HAWASA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTIONAL SCIENCES

DEPARTEMENT OF MATHEMATICS
PROPOSAL ON FRIST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION.
PROGRAM B.sc DEGREE IN MATHEMATICS
ADVISOR: M .r
PREPARED BY: Temeret Diriba

Hawasa ETHIOPIA

JUNE2014E.C
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank God to accomplished this project on time, because nothing to be done with secret of
super natural God.

Next I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my advisor mr.------- for his guidance, valuable comments
and suggestion that enable me to complete this project.

Finally I would like to extend my gratitude to Hawasa University library staff members who supplied as journals
book. I want to thank them for all their help support, interest and valuable hints were of great help on time.
ABSTRACT
This proposal work contains four chapters. The first chapter contains introduction part such as back ground,
objectives and basic concepts of the study. The second chapter contains main body of this project work such as
discussing about first order DE. This includes defining general differential equations involving first derivatives.
We then look at slope fields, which give a geometric picture of the solutions to such equations. Finally we
present Picard’s Theorem, which gives conditions under which first-order differential equations have exactly
one solution. Third chapter includes application of first order differential equation in this chapter we have seen
three applications involving first order differential equation. The fourth chapter is conclusion.
 TABLE CONTENT
Content Page

ACKNOWLEGEMENT...................................................................................................................................................................I
ABSTRACT II
TABLE CONTENT....................................................................................................................................................................... III
CHAPTER ONE 1
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Back ground......................................................................................................................................................................
1.2 The objectives of the study...............................................................................................................................................
1.2.1 Specific objective..........................................................................................................................................................
1.2.2 General objectives.........................................................................................................................................................
1.3 BASIC CONCEPTS.........................................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER TWO 3
2. INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM (IVP) OF SECOND ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (ODE)......3
2.1 Condition of IVP..............................................................................................................................................................
2.2 The Existence and Uniqueness of the solution of second order Linear Equation IVP...................................................
2.3. Homogeneous Linear Equation.......................................................................................................................................
2.3.1. Linear Independence.....................................................................................................................................................
2.3.2 The General solution of Homogeneous linear second order Equation..........................................................................
2.4 Non-Homogeneous Linear Solution...............................................................................................................................
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
3. Boundary Value Problem (BVP) Second Order Ordinary Differential Equation (QDE).................................................11
3.1, Two points BVPS...........................................................................................................................................................
3.2, Homogeneous Boundary Value Problem........................................................................................................................
4, Conclusion 16
5, Reference 17
CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back ground

We begin this section by defining general differential equations involving first derivatives. We
then look at slope fields, which give a geometric picture of the solutions to such equations.
Finally we present Picard’s Theorem, which gives conditions under which first-order differential
equations have exactly one solution.

1.2 objectives of the project

1.2.1 General objectives

The main purpose of this project to define First-order differential equations and some
theorems stated and proved.

1.2.2 Specific objective

 Define first-order differential equations with their application and details of
explanations.
 To know and apply the application of first order differential equation

1.3 BASIC CONCEPTS

A differential equation is an equation containing one or more derivative of an unknown
function and independent variable .The order of differential equation is the order of the
highest derivative that it contains,

A first-order differential equation is an equation

dx
= f(x,y)
dy

In which ƒ(x, y) is a function of two variables defined on a region in the xy-plane. The equation
dx
is of first order because it involves only the first derivative (and not higher-order derivatives).
dy
We point out that the equations
CHAPTER TWO

2. First-Order Differential Equations

2.1 General First-Order Differential Equations Solution

A first-order differential equation is an equation

dx
= f(x,y) -----------------------------(1)
dy

in which ƒ(x, y) is a function of two variables defined on a region in the xy-plane. The equation
dx
is of first order because it involves only the first derivative (and not higher-order derivatives).
dy
We point out that the equations

d
y’=f(x,y) and y = ƒ(x, y) -------------------(2)
dx

are equivalent to Equation (1) and all three forms will be used interchangeably in the text. A
solution of Equation (1) is a differentiable function defined on an interval I of x-values (perhaps
infinite) such that

d
y (x)=ƒ(x, y(x))----------------------------(3)
dx

on that interval. That is, when y(x) and its derivative are substituted into Equation (1), the
resulting equation is true for all x over the interval I. The general solution to a firstorder
differential equation is a solution that contains all possible solutions. The general solution always
contains an arbitrary constant, but having this property doesn’t mean a solution is the general
solution. That is, a solution may contain an arbitrary constant without being the general solution.
Establishing that a solution is the general solution may require deeper results from the theory of
differential equations and is best studied in a more advanced course.

2.1.1 Slope Fields Viewing Solution Curves

Each time we specify an initial condition for the solution of a differential equation the solution
curve (graph of the solution) is required to pass through the point and to have slope there. We
can picture these slopes graphically by drawing short line segments of slope ƒ(x, y) at selected
points (x, y) in the region of the xy-plane that constitutes the domain of ƒ. Each segment has the
same slope as the solution curve through (x, y) and so is tangent to the curve there. The resulting
picture is called a slope field (or direction field) and gives a visualization of the general shape of
the solution curves.

2.1.2 The Existence of Solutions

A basic question in the study of first-order initial value problems concerns whether a solution
even exists. A second important question asks whether there can be more than one solution.
Some conditions must be imposed to assure the existence of exactly one solution, as illustrated in
the next example.

2.1.3 THEOREM 1—Picard’s Theorem;

df
Suppose that partial derivative of are continuous on the interior of a rectangle R, and that is
dy
an interior point of R. Then the initial value problem

dx
=f (x , y ) ,y(0) = 0
dy

has a unique solution y = y(x) for x in some open interval containing xo.

The differential equation in Example 3 fails to satisfy the conditions of Picard’s Theorem.
4
Although the function f(x,y) = y 5 from Example 3 is continuous in the entire xy-plane, the
dx 4 −1
partial derivative = 5 fails to be continuous at the point (0, 0) specified by the initial
dy 5 y
condition. Thus we found the possibility of more than one solution to the given initial value
problem. Moreover, the partial derivative is not even defined where y=0 . However, the initial
value problem of Example 3 does have unique solutions whenever the initial condition y(xo) = y o
has yo≠ 0

2.2 First-Order Linear Equations

A first-order linear differential equation is one that can be written in the form where P and Q are
continuous functions of x. Equation (1) is the linear equation’s standard form. Since the
dy
exponential growth decay equation = ky can be put in the standard form
dy

dy
– ky = 0
dy
We see it is a linear equation with p(x)=-k and Q(x) =0. Equation (1) is linear (in y) because y
dy
and its derivative occur only to the first power, are not multiplied together, nor do they
dy
appear as the argument of a function.

2.2.1 Solving Linear Equations

To solve the linear equation y’ + p(x)y =q(x)multiply both sides by the integrating factor v(x)=
e∫
p (x)dx
and integrate both sides.

When you integrate the left-hand side product in this procedure, you always obtain the product
v(x)y of the integrating factor and solution function y because of the way v is defined.

V(x) y = ∫ v ( x) Q(x )dx

We need only integrate the product of the integrating factor y(x) with the right-hand side Q(x) of
Equation (1) and then equate the result with y(x)y to obtain the general solution. Nevertheless, to
emphasize the role of y(x) in the solution process, we sometimes follow the complete procedure
as illustrated in Example 2. Observe that if the function Q(x) is identically zero in the standard
form given by Equation (1), the linear equation is separable:

dy
− p(x) y=q( x )
dy

dy
− p(x) y=0 q (x) =0
dy

dy
=− p(x )dx Separating the variables
dy

We now present two applied problems modeled by a first-order linear differential equation.

CHAPTER THREE

3 Applications of First-Order Differential Equations and Solutions

We now look at three applications of first-order differential equations. The first application
analyzes an object moving along a straight line while subject to a force opposing its motion. The
second is a model of population growth. The last application considers a curve or curves
intersecting each curve in a second family of curves orthogonally (that is, at right angles)
3.1 Resistance Proportional to Velocity
In some cases it is reasonable to assume that the resistance encountered by a moving object,
such as a car coasting to a stop, is proportional to the object’s velocity. The faster the object
moves, the more its forward progress is resisted by the air through which it passes. Picture the
object as a mass m moving along a coordinate line with position function s and velocity y at time
t. From Newton’s second law of motion, the resisting force opposing the motion is

dv
Force = mass * acceleration = m
dt

If the resisting force is proportional to velocity, we have

dv dv −k
m =¿-kv or = v ( k > 0)
dt dt m

This is a separable differential equation representing exponential change. The solution to the
equation with initial condition at V=Vo at =0

V = Vo e−( M ) t ------------------------------------------(1)
K

What can we learn from Equation (1)? For one thing, we can see that if m is something large,
like the mass of a 20,000-ton ore boat in Lake Erie, it will take a long time for the velocity to
approach zero (because t must be large in the exponent of the equation in order to make kt m
large enough for y to be small). We can learn even more if we integrate Equation (1) to find the
position s as a function of time t. Suppose that a body is coasting to a stop and the only force
acting on it is a resistance proportional to its speed. How far will it cost? To find out, we start
with Equation (1) and solve the initial value problem

ds
= Vo −( M ) t , s(0)
K

dt e

Integrating with respect to t gives

V om −( K ) t
S= - M +C
k e

Substituting when gives

V om V om
0=- + C and C =
k k

The body’s position at time t is therefore

V om −( K ) t V om V om
( 1−e ( ) ) ---------------------------------(2)
K
− t
S(t) = - M + = M
k e k k
To find how far the body will coast, we find the limit of s(t) as Since - ( mk ) < 0, we know that
− ( MK )t → 0 as t → ∞ so that
e

(
lim s (t) ¿ lim V om 1−e−( M ) t )
K

t →∞
t→∞ k

V om V om
= (1 - 0) =
k k

Thus

V om
Distance coasted = ---------------------------(3)
k

V om
The number is only an upper bound (albeit a useful one). It is true to life in one respect, at
k
least: if m is large, it will take a lot of energy to stop the body

3.2 Modeling Population Growth

dp
We modeled population growth with the Law of Exponential Change: = kp, p(o) = Po
dt
Where P is the population at time t, k > 0is a constant growth rate, and is the size of the
population at time t = 0 .we found the solution P =P oe kt to this model.To assess the model, notice
that the exponential growth differential equation says that

dp
dt = k -------------------------------------- (4)
p

is constant. This rate is called the relative growth rate. Now, Table 16.1 gives the world
population at midyear for the years 1980 to 1989. Taking dt = 1and dp ≈ ∆ p we see from the
table that the relative growth rate in Equation (4) is approximately the constant 0.017. Thus,
based on the tabled data with t = 0 representing 1980,t = 1 representing 1981, and so forth, the
world population could be modeled by the initial value problem

dp
=0.017, p(0) =4454
dt

Table 2.1 World population (midyear)

 Year population(millions) v∆ p / p

1980 4454 76/ 4454≈ 0.0171

1981 4530 80/4530≈ 0.0177

1982 4610 80/4610≈ 0.0174

1983 4690 80/4690≈ 0.0171

1984 4770 81/4770≈ 0.0170

1985 4851 82/4851≈ 0.0169

1986 4933 85/ 4933≈ 0.0172

1987 5018 87/5018≈ 0.0173

1988 5105 87/ 5105≈ 0.0167

1989 5190

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (Sept., 1999): www.census.gov ipc www worldpop.html.

The solution to this initial value problem gives the population function p =4454 e 0.017 t In year
1999 (so), the solution predicts the world population in midyear to be about 6152 million, or 6.15
billion (Figure 2.1), which is more than the actual population of 6001 million from the U.S.
Bureau of the Census. A more realistic model would consider environmental factors affecting the
growth rate

3.3 Orthogonal Trajectories

An orthogonal trajectory of a family of curves is a curve that intersects each curve of the family
at right angles, or orthogonally (Figure 2.2). For instance, each straight line through the origin is
an orthogonal trajectory of the family of circles x 2+ y 2=a2 centered at the origin Such mutually
orthogonal systems of curves are of particular importance in physical problems related to
electrical potential, where the curves in one family correspond to flow of electric current and
those in the other family correspond to curves of constant potential. They also occur in
hydrodynamics and heat-flow problems
UNIT FOUR

4, Conclusion
We have so far discussed about First-Order Differential Equations and Solutions under this we
have seen and its applications of first-order differential equations

I begin this section by defining general differential equations involving first derivatives. We then
look at slope fields, which give a geometric picture of the solutions to such equations. Finally I
present Picard’s Theorem, which gives conditions under which first-order differential equations
have exactly one solution

I consider three applications of first-order differential equations. The first application analyzes an
object moving along a straight line while subject to a force opposing its motion. The second is a
model of population growth. The last application considers a curve or curves intersecting each
curve in a second family of curves orthogonally (that is, at right angles)
5, Reference
1, W.E.Boyce & R.C.Diprim, Elementary Differential Equation and Boundary Value
Problem.7th Edition.John Wiley & Sons, INC.2001.

2, Martin Braun, Differentials of Equation and their Applications, Springer-Verlag, 1993/

3, Erwin Kreyzing, Advance Engineering Mathematics 9th Edition .Wiley, 2000.

4, Zill, Dennis G. Advance Engineering Mathematics 4 th Edition .

5, Potter, Merle C. Advance Engineering Mathematics 3th Edition .

Introduction

When we raise the issue of maintaining the quality of education in our country, the improvement
of students' results takes the biggest place. There are many manifestations that show the decline
in student performance. Having work pressure for the elderly, lack of family love/not being
together/, not doing homework and class, not paying attention to education, being late, absent
from school, video houses in the area, that houses are located in remote areas. Absence from the
school schedule is considered as a reason for lowering the student's grades. Based on this, to
improve the results of students, Abi's directions of focus are clear
1.1 Objectives
1.2 The general objective of the study is to increase the result of 4 grade 6 students in integrated
science of urael pri,primaryand middle school.
1.3 This action research was conducted to address the following specific objectives:
 To identify factors that cause low level class result of students.
 To implement strategies that improves low result achiever students class
 To identify teaching methods which encourage students to achieve good result in the
classroom.

1.2 Significance of the study

As we all know result is one of the essential elements in implementing active learning
methods which make students active participant in the teaching learning process and help
them to learn more. But at urael pri,primaryand middle school department of science
grade 6 students did not score high result in the classroom. Even, when the students
were given some activities to be done in group, they did not do it; instead, they waited
for copy form the other students. This made students always to wait others rather than try
to do by their own. Therefore, the main reasons which we initiated to conduct this action
research were:

 It will contribute in filling the knowledge gap regarding low achiever student’s
result in integrated science class
 Classroom result can send positive signals to students about the kind of learning
and thinking such as growth in critical thinking, active learning, development of
listening, and speaking skills needed for career success, and the ability to join a
disciplined conversation.
 When students see that their result is being graded regularly and consistently,
they adjust their study habits accordingly to be prepared for high result.

Scope

Kidus Urael School is located in the kirkos sub city, Wordea 01 in the Addis Ababa region of
Ethiopia.Kidus Urael lists as government. This Secondary School in Ethiopia has an enrollment
of 49 with the total number of teachers being 5. The school has students from grades 1->4. The
Schools address is PO BOX 170216 and their phone number is 116621143

The setting of the study is at urael pri,primary and middele scool. It is situated at Addis
Ababa Administration kirkos sub city woreda 01. It is the smallest of the three main
public pri,primary and middele schools in WOREDA 01, Founded on February 14, 1967,
the school started education for students to a highly-respected educational institution
catering students from worede 01 . The school uses curricula, the RBEC (Revised Basic
Education Curriculum for regular students).

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study aims to explore the strategies we used to overcome low result. the finding can help providing inside
insight into the types of strategies the teacher used to solve their student low result achieve problems.

Research problem
What strategies or technique can we use to help 4 grade six students in urael pri,primary and middle school to
influence getting high score in integrated science.
Significance of the study
This practical study is focused on improving the results of students in integrated science education. The
main benefit is the students who study in the school in 2016.Therefore, this practical study is aimed at
improving student results, so any part of the society has a high stake.