CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate Change
Green House Effect
Global Warming
Ozone Depletion
--- Dr. Sunil Ogale
Department of Geography
VP ASC College Baramati
The Greenhouse Effect
The Greenhouse Effect
Three gases are the
primary cause:
• Carbon Dioxide
(CO2)
• Methane (CH4)
• Water Vapor (H2O)
The Greenhouse Effect
• Keeps Earth’s average temperature 35ºC
warmer (15ºC now, -20 ºC otherwise)
Venus 480ºC
thick carbon dioxide
Mars -62 ºC
little carbon
dioxide
• Human role? ‘A heated
debate’
The Carbon Cycle
Green House Gases
Ozone Hole
NASA: 2011
NASA: 1993
Atmosphere Composition and
Annual Growth Rate of Green
Gases
CO2 percentage
0.4% NO2 O2 A2 CO2
1% 0%
O3 Cfc 21%
35 ppb
5%
78%
N2O CH4
0.2 % 1.0 %
Green Gases Emission by Country in 2013
Note that very recent rate of increase
greatly exceeds anything in last 1000 years.
Source: International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2007
Note correlations in the data.
Now to the most ominous symptom
of all: a fever that’s rising fast.
Source: National Climate Data Center (NOAA). 2011. Global Surface Temperature Anomalies.
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/
Global Warming Effects
Human-induced rise in CO2 levels is already leading to
increased greenhouse forcing and unnatural warming of
atmosphere.
• Likely future effects:
• Increased storminess, more droughts, more intense
downpours
• More intense hurricanes and, possibly, tornadoes
• Rising sea level (.36 to 2.5 feet) in 100 years (IPCC, 2007)*
• Loss of farmable land, especially in arid regions
• Extinction of thousands of species
• Loss of nearly all coral reef
• Increased range of tropical diseases
• Flooding of low-lying coastal regions
* IPCC estimate does not include Greenland Ice Sheet
Environmental Impact
Global
Warming?
Climate change will lead to more chaotic and unpredictable weather:
"Climate change will bring warm, wet weather, which will encourage
plants to grow, followed by long periods of drought, during which they
will burn." - Meinrat Andreae, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, August 2001.
1990-2013
The 10 hottest years on record in order:
2014
2010
2005
1998
2003
2002
2009
2006
2007
2004
2001 Source: National Climate Data Center (NOAA). 2014.
40,000 – 50,000
Difference in average temperature
(2000, 2001, 2002 and 2004) from 2003,
covering the date range of July 20 - August 20.
people
It was died as a
the hottest
result of theinrecord
summer
heat wave in
Europe that1500
scorched Europe in
years.
August 2003.
France, 2003
Source: Larsen, J. Earth Policy Institute. 2006. Setting the Record Straight: More than 52,000 Europeans Died from Heat in
Summer 2003. http://www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/plan_b_updates/2006/update56
Human Health
Impact on Agriculture
She is already suffering frequent hot
flashes, dehydration, sweats, and
chills.
Hurricane Katrina, 2005
Projected changes in precipitation
• High latitudes = increased precipitation
• Low and middle latitudes = decreased precipitation will
worsen water shortages in developing countries
Flood
Queensland, Australia. January, 2011
Extreme weather events are
becoming more common; severe
droughts, floods, fires, heat
waves, blizzards are all increasing
in frequency.
Sources: Min, S.-K. et al. Nature 470, 378-381 (2011); Pall, P. et al. Nature 470, 382-385
Lake Hindmarsh,
(2011); Stott, P. A. et Victoria, Australia.
al. Nature 432, 610-614 May, 2007
Deforestation
Forest Fire
The World’s Forests
Remaining and Lost
Source: World Resources Institute / South Dakota State University, 2013
Intact Forest Landscapes Formerly forest, now croplands
Working
Original Forestcover
Current forest Landscapes Formerly forest, now pasture
Tropical deforestation 2000-2005
Economic Activities and
Deforestation
• Population Growth and Primary Activities
• Extent of Agriculture
• Shifting Cultivation
• Transport ways- Road and Railways
• Construction of Dam
• Industry and Raw material
• Growth of Settlement
• Forest Fire
• Acid rain
• Natural Disaster
• Government Policies
Biodiversity - Definition
The variability among living organisms from all
sources including terrestrial, marine, and other
aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of
which they are a part; this includes diversity within
species, between species and of ecosystems.
Types of Biodiversity
1. Genetic diversity - genetic variability or diversity
within a species, i.e. between the individuals of a
species
Example ; 5,000 recorded varieties of mango
88,000 recorded varieties of Oryza sativa
2.Species diversity - diversity between different species
Example ; Felis tigris
Felis domestica
Facts related to Biodiversity
Total Land Area of Earth –
510,065,284 sq.km (29 %)
Forest Cover – 38.7 m. sq.km
(26%)
40% of Global Forest Land is
in South America, Africa,
and South Asia.
Facts related to Biodiversity contd..
Total land area of India - 143 million.ha
India occupies 2.47% of the World’s geographical
area and has only 1% of the forest
India has 16.1% of world human population
and 15.1% of cattle population
Forest Cover in India –
23.57 %
Glaciers are melting much faster
than predicted.
Impacts will vary regionally
Today, temperature changes are greatest in the Arctic.
• Ice sheets are melting.
• Sea ice is thinning.
• Storms are increasing.
• Polar bears are
starving.
• Melting permafrost is
destabilizing buildings.
Impact of Ice Melting
Rising sea levels
• As glaciers and ice melt, increased water will
flow into the oceans.
• As oceans warm, they expand.
• Leads to beach erosion, coastal floods, and salt
water intrusion into aquifers
So is sea level rise happening? How much?
Sea level rise is not well understood. In their
2001 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change stated that global warming should cause sea
levels to rise 0.11 to 0.77 meters (0.36 to 2.5 feet) by
2100. When added to storm surges and high tides,
these small changes may have large effects.
Moreover, because Greenland’s ice sheet is not well
understood it was not included in these estimates. It
represents much of the ice on Earth.
Source: UN IPCC, 2007 Source: UN IPCC, 2007
Who will Sink first ?
Tuvalu
Tonga Island
Maldives
Indonesia
1.3 crore of Bangladesh Trinidad &
Tobago
Are we responsible for climate change?
The IPCC 2007 report concluded that it is
more than 90% likely that most global
warming is due to humans.
In 2005, the national academies of 11 nations
issued a joint statement urging political
leaders to take action. By 2010 more than 30
countries National Academies of Science had
such statements.
The debate on climate change is fanned and
funded by corporate and oil industry skeptics.
The science is clear and unequivocal.
