3RD TERM S1 PHYSICS

THIRD TERM E-LEARNING NOTE THIRD TERM SCHEME OF WORK

1 Electric Circuit (DC).

2 Resistors and Cells in Series and Parallel.

3. Electrical Energy and Power

4. Safety Device - Fuse

5. Atomic Structure, Diffusion and Osmosis

6. Crystal Structure of Matter – Amorphous and Crystalline Substances

7. Surface Tension

8. Capillarity9 Elasticity

10. Energy Stored in an Elastic Material

11. Revision

12. Examination

WEEK 1 TOPIC:

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

CONTENT:

Definition and functions of electric circuit and its components Definition of some physical
quantities in dc circuit Verification of ohm’s law Before explaining electric circuit, let us define
some terms

1.Conductors : They are materials which allow electrons to pass through them easilye.g. metal,
graphite, acids, salt solution etc.

2. Semi conductors: They are materials whose resistivities is mid way betweengood conductors
and insulators e.g. germanium, silicon etc
3. Insulators: They are materials which do not allow electrons to pass throughthem e.g. paper,
plastic, glass, oil, cotton, dry hair, polythene etc

Electric Circuit: An electric circuit is a complete path provided for the flow of electriccurrent. The
circuit diagram below is a symbolic representation of such circuit

.Functions of dc circuit components

cells are chemical devices which produces electric force/pressure that pushes thecurrent to
flow.

Switch / key is a device used to start or stop the current flow.

Ammeter measures the electric current flowing in a circuit

Voltmeter measures the potential difference across the terminal of a loadWKLAS/SS1/3rd

term/PhysicsPage1

Rheostat varies the flow of current Resistor is a component that limits or regulate the flow of
electric current

EVALUATION

1.Define electric circuit

2.State the functions of the components that make up a circuit

Definitions of some physical quantities

Electric Current (I): it is the measure of the rate of movement (flow) of charged particlesalong
an electrical conductor (a circuit). It is simple electric charge (Q) in motion which consists of
moving electrons.

I = Q/t ____________

(1a) where t – time (s)Q = It ………………

(1b)Potential Difference (V): Potential difference between two points in a circuit is the
workdone (W) when one coulomb of charge moves from one point to another.W = Q (VB – VA) =
QV ____________ (2a)V = W/Q ………………………………

2b)Electromotive Force (E): E.M.F of a cell is the p.d between the terminals of the cell whenit is
not delivering any current to the circuit.

Internal Resistance (r): r of a cell is the resistance offered by the electrolyte to the motionof the
current.

Resistance (R): R is the ratio of the p.d across the conductor to the current flowingthrough it
.Ohm’s LawOhm’s law states that the electric current in a given metallic conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference applied provided that the temperature and other physical
factors remain constant i.e V α I

Verification of ohm’s law.Aim: To show that metallic/ohmic conductor obey ohm’s law

Apparatus: voltmeter, ammeter, rheostat, battery, key, pieces of wire and ohmicconductor
xDiagram

Procedure: set up the apparatus as shown aboveObservation: As the rheostat is been varied, the
reading of the voltmeter is also changing.Also, the current in the ammeter is increasing with
increase in potential difference.

Graph :Slope = ΔV/ ΔI = R Where R is the constant of proportionality and it is called resistance
(R)Conclusion: ohmic conductors obey ohm’s law. i.e. V = IR______________ 3(a)I =
V/R_____________ 3(b)R= V/I _____________ 3(c) NB : The relationship between I, E, R & r is thatI =
E / R + r = V/R ……………4

EVALUATION1. Define the following terms (a) Electric current (b) Potential difference (c)
Internalresistance2. Describe an experiment to verify ohm’s lawReading Assignment : Read
more on electric circuit – New school physics (pg 77 - 80) WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT1.The SI unit
of electric current is (a) ampere (b) volts (c) ohm’s (d) coulomb2.The SI unit of electric charge is
(a) ampere (b) volts (c) ohm’s (d) coulomb3.The SI unit of potential difference is (a) ampere (b)
volts (c) ohm’s (d) coulomb4.The SI unit of resistance is (a) ampere (b) volts (c) ohm’s (d)
coulomb5.Ohm’s law states that (a) V=IR (b) Q=It (c) R=IV (d) W=QV THEORY1. Define the
following terms (a) Electric current (b) Potential difference (c) Internalresistance2. Describe an
experiment to verify ohm’s law

WEEK 2TOPIC

:RESISTORS & CELLS CONNECTED IN SERIES & PARALLELCONTENT:

Resistors in series and parallel Cells in series and parallels CalculationsResistors in series:
These are end to end connection.

Characteristics

Same current flow through each resistor

Potential difference across each resistor is different

P.d are additive

 Power are additive

Applied voltage equals the sum of different p.d

Resistance are additive.R T = R 1 + R 2+ R 3 _______ for 3 resistorsR T = R 1 + R 2 + R 3….. + Rn

___ for n numbers or resistors

Resistors in parallel:

These are side by side connection.

Characteristics

Different resistors have their individual current

P.d across each resistor is the same

Branch current are additive

Conductance are additive

Power are additive1/R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R 3 ____ for 3 resistors1/R T = 1/R 1 + 1/R 2 + 1/R
3…..+ 1/Rn ____ for n numbers of resistors

EVALUATION

1.Differentiate between resistors connected in series and parallel

2.State the relationship between resistance and conductanceCells in series: end to end
connections

ASSIGNMENT

1.If four identical cells each 2volts are connected in series, the equivalent pd is ………(a) 2v (b) 4v
(c) 6v (d) 8v

2.If four identical cells each 2volts are connected in parallel, the equivalent pd is……… (a) 2v (b)
4v (c) 6v (d) 8v

3.If 2Ω, 2Ω, and 1Ω resistors are connected in series the equivalent resistance (a) 5 Ω(b) ½ Ω (c)
4 Ω (d) 2 Ω

4.If 2Ω, 2Ω, and 1Ω resistors are connected in parallel the equivalent resistance (a) 5 Ω(b) ½ Ω (c)
4 Ω (d) 2 Ω

5. Two resistors of resistance 1 Ω are connected in parallel to a 2 Ω resistor, theequivalent

resistance is …….. (a) 4 Ω (b) 3 Ω (c) 2 Ω (d) 1 Ω

THEORY1.A battery of 15v and internal resistance 5Ω is connected to a resistor 0f 20Ω.Calculate

the value of (a) electric current(b) terminal voltage(c) lost voltage.

2.If 8c of charge passes through a wire at a steady rate in 2s. calculate theCurrent

WEEK 3

TOPIC : ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND POWER CONTENT :

Electrical = Work (Joules)W = QV_______________________(1)

But Q = ItW = VIt ______________________(2)

From ohm’s law V = IR W = I2Rt______________________(3)

From ohm’s law I = V/R W = V2t/R_____________________(4)

W = QV = VIt = I2Rt = V2t/ R Electrical PowerPower = work done/time taken (watt) __ (5)

P =QV/t = VI = I2R = V2/R…………….(6)

EVALUATION1. The headlamp of a car takes a current of 0.4A from a 12v supply.Calculate the
energy produced in 5 minutes.2. State four factors that affect the resistance of a conducting
wire.

Buying of Electrical Energy

Commercial power is consumed in kilowatt- hour (kWh) NB 1kwh = 3.6 х106 J = 3.6MJ Cost =
Pct/ 1000………………………….(7)

P – Power (w) NB : P(W)/ 1000 = P (KW) c – Cost per kWh (unit) it means that it is in kWh T –
Time (hr)

EVALUATION

1.Find the cost of running two 100w amplifier, ten 50w television and twenty 60w lampfor 24hrs,
if the electrical energy cost 60k/unit

2. A landlord has eight 40w electric lighting bulb, four 60w bulb and two 100w bulb. Ifhe has all
the point on for 5hrs, what is the bill for 30 days?Reading Assignment : Read more on electrical
energy & power – New school physics(pg 81-82)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1.Electrical energy is measured in (a) watt(b) kilowatt-hour (c) kilowatt(d) none of the above

2.If a p.d of 240v is applied across a lamp that supplies energy at the rate of 60w What is the
value of current? (a) 0.2A(b)0.25A(c) 0.3A (d) 3A
3.The resistance of the filament in question 2 is ______ (a) 96Ω (b) 48Ω (c) 960Ω (d) 900Ω

4.Calculate the conductance of a conductor having a resistance of 10Ω(a) 0.1(b) 1 (c) 10Ω(d)
0.01Ω

5.The SI unit of resistivity is ____ (a) Ω/M(b)Ω2/M(c) ΩM (d) none of the above.

THEORY

1.Find the cost of running two 100w amplifier, ten 50w television and twenty 60w lampfor 24hrs,
if the electrical energy cost 60k/unit

2.A landlord has eight 40w electric lighting bulb, four 60w bulb and two 100w bulb. Ifhe has all
the point on for 5hrs, what is the bill for 30 days?

WEEK 4

TOPIC: SAFETY DEVICE – FUSE

CONTENT :

Fuse

Types of Fuse

Detecting Fault in a Circuit

Fuse Fuse is a protective device, designed to melt at the passage of excess electric
currentthrough it. It can also be defined as a device for opening circuit, by means of a
conductordesigned to melt when an excessive current flows along it. The conductor
actuallydesigned to melt is called fuse element.

Fuse element is the part of the fuse that is designed to melt and then open the cct

Current rating of a fuse : it is the minimum current which the fuse will carry for anindefinite/
unlimited period without deterioration of the fuse element

Fusing current: is the minimum current that will cause the fuse element to heat up andmelt/
rapture or blow.Fusing factoris the ratio of the fusing current upon the current rating. Fusing
factor = fusing current/ current rating

EVALUATIONWKLAS/SS1/3rd term/PhysicsPage6

AD
1.Define the following terms (a) fuse (b) fuse element (c) current rating of a fuse

2.State the relationship between fusing factor, fusing rating and current rating Types of Fuse Re
-wire able fuse Cartridge fuse High breaker capacity fuse Others Detecting Fault in Electric
Circuit Merger tester – insulation resistance test Test bell – polarity test Earth-loop impudence
tester – test for earthling Continuity tester – test for continuity

EVALUATION1.List three types of fuse2.Mention four ways of detecting fault in an electric

circuitReading Assignment : Read more on safety devices – New school physics (pg 83-84)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1.Fuse is a protective device, design to ……….. (a) stick (b) melt (c) disappear (d) repel

2.The conductor designed to melt is called ……. (a) fuse element (b) fuse (c) resistor(d) cartridge
fuse

3.The following are examples of fuse except ……. fuse (a) re-wire able (b) merger (c)cartridge (d)
high breaking capacity

4.Which of the following correctly gives the relationship between linear speed v &
angularvelocity w of a body moving uniformly (a) v=w r (b) v=w2r (c) v=wr 2(d) v=w/r

5.The motion of the prongs of a sounding turning fork is (a) random (b) translational
(c)rotational (d) vibratory

THEORY

1.Define the following terms (a) fuse (b) fuse element (c) current rating of a fuse

2.Mention four ways of detecting fault in an electric circuit

WEEK 5

TOPIC: MATTER, ATOMIC STRUCTURE, STATES OF MATTER, DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS,

BROWNIAN MOTION

CONTENT :

Matter is defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. All substances are made upof
matter. It exists in three states namely, solid liquid and gas. Examples of solids are ice, brick,
metal, concrete, wood etc. examples of liquid are water, milk, oil etc while that of gasare oxygen,
nitrogen, CO2 Structure of Matter. Matter is made up of discrete particles namely atom,
molecules and ion.(i)Atom: An atom is the smallest particle of an element which can have a
separateexistence. Atom is made up of a nucleus and a revolving electron around an orbitor
shell. The nucleus consists of proton and neutron. The proton is positivelycharge, electron is
negatively charge and neutron is neutral (i.e. has no charge).The number of protons equates the
number of electrons.An atom that contains thesame number of protons and electrons is said to
be electrically neutral.WKLAS/SS1/3rd term/PhysicsPage7

(ii)Molecule: A molecule is a group of atoms of the same or different elements joined in simple
proportion. They come together to make up matter

Brownian Motion :

Molecules exist

Molecules are continually in motion

EVALUATION

(1)Explain the structure of matter

(2)What is the importance of Brownie’s motion Molecular Theory of MatterUsing kinetic theory
explain the (i) definite structure of solid (ii) shape of liquid (iii) gas

(i)Solid: Matter consists of molecules which are tightly held together by intermolecular forces to
make the molecules to vibrate about their mean positions,giving the solid definite shape. If the
solid is heated, the total energy is dividedamong the molecules to make them vibrate faster.
Eventually, they move so fastthat they break loose from their fixed position.

(ii)Liquid: The molecules of a liquid can move about within the given volume of the container.
Hence, liquid has its own size but no shape. If the liquid is heated, itsmolecules gain kinetic
energy and move faster, until eventually molecules canescape from the surface. The liquid then
vanishes and turns to gaseous state.

(iii)Gas: The molecules of a gas are also in constant motion like the liquid butcomparatively far
apart. They move at high speed, colliding with one another andwith the walls of their containing
vessel. They fill the vessel and exert pressure onthe walls of the container. The pressure of the
gas is caused by the collision of themolecules with the walls of the container.

Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion: Diffusion is the process by which different forms of matter (fluids) mixintimately with
one another owing to the kinetic nature of their molecules. It is also thetendency of a gas to mix
with another and fill an empty space as a result of the constantrandom motion of the
molecules.The rates of diffusion or factors affecting diffusion are (i) density (ii) mass (iii)
temperature(iv) pressure (v) concentrationAlso, Graham’s law of diffusion states that at
constant temperature, gas diffuse at ratesinversely proportional to the square root of their
vapour densities.R α1/√M → R = K/√M .;K = R√MHence, R1√M1 = R2√M2 = …= Rn√MnHence,
R1/R2 = √M2/√M1where R - rate of diffusion, M – relative molecular mass. NB :(i) R = volume
(gas)/time (ii) Relative molecular mass is twice its vapour density

Osmosis: This is the movement of water molecules from the region of higher concentrationto a
region of lower concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.WKLAS/SS1/3rd
term/PhysicsPage8

EVALUATION

1.Using kinetic theory, explain the definite structure of solid

2.State four factors that affect the rate of diffusionReading Assignment : Read more on atomic
structure, diffusion and osmosis – Newschool physics (pg 87-92)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1.The following are examples of theory except (a)concrete (b) oil (c) brick (d) metal

2.The nucleus of an atom consist of (a) proton and electron (b) neutron andelectron (c) proton
and neutron (d) none of the above

3.Positive ions are called ____ (a) camions (b) anions (c) molecules (d) atom

4.When is atom said to be electrically neutral (a) when the number of proton equals the number
of neutron (b) when the number of protons equals thethe number of electrons (c) when the
number of proton is greater then thenumber of electron (d) when the number of neutron equals
the number ofelectron

5.ion is a form of ____ (a) atom (b) molecules (c) matter (d) none of the above.

THEORY

1.Using kinetic theory, explain the definite structure of solid

2.State four factors that affect the rate of diffusion

WEEK 6

TOPIC: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MATTER- AMORPHOUS ANDCRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES.

CONTENT :Crystal Structure Crystalline and Amorphous Substance

The term crystal structure is generally used to describe the internal structure of solids.The
particles of a solid are orderly arranged in parallel planes. In other words, solid crystalsconsist
of particles arranged in parallel planes. Crystals are built up from simple structural units called
unit cells. A unit cell (also called a space lattice) is made up of few atoms, ions or
molecules.There are seven types of unit cells. Each type gives rise to a crystal system. They
includecubic, rhombic, monoclinic, triclinic, tetragonal, rhombohedra and hexagonal crystal
system.X- ray analysis of crystal shows that three pairs of opposite parallel faces bund the unit
cellsin all crystal systems, except in hexagonal system. We can draw three imaginary lines
between the centres of the opposite parallel faces.These imaginary lines represent three axes
of symmetry. The length of these axes ofsymmetry and the angles between them determines
the system to which a crystal belongs.This is demonstrated using cubic and monoclinic crystal
systems.In a cubic crystal system, the axes of symmetry have equal length and at right angles
to eachother. This type of crystal system is found in copper, sodium chloride, silver, gold,
iron,sodium, potassium etc. however, the type of cubic crystal system found in copper, silver,
goldand sodium chloride is different from the type found in sodium, iron and potassium.
Theformer is called face centred cubic, while the later is called body centred cubic. In
amonoclinic system, the axes are not equal in length and only two of them are at right anglesto
each other. These crystal systems are in sugar, washing soda, ferrous sulphate etc.

EVALUATIONWKLAS/SS1/3rd term/PhysicsPage9

1.What is a unit cell?

2.With the aid of diagram, distinguish between cubic crystal system and monocliniccrystal
system

.DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS SUBSTANCES :On the basis of

internal structure of solid, we can classify a solid as either a crystal substance(e.g. common salt)
or an amorphous substance (e.g. glass).

The differences between the twosubstances are: Crystalline substance Amorphous substances
1.Have a definite internal arrangement Have a haphazard distribution of particles of particles.

2. Have a cleavage planes along which Do not have cleavage planesthey fracture when struck

3. Meets sharply at a definite temperature Do not meet sharply at a definitewhen heated.

temperature

4. Regarded as true solid Regarded as super cooled liquids

5. Have a long range order of arrange- Have short range order of arrangement ment of particles
of particles

6. Are efflorescence substance Are not efflorescence substance

EVALUATION

1.Differentiate between crystalline and amorphous substances

2.Define crystal latticeReading Assignment : Read more on crystal structure of matter – New
school physics(pg99- 101)
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1.crystal structure is generally used to describe (a) the external structure of solids (b)
theinternal structure of solids (c) the internal structure of liquids (d) the external structure
ofliquids

2. Particles of a solid are orderly arranged in .,……….. planes (a) parallel (b) horizontal (c)vertical
(d) none of the above

3. Unit cell is also known as (a) monoclinic system (b) polyclinic system (c)space lattice
(d)none of the above

4. ………… substance has a definite internal arrangement of particles (a) Amorphous

(b)Crystalline (c) Elastic (d) Atomic

5. ………….. are not efflorescence substance (a) Amorphous (b) Crystalline (c) Elastic (d)Atom

THEORY

1.Differentiate between crystalline and amorphous substances2.Define crystal lattice

WEEK 7

TOPIC: SURFACE TENSION

CONTENT: * Definition of surface tension * Effect of surface tension * Application of surface

tension* Reduction of surface tension

Surface Tension:

(1) Is the property of a liquid to make its surface behave as though it is covered by an elastic
skin.

(2) Is the force per unit length. Y= F/2L

(3) Is the force acting parallel to the surface of the liquid

Effects of Surface Tension

1 Soap bubbles are spherical in shape

2. Water stakers are able to walk on the surface of water

3. Razor blade or needle gently placed on the surface of water floats

4. Spilled mercury on glass surface form spherical droplets

EVALUATION
1.Define surface tension

2.State the three effects of surface tension

Application of surface tension

(1)use in the manufacturing of rain proof or water proof

(2)absorption of ink with blotting paper

(3)rising of oil in lamp wicks

(4)movement of melted wax into the neck of a burning candle

Reduction of surface tension

(1)adding impurities such as detergent/soap, alcohol, oil, camphor, kerosene, grease

(2)by heating the liquid.

EVALUATION

1.State three applications of surface tension

2.State two ways of reducing surface tensionReading Assignment : Read more on surface
tension – New school physics (pg102-103)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1.Define surface tension.State the three effects of surface tension

2.(a)State three applications of surface tension (b)two ways of reducing surface tension

WEEK 8TOPIC: CAPILIARITY

CONTENT: Definition of Capillarity Cohesion and adhesion, Application of capillarity

Capillarity is defined as the tendency of liquids to rise or fall in narrow capillary tubes.

Cohesive force is the force of attraction between molecules of the same substance.

Adhesive forceis the force of attraction between molecules of different substance or it refers to
the force which makes molecules of different substance to attract.

Application of Capillarity

Adhesion of water to glass is stronger than the cohesion of water, hence, when water isspilled
on a clean glass surface, it wets the glass. The cohesion of mercury is greater than itsadhesion
to glass, hence, mercury spilled 0n glass forms small spherical droplets.
.EVALUATION

1.Differentiate between cohesion and adhesion

2.Explain the rise of water in a glass capillary tube using kinetic theoryWKLAS/SS1/3rd
term/PhysicsPage11

Reading Assignment : Read more on capillarity – New school physics (pg104-105)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1 Differentiate between cohesion and adhesion

2.Explain the rise of water in a glass capillary tube using kinetic theory

WEEK 9

TOPIC: ELASTICITY

CONTENT : Definition of elasticity Hook’s law, Tensile stress, tensile strain and young modulus

Elasticity is the tendency of a material to regain its original size or shape after deformation or
after it has been compressed or extended.Hook’s law states that provided the elastic limit is not
exceeded, the extension in an elasticmaterial (wire) is proportional to the force applied i.e

Fαe F = Ke…………………………………………1

Where K is force constant, stiffness or elastic constant

Force constant is the amount of force that causes a unit extension. It is the ratio of force to
extension of an elastic material.K → force constant, stiffness or elastic constant

A →proportional limitL →elastic limitB →yield pointOL → elastic deformBC→plastic deform

Hook’s law applies up to the elastic limit. For load beyond L the wire (material) stretch
permanently. The point where small ↑ in load produces large extension is known as yield point.
Breaking point is the point where the wire cannot withstand any further increase in load.Yield
point :it is the minimum stress/load acting on an elastic material beyond which
plasticdeformation sets in.Elastic limit is the maximum load (force) which a body can
experience and still regain itsoriginal size.
EVALUATION

1. Define (a) elastic limit (b) elastic constant (c) yield point (d) breaking pointWKLAS/SS1/3rd
term/PhysicsPage12

2. State Hooke;s law of elasticity

Tensile stress is the force acting on a unit CSA of a wire/rod or force per unit CSA of awire or
rod.Tensile stress = Force/Area …………………….2

Tensile strainis the extension per unit lengthTensile strain = extension/Original length
……………………..3

Young modulus can be defined as the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strainYoung modules =
tensile stress/ tensile strain…………………..4

EVALUATION

1.Define young modulus of elasticity

2. A spiral spring extends from a length of 10.01cm to 10.10cm when a force of 20N isapplied
on it.Calculate the force constant of the springReading Assignment : Read more on elasticity –
New school physics (pg 93-96) WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT1.The SI unit of tensile stress is ….. (a)
N/m (b) Nm (c) N/m2 (d) m22.The SI unit of tensile strain is ….. (a) N/m (b) Nm (c) N/m2 (d)
none of the above

3. The SI unit of tensile strain is ….. (a) N/m (b) Nm (c) N/m2 (d) none of the above4. The SI unit
of force constant, K is ….. (a) N/m (b) Nm (c) N/m2 (d) m5. Hooke’s law states that (a) F α A
(b)F α e (c) E α F (d) E α A

THEORY

1.A wire is gradually stretched by loading it until it snaps (a) sketch a load-extension graph for
the wire

2.indicate on the graph the elastic limit(E), yield point (Y) and breaking point(B)

WEEK 10

TOPIC :

ENERGY STORED IN AN ELASTIC MATERIAL

CONTENT: Force in a bar, Energy stored in a wire , Energy stored per unit area

Force in a bar :When a bar is heated and then prevented from contracting as it cools, a
considerable force isexerted at the end of the bar. Given a bar of a young modulus E, a cross
sectional area A, alinear expansivity of magnitude α and a decrease in temperature of Ө, then E=
stress/strain = F/A/e/L =F/A х L/eE = FL/AeF = EAe/L ………………………….1Recall, Linear
expansivity α = change in length/original length х temperature changeα = e/L х Өe = αLӨF =
EAαeLӨ/eLF = EAαӨ ……………………………2

EVALUATION

1. Show that F = EAαӨ when a bar is heated and then prevented from contracting as it
coolsWKLAS/SS1/3rd term/PhysicsPage13

2. A steel rod of cross sectional area 2cm2 is heated to 100˚C and then prevented
fromcontracting when it cooled to 10˚C. find the force exerted on the steel = 12 х 10-6/K
andyoung modulus is 2 х1011 N/m2

ENERGY STORED IN A WIRE

The application of force on any wire provided the elasticity limit is not exceeded is proportional
to the extension provided. Consequently, the force in the wire has increase from zero to
FAverage force = f + O/2 = f/2Recall work done = Average force х distanceW = f/2 x e = ½ fe
………………………….3Substitute eqn 1 into 3W = EAe2/2L……………………………….4

ENERGY STORED PER UNIT VOLUME WV= ½ X Stress X Strain…………………..5

This implies that Wv = Ee2/2L2Substance which lengthens considerable and undergo plastic
deforemation until they breakare known as ductile substance. E.g lead, coper, wrought
iron.Substance which break after the elastic limit is reached are known as brittle substance
e.gglass and high carbon steel. It should be noted that brass, bronze and many alloys appears
tohave no yield point. By this we mean that this material increase in length beyond the
elasticlimit as the lead is increased without the sudden appearance of a plastic stage.

EVALUATION

1. A uniform steel wire of length 4m and are of cross section 3x10-6m2 is extended by
1mm.Calculate the energy stored in the wire if the elastic limit is not exceeded (young modulus
=2x1011n/m2)

2. A spiral spring is compressed by 0.02m. Calculate the energy stored in the spring if theforce
constant is 400n/m2Reading Assignment : Read more on elasticity – New school physics (pg96
-98)

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1.A steel rod of cross sectional area 2cm2 is heated to 100˚C and then prevented
fromcontracting when it cooled to 10˚C. find the force exerted on the steel = 12 х 10-6/K
andyoung modulus is 2 х1011 N/m2

2. A uniform steel wire of length 4m and are of cross section 3x10-6m2 is extended by
1mm.Calculate the energy stored in the wire if the elastic limit is not exceeded (young modulus
=2x1011n/m2)WKLAS/SS1/3rd term/PhysicsPage14