CURRICULUM GRADE 10 -12 DIRECTORATE

NCS (CAPS)

JUST IN TIME DOCUMENT

GRADE 12

GEOGRAPHY

2024

LEARNER DOCUMENT

1
PREAMBLE

This support document serves to assist Geography Grade 12 learners in dealing with
curriculum content gaps and learning losses. Activities serve as a guide on how
various topics are assessed at different cognitive levels and prepare learners for
informal and formal tasks in Geography.

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Contents Page Number
Mid-Latitude Cyclones 4
Tropical Cyclone 8
Climate and Valley Climates 10
Weather Urban Heat Island (Activity) 11
Moisture Fronts and Line Thunderstorms 11
Berg Winds 13
Drainage Systems in South Africa 14
Drainage Patterns 15
Drainage Density 16
Stream Order 17
Geomorphology River Discharge 17
River Profile 18
River Capture / Stream Piracy 20
River Rejuvenation (Activity) 22
Catchment and River Management 23
Rural Settlement Issues 24
Settlement Land Reform (Activity) 25
Urban Settlement Issues 26
Economic Sectors 34
Contribution of Agriculture to the South African
37
Economy
The role of Small-Scale and Large-Scale farming
38
Economic in South Africa
Geography of Factors favouring and hindering mining in South
41
South Africa Africa
Coal Mining (Activity) 43
Core Industrial Regions 44
Industrial Development Zones 49
Spatial Development Initiative 50

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 Climate and weather
CONCEPTS OF MID LATITUDE CYCLONE

• Mid-latitude cyclone - a large, low-pressure weather system made up of cold

and warm fronts, also known as frontal depression.

• Cold front - the transition zone (leading edge) between a cold air mass and a
warm air mass.

• Warm front - the transition zone (leading edge) between a warm air mass and
a cold air mass.

• Cold front occlusion- an occlusion occurs where the overtaking cold air is
colder than the cold air mass ahead of it.

• Warm front occlusion - an occlusion where the overtaking cold air is warmer
than the cold air ahead of it.

• Cold sector - the area on the ground affected by cold air in a mid-latitude
cyclone.

• Warm sector - the area on the ground affected by warm air in a mid-latitude
cyclone.

• Polar front - a transition zone separating the cold polar easterlies and warm
tropical westerlies.

• Veering - a clockwise change in wind direction this occurs when a cold front
pass in the northern hemisphere.

• Backing - the anticlockwise change in wind direction this occurs as a cold front
pass over in the southern hemisphere.

• Occluded front - a front formed when a cold front overtakes and replace a
warm air mass.

• Occlusion - a late stage in the development of a mid-latitude cyclone where

the cold or warm front uplift the weaker air.

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Characteristics of the Mid-latitude cyclones

• Mid-latitude cyclones are also called frontal depressions or extra-tropical

cyclones.

• They move from west to east. This is because they occur in the westerly wind
belt.

• Air moves in a clockwise direction around the centre of a low pressure in the
Southern Hemisphere; but moves in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern
Hemisphere.

• They often occur in families

Condition necessary for the formation of the Mid-latitude cyclone

• Warm sub-tropical air meets with cold polar air at the polar front.

• These two air masses flow parallel but in opposite directions.

• Frictional drag between the air masses causes them to interact with each other

Areas where mid-latitude cyclones form

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/44akde4wjfwadrbt5]

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 Stages of the Mid-latitude cyclone

Stage Description Diagram

Warm tropical air and cold polar air
meet along the polar front. Wind on
either side of the front blow in opposite
1 directions.
Initial Stage

Friction develops at the polar front and a

wave starts to develop.
Warm air is starting to uplift, and
2
pressure starts to decrease
Wave Stage

Approx. 24 hours later the wave

increases as warm air moves further
into the mass of cold air. Two fronts are
3 fully developed - cold front and warm
Mature Stage front. Warm and cold sector are clearly
defined.

The cold air behind the cold front moves

faster than the warm air ahead of the
cold front and catches up with the warm
4 front at the apex. Warm air is forced to
Occlusion Stage ascend, leaving a very small warm
sector on the ground.

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/EaZ3rSLuwqWp96xz8]

CROSS-SECTION OF THE MID-LATITUDE CYCLONE IN A MATURE STAGE

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/MeGfPP4YJEfYdrv96]

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 Impacts of Mid-latitude cyclone
Social impacts
Negative Positive impacts
Loss of human lives and animal lives. Provides water to farmers for irrigation.
Causes damage to property. More than enough water for domestic use,
agricultural use, industrial use recreation use.
Environmental impacts
Negative Positive
Destroy and remove the fertile soil. It provides rain for agriculture increase yield and
It causes landslides in mountainous area. income.
Potentially brings rainfall to the dry areas
Economic impacts
Negative Positive
Flooding destroy crops in farms and farmers More water for irrigation which will increase
will lose income. production, leading to more exports.
Storm surges will destroy fishing tanks which Snowfall will attract tourists.
will increase food prices.

Precautionary measures of Mid-latitude cyclone

• People should follow weather updates on the radio and television.

• Providing people with decent houses that can resist winds and flash floods.

• People should stay away from collapsed powerlines and cables because live
electricity can still pass through.

• Make clear evacuation routes.

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 Activity 1.1

The figure below shows a mid-latitude cyclone on a synoptic weather map of

southern Africa

B A
D
[Source: https://www.weathersa.co.za/home/synopticcharts]

1.1.1 Identify the pressure system labelled B. (1x1) (1)

1.1.2 What evidence suggests that mid-latitude cyclone A is the oldest? (1x2) (2)

1.1.3 Why is front D not associated with heavy rains? (1x2) (2)

1.1.4 What causes the dissipation of mid-latitude cyclones? (1x2) (2)

1.1.5 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explaining the weather

conditions that will be experienced by a tourist visiting Cape Town
within the next 24 hours. (4x2) (8)

TROPICAL CYCLONES

▪ It is a very intense low-pressure system that develops over warm tropical

ocean.

Characteristics of tropical cyclones

▪ Isobars are circular around the low-pressure centre

▪ They move from east to west(westwards) as they are driven by easterlies
▪ The air circulation is clockwise in the southern hemisphere and anticlockwise
in the northern hemisphere
▪ They have diameter of 600 km to 1000 km and the eye has a diameter of about
30 km
▪ The pressure at the centre is about 950 hPa

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 ▪ They form in late summer and early autumn.
▪ They affect east coast of continents
▪ They follow erratic paths making it difficult to predict their movement

Conditions necessary for the development of tropical cyclones

▪ Strong Coriolis force for the deflection of winds.

▪ Warm sea surface with temperatures of at least 26,5°C
▪ High rate of evaporation / moisture content.
▪ Release of latent heat during condensation as a source of energy
▪ Strong upper air divergence

NB: Impact of a tropical cyclone is devastating depending on the its severity and the
level of development in the particular country affected. The impact is felt by different
structures in the society, farming, economy, and in the environment.
Weather patterns associated with tropical cyclones

Approaching Eye Passing

Temperature increases
Temperature decreases as Temperature drops initially
slightly and wind speed
the wall approaches then starts to increase
suddenly drop
Wind speed is initially very
strong and destructive
Pressure also decreases
Air is calm with clear approaching from the north
and cumulonimbus clouds
skies and no rain and then starts to slow down
appear and get bigger
as vortex 2 continues to
move away.
Wind speed starts to
Pressure starts to increase
increase and rough seas
Pressure is at its lowest and eventually the conditions
and storm surges may
clear
occur
The wall of vortex 1 intense
weather is experienced:
torrential rain, hail, thunder,
lightning and destructive
wind speeds

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 Valley Climate

Valley climate is the climate of a small or local area within a valley. This is also
known as a micro-climate.
What causes the difference in temperatures in a valley?
Slope aspect, local winds and temperature inversion.
What is slope aspect?
Slope aspect is direction in which the slope faces in relation to the sun.

Activity 1.2 Valley Climates

The figure below shows the micro-climate conditions of a valley in the northern
hemisphere.

C
B

D
[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/X8VdLMTxXoTrwBH27]

1.2.1 Define the term micro-climate. (1x2) (2)

1.2.2 Which slope is warmer B or C? (1x1) (1)
1.2.3 Name the wind labelled A. (1x1) (1)
1.2.4 Explain how the wind mentioned in 1.2.3 is formed. (2x2) (4)
1.2.5 You are an official from the Department of Agriculture. In a
paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, give advice and provide
reasons to the local farmers as to which crops grow best in the
different parts of the valley (B, C and D). (4x2) (8)

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1.3 The figure below shows the microclimate in cities.

1.3.1 Define the term urban heat island. (1x2) (2)

1.3.2 What is the difference in temperature between the city and the
surrounding rural areas. (1x1) (1)
1.3.3 Provide two factors that contribute to the urban heat island. (2x1) (2)
1.3.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss sustainable
strategies that can be implemented in cities to reduce the effects of the
urban heat island. (4x2) (8)
[13]
Moisture Fronts and Line Thunder storms

A moisture front is a boundary line which develops when the cool dry air from the
South West is pushed into the country by the South Atlantic Anticyclone and meets
the warm moist air coming from the North East which is pushed into the county by
the South Indian Anticyclone.
The boundary separating the two different air masses with different moisture content
is called the moisture front.
When does it occur in South Africa? During summer.

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What are line thunderstorms?
The cumulonimbus clouds which
form along the moisture front /
boundary, are called line
thunderstorms. Cumulonimbus
clouds bring heavy rainfall, strong
winds, lightning, thunder and
possibility of hail.
How do the line thunderstorms
form along the moisture front?
Line thunderstorms develop to the
east of the moisture front.
[Source: Geography Paper 2 November 2021]
The cool air from the south west lifts the warm air from the north east, the uplifted air
cools, condenses and forms large cumulonimbus clouds.
What is the impact of moisture fronts and line thunderstorms on South Africa?
Negative impact
Heavy rainfall will cause flooding, crops and settlements could be washed away and
the flooding can cause soil erosion, which will influence productivity of the soil in the
long run. Lightning may cause veldfires destroying crops and buildings. The lightning
may strike animals or people and cause deaths. Due to the flooding of farmlands or
veldfires on farmlands, the farmers will suffer financial losses.
Positive impact
Rainfall will fill dams and bring much needed water for irrigation of crops. Ground
water, dams and river levels will rise and water can be stored for times of need. After
flooding the soil will be naturally fertilized due to silt deposits.
Satellite image of moisture fronts and line thunderstorms

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/c3GLmQYVVSnoopLU7]

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What are Berg Winds?
A berg wind is a hot dry wind which descends down the escarpment of South Africa
and heats up adiabatically.
When do berg winds affect South Africa?
Berg winds occur in South Africa during winter, when the Kalahari high pressure is
over the interior and a coastal low pressure along the coast. Winds blow from the
high pressure to the low pressure. As the winds blow down the escarpment they heat
up.

[Source: adapted from examiner’s sketch NSC 2019]

What evidence is there on a synoptic weather map to show berg winds?
Kalahari high pressure of over the interior; Coastal low pressure;
Approaching cold front from a mid-latitude cyclone.

What’s the problem with berg winds?

The hot dry wind is uncomfortable for people and can cause
breathing problems.
[Source: https://images.appx.goo.gl.xYeNv8myhzpnRJu27]

Berg winds are responsible for veld fires.

13
 GEOMORPHOLOGY

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/Pu3dxF8YsbiaYcjC6]

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN SOUTH AFRICA

CONCEPTS
Drainage basin: A total area drained by river and its tributaries.
River source: A Point where a river starts
River mouth: A point where the river enters the sea.
River system: Refers to the main river and its tributaries.
Tributaries: Refers to a small stream that joins the main river.
Watershed: A high lying area that separates drainage basins.
Interfluve: A high lying area that separates tributaries.
Catchment area: Refers to upper reaches of a drainage basin that supplies a river
with water. E.g. Drakensberg mountains supplies many South
African rivers with water.
Where the river obtains its water.
Confluence: A point where two or more rivers join/meet.
Surface run-off/direct run- Water that moves over the earth surface after it rained.
off:
Infiltration/percolation: Water that seeps into the ground.
Stream discharge/channel Water that flows within a river.
stream flow:
Ground water: Water found within the earth surface.
Permeable rocks: Type of rocks that allow water to seep through
Impermeable rocks: Type of rocks that does not allow water to pass through.
Water table: Refers to the upper limit of ground water. Water table varies with
rainfall season, during rainy season it is closer to the earth
surface due to higher rainfall. During dry season it is away from
the earth surface due to less rainfall.

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Permanent river/perennial The river that flows throughout the year (flows all year round) It
river: is located on high rainfall areas. E.g. Uthukela river, Umkomaas.
Periodic river/seasonal river: The type of river that flows in a rainy season. Flows mostly in
summer
Episodic river: It flows only after heavy rainfall. The river flows for few hours.
Characteristic of arid areas.
Exotic river: Originates in areas of high rainfall but flows through dry areas.
E.g. Uthukela river.

DRAINAGE PATTERNS
Pattern Description Underlying rock Rock Type
Structure
Dendritic Tributaries join the main A rock with a uniform Massive Igneous
stream at acute angles resistance to erosion Sedimentary
Tributaries resemble the Horizontal sedimentary Rocks
branches of a tree rock

Trellis Main streams are parallel to Folded rock of hard and Igneous
each other with short soft rock Sedimentary
tributaries joining the main Alternate layers of hard
stream at right angles/90° and soft rock
A rock with a varying
resistance to erosion
Rectangular The main stream takes bends Underlying rock has Fragmented /
of 90° or right angles along its many joints and faults jointed Igneous
course
Tributaries join the main
stream at right angles or 90°
Radial Rivers flow outwards away Massive igneous rock Massive igneous
from a central high point that forms a dome (dome)
Resembles the spokes of a
wheel
Centripetal Rivers flow in towards a Massive igneous rock Massive igneous
central low point that forms a basin,
depression or lake

Deranged Has an irregular pattern Forms in very flat areas

Has many lakes and swamps that recently formed

Parallel Tributaries are long and Occurs in very steep Sedimentary

parallel to each other and to folded rock
the main stream Occurs in areas with
major faults
Resistant rock bands

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Drainage density

• Drainage density: Refers to the measure of total length of streams per unit area.
• A drainage density can be described as low, medium, and high density.

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/GNtdJ26BuVaNKh2b6]

Factors influencing drainage density

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 Stream order
Stream ordering: is a method of classifying streams in a drainage basin.

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/uwDdNi11ibiQ4cSz8]

▪ The fingertip streams are classified as first order streams

▪ When two streams of equal order, new stream order is created
▪ When two first order streams meet, they form a second order stream
▪ When two second order streams meet they form a third order stream and the
process continues
▪ The order does not change when two different order streams meet

THE RIVER DISCHARGE

River discharge: refers to the flow of water in the river

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/18ycupqsBN19uunY9]

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Turbulent flow
• Water flows roughly.
• Water goes in a complex tumbling(swirling) circular.
• Rivers have a rough and uneven bed.
• Usually occurs on a steeper slope.
• Associated with a high rate of erosion.
• Usually occurs in the upper course of the river.

Laminar flow
• Water flows smoothly
• Water flows in thin layers.
• Occurs when the river bed is even and gentle sloping.
• Usually occurs on a gentle slope.
• Associated with low rate of erosion.
• Usually dominates in the lower course of the river.

River profile
River profile: Side view of the river.
• Can be drawn or done into two ways;
• Cross profile/transverse profile.
• Longitudinal profile.

Cross Profile
• It refers to the section (view) of a river from bank to bank.
• It shows two dimensions of a river (width and the depth).
• Cross profile is made up of upper course, middle course, lower course.

Upper Course Middle Course Lower Course

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/E8trb3Tb11dFZUta8]

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Upper course
• The river valley is V-shaped (narrow, deep and steep sided).
• Vertical erosion is dominant (downward erosion).
• Volume of water is low.
• Turbulent flow is dominant.
• Waterfalls, rapids are common.
Middle course
• The valley is now an open V-shape (with more gentle slopes)
• Flow is less turbulent, becoming laminar.
• Volume of water and load increases.
• Vertical erosion slows down and lateral erosion begins to dominate.
• River begin to meander, with small flood plains.

Lower course
• The river valley is very wide and gentle sloping.
• Laminar flow is dominant.
• More deposition occurs.
• The fluvial landforms found here are meanders, ox-bow lakes, flood plains,
braided streams and levees.
Longitudinal profile

• It shows a section of a river from the source to the mouth.

• It shows the gradient and the length of a river.
• Longitudinal profile is made up of graded and ungraded profile

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/p7XweNEdxsiowgwo9]

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 • Longitudinal river profile shows graded and ungraded profiles.
• Graded profile: shows a smooth concave profile that indicates the balance
between erosion and deposition.
• Ungraded profile: The course of the river is uneven and has many obstacles
along its course e.g. Waterfalls, rapids, lakes and dams.

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/ZcrGWwGecrLYTdTj7]

River Capture / Stream Piracy

River capture or stream piracy happens when the river captures or steals water from
another river.
River capture will occur if:
• One river has a steeper gradient than another river
• One river has a larger amount of precipitation than other.
• One river is flowing over less resistant rock
• One river is flowing at a lower altitude than another.
Headward erosion of
tributaries of River A will
cause this river to elongate
towards river valley B.
Eventually stream S will
intersect river B, because
of difference in flow levels,
the headwaters of river B
will be diverted into river A.

[Source: Adapted from focus textbook grade 12]

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 [Source: Adapted from focus textbook grade 12]

Features associated with River Capture

Captor or Pirate Stream: The river with the greatest erosive power that has eroded
headwards and downwards to capture the other river. This river will gain energy and
erosive power and may result to gorges and incised river valleys due to its rejuvenated
state.
Captured or Misfit stream: The river that has lost its source of water and is now
flowing through a valley too big for the amount of water it carries. This river will
therefore have less erosive power and less water available for use.
Elbow of Capture: The point of river capture. Where the water is diverted.
If a river has more water in it, then it is able to erode vertically and can form gorges or
steep profiles along the river. River capture is therefore one of the causes of
rejuvenation!

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Activity 2.1 River Rejuvenation

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/syrSTC7MRCvDS7TS6]
2.1.1. State ONE cause of river rejuvenation. (1 x 1) (1)
2.1.2. Explain how river rejuvenation occurs. (1 x 2) (2)
2.1.3. Refer to landform feature A.
(a) How does rejuvenation change the physical characteristics of feature A? (1 x 2) (2)
(b)Explain how the changed characteristics of feature A will influence the
construction of a bridge at this point of the river. (1 x 2) (2)
2.1.4. Describe how rejuvenation changed the grading of the river. (1 x 2) (2)
2.1.5. What is the significance of the knickpoint on the sketch? (1 x 2) (2)
2.1.6. Explain how the knickpoint can change due to river rejuvenation. (2 x 2) (4)
[15]

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 Activity 2.2. The article shows Gauteng River Catchment Management.
Gauteng is located on the continental divide with some rivers flowing towards the Indian
Ocean and others to the Atlantic Ocean. It contains the headwaters of a number of important
river systems in an urban environment.

The high flow velocity of the river causes erosion especially where vegetation cover is removed,
or the banks of rivers and streams are modified. Seasonal flooding is a real danger in several
extensive areas in Gauteng. Canalisations of several rivers in urban as well as rural areas have
further negative effects.

Healthy riverbanks maintain the form of the river channel, provide habitat for species (aquatic
and terrestrial) and filter sediment, minerals and light. Water quality includes the chemical,
physical and bacteriological properties of water which determine its suitability for use.

The urban nature of Gauteng (especially the central part) as well as road networks across the
province seals natural surfaces in a manner that does not allow natural infiltration of rainwater
into the ground. This high runoff scenario during rainfall events coupled to pollution emanating
from the urban environment puts a high level of stress on the river system of Gauteng
.
[Source: https://armour.org.za/wp/about-us/armour-a-voice-for-water/]

2.2.1. Define the concept river management. (1 x 2) (2)

2.2.2. Give evidence from the extract that shows the importance of catchment
management in Gauteng. (1 x 1) (1)

2.2.3. Identify TWO issues from the article that pose a challenge to effective river
management. (2 x 1) (2)

2.2.4. Explain why aquatic life is affected by poor river management in Gauteng. (1 x 2) (2)
2.2.5. In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, provide sustainable strategies
that can be implemented to deal with problems associated with poor river
management systems. (4 x 2) (8)
[15]

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Rural Settlement Issues
The purpose of Land Reform in South Africa is to bring about equitable distribution
and access to land. This rests upon three (3) pillars in post- Apartheid South Africa.
Land restitution: Is a process of compensating people for the land they lost due
forced removal. This is done where they are given another piece of land or paid out.
Land Tenure: Is the programme by government where tenants have secured rights
to occupation.
Is designed to provide security to all South Africans in terms land ownership; it
recognizes communal land rights and the rights of tenants on mainly white owned
farms. It prevents the unfair eviction of tenants from land that they have occupied
for a long time.
Land Redistribution: Is aimed at previously disadvantaged people with land for
residential farming purposes.
Equitable: fair and impartial
Purpose of Land reform

❖ To redress (correct) injustices of apartheid and achieve national reconciliation.

❖ For national reconciliation and stability (put forward equality among citizens)
❖ To promote economic growth (effective use of land)
❖ To alleviate poverty among the nation

Challenges associated with land reform

❖ Willing seller/buyer clause causes delays in negotiating prices

❖ The process takes time, and is therefore costly
❖ It takes time to resolve claims, as investigations need to be conducted
❖ Disagreements between government and traditional leaders in terms of
restoring land to communities.

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Activity 3.1
Read the following case study on land reform and answer the questions that follow:

Land claimants want the cash not the land‚ says KZN Land Claims Commission

30 May 2017 - 09:28

BY NIVASHNI NAIR
Land claimants want cash‚ not land - and it's hurting land reform in South Africa. The
KwaZulu-Natal land claims commissioner's office said on Monday R423.9-million of the
R670.7-million government settled from 110 claims last year resulted in financial
compensation The balance was settled with actual land. Analysis from almost 40‚000
claims lodged in the province between 2014 and 2016 showed that claimants preferred
cash to land.

"We asked them at the point of lodgement what they would prefer‚ and most said they
would prefer financial compensation‚" KZN Land Restitution Support chief direction
Advocate Bheki Mbili said on Tuesday. He was speaking in Durban at a briefing on the
implementation of land reform and restitution in the province. He told TMG Digital that
opting for money was a "general problem across the country".

"We are dealing with second‚ third or fourth generation in so far as victims of land
dispossession. So, it is people who did not have first-hand experience of the pain that
people had to go through when they were removed from the pieces of land that they
owned at the time. "Many of the claimants already have small pieces of land and some
don’t even live in those areas where their forefathers were removed from. Some say to
us that they don’t want more land than they already own and the risk involved if they
ask us to buy them these huge pieces of land that will go out of production‚" Mbili said.

He said claimants raised these issues only because they are given the option to take
the cash. "The problem with this is that if you look at the outcome of first phase of the
land audit‚ the amount of land that it is private land particularly that is owned by white
people in this country is still in the region of between 70 and 80%. We can only change
the land ownership pattern if people opt for restoration. If they opt for financial
compensation the pattern stays the same. If you take the money you don’t dent the
problem that currently exists‚" Mbili said.

TMG Digital/timeslive
Adapted: (https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-05-30-land-claimants-
want-the-cash-not-the-land-says-kzn-land-claims-commission/)

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3.1.1 Name the law used to strip black people off their land (1x1(1)
3.1.2 According to the extract is Land redistribution has not been successful, (1x2) (2)
quote evidence to support this statement.
3.1.3 Discuss two purposes of Land Reform (2x2) (4)
3.1.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain why the process of (4x2) (8)
land reform has not achievement its original goal.

Urban Settlement Issues

Recent urbanisation patterns in South Africa

South Africa is urbanising rapidly: more than 63% of South Africans are already
living in urban areas and the statistics will rise to 71% by 2030.
By 2050, eight in 10 people will be living in urban areas and this will increase
demand on basic infrastructure requirements.
(https//pmg.org.za/page/Urbanisation)
In 2022, over 68.34 percent of South Africa's total population lived in urban areas
and cities. Urbanization defines the share of urban population from the total
population of a country. Just like urbanization, the population density within the
nation has risen, reaching 46 inhabitants per square kilometre, meaning more
people are sharing less space. Many opportunities for work and leisure can be
found in the urban locations of South Africa. (Statista 2024)

Urban

Urban
Rural

Rural

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/aaNdfrnvtxAdw5cM6]

26
The major problems associated with rapid urbanization include:
● Increased poverty, social instability, and economic disparities

● Inadequate infrastructure, services, and housing

● Environmental degradation and pollution

● Health hazards and infectious diseases

● Flooding, congestion, and crime

● Threats to critical infrastructure and biodiversity

● Potential shortages of water and other vital resources

● Development of slums and overcrowding.

Pollution

Dbn CBD Air pollution

[https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl] [Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/VjfKxC9YUdfKP4u86]

Pollution in urban areas is a major problem that affects the health of urban residents.
The main pollutants in urban environments are ambient (outdoor) fine particles air
pollution. Other problems include: poor air, water quality, noise pollution and waste-
disposal problems.

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SOLUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH POLLUTION IN URBAN AREAS
● Combat poverty by promoting economic development and job creation.
● Involve local community in local government.
● Reduce air pollution by upgrading energy use and alternative transport
systems.
● Create private-public partnerships to provide services such as waste disposal
and housing.
● Plant trees and incorporate the care of city green spaces as a key element in
urban planning.
● Electrification of residential areas
● Introduction of smokeless stoves
● Purification of exhaust fumes
● Introduction of fully battery/electricity operated cars
● Decentralisation of industries
● Increase the height of chimneys
● Establishment of green belts
● Use of other sources of energy beside coal

Urban blight
Urban blight (also known as urban decay) is the sociological process by which a
previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude (worn
out). Urban blight includes: the existence of deteriorating, dilapidated, substandard,
vacant, and abandoned properties.

Urban Blight

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/bhBfsCB7xTyifmZw6]

SOLUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH URBAN BLIGHT

● Selling vacant plots to encourage new constructions
● Auctioning the properties for renovations
● Urban greening: Greening lots including removing trash, planting greenery
● Demolition and rebuilding, or Apply invasion and succession
● Gentrification/chelseafication and facadism

28
Traffic congestion
Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds,
longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing.
There is difference between “traffic congestion” and “traffic jam”
“Congestion” implies lots of cars, lots of traffic and things move slower.
"Traffic jam" is worse than congestion. It implies traffic has halted (because of a
problem, like a car accident or "bottlenecking", etc.)

Ashburton Durban harbour

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/BzkG6oPA5FHqUGLB7] [Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/dG7kpy3zaicd7ZV37]

SOLUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH TRAFFIC CONGESTION

● Revolutionize the way that traffic lights are managed, by using data from
sensors and GPS devices.
● Restricting parking near busy intersections
● Encourage the use of alternate routes
● Improve bus service and provide more coverage.
● Construct more park-and-rides.
● Build a robust light rail network
● Promote carpooling and ride-sharing.
● Establish more lanes including bus/truck lanes
● Better use of one-way streets in and out of CBD at rush hours and flexitimes.
● Build by-passes
● Use of drones for delivery services

29
Urban Sprawl

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/6daNcKM6ipkypVo77]

Urban sprawl is the unplanned (uncontrolled) urban expansion. It refers to a pattern

of low-density, often poorly-planned development stretching away from an urban
centre.

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/f8i9vMXUzKucre6x9]
SOLUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH URBAN SPRAWL
Reducing the need for transport; Cities should build public transportation systems
that help people get to the city centre efficiently
● Limiting the use of private cars
● Providing more public spaces
● Cities should provide affordable housing options that are close to the city
centre

30
Housing shortages
South Africa is staring at an acute housing crisis, especially in the two provinces
where deadly floods were reported in last in recent weeks (KZN & Gauteng)

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/UjtXaAq8z8nqXddh9]

SOLUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HOUSING SHORTAGES

● Regulate rural-urban migration,
● Government must build low-cost houses,
● Formalize informal settlements,
● Rehabilitate street children,
● Establish shelters to take care of homeless people,
● Monitor and control absent landlords who exploit tenants in inner-city high-rise
blocks.

Service provision

South Africa faces difficulties related to the provision of services, which stem from
common challenges related to globalisation, urbanisation, and the divide between the
rich and poor. For example: Electricity (Load-shedding): Frequent and prolonged
rolling blackouts (known as load-shedding) due to inadequate power generation
capacity and aging infrastructure. This disrupts businesses, impacts healthcare, and
poses safety risks.

31
 [Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/j1ezukVrT8MpZzUE6]
SOLUTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SERVICE PROVISION
● Improving governance at the municipal level will include building capacity
through training programs, attracting skilled professionals, and implementing
strong anti-corruption measures.
● Encouraging active community participation in identifying service delivery
priorities and monitoring implementation can enhance accountability and
ensure projects align with local needs.
● Investing in municipal training programs and recruiting qualified professionals
to manage public services. For example, creating partnerships with
universities to train municipal engineers and public administrators.
● Supporting community-based organizations to identify local needs and work
with municipalities. An example could be a community group partnering with
authorities on a local waste collection and recycling program.
● Partnering with private sector organisations can bring expertise and resources
necessary for improving infrastructure development and maintenance,
potentially offering innovative solutions.
● Prioritising the maintenance and upkeep of existing infrastructure is crucial to
prevent degradation and the need for costly replacements while ensuring
reliable service provision.
● Job creation and economic stimulation.
● Establishing independent oversight bodies and whistle blower protections to
expose mismanagement and corruption in service delivery.

Environmental injustices

● Air pollution – due to industries, motor vehicles and open fires.

● Noise pollution – industries and motor vehicles
● Destruction of ecosystems – due to water pollution and urban sprawl

32
Economic injustices

● Poverty – due to unemployment and lack of skills

● Poor public transport systems – poor planning and competition

Social injustices

● Unequal access to services – poor service delivery

● Unequal access to resources – rural urban and rich poor disparities.

Activity 3.2
Refer to FIGURE below showing traffic congestion, and answer the questions that follow.

3.2.1 Define the term traffic congestion. (1x2) (2)

3.2.2 State ONE negative effect of traffic congestion on the physical (1x1) (1)
environment.
3.2.3 What is the trend shown by the graph from 1982 to 2010 with regard to (1x2) (2)
the hours of delay per commuter per year?
3.2.4 Give a possible reason for your answer to QUESTION 3.2.3 (1x2) (2)
3.2.5 Describe TWO negative effects that this delay may have on commuters. (2x2) (4)
3.2.6 Suggest TWO possible ways in which traffic congestion in urban areas (2x2) (4)
can be reduced.
[15]

33
Economic Geography of South Africa

Primary Economic Activities

PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
Extraction and exploitation of raw materials Primary Economic activities are those that extract raw
from the earth materials/natural resources from the earth. Examples of
Primary activities include agriculture, mining, fishing,
SECONDARY ACTIVITIES forestry
ECONOMIC Processing and manufacturing of primary
SECTORS materials Secondary Economic Activities

TERTIARY ACTIVITIES Secondary activities are those that take the raw
Provides services to the consumer materials produced by the primary sector and process
them into manufactured goods and products. Examples
of secondary activities include heavy manufacturing,
QUARTERNARY ACTIVITIES light manufacturing, food processing, oil refining and
High level services, e.g. research,
energy production.
information

34
 SOUTH AFRICA’S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Tertiary Economic Activities

The tertiary sector is also called the service sector and

involves the selling of services and skills. They can also
involve selling goods and products from primary and
secondary activities. Examples of tertiary employment
include the health service, transportation, education,
entertainment, tourism, finance, sales and retail.

Quaternary Economic Activities

The quaternary sector consists of those activities

providing information services, such as computing, ICT
(information and communication technologies),
consultancy (offering advice to businesses) and R&D
[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/39ajR5hwQbegieVT9] (research, particularly in scientific fields).

35
 TERMINOLOGY ASSOCIATED WITH ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

KEY CONCEPTS/TERMINOLOGY: Gross National Product (GNP): The total value of

goods and services produced by the permanent citizens
Balance of payment: A country’s financial statement showing its of a country in one year (note that permanent citizens
transactions with the rest of the world. may work out of the country).

Balance of trade: The value of exports minus the value of imports. Hawker: An informal street trader.

Bridge industries: Industries that is located between the source of raw Imports: Goods and services that are bought from
materials and the customer, e.g. Oil refineries. foreign countries.

Centralisation: Movement of industries into core areas. Industrial Development Zone (IDZ): Industrial estates
or areas aimed at economic growth and new
Decentralisation: Movement of activities away from overcentralised areas. investment; used by developing countries to attract
investment, create jobs and boost exports.
Economic activities: Activities that people practise to meet their needs or
earn a living. Informal sector: Economic activities by small,
unregistered businesses that sell goods or provide
Exports: Goods and services that are sold to foreign countries. services without being licensed, e.g. Petty trade, casual
employment, spaza shops and street hawkers or
Favourable trade balance: Occurs when the value of exports is greater traders.
than the value of imports.
Infrastructure: Transport network (roads, railways)
Food insecurity: When not all the people have enough food to meet their and services (electricity, telecommunication, water and
needs for a healthy and productive life. sewerage) that are in place.

36
Food security: When all the people have enough food to meet their needs Primary activities: Activities that involve taking natural
for a healthy and productive life. resources from the earth, e.g. Farming (livestock,
crops), forestry, mining, fishing.
Footloose industries: Industries that can be randomly located without
being affected by factors such as resources or transport, e.g. Diamond Semi-skilled worker: A worker who does routine tasks
processing and computer chip manufacturing. (simple tasks that are done on a regular basis);
someone who is not skilled or trained to do specialised
Ubiquitous: Industries that develop when industries are evenly distributed work (difficult tasks that need special training).
and have no influence on the location of that industry, found everywhere.
Skilled worker: A worker who has a specific set of
Foreign exchange: The money paid to South Africa by other countries, e.g. skills or specialised knowledge that has usually been
Dollars and pounds, in exchange for goods and services. obtained through formal training.

Formal sector: Registered businesses that are licensed to sell goods or Spatial Development Initiatives (SDI): Programme
provide services. aimed at improving infrastructure and attracting
business investments in rural areas that were neglected
Globalisation: The way in which the economic, social, political and cultural and underdeveloped.
activities of countries across the world are interconnected (working
together). Tertiary activities: Activities that deal with the
provision of services, e.g. Banking, trade and transport.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services
produced in the country in a year. Trade: The flow of goods and services from producers
to consumers across the world.

37
CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY

MAIN PRODUCTS PRODUCED

CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE ECONOMY:

Agriculture plays a role in job creation and or employment opportunities. It is

linked with other sectors in the economy where it supplies raw materials and
linked with manufacturing sector. Foreign currency earnings are evident in the
sector through exports of agricultural products like wine; maize; wheat and many
more.

Cabinet approved an Agricultural Action Policy Plan where it was mandated to

improve the revitalisation of agriculture and Agro processing value chains in
priority commodities such as maize, soya beans, poultry and red meat which
were identified as having high growth potential and high labour absorption
capacity.

This would be able to create 1 million jobs by 2030. Land Care Programme aims
to promote sustainable land and soil management practices to prevent land
degradation and desertification in rural areas and contribute to job creation. Work
includes reducing the spread of invasive alien plants, fencing and protecting
agricultural land against degradation, conserving water resources and combating
the loss of topsoil.

Expanded Public Works Programme’s working for Fisheries projects that

encourage communities to responsibly manage and conserve aquatic
environments through cleaning of fishing harbours and conducting harbour
patrols.

38
 THE ROLE OF SMALL-SCALE AND LARGE-SCALE FARMING

SMALL-SCALE FARMING LARGE-SCALE FARMING

Small-scale farming is the production of crops and livestock on Farming that requires large landholdings to achieve higher
a small piece of land without using advanced and expensive levels of output and production, Large scale farming is usually
technologies. This type of farming is usually characterised by characterised by the growth of large-scale farms that acquire
intensive labour and in most cases, animal traction, limited use of additional land usually to expand their existing production area.
agrochemicals and supply to the local or surrounding markets.
A SMALL-SCALE FARM A LARGE-SCALE FARM

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/aVHu9qYXqR7NZYAu9] [Source: https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Faatmnirbharsena.org]

THE ROLE OF SMALL-SCALE FARMING THE ROLE OF LARGE-SCALE FARMING

In South Africa, there are about four million small-scale and mostly South Africa has extensively developed agricultural land and well
subsistence farmers. These farms play a critical role in food developed water schemes. Most of the developments of large-
security. But these farmers also face numerous challenges: access scale farming in South Africa include cash crops, such as maize
to land and capital, secure land rights, appropriate extension and and wheat. The role and contribution of large-scale farming is to
advice, increased climate variability and market access. local employment and economic growth of S.A.

39
 FACTORS THAT PROMOTE/FAVOUR AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH FACTORS THAT HINDER/LIMIT AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH
AFRICA: AFRICA:
PHYSICAL FACTORS PROMOTING AGRICULTURE: PHYSICAL FACTORS THAT HINDER / LIMIT AGRICULTURE
Climate, Interior plateau- flat, Flat relief, low lying hills, Acidic soils Lack of water and lack of fertile soil in areas in the west of the country
Steep escarpment, Steep undulating land in some areas
Sufficient water sources, Soil – deep and fertile
Alkaline soil, Lack of perennial water is some areas
CLIMATIC FACTORS THAT HINDER AGRICULTURE
CLIMATIC FACTORS PROMOTING AGRICULTURE
Low average rainfall or insufficient rainfall, Droughts, floods,
Desertification, soil degradation, increasing temperatures, increase
Favourable climate (Variable climatic regions) for a variety of crops,
of pest in high temperatures, Frost pockets in valleys, Lack of
rainfall in eastern areas, Water storage systems, Winter rainfall in the
surplus water, Alien plants evading our soils and consuming a lot of
cape that supports citrus and wine farming.
water from underground
ECONOMIC FACTORS PROMOTING AGRICULTURE
ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT HINDER / LIMIT AGRICULTURE
Land reform programmes, Open economic system in trade, Efficient
Trade barriers, Governance and corruption, Large ‘gap’ between
transport to ensure effective trade, Good communication networks,
rural and urban areas, Increase in cost of goods and services
commercial ports
Technology: Drones are used SOCIAL FACTORS THAT HINDER / LIMIT AGRICULTURE
to monitor crop production: Land ownership issues and land reforms that are slow, Poor farming
GIS applications- Climate,
methods, Rural areas poor soil, no resources, Lack of capital,
Geology, Drainage etc.
training, Civil conflicts that drive farmers away (Farm murders)

[Source:https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fdronenews.africa]

40
THE IMPORTANCE OF FOOD SECURITY IN SOUTH AFRICA – INFLUENCING FACTORS, and CASE STUDIES RELATED TO
FOOD SECURITY
What is Food Security Measures can be taken to improve Food Where does South Africa rank
Access to sufficient and nutritious food. Security regarding Food Security
The involvement of households in agricultural
activities for subsistence farming can play an Whilst South Africa is food secure at
important role in reducing the vulnerability to national level, the country is still food
hunger of rural and urban food-insecure insecure at household level as not all
households. Most households involved in households have access to adequate
agricultural activities were involved in the food. Almost 20% of South African
production of fruits and vegetables, grain and households had inadequate or severe
[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/a1snX61mUaP21C348]
other, inadequate access to food in 2017. This
varied by province, population group of
Food Insecurity
Food crops, as well as in livestock and poultry household head and by household size.
farming. Although the main source of income for
Food insecurity occurs when people’s
these households was social grants, most
access to food is minimally adequate and
households involved in agricultural activities
they have trouble meeting their basic
indicated that the main reason for their
needs, while severe inadequate access to
involvement is to supplement food for the
food occurs when there is a critical lack of
household.
access to food.

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/y9aAFjUQ4LNaN2b8A]

41
FACTORS THAT FAVOUR AND HINDER MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE/FAVOUR AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH FACTORS THAT HINDER/LIMIT AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH
AFRICA: AFRICA:
PHYSICAL FACTORS PROMOTING MINING: PHYSICAL FACTORS HINDERING MINING:
Minerals are close to the surface, Gauteng geothermal gradient is low, High temperatures making mining difficult, Costly cooling
temperature does not increase rapidly underground. Cost of cooling system
systems is reduced; Saldana and Richards Bay are harbours far from
CLIMATIC FACTORS HINDERING MINING:
the mining site.
Droughts, floods, Desertification, Pollution – acid rain
(commercial ports)
CLIMATIC FACTORS PROMOTING MINING:
ECONOMIC FACTORS HINDERING MINING:
Favourable climate, Rainfall in eastern region, Variable climatic
Only 15% of minerals sold locally, Dependence on foreign
regions
buyers, Cost of transportation is high as mines are situated far
from the harbours, Governance and corruption, Fluctuating
ECONOMIC FACTORS PROMOTING MINING:
values of minerals, mine accidents, cost to rehabilitate. Open
Private sector, Foreign investment in mining, Efficient transport to
cast mining- dust, destroying habitats
ensure effective trade, Electricity supply, Taxes paid from mining,
employment opportunities.

SOCIAL FACTORS HINDERING MINING:

SOCIAL FACTORS PROMOTING MINING:
Accidents, Migrant labour –family breakdown, High cost of
Skilled and unskilled labour, Migrant labour, Development of towns,
training, Housing of miners, Strikes, Tribal fighting, Loss of jobs
roads, services in mining areas Creation of jobs for SA’s large labour
with closing of mines, Diseases- silicosis – dust, Asbestosis –
force
asbestos

42
Activity 4.1
South Africa's formerly thriving coal sector has had a noticeable decline
in investments over recent years with statistics from the Mineral Council
of South Africa reporting a R2 billion drop from 2010. As the future of the
South African coal industry remains bleak and disinvestment from coal
mining continues around the world, some of South Africa's giant coal
mining companies have sold or are in the process of selling their
operations.
Challenges facing the coal industry include an altered customer base for
the country's coal exports as developed countries are moving towards
renewable energy resources. There is a hostile funding environment for
coal projects as financial institutions nationally and internationally are no
longer investing in coal projects due to the pressure from environmental
lobbying – a challenge too for newer coal mining companies with less
financial muscle compared to major coal mining companies.
Mpumalanga, a major coal supplier in South Africa, experiences high
transport costs. The decrease in the mining of coal has created a further
challenge for the coal mines in Mpumalanga.
[Source: https://www.miningforschools.co.za/lets-
explore/coal/south-african- coal-mining-today]

43
4.1.1 According to the Mineral Council of South Africa, by how much did
the investments in coal drop from 2010? (1 x 1) (1)
4.1.2 According to the graph, over which Two-year period was the greatest
decrease in production recorded. (1 x 2) (2)
4.1.3 How does the location of the coal mines in Mpumalanga increase the
export costs of coal? (1 x 2) (2)
4.1.4 Despite Mpumalanga having rich coal reserves, the coal industry
faces a bleak (uncertain) future. Quote reasons from the extract for
this bleak future. (2 x 1) (2)
4.1.5 Explain how the decrease in the mining of coal will have a negative
economic impact on Mpumalanga. (3 x 2) (6)

[Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/wvNstR3qQjVdz4zs9]

PRETORIA-WITWATERSRAND-VEREENIGING (PWV) OR GAUTENG

What was the reason for the development of the PWV? The reason for the
development of this industrial region was the discovery of gold that lead to people
migrating to the area. This was called the gold rush. As a result, the population grew and
it led to the rapid development and industrialization of this area. The industrial region is
situated in the Gauteng province
What are the factors influencing the What are the factors that hinder the
location of the PWV/Gauteng Industrial PWV/Gauteng Industrial Region?
Region?
• A good transport network (road, rail • Over-concentration of industries, e.g. In
and air) in PWV. the core industrial regions.

44
• Well linked to other regions of South •
Strain on resources e.g. Water supply,
Africa especially harbours. power supply.
• Large market. • Load shedding and increasing costs of
• Raw materials available. electricity can hinder productivity.
• Has skilled labour available. It has the • Strain on transport infrastructure (traffic
largest population from all the core congestion).
industrial region/provinces. • PWV industrial region is far from the
• Large power stations located in PWV harbours creating more expenses.
and coal mines are close (large coal • Industries, especially heavy industries,
mines in Mpumalanga). create a lot of air pollution.
• Sufficient water supply (water supply • Labour unrests and protests.
supplemented by water projects) • Safety problems.
• Has many tertiary education institutions • Power struggle between labour unions
(skills development). and industries.
• Relatively flat land (easier construction• Production decrease due to workers
of industries). taking more sick leave.
• Hard lock-down during pandemics has a
negative impact on productivity.
What are main industrial activities in the PWV/Gauteng Industrial Region?
Iron and Steel products (Mittal Steel); Engineering products (Aviation); Chemical
Products (SASOL); Motor car assembly plant (Ford); Cosmetics manufacturers (Apex
Clothing).
What are the economic and
social impacts of the
Economic and social impacts
of the PWV/Gauteng Industrial
Region?
• Industries contribute money to
the GDP of our country.
• The industries earn foreign
exchange when trough the
export of machinery.
• The money earned through
exports increase the earnings of
the regions.
• Local people and the rest of
the country (both skilled and
unskilled) benefit by getting
employment in the region.
[Source: adapted from google maps] • The industries serve as a
market for the local raw material.
• Some companies reinvest in communities by providing bursaries and skills
development.

45
SOUTH WESTERN CAPE INDUSTRIAL REGION
What is the reason for the development of the South Western Cape Industrial
region? The industrial region is situated in the Western Cape. Cape Town harbour
is the third most important harbour in South Africa. This region dominantly receives
winter rainfall and therefore water shortages are a main concern.
What are the factors influencing the What are the factors that hinder the
location of the South western cape South western cape industrial
industrial region? region?
• Cape Town harbour is the third most • Expensive electricity – far from
important in South Africa. coal mines – Koeberg nuclear
• Large labour force. power plant nearby.
• Nuclear power available. • High transport costs to largest
• Efficient transport network. market in PWV, which is a
• Raw materials available, e.g. Wine. distance away.
• Market available. • Water shortages – use Palmiet
• Seasonal rainfall leads to water water pump saving scheme to
shortages. supplement water supply.
• Access to shipping port. • Salaries are lower than in PWV,
• Plenty skilled labour force. which leads to lower spending
• Has many tertiary education power.
institutions (skills development). • No mineral raw materials in the
• Large foreign tourist market and local area.
market. • Labour unrests and protests.
• Raw materials – deciduous fruit, • Safety problems.
wheat, vegetables dairy and fish. • Power struggle between labour
• Dry dock facilities for ship repairs. unions and industries.
• Large population creates a large • Impact of illness on productivity.
enough local market to ensure success • Hard lock-down during pandemics
has a negative impact on
productivity.
What are main industrial activities in the PWV/Gauteng Industrial Region?
Oil refining; Clothing and shoes; Food processing (fruit and fish); Wine making; Link
Industries (printing and packaging)

46
 What are the economic and social impacts
of the Economic and social impacts of the
• Industries contribute money to the GDP of
our country.
• The industries earn foreign exchange
when trough the export of machinery.
• The money earned through exports
increase the earnings of the regions.
• Local people and the rest of the country
(both skilled and unskilled) benefit by getting
employment in the region.
• The industries serve as a market for the
local raw material extracted from fishing and
agriculture.
• Some companies reinvest in communities
by providing bursaries and skills development.

[Source: adapted from google maps]

Activity 4.2 - The figure shows a map of South Africa where various minerals
are mined and main industrial areas are found.

[Source: https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com]

47
4.2.1 Which industrial area is situated around a number of mines? (1x1) (1)
4.2.2 How do the mines support industrial growth in the area mentioned
in question 4.2.1? (2x2) (4)
4.2.3 Give ONE reason why three of the four industrial regions are
located along the coastline. (1x2) (2)
4.2.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, discuss how
industrial area 4 contributes to the economic development of South
Africa. (4x2) (8)
[15]

Activity 4.3 – The figure below shows information on the PWV (Gauteng)
Industrial Region.

4.3.1 Which of the urban settlements in the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial

Region shown in the figure started out as a gold mining
settlement? (1x1)(1)
4.3.2 Quote TWO statistics from the figure, which indicates that the
PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region is the economic heartland of
South Africa. (2x1) (2)
4.3.3 Discuss TWO factors that have favoured the development of
industries in the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region. (2x2) (4)
4.3.4 The PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region faces many challenges,
including high levels of unemployment and water shortages
(a) Why has water supply hindered the development of the PWV
(Gauteng) Industrial Region? (1x2) (2)
(b) How did the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region overcome the
shortage of water supply for industries? (1x2) (2)
(c) Why does the PWV (Gauteng) Industrial Region face
challenges of unemployment despite the high concentration of
industries in this industrial region? (2x2) (4)
[15]

48
 Industrial Development Zone (IDZ)
Aims to encourage manufacturing in areas and use of resources in those areas to
produce goods instead of importing them (Beneficiation). They are generally located
around transport routes that have international links e.g. Harbour, in order to
promote exports.

SALDANHA BAY INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ZONE (IDZ)

What are the factors influencing the What are the main industrial activities at
location of the Saldanha Bay IDZ? Saldanha Bay IDZ?
• Availability of an international port for the • A Steel and Minerals production &
import and export of goods & services. manufacturing cluster.
• Incentives and concessions provided for • Renewable energy production &
investors. manufacturing cluster.
• Decentralisation to enhance regional • Oil supply base/hub for the Oil and Gas
industrial growth and development. cluster.
• An IDZ requires domestic goods and • Maritime shipbuilding and repair cluster.
services to support the industries located in
it.
What are the factors that favour the What are the factors that hinder the
development of the Saldanha Bay IDZ? development of the Saldanha Bay IDZ?
• Good network of sea, road and rail. • Constraints on water supply.
• Sufficient and reliable supply of services • High demand on electricity.
(water, electricity, connectivity). • Limited land availability/High land value.
• Flat and vast tracks of land Support of the • Contamination of storm water/drainage
national and provincial government systems.
What are the economic and social impacts
of Saldanha Bay IDZ?

• Economic returns increase in the area.

• Increased shipping to foreign countries.
• Infrastructure subsidies.
• Real estate below market value.
• Sustainable and direct jobs creation.
• Large requirement for maintenance
personnel in chemical, mechanical,
electrical and control engineering, from
highly to semi-skilled.
• Public and private training for artisans must
improve.
• Regional linkages to meet demand.
[Source: adapted from google maps]
• In-company training will occur for specialist
skills.

49
 SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE
The aim here is to promote growth in areas that are underdeveloped but have
economic potential e.g. Creation of new jobs and improved infrastructure to attract
foreign investors.

WEST COAST SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE

What are the factors that influence the location of the West What are the main activities
Coast SDI? found in the West Coast
SDI?
● Located along the coastal region for shipping for trade ● Agriculture
purposes. ● Mining
● Abundance of labour from the surrounding areas, especially ● Construction
rural areas. ● Infrastructure
● The buoyant fish industry along the West coast is reflected in ● Aquaculture
the employment and income statistics. ● Oil and Gas
● Offshore oil and gas availability.
● Scenic coastline that promotes attracts tourism.
● Mild winter climate.

What are the factors that favour the What are the factors that hinder the West
development of the West Coast SDI? Coast SDI?
● Organic farming & new generation products. ● Climate change and increasing
● Most wheat farmers rotate crops with animal temperatures may negatively impact
feed and are exploring canola as crop for new future sustainability of certain segments.
generation products. ● Water supply constraints, including
● Increased availability and affordability of broad- competing demand for water from Cape
band internet access becoming increasingly Town at higher prices constrains new
important for globally connected businesses production.
such as tourism, agriculture, and oil and gas. ● Export Agro-products compete with
● Bridging the digital divide can also contribute global market restrictions.
towards poverty alleviation ● New mines often require major transport
and other infrastructure investments from
local and district government.
● Huge backlog in water supply for
sanitation.
● There are no commercial airports within
the West Coast District.

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What are the economic and social impacts of the West coast SDI?
• Increasing share of economic activity and constitute an important potential area for economic
growth and job creation.
• Key trends in the following areas:
• Foreign Direct Investment and International Trade
• Domestic Investment.
• Promote skills development
• Promote tourism.
• Promote bulk infrastructural development and services for the district as a whole.

Activity 4.4 – The figure shows strategies for industrial development: the
Saldanha Bay Industrial Development Zone.

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4.4.1 Name the new local investor in Saldanha Bay. (1x1) (1)
4.4.2 What will be the core function of the new investor in the Saldanha Bay (1x1) (1)
IDZ?
4.4.3 State the physical (natural) factor that could have attracted the new (1x1) (1)
investor to the Saldanha Bay IDZ.
4.4.4 Discuss how the new investment project in the Saldanha Bay IDZ would (2x2) (4)
have a positive impact on transport infrastructure in the zone
4.4.5 How will investments in the Saldanha Bay IDZ have an impact on the (2x2) (4)
people seeking employment in this zone?
4.4.6 Suggest what social responsibility initiatives a new investment company (2x2) (4)
should have towards the local community.
[15]

Activity 4.5 – The figure shows the West Coast Spatial Development Initiative (SDI).

4.5.1 What is a spatial development initiative? (1x2) (2)

4.5.2 Name the port associated with the West Coast SDI. (1x1) (1)
4.5.3 Name ONE manufacturing industry in the West Coast SDI (1x1) (1)
4.5.4 Discuss TWO physical factors that favoured the development of the SDI (2x2) (4)
on the West coast.
4.5.5 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explaining how the West (4x2) (8)
Coast SDI uplifts the local community.
[16]

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