BFC 10103

Static and Dynamic

Chapter 1 : Introduction
DR. NOOR AZLINA BINTI ABDUL
HAMID
DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURE AND MATERIALS
ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND BUILT
ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
INTRODUCTION TO STATIC:
• Mechanics can be defined as that branch of the physical
sciences concern with the state of rest or motion of bodies
that are subjected to the action forces.

• Basic mechanics is composed of two principal areas:

Deal with the equilibrium of bodies, either at

Static rest or move with a constant velocity

Dynamic Concern with acceleration motion of bodies.

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPT:
• Basic terms
• Length
• needed to locate the position of a point in space and thereby
describe the size of a physical system.
• once a standard unit of length is defined, one can then
quantitatively define distances and geometric properties of a body
as multiples of the unit length.

• Space
• the geometry region occupied by bodies whose positions are
described by linear and angular measurement relative to a
coordinate system.
• for three-dimensional problems three independent coordinates are
needed.
• for two-dimensional problems only two coordinates will required.
• Time
• the measure of the succession of event and is a basic quantity in
dynamics for three-dimensional problems three independent
coordinates are needed.
• not directly involved in the analysis of static problems

• Mass
• a measure of the inertia of a body, which is its resistance to a
change of velocity.
• can be regarded as the quantity of matter in a body.
• the property of every body by which it experiences mutual
attraction to other bodies.
• Force
• the action of one body on another.
• tends to move a body in the direction of its action.
• the action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the
direction of its action, and by its points of application.

• Particle
• has a mass, but a size can be neglected.
• Example: the size of the earth is significant compared to the size of
its orbit, therefore the earth can be modelled as a particle when
studying its orbital motion.
• when it idealized as a particle, the principles of mechanics reduce
to a rather simplified form since the geometry of the body will not
involved in the analysis of the problem.
• Rigid body
• can be considered as a combination of a large number of particles
in which all the particles remain at a fixed distance from one
another both before and after applying a load.
• as the result, the material properties of any that is assumed to be
rigid will not have to considered when analyzing the forces acting
on the body.
• in most cases the actual deformation occurring in structures,
machines, mechanisms, and the like are relatively small, and the
rigid-body assumption is suitable for analysis.
Newton’s three laws of motion:
• First law
• A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion
will remain at a uniform speed in a straight line, unless
it is acted on by an imbalanced force.

F1 F2

F3

Accelerated motion
• Second Law
• A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force, F experiences
acceleration, a that has the same direction as the force and
magnitude that is proportional to the force
• If F is applied to a particle of mass, m, this law may be
expressed mathematically as

F=ma

F a

Accelerated motion
• Third Law
• For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.

force of A on B

F R

force of B on A

Action - Reaction
Newton’s law of gravitational attraction
• Gravitational attraction between any two particles is govern
after formulating Law of motion

where,

F = force of gravitation between the two particles

G = universal constant of gravitation; according to
experimental evidence,
m1,m2 = mass of each of the two particle
r = distance between the two particles
Weight
• What is the different between Mass and
Weight?
The relationship between mass and weight can be
expressed:
⮚ develop an approximate expression for finding the weight, W of
a particle having a mass m1 = m
⮚ Assume the earth to be a non-rotating sphere of constant density and
having a mass m2 = Me, then if r is the distance between the earth’s
center and the particle, we have

Letting, yields

g = 9.807 m/s2

so,
Units of measurement
• Mechanic deal with four fundamental quantities

Length Mas
s

Forc Tim
e e
• SI units
• International system of units
• Newton (N)
• Force in Newtons (N) is derived from F = ma

1 kg

Force?
Solution :

(g=9.81m/s2)
• US Customary
• The unit of mass, called a slug, is derived from F = ma.
• Newton (N)
• Force in Newtons (N) is derived from F=ma

2 slug

Solution : Force?

(g=32.2 ft/sec2)
 Conversion factors
Terms U.S Customary S.I metric unit
Length 1 in. = 25.4 mm
1 ft = 0.3048 m
1 mile = 1609 m
Area 1 in.2 = 6.45 cm2
1 ft2 = 0.093 m2
1 sq mile = 2.59 km2
Volume 1 in3 = 16.39 cm3
1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3
Capacity 1 qt = 1.136 I
1 gal = 4.546 I
Mass 1 Ib = 0.454 kg
1 slug = 14.6 kg
Velocity 1 in/sec = 0.0254 m/s
1 ft/min = 0.3048 m/s
I mph = 0.447 m/s = 1.61 km/h
Acceleration 1 in./sec2 =0.0254 m/s2
1 ft/sec2 = 0.3048 m/s2
Force 1 Ib = 4.448 N
1 poundal = 0.138 N
Pressure 1 Ib/in.2 = 6.895 kPa
1 Ib/ft2 = 47.88 kPa
Energy 1 ft-Ib = 1.356 J
1 Btu = 1.055 kJ
1 hp-hr = 2.685 MJ
1 watt-hr = 3.6 kJ
Power 1 hp 0.746 kW
Example:
Convert 2 km/h to m/s and ft/s
Solution
Since 1 km = 1000 m and 1 h = 3600 s, the factors of
conversion are arranged in the following order, so
that a cancellation of the units can be applied:
Example:
Evaluate (50 mN) x (6 GN) in SI units
Mathematic required:
• Algebraic equations with one unknown
• Simultaneous equations with two unknowns
• Quadratic equations
• Trigonometry functions of a right – angle triangle
• Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right angle
triangles.
• Geometry
• Algebraic equations with one unknown
Example:
Solve for x in the equation

• Simultaneous equation
Example:
Solve the simultaneous equations.
• Quadratic equations
Example:
Solve for x in equation
• Trigonometry functions of a right – angle
triangle

r
y

x
• Sine law and cosine law as applied to non-right
angle triangles
• Triangles that are not right – angle triangles

β
A C

γ α
B
• Side divided by the sine of the angle opposite the side

C α

β γ B

• Right – angle triangle where γ = 90o

C α

β γ B
A
• Geometry
• opposite angles are equal when two straight lines intersect

a
d a=b
c c=d
b

• supplementary angles total 1800

a a + b = 1800
b
• complementary angles total 900

b a + b = 900

• a straight line intersection two parallel lines produces the following

equal angles:

a a=b
c b c=d
d or
a=b=c=d
• the sum of the interior angles of any triangles equals to
180o
a a + b + c = 1800
b
c

• similar triangles have the same shape

D
θ
A
θ

B
C E

• If AB = 4, AC = 6 and DB = 10, then by proportion

• circle equations:

• Angle θ is defined as one radian when a length of 1 radius is

measured on the circumference.
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