulus of elasticity to describe the full [N/mm²]
E
spacer behaviour (sealing, profile and butyl)
G shear modulus of the sealing material [N/mm²]
width of the sealing (the height results form
b
the intermediate gap) [mm]
Option Linear or non-linear approach

Output:

The maximum stresses and their position within the spacers sealing, are printer out due to
the given normal- and shear- stiffness (E and G) related to the width b. This is the lateral
component σzz and the shear components σzx and σzy if G is set unequal to zero.

The definition of the shear modulus enables a shear transmission at defined borders
between the panes. When this behaviour shall not be set, the shear modulus must be set to
zero. If a constant distance shall be analysed, the modulus of elasticity should be set to high
values (e.g. 100 N/mm² or higher) to prevent the opening of the spacer and to keep a nearly
constant distance.
When non-linear behaviour (tension and compression with different properties) shall be set,
the appropriate choice and a tolerance value may be selected. But this option is only for spe-
cialists!

The default setting for G is set to zero, so that no shear effect will take place between the
panes (no local sandwich). If the default setting for the Young’s modulus E is changed, the
shear-modulus will be recalculated by G = E/3 and the zero values will be overwritten! If this
not desired, this automatic changing must be altered by explicitly setting back this value to
zero!

5.4.5 Elastic edge beam

When a glass panel is supported by use of beams, this load bearing behaviour may be re-
garded as well. Then the deflection results from the total stiffness of the pane and the beam
rigidity. In this way the underlying bending effect of the construction (e.g. a frame) may be
considered too.

E, I, A

But some special requirements must be regarded:

- The beams can only be set at straight borders of the plate, as this beam is designed
never to carry torsion loads. Due to this, the glass plate is never clamped by such a beam
(laterally free to rotate).
- It’s not possible to apply it at curved edges, as it never transmits torsion. This beam ap-
proach used here, doesn’t have a torsion rigidity!

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- This beam can only carry bending forces transverse to the pane area (bending in z-direc-
tion) – no normal forces.
- The beam acts as a reinforced plate edge by an additional overlaying stiffness.
- As the edge beam acts at the borders of the elements, the boundary conditions (A) and
(B) depends on the way the nodes are fixed at the beginning (A) and ending (B) of this
beam. In addition, the beginning and ending of the beam may be extended with further
degrees of freedom taken away. The definition for those types of support is the same as
used for <Edge support>. So type 0 to 7 can be chosen to support the beam endings.
The beginning of this beam is defined in counter clockwise direction, by the starting (A)
and ending point (B) of this border.

Example:

A rectangular plate is simply supported at the fourth border. The two edges 1 and 3 are rein-
forced with a beam. The boundary condition for the endings of the beams (beam at border 1
at it’s beginning (A) and beam at border 3 at it’s ending (B)) is therefore also a simple sup-
port! Both other ends are supported by a local spring acting only in z-direction.

Additionally, the rotational degrees of freedom may also be removed, so that the beam end-
ings are now considered as clamped.

Input:

Values Description Units

The number of border which shall be rein-
Border
forced with a beam -
material of the beam as default from the data-
Material
base -
I moment of inertia for bending out of plane [mm4]
A cross section area of the beam [mm²]
(A) boundary condition at the beginning type 0-7
(B) boundary condition at the ending type 0-7

Most input boxes are filled out with the predefined material from the database. The density ρ
is necessary for dynamic calculations as well as for static situations. The density will define
the masses and dead weight considered for the calculations.

Output:

Position and maximum and minimum bending moments for each selected edge (protocol)

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5.4.6 Elastic edge supports

Shall the system borders are elastically supported (e.g. rubber bearings), the borders of the
plate can be defined with an underlying elastic profile or a bonded material. In contrast to the
above described <Edge supports>, where the boundary condition may only be set to yes or
no (switching degrees of freedom on or off), the transversal and shear deformation of the
supporting profiles can also be considered here.
By use of the mechanical value G (shear modulus) this boundary condition can also be taken
for structural glazing. The bonded borders then will act as well taking over shear effects.

Additionally, here's the possibility to consider contact conditions, so that e.g. lifting corners
may occur. In this case of contact the G-modulus is automatically taken as zero for the com-
plete calculation, as by separation never shear forces can arise.

Such elastic edge supports will never provide a clamping. The width is only used for calculat-
ing the stiffness of such a strip. Internally this support equals a line of width zero. Thus such
a single line will act like a simple support (hinge), perpendicular to this edge.

E,G
h

b
Input:

Values Description Units

Border The number of border to support -
Contact Contact condition (yes/no) -
E Modulus of elasticity [N/mm²]
G Shear modulus (e.g. if bonded borders) [N/mm²]
b Width of underlying profile [mm]
h Height of profile [mm]

Value for distance changes [mm], wherein the

Contact tolerance pane will de-attach from the supporting struc- [mm]
ture

Output:

In the protocol stresses and reaction forces for each elastically supported border are written.

5.4.7 Elastic base

When a plate is elastically supported on the entire face, this calculation is very complex es-
pecially when contact conditions shall be regarded. This elastic base material may be set
with it's layer height and Young's modulus. Depending on the contact settings lifting or de-at-
tached pane regions may arise.

Note:

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A rearrangement of the material due to compression and accompanied material movement is

not possible to simulate, as interaction effects are not considered (poisson's ratio is set to
zero).

Input:

Values Description Units

E Modulus of elasticity of the elastic base [N/mm²]
h Height of elastic base [mm]
Value for change in distance [mm], wherein
Contact tolerance the pane will de-attach from the supporting [mm]
base structure.

5.4.8 Elastic line supports

Analogue as for the elastic edge supports, here an elastic line support crossing the pane
anywhere may be set. This will be done by giving two points for the beginning and ending of
such a line support. Along this defined line, automatically spaced springs with an associated
stiffness are generated.

In contrast to the elastic edge supports, the line supports only declare a rigidity in z-direction
defined by E. A shear behaviour using G can not be set and so no stiffness in plane direction
exists.

Like the elastic edge supports, the width “b” is only needed to calculate the spring rigidities.
The width “b” is again reduced to a thin line of width “0”.

Clamping effects can be included using several parallel spaced elastic lines. According to
their distance and stiffness, it’s then possible to transfer moments too.

b E
Input:

Values Description Units

Contact contact condition (yes/no) -
x, y x- and y co-ordinates of the beginning point [mm]
x, y x- and y co-ordinates of the ending point [mm]
E Modulus of elasticity [N/mm²]
b Width of profile [mm]
h Height of profile [mm]
Contact tolerance:
Value for the change in distance [mm],
Tolerance wherein the pane shall de-attach from the sup- [mm]
porting structure

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Output:
- Reaction forces for each line
- Maximum stresses in z-direction within the line

5.4.9 Bonded edges

This way of supports allows to consider bonded glass along the edges. The elastic behaviour
is described by the Young’s modulus E, the shear modulus G and the thickness “b”. Due to
the defined values for G and E corresponding tangential, transverse and normal forces can
be transmitted. This bonding is always related to all defined layers and over all existing glass
packages.

Input:

Values Description unit

Edge Number of the border -
Contact yes / no indicated by an X -
Young’s modulus of the elastic material (or
E [N/mm²]
bonding film)
G Shear modulus [N/mm²]
b Width of the elastic layer [mm]
Contact
Tolerance Value when separation shall take place [mm]

Output:

- maximal and minimal stresses transverse and normal to the edge

- reaction forces for each border and direction

The reaction forces are calculated normal and tangential to the edge! If the border is curved,
the sum of reaction forces are integrated along this curved border, so that this resulting
forces normal Fnn and tangential Fnt may not be comparable with global forces in the x,y,z co-
ordinate system (see Theory Manual). Only the force Fnz is acting in z-direction lateral to the
border and can be directly regarded as reaction force, as well for curved borders!

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5.5 Loads
Here all possibilities for setting up the loading situation are explained. The layer-related val-
ues were already explained in section <Layers> but they are mentioned here again.

5.5.1 Face load

5.5.1.1 Pressure loads
Pressure loads can be set up separately for every glass package. A positive acting face load
is defined in positive global z-axis direction. Such loads always act upon the total area. Holes
are not regarded. It’s not possible to apply a face load onto a point fixing – only glass areas
can be loaded.

- Constant face loads:

V
p

z
y

Value Description Unit

Pressure loads acting onto the total area
p [N/mm²]
(can be set separately for each package)

- Linear distributed face loads:

p1
z y
p0
y0
x y1

Value Description Unit

p0, p1 Pressure ordinates belonging to y0 and y1 [N/mm²]
y0, y1 Reference pressures p0 and p1 [mm]

The linear distributed face loads only acts upon the face in-between both y-reference lines.
If a reference line y is lying outside the pane, the loads are interpolated to the pane borders.

Note:

This routine is underlying a small approximation. If both reference lines are lying outside the
pane, the solution is exact. But, if some elements are crossed by the reference lines an ap-

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proximation of the loaded area is carried out. This may lead to an inaccuracy between the
loading and reaction forces, which are normally less than 0.5 Newton (see Theory Manual).

These constant and linear face loads are not shown in the <Graphics Surface>, as they will
always almost overlap the total pane, so that nothing can be seen.

5.5.1.2 Dead weight

The dead weight is controlled by the indication of a direction vector. This vector (3 vector
components) gives the direction of the acceleration due to gravity which acts onto the sys-
tem.

Example:

0, 0, -1: The gravity acceleration acts in negative z-direction.

0, -1, -1: The acceleration acts onto the pane under a 45° angle. The pane is thus rotated
by 45° against the horizontal.
0, -1, 0: The acceleration acts within the plane of the pane. The pane is thus rotated by
90° against the horizontal (vertically installed pane, see theory manual).

The input of the vector components does not necessarily be given in normalised values. The
normalisation to a unit vector is made by the program. The effect of (0, 0,-5) is identical with
(0, 0, -1).
The calculation with dead load requires the declaration of the density ρ [to/mm³] of the layer
materials, as the acting forces are determined by their mass.

In addition, it’s possibility to define only the angle of rotation around the x-axis. The gravity
acceleration vector is then calculated automatically.

To activate this load the check box <Use dead weight> must be marked. This is especially
important for calculation of load cases. Here a multiplication factor onto the dead weight will
be considered only if this load is set active and an acting direction is given!

5.5.2 Concentrated loads

By use of concentrated loads you can enter as many local single loads as you like. This load
is distributed within the defined area (Lx · Ly). With this approach all possibilities for concen-
trated loads at certain points up to line and face loads in any direction can be specified (see
also Theory Manual).

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z Fz
y x ,y

Ly
Lx
x

Input:

Values Description Unit

x, y centre position of the load area [mm]
Fx, Fy, Fz force due to the 3 co-ordinate directions [N]
Lx, Ly edge length of the distribution area [mm]

Forces Fz are applied directly into the pane without conversion, as all layers within one pack-
age are coupled by one degree of freedom in z-direction. Forces in x and y direction are dis-
tributed according to the layer thickness, so that a uniform introduction into the entire pane
structure is achieved (e. g. edge loads which acts in-plane onto the cross section of the
panes borders).

5.5.3 Impactors
The impactor models describe a dynamic load simulation, which is controlled by the following
parameters:

Input:

Values Description Unit

x, y point of impact for the pendulum body [mm]
ΔH drop height of the pendulum [mm]
ΔT time step length [s]
Tend calculation duration [s]

The time step length ΔT is preset to 0.001 second (1 ms) for the pendulum. This value can
be used for a pane of 1000x1000 mm with normal design for the pendulum impact.
If the glass is stiffer, the time step length should be reduced. For larger ("softer") glass panels
it can be larger. For the extended impact body model, a considerably shorter time step length
may be necessary, which depends on the "hardness" of the impact body.
This value is not a constant in MEPLA but only a guide value which is not exceeded during
the calculation. If there is a bad convergence (too many iterations because the value is too
large or no convergence at all), the time step is automatically reduced. In good convergence,
ΔT is chosen larger, but never larger than the given time step length.

The occurring contact in interaction with the panel, the variable contact surface and the con-
stantly changing force acting on the impact body as well as the glass is solved in a time step
procedure. The drop height and the location of the impactor can be freely selected. The con-
dition is that the impact surface of the body does not extend beyond the edge of the panel.

The calculation ends when the calculation duration is reached. However, it can also be can-
celled manually while the calculation is running.

A dynamic calculation of one impact body cannot be carried out together with other static
loads. Make sure that any other load (as well as dead weight) is switched off. Otherwise,
these loads would abruptly act on the glass and cause it to vibrate as well.

Every impact body calculation should always be based on non-linear geometric behaviour, as

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high membrane stresses are produced by the impact and the simulation would otherwise be
very inaccurate.

The entire calculation result including all forces, stresses and the acceleration of the pendu-
lum is stored and is available in the <Graphic Surface>.

Furthermore, a diagram can be generated via the <Curve Diagram>, on which, for example,
the time over force curve of the impactor can be shown. The associated data file can be
found in the project folder and is named "sj_mepla.lst". It is a simple ASCII file.

All maximum and minimum values of local stress and deformations, spring forces and reac-
tion forces,.. are stored in the calculation protocol (see also under <Options>). In addition,
the location and the magnitude of the largest principal stresses are noted.

5.5.3.1 Pendulum Impact

The pendulum impact body is preset with a mass of 50 kg and the properties of its two twin
tyres according to DIN EN 12600.

The characteristic values describing the pendulum were determined from tests and apply to a
tyre pressure of 3.5-4.0 bar. A non-linear spring characteristic curve is used to represent the
stiffness of the tyres (see theory manual).

5.5.3.2 Extended impact model

The extended impact model consists of two masses, which are coupled together via a Kelvin-
Voigt spring-damper model. The contacting spring consists of a linear and a non-linear part.
The radius of the contact ball can be freely adjusted.

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While the pendulum body is fixed, this model can be changed freely. It is therefore suitable
for describing a wide variety of impact bodies, some of which are already preset. For the first
time, the internal damping of a body is also included here. The later goal is to include models
for the glass sphere sack as well as for animals in the zoo.

So far, this impact body can only be applied to the uppermost glass package from the negat-
ive z-direction.

Input:

Values Description Unit

m1 Mass [kg]
m2 Mass [kg]
Cd Spring stiffness in the Kelvin-Voigt Unit [N/mm]
µd Damping in the Kelvin-Voigt Unit [Ns/mm]
R Radius of the contacting sphere [mm]
Ck1 Linear part of the contact spring [N/mm]
Ck2 Non-linear part C * w² [N/mm]

If the dead weight vector has been defined, the acceleration component acting perpendicu-
larly on the panel also acts on the impact body as on the disk itself. This means that even
with a drop height of 0 mm, a pane lying horizontally, for example, will vibrate due to its own
weight and the activated weight of the impact body!

In the Graphic Surface the impact process can be followed again. The most important char-
acteristics, such as the forces occurring in the springs, the damper, the deformation below
the point of impact, can be shown again as a curve diagram or are available in the protocol
as extreme values.

5.5.4 Temperature differences

The temperature difference can be set up separately for each layer with a constant gradient
over the layer thickness. This can be done in the workspace <Layers>. If there is only one
layer, a deflection results only from the temperature expansion and a corresponding reaction
force will arise, if a statically undetermined bearing is used.
If several layers (e.g. laminated safety glass) are setup, a curvature effect from the different
expansions of the layers with different layer temperatures will result (see Theory Manual).
For such calculations the thermal expansion coefficient αT must be defined in <Layers>.

5.5.5 Climate loads

The climate loads are relevant for the calculation of insulating glass units. The following loads
can be set up in the workspace <Layers>:

Input:

Values Description Units

Filling gas Filling gas from the database -
t Height of the intermediate space, gap mm
ϒL Volume expansion coefficient [1/K]
Temperature difference
ΔT (Temperature change between installation and [K]
manufacturing)
Internal pressure of the gas during manufac-
pi [N/mm²]
turing
External pressure, barometric air pressure
pa [N/mm²]
(1 bar = 0.1 N/mm²)

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difference of height between installation and

ΔH manufacturing place, if the precise external [m]
pressure is unknown

Additionally all load combinations of face load, point load and temperature differences in the
layers (insulation glass made of laminated safety glass up to 4-fold glazing = 3x gaps) are
possible. These calculations can as well like all other calculations be made with a non-linear
geometric approach.
Also insulating glass units can be exposed to the pendulum impact. The gas pressure laws in
the gaps are always considered. Then, however, the climate loads and other loads have to
be set in a way that off-load conditions are achieved (e. g. internal pressure = external pres-
sure) and no other loads (e.g. face loads) are applied. Otherwise the system would be ex-
posed to these loads "abruptly" and start to swing before the pendulum impacts (see Theory
Manual).

5.5.6 Pressure hit

A further dynamic calculation method can be performed with the pressure hit possibility. By
giving a load factor-time curve the face-, concentrated and line-loads defined under <Loads>
are time step controlled applied onto the system. Thereby the resulting load factor is multi-
plied with these loads. In this way wind blasts (e.g. from measurements) can be set on and
the dynamic response of the pane can be simulated.

The input data must at least consist out of 3 entries. With the peak blending value sharp
curve tips can be rounded. The value matches thereby the radius of a circle laid within the
curve tips. A value of 0.0 switches off this smoothing.

To activate this way of calculation under Options for the type of calculation <Pressure hit>
must be marked.

Pre-defined or measured load data can be opened via <Open file>. Such a file must be
named “sj_mepla.tim”. Direct entries in such a file here should be given in rows, where ac-
cording to the manually defined table the 2 entries for time and load factor should be separ-
ated with at least one blank.

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5.5.7 Line loads

Line loads are approaches for loads which act along a line. The width of such a line is zero.
In reality it’s not possible to set up loads with no width, as always a dimension must exist.
Therefore such a tool is an approximation, which is nevertheless often used.
Line loads are given in the unit [N/mm] or without conversion in [kN/m]. The line will be
defined by a starting point (x0, y0) and the second ending point (x1, y1). Only loads along this
line and within the glass area are considered for loading. Along this so defined line, loads in 3
directions qx, qy und qz can be given. A resulting load vector will be displayed in the graphics
surface.

qz
x0 ,y0

z
y
x1 ,y1
x

Input:

Values Description Units

x0, y0 Starting point of the line load [mm]
x1, y1 Endpoint of the line load [mm]
[N/mm],
qx, qy, qz Load components in 3 directions
[kN/m]

5.5.8 Load cases

This tab sheet <Load Cases> allows considering the complex automatic generation and cal-
culation of any load combinations according to preset Codes/Standards. Loads like dead
weight, face loads and snow loads can here be set anew for the outside and inside face of a
panel. Additionally climatic loads can be chosen anew for such load combinations. Line- and
concentrated loads defined under <Loads> can also be included from their earlier definition
and will be multiplied by related factors given here.

Loads used from outside of this card:

• Dead weight (if marked)
• Line loads
• Point loads
Loads being set anew in this card for selection:
• Wind loads (outside, inside)
• snow loads (top or outside only) (constant and linear)
• climate loads (winter and summer, self- defined or no climate load)

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Each type of loads can get a separate related safety factor, so that these multipliers can be
used to define any possible combination of loads. In this way a load case can be build e.g.
with 100% wind pressure on the outside of a pane together with 50% of snow. For a second
load case this can be changed to 50% and 100% for snow. This also allows considering load
combinations by factors for any new Standard or Code separated in main and secondary
loads.

Input :

Values Description Units

Factor acting onto the direction of gravity set
Dead weight -
under (face loads)
Wind Factor for the marked wind loads -
Snow Factor for the defined snow load -
Factor for the <Line loads> set under
Line -
<Loads>
Point (concen-
Factor for the <Concentrated load> set under
trated -
<Loads>
loads)
Factor for the chosen climatic load
Climate - factor acting on Δp and ΔT -
- factor for ΔH
Factor acting upon the young’s modulus of the
Shear -
intermediate layers defined in <Layers>
Description Description of a load case text

Load settings:
Wind outside pressure (-), suction (+), no wind [N/mm²]
Wind inside pressure (-), suction (+), no wind [N/mm²]
Snow outside snow load perpendicular to the face [N/mm²]
Snow outside Partial and linear increasing snow loads [N/mm²]

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2 climate loads from a data base

Climatic loads Self-defined values -
no climate load
No proof – only combination
Proof Ultimate Limit State, ULS -
Serviceability Limit State, SLS

5.5.8.1 Manual definition of load cases

The above picture shows a default starting screen, where no load cases has been keyed in
yet. All load factors except for the shear value are initially set to zero. The default shear factor
is set to 1.0, so that initially no changes to the used Young’s modulus E of the intermediate
foil defined under <Layers> are used.

In a first step, possible wind loads acting onto the top and the bottom of a panel, the snow
loads (or other similar loads) and all climate loads will be entered. These loadings are then
used as reference values for later possible combinations.

Other load settings are given under <Line loads>, <Concentrated loads>, <Border loads>
and <Glass Fixings>, where loads may have been applied directly onto the fittings. These
loads can’t be set anew here and are used from their existing position defined in their tab
sheet.
The factor set under “Line” will act also onto loads given in <Line loads> and <Border
loads>.
The factor used for “Point” will modify the loads given under <Concentrated loads> and the
loads applied directly at glass fixings.

After defining the loads for later usage, now the appropriate combinations for a first load case
1 can be chosen by selecting the radio button of the load value to be used. This selection will
be stored only within the active load case 1. In this example this is a wind pressure from the
top (-0.002 N/mm² = 2.0 kN/m²), a possible additional pressure onto the inner panel is not
chosen (without), but a constant snow load (-0.75 kN/m² = -0.75e-3 N/mm² = -0.75 / 1000 N/mm²)
in the same direction combined with a climate load from the default values of <Winter (de-
fault)>.

An automated snow load conversion according to the inclination α (Variable W) of the plate is
not selected.

All of these loads are multiplied with a factor of 1.0 (100%) in this first load case No 1. For
the design check option (verification) <no proof> is selected, so that only the stresses are
evaluated.

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Climate

The climate safety factor is divided into two values. The first value is related to the ambient
pressure difference between inside- and outside pressure (Δp) and as well to the temperature
change in the gap (ΔT). The second factor is applied to a possible difference in height (ΔH)
within the climate load, so that this permanently acting value can be set differently than the
medium term effects of barometric and temperature changes.

For the climate loads there are 4 selections possible. The two upper entries can freely be
chosen from a pull down list. A “self-defined” load from the definition set under <Layers> or a
simplified setting for “no climate loads” (without) may be used.

The two higher entries are taken from the data base. Even if there is nothing defined yet,
there are always two standard settings for “Winter” and “Summer” conditions according to the
German Guideline (TRLV) or the new Standard DIN18008. Even if no climate loads are
defined in the data base, those default values can be chosen.

In the above example such a “Winter (default)” setting is used for load case 1 by use of factor
1.0 for all effects. For a next load case a possible choice is taken out of a data base <Set-
tings – Climatic loads>, where it was named “Summer without difference of height”.

On the right side of this list of choices there is a small button (arrow),

where the actual settings for this climate load are displayed and may be changed again.

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Here the altered value for the difference of height (ΔH = 0 m) is visible. Here changes can be
done as well for local usage without changing the data base entries.

Snow

Snow loads can be used in two different ways:

a.) a constant load distributed over the total area or
b.) a linear increasing face load, bounded by two lines y0 and y1 (similar to the settings
under <Face Loads>)

In contrast to such settings under <Face Loads>, these loads will act only onto the highest
glass package.

As the lower marking for linear face loads (indicated by the red arrow) is not set, such a load
will not be regarded in load case No 1. For next definitions any other combinations of con-
stant and linear snow loads may be selected again.
If none of those selections are chosen, but a factor unequal to 0.0 is given, no loads will be
considered, even if there is something entered for a possible (later) usage. Such loads are
used internally with zero value (0.0) for calculation and reported as such in the protocol.

If the snow conversion shall be used and if marked here

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the snow pressure load P will be converted according to the given formula here to it’s part
perpendicular to the surface. If this conversion is not used, the snow pressure P must be cal-
culated manually to use the perpendicular part acting onto the surface.

In this example the new snow load S will be evaluated by P * cos(W)^2, so will consider the
angle α = W of inclination, where P can now be regarded as vertical basic snow load.

The conversion by any given formula will only be done for the const. acting snow load a.)!

Shear

The factor for shear applies directly onto the Young’s modulus E of the intermediate layers (2,
4, 6,…). It’s possible to regard different behaviours for the sandwich core like sliding effects
and monolithic approaches directly within these load cases. Here are two options possible:
a.) The Young’s-modulus E under <Layer> is set to 1.0. Then all factors entered for the
shear can be given in real dimensions, or
b.) the Young’s modulus E under <Layer> is set in its real dimension. A small shear
factor now will reduce this value to consider the situation of no shear in between the
glass panels.

Example:

Young’s Modulus E [N/mm²] Factor load case 1 Factor load case 2

of intermediate layers (full shear effects) (quasi no shear effects, slid-
ing E = 0.01 N/mm²)
1.0 70000. 0.01

700000. 1.0 0.000000142

0.01 70000000. 1.0

(or other needed values for
regarding monolithic beha-
viour)

Description

The last input box “Description” is used to describe the load case and is mentioned in the
protocol too.

Saving/Opening

Load cases can be saved and opened for usage in other projects, but only for all related set-
tings which are stored within this tab sheet <Load cases>. If there are links used for point- or
concentrated loads outside of this card these loads must be re-entered again. Alternatively a
total project can be copied, where all load cases and any related settings are fully copied.

Each load case remembers the settings, which loads and safety factor are set. It can be
freely chosen for new load cases, whether wind suction or pressure on the outside or on the
inside of a pane shall be regarded, whether snow shall be considered or if a climatic load
should be set as well.

5.5.8.2 Automated load case generation

Beside the manually way of load case definition, also an automated solution is available. This
is especially helpful, if a lot of complex combinations may be possible.

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Selecting the Standard

First the Code Template to be used for load combination is chosen:

Setting up the way of design check

Now the way the load case generation shall take place is chosen and so which design check
will later be done.

The following options are available:

Explanations:

Way of design check/ proof Comments

Only combination – no proof By later fe- calculation no proof is done, but
according to the used Standard all combina-
tions are performed. Within the protocol all
load cases and stresses are listed in a table.
Ultimate Limit State ULS Load cases are generated to check the Ulti-
mate Limit State by using the set safety
factors for ULSi.
Serviceability Limit State, SLS Load cases are generated for the Serviceab-
ility Limit State by using the SLSi table val-
ues.
ULS + SLS All load cases are generated for ULS and
SLS and all proofed in the same calculation.

According to the intended design check each load case is assigned to the relevant proof se-
lection:

Generate Load Cases

Using all just active settings from loads, settings, standards to be used, … the automated
load case generation is started here. This can always be started again, after initial settings
have been changed.

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After a short calculation time all generated load cases are written automatically in the list.

This list of load cases can always be changed, adapted or entries been deleted, if a load
case must be changed. Likewise new load cases can be added.

This generated load case list is therefore only a first proposal that must be checked, changed
or supplemented by the user, since by no means all situations can be recorded automatically
and all times correctly! Also, some standards are so complex that further boundary conditions
(safety factors, damage scenarios, load possibilities, combination rules...) may be taken into
account, which cannot all be carried out automatically.

Control/view/changing and copying of load cases:

- The list of load cases can be scrolled up and down by the <mouse wheel>, if the list is
longer then the available space.
- Using the <cursor keys> “up” and “down”, each load case is stepwise been selected and
all related settings for wind, snow, climate loads and the type of proofing are visible. The
just active line is shown in red colour.
- All load cases can be set active or inactive. Using the global check box, all load cases
can be set at once for usage or disabling. Only checked load cases will be considered for
calculation.

- To delete single load cases the DEL key or the button “Delete Entry “can be used. Here
no check back is active!
- To insert a new load case “New entry” or the INS –key are possible. “New entry” can
consecutively be called and so opens more than one new empty line. The INS –key can
only be called once after selecting the position where to insert the new line.

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- The pressed SHIFT – key together with the cursor or Left click will mark all lines selec-
ted. By using Left Click up to the marked position all lines in between are selected. (light
blue background).
- If single load cases shall be marked, according to Windows standard, parallel to the
CTRL- key the Left Click can be used.
- Such selected load cases can now be either
o deleted by DEL – key,
o cut out by CTRL + X,
o copied by CTRL + C
o and by
o CTRL + V by inserted at a new position, marked by Cursor key or Left Click.
- Also marked load cases can directly be moved by the Drag&Drop function, so moving all
load cases by still pressing Left Click and releasing the Mouse button at the position were
to insert.

Considered type of loads:

According to defined load entries (unequal to 0.0) the appropriate loads for wind and snow
are considered in the load combination.

Load In combination used, if defined: Description

Wind - Wind pressure, Wind suction Loads inside and outside in the same direc-
outside ply tion are considered in common. Loads in
- Wind pressure, wind suction, opposite direction will each generate a
inside ply single load case.
Snow - full face load of snow Loads in the same direction are used to-
- partially face load gether; different directions will generate 2
separate load cases.

If further load cases like <Line loads>, <Point loads>, <Climate Loads> or <Shear
factors> shall be used within the combination too, depends on the active definition of these
loads. If for example at least one line load has been set under <Line loads>, so this loads is
used in combination too by using the defined safety factors.

Loads In combination used, if defined: Description

Line loads Line loads These line loads are considered
Border loads all by the same safety factor.
Point loads Concentrated loads These point loads are considered
Point loads at a fixing all by the same safety factor.
Climate loads Insulated glass units (by more than 1 Safety factors of changing loads
glass package) (Ambient air pressure and tem-
perature change) and permanent
loads (difference of height) are
distinguished.

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Shear factor Laminated glass using a foil Young’s Will generate one additional com-
modulus E < E-Module foil bination of full shear effect, to be
(limit set up in <Code template>) used as additional load case for
and Insulated glass unit (Packages > 1) insulated glass to check mono-
lithic behaviour too.

Optional settings for each type of load:

For each type of load a separate combination rule can be set:

Type of load Combination rule

Dead weight 0 – no load combination
Climate ΔH 1 – all load combinations (Default setting)
Shear (special case)
Wind 0 – no load combination
Snow 1 – all load combinations (Default setting)
Line 2 – combining only as main load
Point 3 – using load as main load only
Climate Δp, ΔT

Option Combination rule

Disables the usage of this load in any combination, even if a load value or a
0 direction has been set.

Is the default setting and will combine this load as main influence as well as
1 secondary effect by using related combination factors.

Only combines this selected load as main influence together with all other sec-
2 ondary loads. If other loads are used as main load, this marked load will then
not be used with combination as a secondary load.

This option is an increased restriction of option 2. Now also no combinations

3 are generated with any secondary loads. This means, such a selected load is
only used alone as main influence and never in combination with changing
non-permanent loads. But combinations with permanent loads are still done.

If a load acts as permanent or changing (varying) load can be set in the <Code Template>.

Main rules for the load case combination:

Using the automated load case generation, the following rules are considered:

- If the condition is met for a horizontal glass (defined under Code Template: Definition of
Vertical), loads from dead weight are considered with the second ULSi value from the
table to check the worst case (e.g. dead weight together with the opposite action of wind
suction).

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- If an insulated glass unit is used and for summer and winter climate condition the same
difference of height ΔH is used, only one single permanent load case is generated. For
two different heights also 2 load cases are build to check any appropriate combination.
- If a difference of height ΔH = 0 is used, this permanent load case is no longer considered
at all.
- In case a laminated glass in insulted glass units is used, by default two different scenario
of “no shear” effect and “full shear” effect are considered. For this, the chosen Young’s
modulus E for the intermediate foil (<Layers>) is factored such that
o a.) nearly no shear (Efoil = 0.03 N/mm²) and
o b.) a situation of full shear effect by Efoil = 300 N/mm² is build.
This default behaviour can be disabled by setting “0 - no load combination”.
- Are wind and snow acting in common in a horizontal glazing and no load duration effects
must be considered (as needed for annealed glass according to DIN 18008), both load
cases are combined. For the usage of thermally not treated glass (for DIN 18008 needed
for annealed or cast glass) all combinations will be detected, to handle the different load
duration coefficients of kmod correctly.
- This behaviour will automatically be used if a glass layer with kmod values less than 1.0
has been defined under <Code Template>. To allow the increase of the allowable
stresses for special load cases conditions (specially using TRLV conditions) also values
higher than 1.0 are possible. So if the special conditions for TRLV shall be used the kmod
value is used to increase the allowed higher limit stresses for climate loads (e.g. 1.15).
- Are wind loads acting inside (glass package 1) and outside (highest glass package),
same load directions are used in common and so generate only one load case.
- If the special combination rule for the German Guideline TRLV is used, the climate load
ΔH (height difference) will be used as a varying load always in common the with other two
climate load of Δp, ΔT (pressure and temperature change). Only in cases where ΔH is set
to zero (for winter and summer condition) this load will be automatically neglected.

Way of combination:

For the design according to DIN18008 and DIN 1055 or for all other standards the loads are
divided into the main and secondary action and all possible (and meaningful) combinations
are determined.

The procedure according to DIN18008 for the Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Ed = ∑ γ G ⋅Gk , j ⊗ γ Q ,1⋅Qk ,1 ⊗ ∑ γ Q ,i⋅ψ 0 ,i⋅Qk ,i

j≥1 ,j i>1

and for the Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Ed = ∑ Gk , j ⊗ Qk ,1 ⊗ ∑ ψ 0 , i⋅Qk , i
j≥1 i>1

with
Gk,j: independent and permanent action
Qk,1: main independently varying load (main action)
Qk,i: other independently varying load (secondary actions)

where permanent loads with γ G,j , the main actions with γ Q,1 and the secondary actions from
the product γ Q,i⋅ψ 0,i are formed, is simplified in the <Code Template> to only one factor that
is specified separately for each load and thus allows the greatest possible flexibility:

Load Type ULS1 ULSi SLS1 SLSi

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Dead weight 1: permanent 1.35 1.0 1.0 1.0

or the value to be
applied in rever-
sing effect

Wind 2: varying 1.5 1.5*0.6 = 0.9 1.0 0.6

Snow 2 1.5 1.5*0.5 = 0.75 1.0 0.5
Line load 2 1.5 1.5*0.7 = 1.05 1.0 0.7
Conc. load 2 1.5 1.5*0.7 = 1.05 1.0 0.7
Climate Δp, ΔT 2 1.5 1.5*0.6 = 0.9 1.0 0.6
Climate ΔH 1 1.35 1.0 1.0 1.0

Code templates according to DIN 18008 and for other Standards has already been prepared
so that most combinations can be executed automatically.

Whether this procedure can be applied equally to any worldwide standard and whether the
suggested code templates cover every case is still to be checked by the user and possibly
adapted to his requirements! It may be also necessary to build a new Code template to con-
sider new or other conditions.

The result of the load case generation is always displayed completely in the load case list
and can also be changed manually if required before the calculation is carried out.

Further combination settings:

In the standard setting, all combinations of variable loads are performed. However, this rule
can be changed under Settings → Code Template and the combination can here be ex-
ecuted up to a certain depth.

If a combination depth greater than 0 is set, a combination is only executed up to this depth.

Combination depth n Combinations executed

1 Only the main actions are generated as load case
2 In addition to all possible main effects, one secondary effect is
also considered. All load combinations with more than 2 loads
are hidden.
3 In addition to all possible main loads, up to 2 secondary loads
are combined. All load combinations with more than 3 loads are
hidden.

If 0 is set or the number n is greater than all variable loads, no load combination is hidden
and all load combinations are examined at full depth. So if wind, snow, point, line and climate
loads are applied, combinations are generated where all these loads occur in parallel (by us-
ing the defined main and secondary safety factors).

Output:

During calculation each load case is separately calculated and printed in the <Protocol of
calculation>. For each of those load cases all related deflections, stresses and forces can
be seen there.

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The evaluation is finalised by comparing each load case results to get the worst case
(stresses). At the end of protocol these evaluated load cases are shown with their related de-
flections and stresses.

Within the <Protocol of Load cases> only tabular results of load cases or a single calcula-
tion for design check are listed. Here according to the chosen way of proof, stresses , deflec-
tions or resistances according to a Code or Standard are compared. (see 5.7.3. Result of
Calculation)

All load cases can be seen in the <Graphics surface> step by step.

A <curve diagram> can be used as well, so that the results are shown in a curve plot.

5.5.9 Border Loads

This tool allows the direct input of line loads along borders. This can be used for curved bor-
ders as well, where straight line loads can’t be used.

Loads can be set in two directions: Perpendicular to the face acting in z-direction (qz) or in-
plane direction (qn) normal onto the cross section. A positive value is directed away from the
edge, as shown in the drawing.

Input:

Values Description Unit

Edge Number of loaded edge -
qz Line load in z-direction [N/mm]
Line load in-plane direction away from the
qn [N/mm]
cross section area

Important note:

Such a border load can only be applied onto the first glass package. It’s not possible for
higher glass packages (>1) of insulated glass units.

Border loads applied in plane direction onto the cross section of a laminated glass edge are
distributed according to the thickness of each layer. The applied pressure load will result after
dividing the border line load by the sum of all glass thicknesses.

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5.6 Options
In the workspace <Options> the requested calculation set-up as well as the position of the
local stress and deflection outputs can be specified.

5.6.1 General
Type of Calculation

The type of calculation is now set under Options, where you can choose from the following
options:

Choice Description
Single Calculation Only one static calculation is performed. Here only the direct load
inputs and not the inputs from the load cases are used. Therefore,
no load factors can be applied or loads combined here.

With this restriction (no load factors and the load itself must already
by multiplied with the needed factor), however, a "proof" for the ULS
and SLS can be kept if the "Verification" card has been completed.
This is NOT the usual procedure for verifying the limit states which
should normally be carried out via "load cases"!
Load Case Calculation All specifications and load cases of the load case section are eva-
luated and a corresponding load case protocol is created. Here, the
safety coefficients can now be changed separately for each load
case and the verification for the ULS and SLS can be performed
with different factors.
Pendulum Impact A dynamic pendulum impact calculation is carried out with the per-
manently adjusted pendulum impact body (double tyres according
to DIN EN 12600).
Pressure Hit A dynamic pressure chock load is applied. The face, line and point
loads are applied using time-varying load factors.
Impactor Body The extended Kelvin-Voigt impact model is applied dynamically
according to the set specifications.
Remaining Capacity The residual load capacity is calculated. Using the applied breaking
stresses per layer, the behaviour of the entire structure in the cra-
cked state is examined.

Calculation approach

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The default setting is a geometrically <linear calculation>. Checking the radio button you
can switch to the more correct < geometrically non-linear > approach. Large deflections
transversely to the plate are then considered (see Theory Manual). All calculations (also pen-
dulum impact and insulation glass) can be carried out with this option.

Convergence setting

Tolerance

By setting the <Tolerance> the precision of the calculation can be changed. Solving non-lin-
ear equations take place by use of the Newton-Raphson method. This is an iterative process,
which will end when the tolerance value [in Newton] is reached. This value is pre-defined with
0.1 N and shall only be changed by a specialist.

Automatic

With <Disable automatic> the algorithm that tries to find the quickest possible solution is
suppressed. In case of higher loads with non-linear effects and large transversal deflections
(geometrically non-linear effects) or in case of insulating glass unit with non-linear gas pres-
sure law, it can be necessary to disable this automatic control. The tangential stiffness matrix
is then set up and solved for any iteration. This option should be enabled only by exception
as it makes the calculation much more time consuming.

Steps

The select button <Apply loads in x steps> divides loads into several steps, which are ap-
plied sequentially until the full load is reached. This selection is frequently advisable in case
of very large loads as it improves the convergence of the calculation. All intermediate steps
are saved and printed out. They can be shown separately with the <Graphics surface>.

To achieve a convergent solution in extreme cases also, both options <Disable automatic>
and <Apply loads in x steps> can be selected.

Attention:
In a single static calculation only the last step corresponds to all loads being applied (100%)!

If a load case calculation is performed together with stepwise loading, all load cases are cal-
culated with this setting but now only the 100% load situation is written as result. So in-
between results are not written and shown. They are only used internally to enhance the
solution process. This setting can also highly elongate the solving duration. On the other
hand now limit cases can be solved where the standard procedure of applying all loads in
one single step may led to convergence problems.

Local results outputs

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Here you can define some positions (x, y) within the plate where the stress and displacement
shall be determined explicitly. These outputs are then listed in the calculation protocol.

Each stress output contains the following values:

Sxx Stress in global x-direction

Syy Stress in global y-direction
Sxy Shear stress
Sp+ Maximum principal stresses (positive square root)
Sp-: Minimum principal stresses (negative square root)

The output of these 5 stress values is carried out on the basis of the defined layer structure
for the top and bottom side of each layer.

These outputs are furthermore at your disposal within the <Curve diagram> for displaying
results of a dynamic impact simulation or a calculation in several steps. Thus, e.g. the stress
variation under the pendulum impact position for a certain time period or the kinetic energy of
the pendulum are displayed.

Distance change

At above given positions of local results the distance change in the gap of an Insulated Glass
Unit (IGU) can also be evaluated. For all positions and glass packages > 1 the distance to
the next lower glass package will be evaluated and is shown as option in the curve diagram.
So “time – distance” change can be shown:

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Values below zero would indicate an inner glass contact (overlapping).

Up to now, no further results are written into the standard protocol.

Stress results

The following stress results can be chosen, to be written into the protocol:

- Max. principal stress (used for glass design)

- Min. principal stress (compression stress)
- VonMises stress (for metallic layers to check against yielding)

For these choices, the maximal or minimal stress results are written into the protocol by in-
dicating there position and there associated layer.

Reaction Forces

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Here the values to be printed into the Protocol are listed. Values which are not needed can
be excluded here. In this way the protocol length can be reduced.

Formed Volume

The option <Calculate formed volume> will evaluate the formed volume between the un-
deformed (w = 0) and the deformed situation of the plate. This is done by integrating the lat-
eral deflections "w" over for the total fe- structure.

Protocol and Messages

Here the language for the protocol and the control messages for the status of calculation are
chosen. This must be done before running the calculation. Actually nine languages are avail-
able: German, English, French, Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Polish and Czech.

Solver

The default choice which solver should be used for calculation can be changed here again
on project level.

5.6.2 Verification
Preset Code

If in parallel for a single calculation or a calculation of load cases also a design check (static
assessment) shall be performed, the Code/Standard to be used must be selected here.

Until now the following preset Norm templates are stored in the data base.
- DIN18008 – Germany, Height < 1000m
- DIN18008 – Germany, Height > 1000m
- German Guideline TRLV (using flag for special combination rules)
- NEN 2608: 2014
- prEN 16612
- CAN CGSB 12.20 (in two versions for the load case generation)
- Ö-Norm
- ASTM E1300 (as a rough first approach)

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These settings can be changed, deleted or amended under <Start - Settings - Code Tem-
plate>.

Note:

If already an automated load case generation under <Loads> - <Load cases> according to
a preset Standard has been carried out, this setting will also be used as default for the veri-
fication! Only if this predefined Standard is switched off (by selection of an empty entry) un-
der <Verification> a choice of the Standard is given again free.

This prevents the usage of non-conform settings for load case generation and verification.
Only if the user specially allows this, this is possible.

Type of glass assignment

Type of glass

According to the setting within the predefined Standard for each glass package the type of
glass must be defined to consider the related resistance values in the design check:

By selecting the list of choices, the relevant properties are entered, but can of course be
changed if needed.

LG, Laminated Glass

Has a laminated glass been given under <Layers>, this will automatically be detected when
the number of layers in this package is larger than 1 and as result this box is checked. If the
number of layers is changed later (after a first definition here), this is not automatically
altered in this Verification card, not to overwrite user settings done before. Changes must
then be done manually!

By setting this flag, the given factor kVSG is used (variable J) to calculate the glass strength for
the design check (according to DIN18008 this is +10% so a factor 1.1 onto the glass
strength). If this flag is not set, because either no laminated glass has been defined or the
flag has manually been removed, then no factor will be used. In parallel this entry is disabled
and kVSG = 1.0 is used.

This factor is only used, if the Young’s modulus E of the foil does not extend the shear
strength limit set in <Code Template> for the used Code/Standard. This is predefined with
1.2 N/mm², but can of course be altered. If the Young’s modulus is higher than the shear

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strength limit the factor kvsg is internally reduced to 1.0, as the condition for using the addi-
tional 10% resistance is not met according to DIN18008-1 (Abs. 7.2.1). So the resulting
design resistance Rd may be smaller than first visible (Checkbox for LG is set and factor J =
kvsg = 1.1 seem to be chosen).
If a limit of 0.03 N/mm² would be set (0.0 should not be used, due to mechanical reasons),
this increase factor kvsg for laminated glass would only be used if nearly no shear (like PVB -
long time loading) has been set. This would also exclude for example the PVB-foil from “Glas
Trösch”, which has a permission to be used with G = 0.4 (E = 1.2 N/mm²).

Coated glass surface

In cases a type of glass is selected, where a reduced strength of a coating is given (e.g. fk_b =
75.0 N/mm² for “Glass, heat toughened (enamelled)” from the preset materials), additional
settings for the Coated glass surface are given free. Here the Layer and the surface (Side)
(top, bottom, both) within this glass package can be chosen to consider an altered strength
for the verification.

Optionally a second Layer 2 and related Side 2 for the same glass package can be con-
sidered in the design proof.

It’s also possible to select both sides of a specific layer in this glass package. Thus a second
(or third) type of glass can be defined. E.g. all layers are HS glass but one top layer shall be
from FT glass. This B = fk_b = 120 will then exchange the main glass strength A = fk just for
this layer (A = B).

By setting fk_b = 0.0 these options for “coated glass surface” are disabled.

Free glass borders, Variable H

Free borders, without any support condition are found automatically.

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For such free borders a reduced strength can be used for the design proof (e.g. according to
DIN 18008-1 Section 8.3.8 only 80%). Using the reduction factor kz (factor zone) in the prop-
erty list, a parallel design check is induced, especially for such marked borders. The related
reduced glass strength is mentioned in the <Protocol of load cases> and compared with
found maximal stresses along these edges.

This proof is only done for glasses where H = kz ≠ 1.0. For values kz = 1.0, no strength reduc-
tion and no additional design check is done, even if this factor (H) is mentioned in the for-
mula.

Borders marked as free (unsupported edges) can manually be altered. This is especially ne-
cessary for <Elastic line supports> which are located near to an edge. They can’t be found
automatically. Also partially supported edges can be regarded as a kind of line support, when
the conditions of e.g. DIN18008 are met.

Using this option

the bore hole rims are automatically detected too and local rim stresses are also compared
against reduced limit stresses (if H = kz ≠ 1.0). Within the load case protocol these borders are
indicated by “Drilling”.

In cases where the Option NEN2608 is used within the Code Template, analogously to H the
variable E = ke is used in the same way to consider the edge quality!

The button <Reset> sets back to the automatic setting, when manual changes should be un-
done.

Design Formula

The design formula was defined under <Settings> → <Code Template>,

and can’t be changed here. It’s only shown again here for information. For the rules of defini-
tion and allowed signs please see section 4.3.1.1.1 (Code Template).

Way of construction, Variable I

According to DIN18008-2 Section 7.2 and 4.2 a construction coefficient kc = 1.8 can be used
for glass which is at least line supported at 2 opposite borders and not thermally heat
strengthened glass (float or cast glass) is used. However for heat treated glass kc = 1.0 has to
be used.

If such an increase of strength within the design proof is used depends on the preset value of
kc for this type of glass and if above box has been checked.

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For design proof of only point supported glass this option can not be used and the box
should remain unchecked, what internally always use I = kc = 1.0.

Check box set: Calculation procedure

According to DIN 18008-2 a line supported bearing exists and kc =
yes 1.8 values for float glass will be used to enlarge the glass strength
Rd. (Variable I)
The coefficient for the way of construction kc will always only enter
no the design proof with a factor of 1.0, fully independent which value
could be possible or has been set for kc. (Variable I = 1.0)

For other norms this section can of course be used to define something else. Values given
for kc (variable I) unequal to 1.0 for a glass package can be switched on by this check box.

Design check/proof

The calculated effects are compared with the resistance values for the Ultimate Limit State
(ULS) or respectively the limit deflection of Serviceability Limit State (SLS).

This allowed stress Rd (major principal stress) results from the used formula by the deposited
values written in the table (Code Template):

Proofing formula according to Codes (Presetting)

Due to the complexity of the design process, some of the formula templates listed here can
only describe the standard cases of the design. These design formulas are marked with "Ba-
sic template" in the table.

With very complex design formulas such as NEN 2608, there are many more possible dis-
tinctions, which cannot all be integrated into one template. Some of these influencing para-
meters have already been listed with a factor (initially set to 1.0) in the formula and must be
changed accordingly if necessary. In some cases, however, the influencing parameters for
the load duration kmod for example, are also divided into many subdivisions. The by kz re-
duces stresses in zone 3, which may only be carried out using the float glass strength, can-
not be automatically integrated in this design concept. Such corner areas for example, can
only be found automatically with greatest effort! The safety factor γm,A applies here, for ex-
ample, only to wind and climate loads as the main effect. This template is therefore also a
suggestion in which way the user can create further templates.

The design formula of the CAN CGSB does not fit 100 percent into the concept pursued
here. Also, not all necessary parameters can be found in the standard. This also applies in
particular to the load combination. Here, specifications can be determined directly from this
standard, which specifies different combination factors for the simultaneous action of 1, 2 or
3 loads - but the "National Building Code of Canada Division B" is also frequently used for
load combinations. Templates were therefore created for both procedures, which the user
can adapt as required.

ASTM E1300 follows a different design concept and this standard is not valid for all cases
(load and support types). According to section X.5, the loads are all related to the 3 sec equi-
valent in order to be able to compare them with each other and to apply them in parallel. In-
creasing the internal pressure and temperature by a factor of 3.22 generates such high loads
that can also cause problems in the numerical solution of the gas pressure law. The gener-
ated air pressures will also have a magnitude that will not occur on earth (e.g. 1080 mbar).

The user is therefore referred to the study of the Norms and should only calculate those
cases here which are conform to the respective standard or the design formula proposed
here!

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Norm/Code Formula according to Code Formula by vari-

ables
DIN 18008 f k ⋅ k mod ⋅ k c
Rd = ⋅ k vsg k z A*K*I/C*J*
γM
H

TRLV / fk
TRAV Rd = ⋅k mod,( K lima ) ⋅ k VSG A/C*K*J
γ

NEN 2608: 2014 f g ; k  k sp  k e  k a  k mod k e  k z   f b; k  k sp  f g ; k 

Rd =  A*E*F*K / C +
γ m; A γm;V
E*H*(D – A) / 1.2
(Basic template) with
f g;k⋅k sp = A
f b;k=D
k e =E , k z =H
for wind and climate loads as main loads
γ m;A =C=1.6
by use of
k a =F=1.644⋅A -1/25
for non-linear usage and uniform face loads.
prEN 16612 k mod  k sp  f g ;k k v   f b ;k  f g ;k 
Rd =  K * D * 45 / 1.8 +
γM ; A γM ;v
G * (A – 45) / 1.2

CAN fk
CGSB 12.20 Rd = ⋅c ⋅k ⋅k with A/C*D*K*H
γ M 1 mod z
(Basic template) fk
 Rref  c 2 AN: 25, HS: 50, FT: 100 N/mm²
γM

Ö-Norm f k ⋅ k mod ⋅ k b ⋅ k z A*K*G*H/C

B3716 Rd = with
γm
H = kz = 0.8 for not heat treated glass
ASTM fk A/C*H
E1300 Rd = ⋅k
γM z
(Basic template)

These formula templates and variables can be extended or adapted by the user at any time if
further requirements or changes are necessary. The default values are only a possible tem-
plate and are not equally valid in all cases. Depending on the application and the standard to
be applied, the user must create a new standard template, consider further constants,
change the template or add further variables to the formula.

Description of specific values/variables:

Specific Vari- Name Usage

value able

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Strength of glass Strength of glass

fk A

Strength of coated or Reduced strength of glass if coated, enamelled

fk,b B enamelled glass sur- or a different type of glass in used in this glass
face or fully different packages. Position must be described before,
kind of glass in this see “Coated surface”. If fk,b is set to 0.0, these
glass package options are disabled.

The new strength of the coated surface given

here, is now used instead of the strength A = fk
so that B overwrites value A.
A = B = fk,b

Local coefficient Related to the type of glass a corresponding

ϪM C factor factor can be set

free edit- 4 free usable values Free option to set and use these entries by
able D-G naming the variable D to G in the formula

Edge quality E = ke Using option NEN2608 the variable E is also

(Special function) treated analogously to the variable H.

Reduction factor to Factor from the list is used, if

kz H consider free and un- - a border is set to “free”
supported glass bor- - if the option “check borehole rims too” has
ders under bending been set
effects - and this factor is ≠ 1.0.

For such marked border a parallel design proof

will be done by use of the given H = kz If above
conditions are not met, then H = kz = 1.0 are
used instead.

Coefficient for the way Listed kc value is used, if

kc I of construction - checkbox is selected.

According to DIN18008-2 this factor can be

used, if a glass panel can be regarded as line
supported (at least 2 opposite borders of a
glass are line supported) and for non thermally
treated glass (so float glass only).

Factor to consider Factor from the list is used, if

kvsg J laminated glass by in- - laminated glass exists and
creasing the strength - the checkbox is selected, and
limit. - the factored young’s modulus E for the foil
is less then the “shear stiffness limit”.

If above conditions are not met, then J = kvsg =

1.0 is used.

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Modification coeffi- kmod is used in each glass package with the

kmod K cient to consider the largest listed value per type of load.
load duration
Example:
Load case with dead weight and wind load. The
larger value from kmod = 0.25 and kmod = 0.7 so 0.7
will be used for K = kmod .

Preset values e.g. DIN 18008:

- For non thermally treated glass (annealed
glass) (e.g. 0.25 – 0.4 – 0.7)
- Thermally treated glass
(e.g. kmod = 1.0)

If load combinations from different load durations are evaluated, the largest kmod value com-
bined with these type of loads will be used to calculate the resistance Rd of this load case.

In DIN 18008 for non thermally treated glass loads are related to the following durations:

Load dura- kmod Type of loading

tion
permanent 0.25 Dead weight
Climate load ΔH (height difference production - installation)

middle 0.4 Snow

Climate load Δp und ΔT (ambient air pressure and temperature
change)

short 0.7 Wind load

Line loads (persons)
Point loads (concentrated loads)
Point loads at a point fitting

For other Codes and Standards please check Settings → Code Template. For each type of
glass package and load duration these values can be set separately.

Serviceability Limit State

The serviceability or deflection limit is normally set by 1% of the relevant bending length L, so
L/100.

In cases where the SLS shall be checked, the found maximum deflections are compared and
documented in the <Protocol of load cases>.

Chord shortening

To calculate the chord shortening is one additional option in DIN18008 Section 7.4 to check
the SLS, if the glass is “line supported” (see above definition) and secondly if it’s falling under
the definition of “vertical glass”.

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If both conditions are met, the normal design check by limiting the deflections can be omitted
and a check of this Chord shortening can be done by proofing, if the shortening of a pane
due to bending will not lead to less than 5mm of supporting width. As worst case condition all
shortening effects will be related only to one side of the glass (as fixed on the other side).

To consider this condition the maximum shortening can be set and will be compared with
the found shorting along the given line between point P1 and P2. By entering these positions
the line is drawn in the drawing window in parallel.

This line can’t be set automatically, as it depends upon a lot of supporting condition (e.g.
which side of the glass may maximally slide from the supporting line or where the maximum
deflections may arise).

According to the used calculation approach (linear calculation or non-linear geometric ap-
proach) a different solution is used. For non-linear calculations the distance change between
two points can directly be calculated by the movement of both points in plane direction. For
linear approaches the shortening can only be recalculated by the lateral deflection w along
this line P1 – P2 (see Theory Manual).

Output:

Results from the design proof (in general a load case calculation) can be found in the <Pro-
tocol of load cases> (see also Section 3.7.3). But also for single static or dyn. impact calcu-
lations this shortening can be examined and written into the protocol.

Types of Design Proof

As a rule, a design proof should be done by evaluating different load cases. Here the indi-
vidual load types can be addressed separately and a safety factor can also be assigned to
each load.

However, proof can also be provided for a single static calculation. However, the following
conditions must be taken into account:
• The safety factors must be directly included in the load value.
• If a loading duration must be taken into account in the proof (kmod), this can only be
done to a limited extent:
◦ Face loads are regarded as the effect of wind
◦ Linear increasing area loads are internally treated with the load duration for snow

In the load case protocol, such a verification is marked as a Single calculation and the one
load case is named by 0! This procedure is not recommended, since the Users can easily
make mistakes.

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5.6.3 Residual capacity

If the load-bearing behaviour of a pane under a given static load is to be investigated, both
the crack formation and the load-bearing capacity of broken glass panel can be investigated
here.

Einstellungen

Settings Default values Description

Breakage stress No entry If a limit stress is applied to a layer, a breakage
of this layer is initiated when the limit stress is
exceeded.
If a completely broken glass layer is to be ap-
plied ( crumb breakage in the case of FT), a
very small negative value must be entered. (e.g.
- 200.0 N/mm²)
Maximum iterations 100 After this number of iterations, the calculation is
terminated regardless of the convergence pro-
cess.
Pressure point posi- 0.8 Describes the pressure point position in relation
tion to half the layer thickness where the individual
splinters transmit their compressive force.
Tolerance of deforma- 0.001 [mm] If this deformation change is reached (compar-
tion change ison of old and new deformation), a convergent
system is assumed. Cracks could continue to
grow, but hardly cause a change in the deforma-
tion, so that a quasi static equilibrium has been
reached.

The deformation behaviour and the cracking that develops can be viewed directly from the
open graphic surface. If the display should catch up with the calculation steps, the "RUN" dis-
play starts again with the first step.
Alternatively, you can use STEP, BACK, FIRST or GOTO to follow individual steps.

Crack formation can best be monitored via the VonMises stresses. In the area of the cracks,
any remaining pressure component in the VonMises stress is also set to zero, so that the

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cracks are now always displayed in dark blue.

The result of a calculation (regardless of the type of termination) is summarized in the pro-
tocol. Here 4 different conditions can create the end of this simulation:
1. The maximum number of iterations has been reached.
2. The deformations have hardly changed and a convergent system has been assumed.
3. The calculation was cancelled manually.
4. No fracture was found and the calculation converged beyond the usual error force tol-
erance of 0.1 N.

The protocol refers to the type of calculation (here: residual load capacity).

It should be noted that under the above conditions the calculation result may not be final (i.e.
not in absolute equilibrium) either, because the crack would still grow strongly with further it-
erations or one of the above cancelling conditions has already been reached.
In addition, this simulation represents an approximate approach that only allows a qualitative
statement about the post-break behaviour, but can never simulate the exact course of frac-
ture.

Conditions

The following important conditions must be observed (for a complete list, see Theory
Manual):
1. Only linear calculations can be performed. If you have already switched to non-linear
under Options, this setting is ignored.
2. No dynamic calculation by means of an impact body or pressure hit can be per-
formed. Only static loads are possible.
3. A load case calculation is not possible, only a static load situation can be investig-
ated.
4. The result is strongly dependent on the foil stiffness. In the case of a very softly ap-
plied foil, the splinters are connected to the intermediate layer only very slightly by
shearing. The result then comes very close to the load-bearing behaviour of the intact
layer alone. With a higher shear bond, the glass splinters can transmit compressive
forces and thus increase the static moment.
5. If all glass panels have been set as broken, hardly any convergent behaviour will oc-
cur. The whole system will very strongly deform due to all time new cracks and re-
arrangements

5.7 Results
In the workspace <Results> all possibilities that belong to the calculation, displaying and the
output of results are given.

5.7.1 Before calculation

By <System preview> the system which has not been calculated yet can be checked. Here
the generated mesh, the bearing design, the position of the point fixings and all other settings
can be regarded, before the calculation is carried out. Thus all inputs as well as the gener-
ated mesh density can be controlled first.
If a calculation results already exists, they will be deleted by the <System preview>. A warn-
ing message appears.

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5.7.2 Calculation
If the system has been reviewed or if the calculation shall be carried out directly, the calcula-
tion is started with <Start calculation>.

Status of Calculation:
In this section operations done during the finite element analysis are shown, so that the user
recognise when a solution will be available or if problems arise.

Calculation Control:
In the lower part of the window information about the progress are displayed.
Additional notes, not leading to a program stop, are shown in parallel.

Note window:

Here additional notes for information, not leading to a program stop, are shown:
- Number of processors used
- Notes, if in a special load case the conditions for a design proof aren’t met.
- If in insulted glass a contact between inside and outside pane has been detected.
- ….
-

After starting the program you can continue working in other projects. A running calculation is
indicated with a grey flag.

If the calculation has been performed correctly, this is indicated with a green flag

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If during calculation an error occurs, the flag colour will change to red.

Cancelling a calculation is possible using the same button, which is re-named with <Cancel
calculation> while a job is running:

Calculation results are then only available up to the latest step solved. If a load case calcula-
tion is cancelled, only results up to that point are considered, what is pointed out by the latest
solved load case shown in the protocol:

This operation can take some time as the calculation program can only be terminated at cer-
tain positions within the calculation process.

If a load case can’t be calculated (not reaching a convergent solution), e.g. if a kinematic sys-
tem arose or much too large loads are given preventing a solution, the calculation stops the
same way. Not to loose all results up to that point, here also all calculated load cases are
evaluated and written into the protocol.

The problematic load case is specially mentioned within the status window:

Important:
In such above cases the calculation is not fully done and the input error, leading to abortion
must be found. The already written load case results are only a partial result and will help you
finding the input error.

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5.7.3 Calculation results

Graphics surface

After calculation, additionally to the system data, now the calculation results are available.
The button <Graphics surface> starts the graphics post processor which displays the result
visually (see Graphics Manual for more information).

Protocol of Calculation

The <Protocol of Calculation> contains detailed data and results. The geometry of the
plate, the position of the edge points, the layer structure, point fixings including the calcula-
tion set-ups and all calculation results that were requested, are recorded in table form and
can be printed out.

By directly clicking the button

the print preview window opens. Via the selection menu

can be either the printer setting

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with
• the font size and font,
• the margins,
• the other settings, such as the paper orientation (red arrow)
• open the page preview

or the export settings can be selected

• save as RTF file in project folder (and open it)

• into the Excel format
• or in the OpenOffice.org Calc format.

The RTF file is named “sj_mepla_dat.rtf” and can be opened with any standard text pro-
cessing program. After converting, the program linked by default with rtf-files will open auto-
matically.

An additional button on the right (indicated by the red arrow) allows setting the paper format
and orientation (landscape).

Protocol of Load cases:

If a single calculation or a load case calculation according to a chosen Standard was done,
these results are additionally written into a separate protocol:

Rubric Comments
Type of glass and strength Order of layers, strength, properties of each glass layer
Load case combination List of all load cases, used factors and text description

Calculation results Resumed result of all calculations done separated by the way
of proof:
- no proof (only stresses)
- Ultimate limit State
- Serviceability Limit State

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Load case results Separate listing of all stresses or deflection found in each
package and layer compared with limits

This protocol is available in Unicode format UTF-8 and is stored as “sj_mepla.rep” within the
project directory. As required, it can be opened by any text processing program. Using the
Export function this file can also directly been converted to rtf-format, so that it can be
opened easier. The program combined with ending “.rtf” will open automatically.

This RTF-file is named “sj_mepla_rep.rtf” and is stored in the actual working project folder.

Curve diagram

If a dynamic calculation of impact or a calculation in several steps has been carried out, spe-
cific analysis in form of a curve can be generated.

Using the combo boxes the values for the x-axis and the y-axis can be adjusted separately.
Depending on the size of the existing result file this evaluation may take some seconds until
the graph is shown in form of a curve diagram.

The shorthand expressions displayed in the combo box have the following meaning:

P package number
S layer number
top, bottom top and bottom side of the layer
Sxx,… stress components

Additionally the deflections at the point fixings, at the impact position of the pendulum or en-
hanced impact model or the kinetic and potential energy during impact can be shown.

After selection of the axis values to be plotted, an internal result file is generated. This file is
stored in the project directory and is named “sj_mepla.lst”. It’s a conventional ASCII file and
pairs of values (x and y value) are written line by line.

This file can be used for other programs (like Excel) too. The last two rows are the found the
min and max peak values.

Print curve diagram

Each displayed curve can be printed out separately by clicking the button <Print Curve Dia-
gram>.

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6 Error messages

The mesh is too much distorted!

Explanation:
If a point fixing of type 1, 2, 7-10 is placed too close to the pane edge or if the mesh is too
coarse, the mesh can possibly not be generated correctly.

Correction:
- Check the position of the fixings
- Check the order and position of the corner points
- Chose a smaller or larger element size and check the generated mesh with the system
preview.
- Check the position of the point fixings.

A point fixing is positioned outside the plate!

Correction:
- Check the position of the point fixing.

The mesh is too coarse to insert the point fixings!

Explanation:
- For a very large element size (e. g. 500mm), it may happen that the refined point fixing
mesh can’t be generated.

Correction:
- Select a smaller element size
- Check the position of the point fixings

The point fixing is too large for the plate!

Explanation:
- The plate diameter of the point fixing is too large.

Correction:
- Check the chosen radius of the point fixings circular plate

A spring is lying outside the plate!

Correction:
- Check the position of the springs (if necessary displace them by 10mm into the pane if it
shall be situated close to the edge or a corner)
- Check the positions for the springs placed at higher packages. They are only shown if
this package is selected.

No convergence: The calculation is terminated!

Explanation:
- In 6000 iterations no convergence could be achieved.

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Cause, corrective:
- The system is not statically determined
- Check bearing and springs
- Check the thickness of insulation glass panes
- Check the values of the loads

The loads for a non-linear calculation (geometrically non-linear, insulating glass units) are
very large or the chosen contact algorithms causes large stress redistribution
- Check the values of the loads!
- Click on the button <disable automatic> or <apply loads in x steps> or both in the
workspace <Options>

A calculation using contact could not be carried out. The system alternates between two con-
ditions.
- enlarge the contact tolerance
- install supporting springs, that guarantee a statically determination
- select a smaller Young's modulus of the separation layers
- disable contact calculation
- in case of insulation glass: the static loads are too high (use contact condition for insula-
tion glass calculation only by exception)

Note:
The convergence can be observed during calculation. If no convergence appears, the calcu-
lation should be terminated manually by <Cancel calculation>.

No convergence! Check a statically determined bearing!

Explanation:
- If the error force increases during iterations the calculation stops after a maximum error
has been exceeded.

Causes, correction:
- see: No Convergence (above)

Pendulum impact:

The impact point of the pendulum is not within the pane area!

Correction:
- Check the position of the impact point

The contact area of the pendulum tyres stretches beyond the pane edge!

Explanation:
- During calculation a changing tyre foot print area is considered. This reaches over the
pane border or is lying within a borehole.

Correction:
- The pendulum must be set up more far away from the edge of the pane.
- The pendulum must not impact on a point fixing.

Info - Messages:

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Warning: The border exhibits at least one extended corner!

- Constructions in glass should not use such edges, as singularities will appear.
- Think about this cut-off how to modify this corner, may be using a corner arc.

A stress/displacement output is lying outside the plate!

- This local output is not considered.

Equation system is solved anew!

- The calculation with contact algorithms, non-linear calculation, insulation glass and the
pendulum impact requires from time to time a new set up of the stiffness matrix accom-
panied by a new solving of the equation system.

Time step is decreased:

- In case of a poor convergence of dynamic calculations (impactor / pressure hit) the time
step is decreased if necessary in order to re-establish a rapid convergence.

Time step is increased:

- In case of a very good convergence the time steps are slightly increased to accelerate
the calculation.

Calculation is ended! Computing time:

- Normal end of a calculation and displaying the needed calculation time.

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7 General conditions of sale and delivery

between the

SJ Software GmbH
as program supplier (called supplier)

and

the purchaser of the program

as user of the programs (called user)

1. Applicable is the latest price list. The prices are net prices in EURO without VAT.

2. With the payment of the entire selling price the user purchases the not transferable and
non-exclusive right to use the programs for his own needs. The user may only make cop-
ies of the programs and documentation for internal purposes (work and security copies).

3. The manual and all programs are protected by the copyright. The copyright protection lies
with SJ Software GmbH, Aachen. It is prohibited to make reproductions of the program
regardless of what number of copies and in which form they are made, and to hand them
over, even temporarily, to third parties. It is also prohibited to make adaptations or other
amendments of the programs as well as subsequent corrections of the registration num-
ber.

4. All programs have been tested carefully. In case that nevertheless defects occur within
the first six months upon delivery, the user has the exclusive right to claim reworking free
of charge. If the supplier rejects this reworking or if he does not succeed in reworking, the
user is entitled to claim for cancellation of sale contract or a reduction of the sales price.
Further claims of the user are excluded unless they result from an act of intentional or
culpable negligence of the supplier. In particular the supplier does not guarantee that the
programs comply with the special requirements of the user. The user has the obligation to
examine himself whether the program is suitable for his purposes. Special properties are
not assured.

5. This agreement applies likewise for all further program versions, data and other docu-
mentation placed at the user's disposal.

6. The effectiveness of these general conditions of sale and delivery is not affected by the
fact that one single of the above regulations is or will become invalid.

7. The parties have agreed that this agreement is drawn up and amended in writing. Collat-
eral agreements are not made. They must be written to become valid.

© by SJ Software GmbH, Aachen, 2019

SJ Software GmbH, Aachen