Ls Maths 7 Learner Book Answers

CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY MATHEMATICS 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
Learner’s Book
answers Reflection: You have to work backwards from
Unit 1 Getting started
the answer or do a subtraction.
1 −7, −5, 0, 3, 6, 9
10 a 5 b −12 c 10 d −19
2 9, 18, 27, 36, 45
11 a −40 b −130 c 1200 d −700
3 1, 3, 5, 15
12 a i −4 ii −4
4 52
iii −4 iv −4
Exercise 1.1 b Three numbers can be added in any order.
It is true for any three integers.
1 a 1 b −4 c −8 d 4
13 a + −5 7
2 a −6 b 8 c −10 d 2
4 −1 11
3 a −2 b 10 c 2 d −10
−3 −8 4
4 a 4 b −2 c −10 d −6
b −1 + 11 + −8 + 4 = 6
5 −9
c 4 + −3 + −5 + 7 = 3
6 a For example: 1 and 0; 2 and −1; 3 and −2;
4 and −3; 5 and −4 d b = 2 × c (6 = 2 × 3)
b One integer will be positive and the other Reflection: Learner’s own answer.
integer will be zero or negative. If you
14 a There are three possible answers. They are
ignore the − sign, the difference between
2, −13 and 17.
them is 1 and the − sign is on the smaller
integer. b Learner’s own check.
7 a Learners could check this with some
particular values for the two integers. Exercise 1.2
They could use one positive integer and 1 a −6 b −35
one negative integer or they could make
them both negative integers. c −40 d −36
b Only if the answer is zero, otherwise they 2 a −5 b −5 c −6 d −3

have different signs.
3 a −2 b −6 c 7 d 5
8 + −4 6 −2 4 a 4 b −2
3 −1 9 1
c −16 d −20
−5 −9 1 −7
5 There are four possible pairs: 2 and −5; −2
9 Missing numbers from top to bottom. and 5; 1 and −10; −1 and 10.
a −6, −4 b −3, −5, 2 Reflection: First, find all the pairs of numbers
c −12, −2, −10 d 1, 5, −4 with a product of 10. Then think about if the sign
is positive or negative.
e −1, 7, −8
1 Cambridge Lower Secondary Mathematics 7 – Byrd, Byrd & Pearce © Cambridge University Press 2021
6 × −3 −5 3 a 12, 24, 36, 48 b 12
5 −15 −25 4 24
7 −21 −35 5 30
7 a −21 b −50 c −8 d −4 6 56
8 a −200 b −1800 c −360 d −100 7 a 4 × 7 = 28 is a multiple of 4 and 7.
9 a −12 b −24 b 6 × 5 = 30 is a multiple of 6 and 5.
c −30 d −20 c It is always true. A × B is a multiple of A
(B times) and of B (A times).
10 a The missing numbers are: −5, −4, −2.
d It is sometimes true but not always true.
b Add −20 ÷ 1 = −20 and −20 ÷ 20 = −1. It is true when A = 4 and B = 7, then
c The lines can be in any arrangement. A × B is 28 and this is the LCM.
Learner’s own diagram. A counterexample is when A = 6 and
d Learner’s own check. B = 4, then A × B = 24 but the LCM is 12.
11 a 8 12
−3 −12 4
9 36
10 There are two possible answers: 1 and 21;
−6 −20 3 and 7.
11 There are four possible answers: 1 and 30;
2 −10 −5 2 and 15; 3 and 10; 5 and 6.
Reflection: Learner’s own answer.
b 6 −18 −3
Exercise 1.4
−30 −12 1 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
b 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50
−5 −20 4 c 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45
12 There are four possible answers. Going d 1, 19

clockwise from the top left-hand circle, the 2 a 1, 3, 11, 33 b 1, 2, 17, 34
possible answers are: 1, −10, 3, −8; −1, 10, −3,
8; 2, −5, 6, −4; −2, 5, −6, 4. c 1, 5, 7, 35 d 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
e 1, 37
Exercise 1.3
3 a 1, 2, 3, 6 b 6
1 a 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
4 a 4 b 6 c 12
b 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
5 a 6 b 1 c 2 d 7
c 7, 14, 21, 28, 35
6 a 10 b 20 c 30
d 12, 24, 36, 48, 60
7 a 7 b 5
2 a 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39 8
b 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 Reflection: For example: If you divide the
numerator and the denominator by the highest
c 15, 30 common factor, you have the fraction in its
simplest form.
8 a 1 b odd = 4 + 0 + 6 = 10; even = 8 + 1 + 1 = 10;

10 − 10 = 0, so it is a multiple of 11.
b You simplify 25 by dividing 25 and 36
36 7 a 258 − 2 × 3 = 252 and 252 ÷ 7 = 36
by a common factor. Since 1 is the only
common factor, the fraction cannot be b 385 − 2 × 2 = 381 and 381 ÷ 7 = 54 r 3
simplified.
8 a The number is odd, so 2, 4, 6 and 8 are
9 9 not factors. The last digit is 9, so 5 is not a
factor. The sum of the digits is 27, so both
10 a There are four possible pairs: 12 and 28, 3 and 9 are factors. 22 599 ÷ 7 = 3228 r. 3,
12 and 32, 16 and 28, 16 and 36. so 7 is not a factor. So, 3 and 9 are the
b Learner’s own answer. only factors between 1 and 10.
11 a 4 b 24 c 8 × 12 = 96 b 99 522 has the same digits as 22 599

(the number in part a), so 3 and 9 are still
d HCF × LCM = 96 factors. It is even, so 2 is a factor. 6 is also
a factor, but 4 and 8 are not factors. 5 is
e The answers are equal. This is always true.
not a factor. 7 is not a factor. The factors
f Learner’s own answer. are 2, 3, 6 and 9.
12 a 3 is a factor of both numbers, so each 9 Number Factors between 1 and 10

number is a multiple of 3. 12 2, 3, 4, 6
b 45 is a multiple of both numbers, so each 123 3
number is a factor of 45. 1234 2
c 9 and 15 12 345 3, 5
d Learner’s own answer. 12 3456 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
10 For example: 4675 because 4 + 7 = 6 + 5 = 11.

Exercise 1.5 There are seven other possibilities.
1 a 2 + 8 + 5 + 7 + 2 = 24; this is a multiple of 3 11 a 2521 is odd and so not divisible by 2, 4,
but is not a multiple of 9. 6, 8 or 10. The sum of the digits is 10,
so it is not divisible by 3 or 9. The last
b 28 575 has a total of 27, so is divisible
digit is 1, so it is not divisible by 5;
by 9.
2521 ÷ 7 = 360 r. 1. 1 + 5 = 6 and 2 + 2 = 4,
2 a 5 + 7 + 4 + 2 + 3 = 21, which is a multiple of so it is not divisible by 11.
3. 21 is odd, so 6 is not a factor.
b Any number with these digits that ends
b 0 or 6 in 5.
3 a The final digit is even, so it is divisible c Any number with these digits that ends in
by 2; the last two digits are 64 and this is 12 or 52.
divisible by 4, so the number is divisible
d 2512 or 2152
by 4.
e 2526
b The last three digits are 764 and 764 ÷ 8 =
95 r. 4, so it is not a multiple of 8. f 2530
4 a 2 + 5 + 3 + 2 + 0 = 12, which is a multiple of 12 a Because the last digit is 4, it is even and is
3; 20 is a multiple of 4. divisible by 4.
b Possible answers are 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10. b The last digit is always 4 and never 0 or 5.
5 a–c Learner’s own answers. c i 444 is possible.
6 a odd 9 + 4 = 13; even = 2; 13 − 2 = 11 ii 444 444 or 444 444 444 and so on
because the sum of the digits is 24
and so on. Always a multiple of 3.
d i 44 is possible. d Impossible
ii 4444 or 444 444 or . . . If there is an e No; a counterexample is 8, which is 23 and
even number of digits, the difference has four factors, 1, 2, 4 and 8.
calculated in the test is 0.
f Learner’s own answer.
13 a It is false. 12 is divisible by 2 and 4, but it
is not divisible by 8. Reflection: Learner’s own answer.
b It is true. A number divisible by 10 has a 12 a The differences are 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, . . .

last digit of 0. Hence, it is even and also b They are odd numbers. They increase by
divisible by 5. two each time. Add the two numbers that
c It is true. Learner’s own answer. are squared to find the difference.
c The differences are 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, . . .
Exercise 1.6
13 a i 1 ii 3 iii 6
1 a 9 b 25 c 64
b The answer is the sum of the numbers
d 100 e 225 cubed.
2 a 9 =3 b 25 = 5 c Try adding 43 and so on.
c 64 = 8 d 100 = 10 d Learner’s own answer.
e 225 = 15 14 a 1+ 3 + 5 = 3
3 a 6 b 9 c 11 d 12 b 1+ 3 + 5 + 7 = 4
4 a 1 b 8 c 27 d 64 c 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 5 and so on.
e 125 d The numbers in each part are
3 3
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 16, which equals a 4 by 4
5 a 1 =1 b 8=2 square. Compare with part b.
3 3
c 27 = 3 d 64 = 4
3
Check your progress
e 125 = 5
1 a −4 b −10 c −12 d −5
6 a 4 b 8 c 12
2 a 5 and −3 b 10 and −7
7 a 92 = 81 and 102 = 100
3 a −3 b 6
b 13 and 14 c 4 and 5
4 1, 2, 4, 8
8 a 289 b 289 = 17
5 a 54, 60, 66 b 30
9 a 324 = 18 b 400 = 20
2
c 529 = 23 d 676 = 26 6 a 13 b
5
3 3
10 a 343 = 7 b 729 = 9 7 a N is an integer, so N × N = N is a
3 3 square number.
c 1000 = 10 d 1728 = 12
b N = 64
11 a The factors are 1, 36, 2, 18, 3, 12, 4, 9, 6.
8 a 32 is divisible by 4.
b i 1, 9, 3 ii 1, 16, 2, 8, 4
b 1 or 4 or 7
iii 1, 25, 5
c 9
c Usually factors come in pairs. For
example, 2 × 18 = 36 gives two factors, 2 9 93 = 272 and 163 = 642
and 18. Only for a square number can
you get a single factor from a product.
6 × 6 = 36, so the total number is odd.
Unit 2 Getting started Activity 2.1

1 a 19 b 14 c −2 d −3 Learner’s own answers.
e 32 f 5 g −16 h −12 7 a order of operations
2 a 13 b 84 c 13 d 1 b Equivalent to 2n + 3 is: A, D, G, K.
e 21 f 4 g −20 h 0 Equivalent to 2n − 3 is: B, I.
3 a 2 b 6 c 10 d 11 Equivalent to 3n + 2 is: C, H, J, L.
e −5 f 3 Equivalent to 3 − 2n is: E, F.
4 a $9.14 b $12.20 8 a Pedro multiplied instead of adding.

Correct answer is $t + $s.
5
63 b He has confused two T-shirts and four
shirts with four T-shirts and two shirts.
36 27 Correct answer is $4t + $2s.
20 16 11 9 a 2t + 4b, where t = cost of a taco, b = cost of
a burrito.
8 12 4 7
b 8x + 5y, where x = cost of a lemon cake,
y = cost of a carrot cake.
Exercise 2.1
c 12g, where g = cost of a gold coin.
1 a n+2 b n−3
d 15s, where s = cost of a silver coin.
2 Learner’s own answers.
10 a x + y or y + x b y−x
3 a t+2
c m + 2n or 2n + m d 3b − a
b 2t
e pq f 4gh
t
c or t ÷ 2
2 11 6x − (2y + 3) or 6x − 2y − 3
4 a x+6 b m+b c 3g
Exercise 2.2
5 a 6x + 1 b 4x − 9
x x
1 a 22 b 8 c 7 d 20
c −1 d +7
6 2 e 35 f 40
e 25 − 2x 2 a 8 b 11 c 11 d 75
6 a i 3y e 15 f 11 g 31
y
ii or y ÷ 2 h 8 i 3 j 15
2
iii 4y + 1 3 a For every day, there are 24 hours.
iv 2y − 5 b h = 24d c 120 hours
v 52 − 5y 4 a i number of minutes = 60 × number of

hours
y
vi + 3 or y ÷ 4 + 3 ii m = 60h
4
b Learner’s own answers. b 300 minutes
5 a i Amount each pays = total cost ÷ five 3 a 5x b 6y c 8d d 13t
ii
c
a = or a = c ÷ 5 e 14g f 16p g 3w h 7n
5
i 4b2 j 5f k 3j l k3
b $17
4 a
6 a T = total pay, h = hours worked 14x
b Total pay = 9 × number of hours worked 8x 6x
c $270
3x 5x x
7 a C = cost per week, p = cost of petrol, b

12p
i = cost of insurance
8p 4p
b Cost per week = cost of petrol + cost of
insurance 7p p 3p
c $32
5 a 10x + 15y b 2d + 2h c 5g + 3
8 a i $153 ii $142
d 5p + 13t e 3a + 2b − 3c
b $205, P = M + E
6 a 5a + 5b b 8c + 3d
9 a 21 b 36
c 7t + 10 d 4m + 4n
c 5 d 8
e 6k + 3f f 5q + 8
10 a If x is the cost of an adult ticket, then y
is the cost for a child ticket. But if x was g 5r + 3s + 5t h 6 + 3h + 5k
actually the cost of a child ticket, then y 7 xy means x × y and yx means y × x,
would be the cost for an adult ticket. so xy = yx.
x can represent the cost of either the adult a 7xy or 7yx
ticket or the child ticket, and y represents
the other ticket. b 5pq + 4de or 5qp + 4ed
b C = a + c, or still use x and y, but write 8 b 8st + 16pu c 6bv + 2ad
down what each letter represents.
d 9rt + 2gh e 11xy + 3xz
11 a No; p has to be the large piece because
f 4a + 8ac g mn
the small piece is taken (i.e. subtracted)
from it. 9 a The ‘8x + 4’ is correct, but you cannot add
8x to 4, so 8x + 4 is the answer.
b W = l − s, or still use p and q, but write
down what each letter represents. b Dai added 2bc to the 3bc, when he should
have subtracted. Also, you can simplify
12 k = 5
5bd + 3db to 8bd. Correct answer is
Reflection: Learner’s own answers. bc + 8bd.
10
Exercise 2.3 8kj + 6mp
1 a 4a b 3b c 2a + b 5kj + 5mp 3kj + mp
d 2a + 2c or 2(a + c) 4kj + 3mp jk + 2pm 2kj − mp
e 3a + 2b
Activity 2.2
f b + 2c
Learner’s own answers.
2 a and v; b and iv; c and i; d and vi; e and ii;
f and iii
11 e 6b − 8 f 8c − 12
12c + 11d g 30d − 6 h 24e − 48 + 16f
7c + 3d 5c + 8d i 3a + 6f j 15b + 20g
4c + d 3c + 2d 2c + 6d k 42c − 49h l 45 + 27h − 36i
c+d 3c 2d 2c + 4d 6 a Bethan did 4 + 4 when it should be 4 × 4.

Correct answer is 4x + 16.
Marcus is incorrect. Every block can be filled b Bethan forgot to multiply the −3 by 2.
in by working backwards. Correct answer is 12x − 6.
12 a Learner’s own answers. c Changed the − to a +. Correct answer is
9a y x 6 − 15x.
b i ii iii
8 3 4
d You can’t subtract 6x from 12. Correct
5a 16b 7c
13 a b c answer is 12 − 6x.
4 15 3
Exercise 2.4
7 No; three of the expanded expressions give
1 a 2x + 18 b 3y − 3 30 + 24x, but 4(6x + 26) expands to give
104 + 24x.
c 28 + 4p d 5q − 15
8 a 3(4b + 5) and 3(5 + 4b) are the same as
2 a Advantages: good if you like multiplication 12b + 15 = 15 + 12b.
boxes, easy method to follow.
b 2(5c − 1) and 2(1 − 5c) are not the same as
Disadvantage: takes a long time to draw 10c − 2 ≠ 2 − 10c.
the grid.
9 a 24y + 32 cm2 b 6y + 24 cm
b Advantages: quick way to show workings,
easy method to follow. 10 (8k − 14m)°
Disadvantages: must draw the arcs to 11 a 4x + 27 b 12x + 21 c 3 + 6x
show workings and to check all parts have
been multiplied. Exercise 2.5
c Advantages: easy method to follow. 1 a x = 4, 4 + 6 = 10
Disadvantages: takes a long time to show b x = 16, 16 − 6 = 10
all workings.
c x = 5, 2 × 5 = 10
d Learner’s own answer.
2 a x=7 b x=3 c x = 13
3 a 3y + 18 b 4w + 8
d x = 12 e x = 13 f x = 10
c 5z + 25 d 3b − 3
g x = 26 h x = 48 i x=4
e 6d − 54 f 2e − 16
j x=6 k x = 10 l x=6
g 12 + 6f h 2 + 2g
3 a y = 12 b y=7 c y = 18
i 27 + 9i j 12 − 6x
d y = 28 e y=3 f y=7
k 2 − 2y l 35 − 5p
4 a n + 3 = 18, n = 15
4 a 4x + 2 b 15y − 10
b n − 4 = 10, n = 14
c 14g + 63p d 16q − 44 + 4r
c 4n = 24, n = 6
5 a 6x + 3 b 12y + 20
c 10w + 15 d 24z + 42v + 54
5 a i I think of a number and subtract 8. 2 a y>8 b n > −1

The answer is 3.
c p<0 d q < −2
ii I think of a number and add 5. The
answer is 12. 3 a
iii I think of a number and multiply my 1 2 3 4 5 6

number by 8. The answer is 96.
b
b i n = 11 ii n=7 iii n = 12
2 3 4 5 6 7
6 a 2 − 7 = −5, but −2 − 7 = −9; x = −9 c
b Should have added 6, not subtracted; x = 4
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
c 35 ÷ 5 = 7, but −35 ÷ 5 = −7; x = −7
d
7 a a=5 b a=4 c a=5
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
d c=6 e c=4 f c=8
4 a x>2 b x<9
8 a i 2a + 8 = 20 ii 3b + 3 = 24
c x > −1 d x < −4
b i a=6 ii b=7
5 a In part i, the smallest integer must be
c Learner’s own answer. greater than 7, which is 8.
9 a i 2p + 1 = 14 ii p = 6.5 In part ii, x could be any integer greater
than 7, which is 8, 9, 10, 11, . . .
b i 4p − 5 = 37 ii p = 10.5
b Learner’s own answer.
c i 6p − 10 = 26 ii p=6
6 a i 5 ii 5, 6, 7, . . .
10 a i n − 3 = 26 ii n + 5 = 18
b i −6 ii −6, −5, −4, . . .
iii 2n = 48 iv 2a + 3 = 35
c i 3 ii 3, 4, 5, . . .
b i 29 ii 13
7 a i −7 ii −7, −8, −9, . . .
iii 24 km iv 16 years old
b i 11 ii 11, 10, 9, . . .
Activity 2.3
c i 4 ii 4, 3, 2, . . .
8 a There is not a greatest integer because as
11 a 2m − 6 and 44 to give m = 25. long as y is greater than the values shown,
it can be any integer.
b 6m + 2 and 20 to give m = 3.
b There is not a smallest integer because as
All solutions are in this table.
long as n is less than the values shown, it
32 44 20 can be any integer.
4m + 4 m=7 m = 10 m=4 9 g a and C and ii; b and E and i; c and A

and iv; d and D and vi; e and F and iii; f
2m − 6 m = 19 m = 25 m = 13
and B and v
6m + 2 m=5 m=7 m=3
h Advantage: easy to see the answer;
Exercise 2.6 disadvantage: takes a long time.
1 a x is less than 10. i Learner’s own answer.
b x is greater than 10.

c x is less than −4.
d x is greater than −4.
Check your progress Exercise 3.1

1 a 4n b n−6 1 a i 1000 ii one thousand
c n + 12 d 3n + 5 b i 100 000
2 a 19 b 6 c 4 ii one hundred thousand
3 a i The cost each is the total electricity c i 10 000 000 ii ten million
bill divided by four.
b d i 10 ii ten
ii C=
4
2 a 102 b 108 c 104 d 1010
b $24
3 a 30 000 b 5 000 000
4 a 3n b 8c
c 4 500 000 d 291 000
c 8x2 d xy + 8yz
4 Yes
5 a 3x + 6 b 18 − 6w
5 a 2300 b 7 680 000 c 9 000 000
c 12x + 8 d 21 − 12v + 18w
6 a 420 b 65 000
6 a n=5 b m = 16
c 12 700 d 2 870 000
c p=8 d h=9
7 a–c Learner’s own answers.
7 a n + 3 = 22, n = 19
d Marcus’ method doesn’t work because
b 2n + 4 = 28, n = 12 the number being multiplied has decimal
places.
8 x>6
8 a 47 000
Unit 3 Getting started b 91 500
1 a 20 b 400 c 7000 c 3 300 000
d 130 e 3500 f 81 000 9 a 1500 b 102 c 6.12 d 6
2 a C b A c B 10 a 8 b 805
d C e A f C 11 Yes, as long as there are enough zeros to
3 a T cross off.
b F (correct answer: 0.12) 12 a 8 b 510 c 84 600
c T 13 Learner’s own answers.
d F (correct answer: 3.46) 14 a 23 b 2.3 c 0.23
e T d 0.023 e 6.5 f 0.65
f F (correct answer: 4.25) g 0.065 h 0.0065 i 0.9
4 150, 15, 15 000, 150, 0.15, 1.5, 150 j 0.09 k 0.009 l 0.0009
5 a 7 b 4 c 18 15 a B b A c C
d 145 e 12 f 89 16 a 80 b 150
g 254 h 124 c 7000 d 3400
6 a B b A c B e 9 000 000 f 600 000
d B e A g 124 h 32 250 000
17 a 8 km b Advantage: you will get all the answers;

disadvantage: this method takes a
b number of km = number of mm ÷ 106 long time.
c i 90 ii 15.6 iii 0.77 c You could start by matching the rounded
18 a Group 1: 78 000 ÷ 103, 780 ÷ 10, numbers to the degree of accuracy. This
0.0078 × 104; group 2: 7.8 × 103, is easy, just by counting the number of
78 000 000 ÷ 104, 780 × 10; group 3: decimal places. You could then find which
0.00078 × 106, 7 800 000 000 ÷ 107, 78 × 10. original number rounds to 6 d.p., then
The left-over card is 780 ÷ 102. 5 d.p., then 4 d.p., etc.
b For example: 0.078 × 102, 0.78 × 10, 9 a 1.29 b 4.5333 c 1.310

78 ÷ 10, 7800 ÷ 103
Activity 3.1
Reflection: Learner’s own answers.
Exercise 3.2 10 a Sofia = $15, Marcus = $15.50,
Arun = $15.49
1 b 8.42 c 39.56 d 0.49
b Marcus, as his is the only amount that
e 138.22 f 0.07
covers the bill.
2 a Sofia
Sofia’s way is 3 × 15 = $45 (not enough);
b Arun rounded to one decimal place, as Marcus’ way is 3 × 15.50 = $46.50
he has only written one digit after the (enough); Arun’s way is 3 × 15.49 = $46.47
decimal place. (not enough).
3 Any distance from 9.545 km to c Learner’s own answers. For example: You
9.554999999. . . km. could round up to $16 each, which would
leave a small tip.
4 a 12.894 b 127.997
c 0.201 d 9.350 Check your progress
5 a Learner’s own answers. 1 a 10 000 b ten thousand
b Easy to follow method that shows workings. 2 a 103 b 106
More difficult to make a mistake because
the rounding is done in easy steps. 3 a 40 000 b 12 000 000
c Learner’s own answers. c 890 000 d 4660
d Draw a line after the digit in the sixth 4 a 7 b 340

decimal place, circle the digit in the c 1.4 d 0.312
seventh decimal place, then decide
whether to increase the digit before the 5 a 78.93 b 0.6674
line by 1 (if the circled number is 5, 6, 7, 8 c 154.829 d 6.505050
or 9) or leave it unchanged (if the circled
number is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4).
6 a B b C c A
1 b < c > d >
7 a 126.9923 b 0.8
e > f <
c 782.030 d 3.1415927
2 15.0, 15.3, 15.6, 15.9
e 4.00 f 100.0
3 a F b T c T
8 a A and c and iv; B and a and iii; C and e
and i; D and b and vi; E and f and ii; F d F e F f T
and d and v
4 a 12.91 b 14.18 c All of the three decimal numbers are

between 3.07 and 3.083 (but not including
c 1.85 d 3.97 3.070 and 3.083); i.e. 3.071, 3.072, 3.073,
5 5 × 5.42 = 27.1, 8 × 3.3 = 26.4, 4 × 6.9 = 27.6, 3.074, 3.075, 3.076, 3.077, 3.078, 3.079,
12 × 2.4 = 28.8, 6 × 4.25 = 25.5 3.080, 3.081, 3.082.
6 a 2.1 b 0.7 Exercise 4.2

c 3.11 d 2.75
1 a 7.7 b 17.2
Exercise 4.1 c 3.4 d 8.0
1 a 9.99 b 3.67 c 12.56 2 Learner’s own answer.
d 127.06 e 0.67 f 3.21 3 1 − 0.36 = 0.64, 1 − 0.78 = 0.22, 1 − 0.44 = 0.56,

1 − 0.284 = 0.716, 1 − 0.432 = 0.568
g 18.45 h 0.043 i 0.09
4 a 4.8 b 5.4 c 2.7 d 9.4
2 a 10.49, 10.64, 10.65, 10.73, 10.74, 10.75
5 No, she must subtract the extra 0.2 to
b Shelly-Ann Fraser give 12.3.
3 No; looking at the tenths, 2 is less than 4. 6 a 12.2 b 18.5 c 26.1
4 a < b < c < d > d 3.5 e 10.5 f 14.4
e > f < g > h > 7 a 34.21 b 4.66 c 29.13
5 a = b ≠ c ≠ 8 a July b 86.53 kg
d = e = f ≠ 9 a 17.28 b 33.342
6 a 2.009, 2.15, 2.7 10 a Marcus’ method: Advantage is that
b 3.2, 3.342, 3.45 it works with numbers of all sizes;
disadvantage is that it is still time-
c 17.05, 17.1, 17.125, 17.42 consuming even for simple numbers.
d 0.52, 0.59, 0.71, 0.77 Arun’s method: Advantage is that it is
a quick method to use for numbers that
e 5.199, 5.2, 5.212, 5.219
have a small number of decimal places;
f 9.03, 9.08, 9.7, 9.901, 9.99 disadvantage: can be confusing to use
for numbers that have lots of decimal
g Advantage: easy method; disadvantage: places.
could take a long time
c Learner’s own answer.
7 a 300 mL, 38.1 cL, 0.385 L
11 a 3.58 b 7.17
b 7.3 cm, 0.705 m, 725 mm
c 25.45 d 23.218
c 519 000 mg, 530 g, 5.12 kg, 0.0058 t
12 a $7.35 b $2.65
d 0.45 m, 4450 mm, 0.0046 km, 461.5 cm
13 a 8.6 m b 1.4 m
8 a Any three numbers between 3.071
and 3.082. 14 a −4.14 b −7.28
b 12 c −5.88 d −2.979
15 a −15 b −23.52
c 4.14 d 7.28
Exercise 4.3 Exercise 4.4

1 a 0.8 b 2.5 c 1.8 1 a 2.138 b 1.877 c 0.816
2 a 0.12 b 1.2 c 0.012 d 12 d 1.308 e 1.092 f 0.094
3 2 a 4.327 b 1.487
8 3 0.3 c 6.585 d 7.364
6 3 0.4 40 3 0.06 3 $1.16

4 $3.65
2 3 1.2 2.4 30 3 0.08 5 $24.25
6 a 2.321 b 3.125 c 31.313
24 3 0.1 12 3 0.2
7 a Lara forgot to write the ‘0’ above the 4.
4 3 0.6
b 7.025
4 a 2761.3 b 276.13 8 a Kyle forgot to add a ‘0’ to the end of

251.55 to put the remainder next to.
5 a 52.1 × 53 = 2761.3, the answers are
the same. b 9.675
b 521 is 100 × 5.21 and 0.53 is 53 ÷ 100, 9 a Rounding or approximating; for example:
so the × 100 and ÷ 100 cancel each 60 ÷ 10, 56 ÷ 9, 54 ÷ 9
other out.
b For example: Work out 9 × 6.258 and it
6 a 5508 should equal 56.322.
b i 550.8 ii 55.08 iii 5.508 10 a 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126
iv 550.8 v 55.08 vi 5.508 b 9.028
Activity 4.1 c 126 ÷ 14 = 9; 9.028 × 14 = 126.392

Learner’s own answers. 11 a i 235 ii 23.5
7 a Advantages: simple step-by-step method, iii 2.35 iv 0.235
easy to see any mistakes; disadvantages: a
slow method.
c i 4.7 ii 0.47 iii 0.047
12 a 1.5 b 1.35 c 0.662
8 a 166.4; check: 3 × 50 = 150
3. 9 8 2
b 3110.4; check: 8 × 400 = 3200
13 a 2 7 . 19 6 4
c 31.98; check: 0.8 × 40 = 32
1. 5 0 7
9 a An approximate answer of 50 × 20 = 1000.
85.23 is too far from 1000 for it to be b 6 9.0 4 2
correct. 1. 6 9 9
b 852.3 c 5 8 . 34 9 5
10 8.28 g Reflection: Learner’s own answer.
11 He will get $354.75, which is just over $350, so
yes he is correct.
12 $91 + $97.75 + $88 + $108 = $384.75
Exercise 4.5 12 a i $28.21 ii $28
1 a = 7 × 18 b $28.21 is better, as it gets closer to the

actual bill (but 20 × $28.21 = $564.20, so
= 7 × 10 + 7 × 8 will be 5 cents below the actual bill).
= 70 + 56
= 126 Check your progress
b = 4 × 76
1 6.09, 6.45, 6.481, 6.5, 6.549
= 4 × 70 + 4 × 6
= 280 + 24 2 a 18.3 b 2.5
= 304 3 a 5.229 b 35.65
2 a 246 b 288 c 64 d 424 4 a 0.326 b 4.22
3 For example, when you multiply two numbers 5 a 0.08 b 0.021
together:
6 a 1339.8 b 133.98
• If you multiply one of the numbers by 10
and divide the other number by 10, it keeps 7 254.93
the value of the calculation the same. 8 7.356
• If you multiply one of the numbers by 9 a 13, 26, 39, 52, 65, 78, 91, 104, 117
100 and divide the other number by 100,
it keeps the value of the calculation the b 18.365
same.
c 18.365 × 13 = 238.745
4 a 2070, 1035, 345
10 a 63 b 77.4 c 1.16
b 2070 + 1035 + 345 = 3450
5 a 46 − 4.6 = 41.4
b 73 − 7.3 = 65.7 1 a 130° b 40°
6 a 61.2 b 42.3 c 113.4 c 90° d 250°
7 Learner’s own answers. 2 a obtuse b acute
8 a 25.2 b 39 c 50.4 c right d reflex
9 34.4 cm 3 180° − (54° + 20°) = 180° − 74° = 106°
1.455 67.35 ÷ 10 4 a 58°

10 a = b =
3 50 ÷ 10
b The three angles add up to 180°.
= 0.485 6.735
=
5
= 1.347 Exercise 5.1
0.4585 893.6 ÷ 100
1 a 64° b 125° c 96° d 56°
c =
7
d =
200 ÷ 100 2 a 110° b 168° c 204° d 228°
= 0.0655 =
8.936
2 3 a 120° b 72°
= 4.468
4 a 74° b 62° c 117°
11 When you divide both the numerator and the
denominator by 10, it is equivalent to dividing 5 110°
the fraction by 1 and so it keeps the answer
the same, but makes the calculation easier 6 a 92° b 223° c 53°
to do. 7 The angles must all be 90°. It must be a square
45.6 ÷ 10 4.56 or a rectangle.
=
30 ÷ 10 3
8 a 125° + 160° + 90° = 375°. This is 4

impossible. The sum of the three angles
should be less than 360°. 42°
138°
b Learner’s own answer. 138°
42°
9 66 2 °
3
10 Opposite angles are equal, so y = 68°,

x = z = 112°. 42°
138°
11 By symmetry, D = 50°, so 138°
C = 360° − (50° + 50° + 60°) = 200°. 42°
12 a The only possibility is 30°, 60°, 120°, 150°.

b Six possible sets of angles: 30°, 30°, 90°,
210°; 30°, 90°, 90°, 150°; 30°, 90°, 120°, 5 a = 113°, b = 67°, c = 67°
120°; 60°, 60°, 90°, 150°; 60°, 90°, 90°,
120°; 90°, 90°, 90°, 90° 6 a = 77°, b = 77°, c = 103°
13 a = 110°, b = 110°, c = 120°, d = 100°, e = 140° 7 s = 75°, t = 105°
Reflection: Learner’s own answer. 8 a For example: If the lines are parallel,
the angles add up to 180°. But
14 a i 60°, 120°, 60°, 120° 56° + 126° = 182°, so the lines are not
ii 60 + 120 + 60 + 120 = 360 parallel. Other explanations are possible.
b Possible shapes: b Learner’s own answer.

9 a, b cba c
a b
bc a bc a
a c a cb
b
bc a bc a
There are three sets of three parallel lines.
10 a 75°
b 30°
c 30° + 150° + 30° + 150° = 360°; c 1°

90° + 120° + 90° + 60° = 360; d Yes; the two marked angles in the triangle
30° + 60° + 30° + 240° = 360° must add up to less than 180°. If one
Reflection: Learner’s own answer. angle is 60°, X must be less than 120°.
This angle could be a fraction more than
119°, such as 119.5°, but it cannot be 120°
Exercise 5.2 or more.
1 a x = 53°, y = 127°
11 C = 113°, D = 135°
b w = 114°, z = 66°
12 a The angles add up to
2 87°, 93°, 93° 90° + 90° + 60° + 60° + 60° = 360°.
3 a = 180° − (61° + 46°) = 73°, angles on a straight

line; b = 61°, opposite angle; c = 46°, opposite
angle; d = 73°, opposite a
b 3 a, b
63°
P
B
4.5 cm
63°
c
C
A
4 a A 6.9 cm B
120° 110°
5.1 cm
d 8.2 cm
Reflection: Learner’s own answer. b 13.3 cm

Exercise 5.3 5 a
1 a–c 4 cm
A 70° B
D
C 3 cm
3 cm
B 4 cm D C
A 3 cm
b 5.4 cm
6 a 95°
2 a, b X
6 cm b, c Many answers possible.
52° 7 Because 120° + 120° + 120° = 360°, the diagram

Y
will look similar to this:
P 120°
7 cm
Z
120°
c i 4.7 cm ii 3.7 cm
d Learner’s own answer. 120°
The two lines are parallel.
8 a 6 cm Unit 6 Getting started

125° 1 a A set of questions used in a survey.
7.5 cm 8 cm b To investigate a statistical question or to

test a prediction.
2 a For example: What type of vehicles use
65° 80° the road? How busy is the road? How
10.5 cm many people are in each vehicle? How fast
b five are the vehicles travelling? How old are
the vehicles?
c It can be done with three angles and two
sides or two angles and three sides. These b For example: There are more cars than
measurements need to be chosen carefully. trucks. There are more than ten cars each
minute. Most cars have only one person.
9 All the vehicles are travelling under the
speed limit. Most of the cars are less than
35° 4 years old.
8 cm
3 a You need to choose some 12-year-old girls
and some 12-year-old boys and measure
122° their masses and heights. You could have
two tables, one for boys and one for girls.
b You could put the masses of the boys and
8 cm 35° the masses of the girls in a comparative
bar chart. You could do the same thing
for the heights. You could also find the
Check your progress mean mass or modal mass for the boys
and compare it with the same average for
1 100° and 160° or 130° and 130° the girls. You could do the same thing
2 a 46° with the heights.
b 4 cm 4 a 18 b 15 c 290 ÷ 20 = 14.5
A B
118° 106°
3 cm Exercise 6.1
D 1 a continuous b categorical
c discrete
2 a discrete b discrete
C
c continuous d continuous
c 8.2 or 8.3 cm
e categorical
3 a = 108°, b = 72°, c = 55°, d = 125°
3 For example:
4 a P
a colour, type of brakes, fuel used
5.5 cm b number of doors, number of cylinders,
Q number of seats
3 cm
A c length, width, engine size, fuel
4 cm consumption
B
4 a It does not say whether 1 means very
C clean or very dirty.
b 32° b 53 c 5
5 a For example: too vague, no time period, d Sofia’s prediction is correct. 7 is the mode.
does not include less than 1 hour
e Zara’s prediction is not correct. There are
b For example: How many hours of homework big differences.
did you do on Monday? Tick one box.
10 a–d Learner’s own answers.
Less than 1 hour
At least 1 hour but less than 2 hours Exercise 6.2
At least 2 hours but less than 3 hours 1 a Wei can ask people or she can give them a
questionnaire.
3 hours or more
b A sample takes less time. It might be
difficult to see everyone in the population.
7 a i The gender and the estimate for each
c How much time each person took to do
person. These need to be recorded
their homework. Wei should ask about
together.
a particular evening or perhaps several
ii The teacher could have two separate particular evenings.
tally charts: one for boys and one for
girls. d For example:
Hours spent doing homework each evening
iii The teacher could draw a joint bar 12
chart for the boys and girls. She could 10
calculate an average for the boys and
Frequency
8
another for the girls. 6
b Learner’s own answer. 4
2
8 a For example: ask friends, use a
questionnaire, send emails to contacts, use 0
less than 1 between between more
social media. 1 and 2 2 and 3 than 3
Number of hours
b For example: bar chart, waffle diagram,
pie chart. e 16 out of 25 learners took at least 2
9 a It is difficult to see the frequency for each hours, which is 64%. This supports Wei’s
number. prediction.
b You could use a tally chart. Here are the 2 a The whole population is too large.
frequencies: b Sofia needs to know the month of birth.
She could get the data from school
Total 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
records.
Frequency 3 5 11 12 8 17 12 14 15 3 0
c Sofia wants to know the total for each
c
season. It would be better to use a tally
17
16 chart, as shown here. Each season is three
15 months.
14
13 Season Tally Frequency
12
11 Spring
Frequency
10
9 Summer
8 Autumn
7
6 Winter
5
4 d 820
3
2 e The numbers are similar for each season.
1
0
It does not support Sofia’s prediction.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total
3 a For example: ‘The service was helpful’ or d 100 is quite a small sample in this case. A
‘The service was not helpful’. larger sample would be better.
b Numbers are easier to analyse than words. 6 a A large sample will be more representative
You can find the frequency for each score. of all the patients. A small sample might
You can find an average score. not represent all opinions.
c Not everyone will fill in the questionnaire. b A large sample will take longer and will
Only those people who used the helpline cost more.
during a particular time period can be
asked. c Learner’s own answer.
d Depends on learner’s prediction. The d For example: find an average or draw a chart.
majority of users of the helpline are not e Learner’s own answer.
satisfied. The mode is 2 out of 5. 22 out of
33 users or 67% gave a score of only 1 or 7 a Learner’s own answer.
2. Only five users out of 33 or 15% gave a b For example: by email or in person when
score of 4 or 5. they come to the theatre or using social
4 a All the words in book A and all the words media.
in book B. c Learner’s own answer.
b For example: Dakarai could open the d Learner’s own answer. For example:
book to a page at random. He could ask discuss the type of chart they will draw or
a friend to give him a page number in the an average they will calculate.
correct range. He could use a calculator or
a spreadsheet to generate a random page Reflection:
number.
a A large sample size will be more
c Dakarai could use a tally chart. If he has representative.
a partner’s help he can call out the length
b Plan how you will analyse and present the
and the partner can fill in the tally.
data before you start. Decide how much
d For example: bar chart or pie chart. time it will take and how much it will cost.
Make some predictions to test.
e The mean is the best average to use
because it uses all the word lengths. The
median could also be used because it is
Check your progress
easier to calculate. 1 a continuous b discrete
f If book A has a larger average than book c categorical d continuous
B, then Dakarai’s prediction is probably
correct. 2 For example:
g A typical page in a book could have about a number of brothers; shoe size; age, in years
300 words. That is probably enough. b height, mass, time spent doing homework
If there are a lot fewer words for some
reason, then Dakarai should use more c hair colour, eye colour, favourite sport
than one page.
3 a For example: The meal was good value. The
5 a There is not enough data to say whether customers enjoyed the meal. The service was
the prediction is correct or not. A sample good. The customers liked the atmosphere
size of 20 is too small. in the restaurant. The customers will
recommend the restaurant to their friends.
b If the dice is fair the frequencies should
be similar. The average of 100 throws b The numbers can be analysed in a way
would be 16 or 17. There is variation in that words cannot.
these frequencies but not enough to give
support to Emily’s prediction. c You can draw a chart, such as a bar chart.
You can calculate an average, for example,
c Learner’s own answer. the mean number of stars.
4 a The 10 people might not be representative 47 42 33

4 a b c
of all the members. 6 5 10
b This would take a long time. You might 5 Learner’s own answer. Order of cards:
not be able to see members who do not 1 7 13 7
, , ,
come to the gym often. 4 12 10 5
c For example: You could choose members 6 As many decimal places as are needed to put
at random from the membership list. the decimals in order of size.
You could ask a few members at different .
times of day. You could choose every 10th 7 a i 0.83
.. ..
or 20th member until you have 50. ii 0.72, 1.72.
. .
d For example: You could give members a iii 0.8, 1.8
paper questionnaire when they visit the
gym. You could send a questionnaire 19 11 17
b , ,
11 6 9
electronically, using an email or social
media. 7 16 58 9
8 a = 2.33. . ., = 2.28. . ., = 2.32, = 2.25
3 7 25 4
Unit 7 Getting started 9 16 58 7
b , , ,
4 7 25 3
1 a
37 5 15 4
9 ,3 , ,3
10 7 4 5
0 1 2 1
2 3
10 First mark: any two of 5 , 13 , 17 , 27 , 33 , 67 , 69 ,
2 3 8 10 16 20 40 40
b 129 131 133 137
3 , , , , ...
80 80 80 80
2 b < c > d <
Second mark: any two of 9 , 11, 15 , 16 , 43 65
, ,
e < f < 5 6 8 9 24 36
67 127 131 133
, , , , ...
3 a 12 b 12 c 12 d 33 36 72 72 72
3 5 9 4
4 a 11 b 17
Exercise 7.2
10 12
8 1 2
1 a 3 b 10 c 8
5 a 6 b 10 c 18 9 2 7
Exercise 7.1 2 16 2 m
3
1 a ≠ b = c ≠ 3 a 3
3
b 7
1
c 5
1
4 2 6
d ≠ e = f ≠
3 3 1
4 a 4 m b Yes, 4 < 4
2 b < c < d > 8 8 2
f < g > h > 5

5 18 km
12
3 a Marcus. Advantage: have to compare only
29 5 4 5
simple fractions; disadvantage: have to first 6 a = 1 , not 1 b 13
24 24 24 24
convert both fractions to mixed numbers.
7 7
Arun. Advantage: have to convert 2536
the fractions to give only a common
5
denominator; disadvantage: might end up 11 12 13 79
with large numbers to calculate.
b Learner’s own answers. 4 11
12
6 12 5
7 18
Reflection: Learner’s own answers. 1 14 3 23 2 56 4 49
1 2 2 1
8 a 51x b 9 y+2 x So, the answer to × must be
2 10 3 3 8
1
c 8
13 1
a+9 b d 1
13
p + 10
7
q greater than but is smaller
24 14 15 40 16
than 1 .
2 7 8
9 a 5 is between 5 and 6, 7 is between 7
3 8
2 1 2 ×1 2 1
2 7
and 8. So 5 + 7 is between 5 + 7 (12) Accurate × = = =
3 8 3 × 8 24 12
3 8
and 6 + 8 (14). Zara is correct. 1
is greater than 1
but is
12 16
b–d Learner’s own answers.
smaller than 1 .✓
8
11
10 13 m
36 2
b Estimate is greater than zero, but is
9
Exercise 7.3 less than 1 .
2
1 3 2
1 a b c 1
8 16 15 0 × = 0 and 1 of 1
is 1 .
4 2 4 8
8 9 14
d e f So, the answer to × must be
2 1
25 28 27
9 4
3 1 3 greater than zero but is smaller
2 a b c
10 2 10
than 1 .
8
2 1 2
d e f
9 4 11 2 1 2 ×1 2 1
Accurate × = = =
9 4 9×4 36 18
1
3 cup cashew nuts, 1 cup of water, 1 cup of
3 6 8 1
is greater than zero but is
1 18
vinegar, 1 tablespoon of honey, teaspoon of
4
smaller than 1 .✓
salt 8
5
4
2
m2 c Estimate is greater than 1 , but is less
45 8 2
than 1.
9 2
5 m
1 4 4 4
16
of is 2 and 1 × = .
2
2 9 9 9 9
3×3
6 For example: or 3 2 or 0.75 × 0.75, etc. 5 4
4×4 4 So, the answer to × must be
8 9
7 a 4
b 4
c 5
d 20 greater than 2 but is smaller
9 7 21 63 9
than 4 .
9 3 9
8 a b
20 20
5 4 5×4 20 5
Accurate × = = =
1 8 9 8×9 72 18
9
6
5 2 4
is greater than = but is
10 Yes; a proper fraction is always less than 18 9 18
4 8
1. Multiplying two numbers that are both smaller than = .✓
9 18
smaller than 1 will always give a number
smaller than 1. 12 Mental maths is fun
2
11 a Estimate is greater than 1 , but is 13 73 2
m
3 2 80
less than 1.
1 1 1 1
of is 1 and 1 × = .
2 8 16 8 8
Exercise 7.4 9 No; 8 × 3 = 24, not 8 × 4. The answer is 5

.
33
4 7
1 a b
15 9 10 a Arun works out 1 and multiplies that
6
3 5 21
2 a
8
b
6
c
32
answer by the numerator (5) to give 5 of
6
180.
1 3 7
d 7 e 3 f 2
5 10 10
1 2 1
b Sofia works out 1 and takes it away from
3 a 1 b 2 c 1 6
2 3 4
the whole to leave 5 of 180.
1 1 6
d 1 e 2 f 1
3 6
c i 240 ii 840
4 a Isaac did not turn the second fraction
upside down.
Isaac turned the first fraction upside down e Arun. Advantage: by dividing first, you
rather than the second. use small numbers; disadvantage: doing
this mentally could be difficult, especially
1 the multiplication.
b 1
9
Sofia. Advantage: subtraction might be
4
5 m easier than multiplication; disadvantage:
9
not so easy for more complicated
5
6 fractions, such as when the numerator is 2
6
or is smaller than the denominator.
f Learner’s own answer.
Activity 7.1 g i 1710 ii 768 iii 2080
11 a Zara
8 No; any number divided by a larger number
b Sofia did not use order of operations
gives an answer smaller than 1. Any number
rules and did the addition before the
divided by a smaller number gives an answer
multiplication.
greater than 1.
9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
× ÷ × ÷ × ÷ × ÷ =1
1 12 a 11 b 11
c 11
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 63 8 15 32
Exercise 7.5 Check your progress

1 a 14 b 130 c 15 d 50 1 a ≠ b = c ≠
2 Learner’s own answer. 2 a > b < c >
3 a 27 b 25 c 35 d 12 3 a 73 b 8 7
4 20
4 a 68 b 64 7
4 a b 11
5 a 54 b 64 c 126 d 128 15 9
5 a 125 b 168 c 5800

6 a 55 b 285
c 315 d 3850
5 6
7 a b
9 17
5 13 14 8
8 a b c d
16 35 25 19
Unit 8 Getting started e f
1 radius circumference
g h
i j
diameter centre
2 a same b same
3 a 2 b 2 c 90
k l
d 2 e 2
4 a cube b cuboid
c cylinder d sphere 2 a 2 b 2 c 1
e cone f tetrahedron d 4 e 2 f 1
g square-based pyramid g 2 h 1 i 1
h triangular prism j 2 k 1 l 2
Exercise 8.1 3 a 6 b 0 c 8
d 0 e 8 f 5
1 a b
g 4 h 0
4 a 6 b 1 c 8
c d
d 1 e 8 f 5
g 4 h 2
5
square rectangle rhombus parallelogram kite trapezium isosceles
trapezium
Shape
Number
of lines of 4 2 2 0 1 0 1
symmetry
Order of
rotational 4 2 2 2 1 1 1
symmetry
6 a i 3 ii 3 iii vertical or horizontal

b i 1 ii 1 d i, ii
c i 0 ii 1
d i 1 ii 1
7 a A circle has an infinite number of lines of iii diagonal
symmetry.
11
b A circle has an infinite order of rotational
symmetry.
8 a i
ii
iii
12 a, b Learner’s own answers.

13 a
b i 1 ii 2 iii 1
9 a Ritesh
b Ali didn’t reflect all of the shape. Some of
the shape has just been redrawn.
10 a i, ii
iii horizontal
b i, ii
iii diagonal
c i, ii
b 4
or
Activity 8.1 7 a
a
Road sign a b c d e f g h i j k l
Number
of lines of 4 2 0 4 0 1 1 2 0 1 INF 2
symmetry
b Different length sides; one pair of parallel
Order of sides; different-sized angles; order 1
rotational 4 2 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 INF 2 rotational symmetry.
symmetry
8 a
Exercise 8.2
1 a A, B, G
b C, D, E, F
2 b Six sides the same length; six angles the
radius same size; six lines of symmetry; order 6
centre rotational symmetry
tangent
9 10, 10, 10, 10
circumference 10 Learner’s own answers.

11 a
chord
diameter
3 a–d Learner’s own answers.

e The angle between a tangent and a radius
is always 90°.
There are six identical triangles.
4 a–c Learner’s own diagrams.
b Number of
5 a–c Learner’s own answers. Name of regular
identical triangles
polygon
d The longest chord is always the diameter. inside
6 a pentagon 5
hexagon 6
heptagon (7 sides) 7
octagon 8
nonagon (9 sides) 9
b Two pairs of parallel sides; four sides of decagon 10

equal length; all angles are 90°; four lines of
symmetry; rotational symmetry of order 4. c Learner’s own answer.
Reflection: A tangent is on the outside of the 9 a Yes, Arun is correct. Congruent shapes
circle (touching the circumference just once). are identical in shape and size, so they
A chord is on the inside of the circle (touching the must have the same perimeter.
circumference at the start and end of the line).
b The areas of congruent shapes are the
It’s inside the circle, and it touches the same.
circumference at the start and end of the line.
It’s not on the outside of the circle and touches the 10 There are different ways to group the shapes.
circumference twice. For example:
Group 1, circles: A, I, L
Exercise 8.3
Group 2, squares: B, N, P
1 D, G Group 3, congruent hexagons: E, J
2 D, G Group 4, congruent isosceles triangles: C, G, K
3 a 8 cm b 3 cm Group 5, congruent trapezia: H, Q
4 a i 5 cm ii 12 cm iii 13 cm Group 6, right-angled triangles: D, F, M
b 55°
Exercise 8.4
c i 55° ii 35°
1 b, A and iii
d ii EF iii DF iv DEF
c, D and i
v EDF vi DFE
d, B and iv
5 a i 3.1 cm ii 6.5 cm iii 7.8 cm
2 six congruent square faces; 12 edges; eight
b i 23° ii 62° iii 95° vertices
6 180° − 57° − 42° = 81°, not 84°, which is what it
would be if they were congruent.
Activity 8.2
a–c Learner’s own answers.
7 Sofia is incorrect. Even though all the angles
are the same size, the side lengths of the 4 a J b G c K
equilateral triangles can be different and so
the triangles are not congruent. d I e L f H
8 Sofia is correct. If all the sides are the same

length, then the triangle has to be congruent
because the angles will all be the same.
5 a Original Number Shape Number Number Number

shape of sides of prism of faces of vertices of edges
triangle 3 triangular 5 6 9
rectangle 4 rectangular 6 8 12
pentagon 5 pentagonal 7 10 15
hexagon 6 hexagonal 8 12 18
heptagon 7 heptagonal 9 14 21
octagon 8 octagonal 10 16 24
b Yes; a face for each edge of the front face ii

of the prism (e.g. 3 for a triangle) + 2
(the two congruent front faces, e.g. two front view side view top view
triangles).
c i Double the number of sides to give
the number of vertices.
ii 2S = V or V = 2S.
iii
d i Triple the number of sides to give the
number of edges. front view side view
ii 3S = E or E = 3S.
e The number of edges of a prism is always
a multiple of 3.
top view
7 a cuboid
b pentagonal prism
c cone
d square-based pyramid
8 top view front view side view
iv
9 cube, sphere front view side view
10 A: pentagonal prism because it has only two

faces showing.
B: octagonal prism. C: hexagonal prism;
the centre face for both the octagonal and
hexagonal prisms are the same, but the faces
either side of the centre face are at different
top view
angles, where the octagonal prism has the
steeper faces, so appear narrower from above.
11 a i side view ii top view
iii front view
b i
front view side view top view

Check your progress

1 a i 1 ii 2
iii 0 iv 6
b i 1 ii 2
iii 1 iv 6
2 4 a 8, 14 b 23, 29, 41
c 20, 17, 11 d 74, 58, 42
e 16, 24, 48, 56 f 38, 33, 18, 13
5 a infinite b finite
c finite d infinite
3 7, 7, 7, 7 6 a 4, 9, 19 b 10, 12, 24
4 a 7.2 cm c 24, 16, 12
b 33° 7 A, c and iv; B, d and ii; C, f and v; D, a and vi;
E, b and i; F, e and iii
c 120°
8 Multiply by 2 would give 4, 8, 16 (and the
5 a five faces (one square and four isosceles
third term is 20). Add 4 would give 4, 8, 12
triangles); eight edges; five vertices
(and the third term is 20). Sofia and Zara
b top view front view side view must look further than the first two terms
and check that their rule works for the
whole sequence and not just the first two
terms. Term-to-term rule: Multiply by 3 then
subtract 4.
Unit 9 Getting started 9 a You need at least three terms.
1 a 14 b 12 c 4 d −3 b For example:
e 35 f 4 g −18 h −5 2, 6, . . . could be + 4 or × 3 or × 4 then − 2

or × 5 then − 4, etc.
2 a 7 b 5 c 9
3, 10, . . . could be + 7 or × 2 then + 4 or × 3
d 6 e 3 f 14 then + 1 or × 4 then − 2, etc.
g 4 h 8 i 10, −5 10 a 19, 19, 55
3 a 17 b 27 c 8 d 5 b For example: Add 4: 12, 16. Multiply by

2: 16, 32. Multiply by 3 then subtract 4:
e 13 f 7 g 4 h −7 20, 56. Divide by 2 then add 6: 10, 11.
4 a 10 b 18 c 11 d −2 c For example: Add 7: 16, 23. Multiply by 2
then add 5: 23, 51. Multiply by 3 then add
Exercise 9.1 3: 30, 93. Multiply by 4 then add 1: 37, 149.
1 a Add 4; 23, 27 d For example: Add 10: 27, 37. Multiply by
2 then add 3: 37, 77. Multiply by 3 then
b Subtract 5; 20,15
subtract 4: 47, 137. Add 1, then multiply
2 a i Add 2. ii 10, 12 by 2, then add 1: 37, 77.
b i Add 3. ii 13, 16 11 8
c i Add 4. ii 21, 25 Reflection: Learner’s own answer.
d i Add 5. ii 23, 28 Activity 9.1

e i Subtract 2. ii 22, 20 Learner’s own answer.
f i Subtract 3. ii 5, 2
3 a 1, 6, 11 b 45, 38, 31
c 6, 12, 24 d 60, 30, 15
Exercise 9.2 Exercise 9.3

1 a 1 a 6; nth term = 6n
b i 60 ii 90
2 a 5n b 8n
b 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, . . . c 15n
c Add 3. 3 a i 40 ii 100
d Three extra dots are added to the end of b i 64 ii 160
the previous pattern.
c i 120 ii 300
2 a 4 a 5; n + 5
b i 25 ii 40
5 a n+9 b n+4
b 14, 17
c n + 21 d n + 42
c Add 3.
6 a i 17 ii 29
d i 20 ii 26
b i 12 ii 24
3 a Sofia adds two dots to each pattern to get
the next pattern. She counts the number c i 29 ii 41
of dots in each pattern and records the
d i 50 ii 62
numbers in the table.
7 Yes; 1 − 6 = −5, 2 − 6 = −4, 3 − 6 = −3
b Advantage: easy way to show each pattern
and the number of dots; disadvantage: 8 Learner’s own answer.
takes a long time to draw and fill in the
grid. 9 a −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, . . .
c Learner’s own answer. b 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, . . .
4 Learner’s own answers. c 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, . . .
5 a 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 10 A and iii; B and v; C and i; D and vi; E and ii;
F and iv
b No, 42 is not a multiple of 4.
11
c 93 is an odd number and no odd number
nth term rule 5th 10th 20th
is a multiple of 4.
term in term in term in
d For example: multiple of 4. sequence sequence sequence
nth term 17 22 32
Activity 9.2
= n + 12
Learner’s own answers nth term 0 5 15
6 a = n−5
nth term = 4n 20 40 80
nth term 40 45 55
= n + 35
nth term −10 −5 5
b 15 = n − 15
7 Marcus; 1 × 2 + 3 = 5, 2 × 2 + 3 = 7, 3 × 2 + 3 = 9, nth term 80 160 320
4 × 2 + 3 = 11, and so 20 × 2 + 3 = 43. = 16n
12 a B; 20 = 14th, 22 = 16th, 36 = 30th, b

40 = 34th, 63 = 57th, 100 = 94th term. Input …8
× Output
b 36 and 63. A: 9 × 4 = 36 and 9 × 7 = 63;

B (see part a); C: 16 + 20 = 36 and Input …8
÷ Output
43 + 20 = 63.
Also 40 and 100. B (see part a);
C: 20 + 20 = 40 and 80 + 20 = 100; Input 3 7 15
D: 20 × 2 = 40 and 20 × 5 = 100.
Output 24 56 120
c A has only 36 and 63; B has all the
numbers; C has 22, 36, 40, 63 and 100; c
D has 20, 40 and 100. Input …9
+ Output

Input …9
− Output
Exercise 9.4
1 a 8 and 9 b 5 and 3
Input 8 15 36
c 18 and 30 d 5 and 10
Output 17 24 45
2 a inputs: 5, 9; output: 9
5 a i +4 ii ÷2
b inputs: 10, 15; output: 2
b i input 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
c inputs: 5, 10; output: 12
d inputs: 12, 18; output: 4
3 a Learner’s own answers. output 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
b ii input 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Input ÷…
6 Output
output 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Input ×…
6 Output
6
Input 7 8 10
Input 24 54 120 Output 1 2 4
Output 4 9 20
4 a Input …6
− Output
Input −…
13 Output
Learner’s own answer. Example: I filled in
the table of values first, using the mapping
Input +…
13 Output diagram. Then I compared the input values
and output values and noticed that the output
values were all 6 less than the input values.
Input 20 25 51
7 a 4 + 8 = 12 b ×3
Output 7 12 38 c Two. Learner’s own answer. Example:
If you only have one input and output
value there could be at least two possible
functions. As soon as you have two input
and output values, only one of the possible
functions will work and the other(s) won’t.
d Learner’s discussions.
8
Input 0 1 2 Exercise 10.1
Output 0 4 8 1 a Divide the numerator and the
denominator by 10, or by 5 and then 2, or
by 2 and then 5.
Input …4
× Output b Learner’s own answers.
3 61 31
2 a b c
Check your progress 5 100 50
16 13 7
1 a i Add 2. ii 14, 16 iii 24 d e f
25 20 10
b i Add 6. ii 33, 39 iii 63 3 30

3 a Because 0.3 = = = 30%.
10 100
c i Subtract 3 ii 16, 13
3
iii 1 b 0.03 = = 3%
100
2 5, 10, 25, 70 4 a 0.4 and 2 b 0.04 and 1

5 25
3 a
9 9
c 0.09 and d 0.9 and
100 10
1
b e 0.05 and
20
Pattern number 1 2 3 4 5 5 a 25% b 40% c 80%
Number of squares 5 10 15 20 25 d 14% e 35% f 28%

3 2
c Add 5. d 50 6 a , 30%, 0.3 b , 40%, 0.4
10 5
4 a 3n b n+7 12 4
c , 48%, 0.48 d , 16%, 0.16
25 25
5 a 30 b 17
e 13.5 cm2 f 12 cm2
6 a 5, 10, 15, 20 b −6, −5, −4, −3
1 3 3
7 input: 8; outputs: 5, 7 7 4% = = 0.04 ; 6% = = 0.06; 30% = = 0.3;
25 50 10
2 3
8 40% = = 0.4 ; 60% = = 0.6
Input 0 1 2 5 5

Output 0 4 8
9 a 30 g b 45 g c 48 g
Input …4
× Output d 42 g e 33 g
10 a $150 b $60 c $90 d $45
Unit 10 Getting started 11 a 25% = 10 m; 50% = 20 m; 20% = 8 m;

10% = 4 m
3 5 4 1
1 a b c d b, c Learner’s own answers.
5 6 3 3
2 a 0.625 b 1.6 12 a You could say 60% is 2 × 30% and so 60%

of $70 is 2 × $21 = $42.
3 a 9 b 9
b, c Learner’s own answers.
4 a 30 people b $36
13 a 25% b 12.5% (i.e. half of 25%)
3 5 7
c = 37.5%; = 62.5%; = 87.5%
8 8 8
Exercise 10.2 12 a 80%
1 Learner’s own answers. b 125%
3 5 13 a 40% b 24% c 36%

2 a 0.075 = b 0.625 =
40 8
14 a 62.5% b 20% c 17.5%
3 19
c 0.015 = d 0.475 = 15 a 38% b 36%
200 40
13 16 a i $80 ii $120
e 0.325 =
40
b 3
3 100% $80 $300 $90 $64 17 a i 15 g ii 20 g
50% $40 $150 $45 $32
b 4
5% $4 $15 $4.50 $3.20
18 a 105% b 180%
0.5% $0.40 $1.50 $0.45 $0.32
19 160% because 125 × 1.6 = 200.
1 1 2
4 a b c 20 Learner’s own answers.
50 500 25
1 7 7
d
125
e
100
f
1000
Check your progress
5 a i 6 kg ii 9 kg 7
1 a b 0.09
10
iii 21 kg iv 13.2 kg c 62.5% d 105%
b The other answers are easy to find when 2 a $34.50 b $11.40
you know 1%.
3 a $46.35 b $1.35
6 a 70 m
4
b i 140 m ii 35 m 100% 30 2500 800 48
120% 36 3000 960 57.6
iii 7m iv 21 m
12.5% 3.75 312.5 100 6
7 Learner’s own answer. 0.5% 0.15 12.5 4 0.24
8 a 33 1 or 33.333. . . b 33 1 % Reflection: Write 80% as 4 and then
3 3
5
4
c The answer is rounded to the nearest × 65 = 65 ÷ 5 × 4 = 52 kg
5
whole number.
d The answer is rounded to one decimal
5 a 75% b 10%
place.
6 5
e 66 2 % or 66.666. . .%
3
9 b 125% c 175% d 130%
1 a A(7, 3), B( 2, 3), C( 2, −2), D(7, −2)
e 170% f 225%
b (2, 0)
10 a 20%
c (−4, −2)
b i 120% ii 160%
2 a 9 b 6.5
iii 180% iv 260%
c 3 d −4
11 a $18
3 a 8 b 28
c −12 d −20
d 170%
Exercise 11.1 b Multiply 570 by 1.5.
1 a i 8 ii 12 c Divide 570 by 1.5.
iii 20 iv 24 Exercise 11.2

b 2s years 1 a
c a = 2s x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
2 a 30 kg y −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
b Learner’s own answers.
b y
3 6
c y = x or y = 0.75x
4
3 a i $16 ii $20 iii $23 4

iv $18.50 v $24.95 y = x+1
2
b $(x + 10)
c y = x + 10
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
4 a 15 cm
−2
b 60 cm
c The perimeter is the length of one side −4
multiplied by 3.
d p = 3s −6
5 a i Learner’s own rectangles. For
example: the sides could be 4 cm and c When x = −20, y = x + 1 = −20 + 1 = −19.
7 cm, or 5 cm and 8 cm, etc.
d When x = 20, y = x + 1 = 20 + 1 = 21, so (20,
ii l = w + 3 or w = l − 3 21) is on the line but (20, 19) is not on the
line.
b i Learner’s own rectangles. For
example, the sides could be 2 cm and 2 a x −4 −2 0 2 4 6
6 cm, or 3 cm and 9 cm, etc.
y −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
ii l = 3w
b
iii p = 8w, where p is the length of the
perimeter. y
6
c Learner’s own answers.
d Learner’s own answers. 4
6 a Learner’s own answers. For example: y = x− 2
x = 6 and y = 1 or x = 13 and y = 8, etc. 2
b Learner’s own answer. For example: they

could be the ages of two children or the −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
masses of two objects or two times, etc.
−2
7 a 1500 yen b y = 150x −4
8 a 21 pesos b y = 21x −6
9 a You can exchange 1 dollar for 1.5 dinars.
c When x = 25, y = x − 2 = 25 − 2 = 23, so the 5 a

point is on the line.
x −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
3 a y −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 b y
y 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15
b
10
y
10 y = 5x
5
y = x+8
8
0
−5 5 x
6
−5
4
−10
2
−15
−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5x
6 a 35
c (20, 28) and (−20, −12) b
4 a US$ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 HK$ 7 14 21 28 35 42 49
y −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
c y = 7x
b y d 350
6
Reflection: For example: Use one pair of values
to plot a point on a grid. Draw a straight line that
4
passes through that point and the origin.
y = 2x 7 a, b y
2
6
0 y=x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x 4
−2
2
−4 y = x −2
0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x
−6
−2
c i (4.5, 9) ii (−5, −10) −4

iii (8.5, 17) iv (−8, −16)
−6
d i above ii above
iii above iv below
c, d Learner’s own answers.
e For example: The lines are all parallel. 10 a

The angle with the x-axis is always 45°.
The line crosses the y-axis at c. The line 40
crosses the x-axis at −c.
30
8 a, b y y = x – 30
Sangeeta
6 20
y=x
4 10
2 0
y = 0.5x 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Mother
0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 x b y = x − 30
−2 11 a
y
10
9 y = 2x
−4
8
7 y = x+1
−6 6
5
4
c Learner’s own answers. 3
2
d For example: The line goes through the 1
origin (0, 0). The larger the value of m, −10−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
−1
the steeper the line. −2
−3
9 a −4
120 −5
−6
−7
−8
100
y = 4x −9
−10
80 b The lines cross at (1, 2).

Polish zloty
c For example: When a = 3, the lines y = 2x

60 and y = x + 3 meet at (3, 6).
Exercise 11.3
40
1 a For example:
i y
20
6
(−2, 5) (4, 5)
5
4
0 20 40 60
3
(1, 2)
Swiss francs 2
Learners could draw the axes the other 1
way around. Learners might have a
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
different scale on each axis. −1
(−2, −1) (4, −1)
−2
b z = 4s or s = 0.25z
ii x = 4, x = −2, y = 5, y = −1 5 a y
5
4
2 a y 3
5 L
2
4
A (−1, 3) 3 B (2, 3) 1
2 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
−1
1
−2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3x −3
−1
−4
−2
−5
−3
D (−1, −3) C (2, −3)
−4
b There are two possible lines. They are
−5
both shown here:
b y=3 y
5
c Any two points with a y-coordinate of 3. x = −2.5 4
x = 4.5
d x = −1 3
L
2
e y = −3
1
3 a y
5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
x = −4 x=5 −1
4 −2
3 −3
2 −4
y=1
1 −5
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
−1 c Either x = 4.5 or x = −2.5.
−2
−3 d, f y
y = −3 5 y = 4.5
−4
x = −2.5 4
−5 x = 4.5
3
L
2
b (5, 1), (5, −3), (−4, 1), (−4, −3) 1 y = 1.5
4 For example: (1, 6), (5, 6), (5, 2) or (1, −2), (5,
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
−2), (5, 2), or (1, 6), (−3, 6), (−3, 2) or (1, −2), −1
(−3, −2), (−3, 2), etc. −2
−3
−4
−5
e y = 4.5
f y = 1.5
6 a y d 5 hours from the start

6
ii e negative
5
4 3 a $4.80
3 b The cost of electricity for each hour is the
iii i
2 same.
1
c $0.20 d $33.60
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x e positive
−1
iv
−2 4 a 13 cm
b
b 36 Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40
Length (cm) 13 12 11 10 9
c 1 mm or 0.1 cm
d Learner’s own answers.
d 130 minutes or 2 hours 10 minutes
e Learner’s own answers.
e negative
f For example (but using learner’s
equations): The lines are x = −2, x = 7, 5 a The line meets the cost axis at $4.
y = 3 and y = 5. The length of the rectangle
is 7 − −2 = 9 and the width is b
Time (min) 10 20 30 40
5 − 3 = 2, so the area is 9 × 2 = 18.
Cost ($) 10 16 22 28
7 a A b B and E
c $0.60
c F d C and F
8 a x = 4, y = 4, x = −4 and y = −4
e Learner’s own answer.
f positive
6 a 70° C
Exercise 11.4 b It slopes downwards from left to right.
As the time increases, the temperature
1 a 400 m
decreases.
b
c
Time Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(min) Temperature (° C) 70 52 40 33 30 31
Distance
80 160 240 320 400 480 560 d The water cools most quickly during
(m)
the first 10 minutes and then cools more
c 80 metres per minute slowly as time passes. The graph shows
this because it is steepest at the start and
d 800 m e d = 80t gets less steep as time increases.
f For example: In 12 minutes the boy walks e About 30° C is a reasonable estimate.
12 × 80 m = 960 m, which is less than
1 kilometre. So he takes more than f i for the last 7 or 8 minutes
12 minutes.
ii for the first 20 minutes
g positive
iii between about 20 and 22 minutes
2 a 30 litres b 21 litres
7 a 16 cm b after 37.5 seconds
c 6 litres per hour
c 0.8 cm per second
d The vase will fill more slowly where it is 4 a, b

wider and will fill more quickly where it is y
narrower. 5
4
e graph Y 3
x
2 y=
3
f For example: 1 y = x −4
0 x
−10−9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
w x z
−2
−3
−4
−5
g, h Learner’s own answers.
8 a 80 km/h b 50 km/h c (6, 2)
c 9 seconds 5 y = x − 5 and y = 0.2x
d from 0 to 26 km/h 6 a 10 cm
e Between 4 and 6 seconds as the curve is b i 12.5 cm ii 15 cm

climbing most steeply during that period.
iii 17.5 cm
Check your progress c The graph is a straight line.
1 a The final column has the learner’s own d 0.25 cm

numbers.
Jeff ($) 2 3 4 5 6
1 a 1:2 b 2:3 c 1:5 d 1:2
Larissa ($) 6 7 8 9 10
2 2 : 4, 7 : 14, 10 : 20
b
3 1 : 3 and 2 : 6; 4 : 1 and 12 : 3; 2 : 5 and 6 : 15; 3 : 2
and 6 : 4
10
9 4 a $1.60 b $4 c $16
8 5 60 square metres
7
y = x+4 Exercise 12.1
Larissa ($)
6
5 1 b 2:1 c 2:3 d 1:1
4 2 b A c C d B
3 3 a 1:4 b 1:6 c 1:2
2
d 1:5 e 1:2 f 1:3
1
g 5:1 h 12 : 1 i 6:1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
j 2:1 k 3:1 l 6:1
Jeff ($)
4 2:1
c y=x+4
5 108 : 1
2 a x = 4, x = −2 and y = 1.5
6 a B b C c A
b y = −4.5
7 a 2:7 b 4:5 c 4:7
3 x = −9.5 and y = 7.5
d 12 : 5 e 7:3 f 7:3
8 a It should be 1 : 4, not 4 : 1. 7 a Simplify the ratio from 80 : 40 to 2 : 1.

b ‘The ratio of margarine to flour is 1 : 4.’ Or b Total parts: 2 + 1 = 3
‘The ratio of flour to margarine is 4 : 1.’
Each part: $630 ÷ 3 = $210
Reflection: a–c Learner’s own answers. Brad gets 2 × $210 = $420
9 3:8 Lola gets 1 × $210 = $210
10 Bryn has the darker blue paint. Check: $420 + $210 = $630
11 Melania. One method is to change 2 : 5 to 6 : 15 c Learner’s own answer.
and change 1 : 3 to 5 : 15, then compare.
8 a Mass; for example: closer to half each.
12 a 1:4 b 3 : 14
b Age: Arun gets $112. Mass: Arun gets
c Avondale; compare 7 : 28 and 6 : 28. $116. Yes, Arun gets most when the mass
ratio is used.
13 Borrowdale; Borrowdale has a ratio
women : men of 22 : 66. Avondale has a ratio 9 This year the youngest gets $96. In 5 years’
women : men of 24 : 66. time the youngest gets $128. $128−$96 = $32.
14 a Correct; both can be divided by 5x. 10 a
cE
or
E
× c or
c
×E
c+d c+d c+d
dE E d
b or × d or ×E
c+d c+d c+d
Exercise 12.2
1 a 5; 5, 9; 9, $9; 9, $36 Exercise 12.3
b 1 125 g, 125 g and 1000 g or 1 kg
Number of parts Amount 2 a $1.20 b $6
Ethan 1 $9 3 a 14 ZAR b 84 ZAR
Julie 4 $36
4 $85.05
Total 5 $45
5 $48
2 a $8 and $16 b $13 and $52
6 270 g
c $36 and $12 d $25 and $5
7 a–e Learner’s own answers.
e $3 and $18 f $56 and $8
Reflection: a, b Learner’s own answers.
9 a 5, 5, 4000 b 400, 400, 1200
3 Raine pays $40, Abella pays $32.
10 a $480 b $2400
Check: 40 + 32 = $72
11 Irene forgot to add on the rice for six people.
4 a $14 and $21 b $21 and $28
She worked out the mass for nine people, not
c $20 and $12 d $63 and $27 15. 750 g of rice is needed.
5 a i 4
ii 5 12 No, it’s $112. Possibly, the teacher accidentally
9 9 mixed the digits of 112 to get 121.
Check your progress
3
6 a 15 b
7 1 a 2:3 b 5:2
Activity 12.1 2 a 1:3 b 6:1 c 2:3 d 3:2

Learner’s own answers. 3 Kim. Guy’s ratio 1 : 4 is equivalent to 2 : 8, so
has more parts of water than Kim’s.
4 a $5 and $10 b $20 and $5 3

6 P 15% or 0.15 or ; Q 40% or 0.4 or 2 ; R 65%
20 5
c 27 kg and 18 kg d 15 litres and 9 litres 13 19
or 0.65 or ; S 95% or 0.95 or
20 20
5 a $0.70 or 70 cents b $3.50
7 a
6 a 4.8 kg b 4 kg
F CA B D E
1 a throw less than 5 0 1
b even chance or 50-50
c Throw a 6 and throw less than 5 because
8 Learner’s own answers
only one of them can happen.
2 a The numbers are not all equally likely.
Some numbers are more likely than 9 a Weather forecasts are based on detailed
others. measurements of the current situation.
These measurements are used to run
b i 10 out of 50 or 20%
computer models on supercomputers.
ii 15 out of 50 or 30%
b Learner’s own answers.
iii 4 out of 50 or 8%
10 Statement A is correct. The probability is
c 2 50%. The coin has no memory. It cannot be
influenced by what happened in the past.
3
3 a 0.8 and 80% b 0.3 and
10
Exercise 13.2
Exercise 13.1 1 a heads or tails b yes c yes
1 a Learner’s own answers. 2 a There can be rain and wind at the
same time.
b For example: extremely unlikely, 50-50,
more likely than not b Because rain is less likely than wind.
They have different probabilities.
2 a even chance b certain
1 1
c very unlikely 3 a b
6 6
d Learner’s own answer, depending on 1 1
where they live. c or 50% d or 50%
2 2
e Learner’s own answer. e 2

f 0
3
3 E, A, C, D, B
1 2 1
4 a b c
4 a rain 1 ; sun 3 11 11 11
4 5
2 4
d e 0 f
b 11 11
rain sun 5
5 a Pink , yellow 1 , blue 1 , green 1
12 6 3 12
5 2 4 1
0 1 b + + + =1
12 12 12 12
5 a United, because 0.7 = 70%, which is larger 1 1 1

6 a i ii iii
than the other two probabilities. 6 2 3
b Rovers
1 3 2 15
Reflection: + + = 1. They form three 6 a = 75%
6 6 6 20
mutually exclusive events and one of them must
happen. b For example: The chance of winning
depends on how good the opposing team
7 a i 0.1 ii 0.6 iii 0.4 is. This will vary from match to match.
iv 0.9 v 1 c Learner’s own answer.
b Because 150% of 0.4 is 0.6. The 7 a i 97% ii 70% iii 72%
probabilities could be written as fractions
or as percentages. b The two are not mutually exclusive. You
may have counted some students twice.
8 Marcus is incorrect because the three
outcomes are not equally likely. 8 a 50% or 0.5 or 1
2
1
9 a i or 5% ii 30% b heads 60%, tails 40%
20
iii 50% c Toby thinks that the probabilities should

be close to 50%. The sample size of 40 is
iv 35% (there are seven factors) too small to justify Toby’s statement.
b i 5% ii 25% iii 70% 9 a white 20%, black 20%, red 60%
c They are three mutually exclusive events b white 12%, black 16%, red 72%
and one of them must happen.
c The most likely number is five red balls. If
d i For example: a number greater than 5. there are five red balls, then the theoretical
probabilities are white 14%, black 14%,
ii For example: multiples of 6. red 72%, and these are close to the
7 experimental probabilities.
10 a i or 87.5% or 0.875
8
10 a 0.1 b 0.2 c 0.125
1
ii 1 iii or 0.25 or 25% d The values, rounded to three decimal
4
places (where necessary), are 0.117, 0.113,
1 3 3
b i ii iii 0.1, 0.117, 0.121, 0.119, 0.117, 0.125.
8 8 4
e Learner’s own answer.
c They are not mutually exclusive outcomes.
5 is included in every outcome. The sum f Learner’s own answer.
of the probabilities is more than 1.
11 Learner’s own answer.
11 a 1% b 18% c 81%
12 a–d Learner’s own answers. Check your progress
1 a For example: 90%
Exercise 13.3
b zero c 50%
Answers in this exercise could be given as
percentages, decimals or fractions. d For example: 25%
1 a 35% b 65% 2 a i 0.1 ii 0.2
2 a 5% b 30% iii zero iv 0.5
c 70% d 65% b Any two letters that have the same
probability. For example: A and C,
3 a 64% b 36% or E and R, or I and T. Learners could
3 give these answers as fractions or
4 a or 7.5% b 92.5%
40 percentages.
5 a 24% b 76%
2 a 8 m in real life represents 8 ÷ 4 = 2 cm on

3 a green 1 or 12.5%; pink 1 or 25%; blue 5 or
8 4 8 the drawing.
62.5%
b 12 m in real life represents 12 ÷ 4 = 3 cm on
b green 9%; pink 27%; blue 64% the drawing.
c The experimental probabilities are similar c 20 m in real life represents 20 ÷ 4 = 5 cm on
to the theoretical probabilities. the drawing.
d green 10.8%; pink 24%; blue 65.2%. 3 a 180 m b 8 cm
Learner’s own comments.
4 a 1.9 cm b 76 km
4 In soil A, the probability that a seed grows
83 5 Sofia is correct because she is the only person
successfully is = 69%. In soil B, the who uses the same units for the 1 and the 20.
120
probability that a seed grows successfully is The scale 1 to 20 means that 1 cm on the scale
62
= 83%. This shows that soil B has a better drawing represents 20 cm in real life, or 1 mm
75 represents 20 mm, or 1 m represents 20 m, etc.
success rate.
6 a i 3m ii 1.5 m iii 1m
Unit 14 Getting started iv 0.5 m v 2m vi 2m
1 a 4m b 8000 m c 3.25 km b 2 cm
2 a–c y c 7 cm
5
7 a 3 km
4
3 b 48 cm
2 8 a Learner’s own answer. For example:
1 A
C Aika Advantage: easier to divide by
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 x 100 and 1000 after the multiplication;
−1 disadvantage: dealing with large numbers.
−2 B Hinata Advantage: first does the
−3 conversion between units; disadvantage:
dealing with decimal numbers.
3
9 a 1.1 cm
b 0.88 km
c 15 cm
10 a Faisal should multiply 8.5 by 50 000, he
should not divide. He must then divide
by 100 and then 1000 to do the units
4 C
conversion.
Exercise 14.1 b 8.5 × 50 000 = 425 000 cm
1 a 2 cm on the drawing represents 2 × 3 = 425 000 ÷ 100 = 4250 m

6 m in real life.
4250 ÷ 1000 = 4.25 km
b 5 cm on the drawing represents 5 × 3 =
They are 4.25 km apart.
15 m in real life.
c 8 cm on the drawing represents 8 × 3 =
24 m in real life.
Activity 14.1
a
3 cm 6 cm 7.5 cm 10 cm 12.8 cm
1 : 12 000 0.36 km 0.72 km 0.9 km 1.2 km 1.536 km
1 : 15 000 0.45 km 0.9 km 1.125 km 1.5 km 1.92 km
1 : 30 000 0.9 km 1.8 km 2.25 km 3 km 3.84 km
1 : 200 000 6 km 12 km 15 km 20 km 25.6 km
b
4.5 km 6 km 7.5 km 9 km 15 km
1 : 12 000 37.5 cm 50 cm 62.5 cm 75 cm 125 cm
1 : 15 000 30 cm 40 cm 50 cm 60 cm 100 cm
1 : 30 000 15 cm 20 cm 25 cm 30 cm 50 cm
1 : 200 000 2.25 cm 3 cm 3.75 cm 4.5 cm 7.5 cm
11 C 6 a y
5
Reflection: a, b Learner’s own answers.
4
Exercise 14.2 3
2
1 a 6 units b 7 units 6 units
1
2 a 6 units b 9 units 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
−1
3 a B b C c C
−2
4 Learner’s own answers. For example: −3
a Sofia is correct. The distance is 8 units. −8
is incorrect, as you cannot have a negative b 4 + 2 = 6, or 4 − −2 = 6, so distance = 6.
distance.
b Agree. As long as the answer given is
positive, it doesn’t matter which way you 7 a 8 units b 6 units
do the subtraction. It is usually easier, c 14 units d 10 units
however, to do largest number − smallest
number. 8 a Learner’s own answer
5 a G and I b E and H b Learner’s own answer. For example: as
both x-coordinates are negative, it’s easier
c C and J d A and D just to do 9 − 4 = 5.
Activity 14.2 9 A and iii; B and i; C and v; D and iv; E and ii
Learner’s own answers. 10 a 4 units, A to B = 7 − 3 = 4 or B to
C = 9 − 5 = 4.
b (3, 9); y-coordinate: A to D = 5 + 4 = 9 and
x values the same or x-coordinate: C to
D = 7 − 4 = 3 and y values the same.
11 a i 8m ii 4m
b C and GK
c i GA, WD and GD 6 a K′
ii GA → WD = 12 m, WD → GD = 6 m, b 3 squares left and 5 squares up.
GA →GD = 18 m
c 5 squares right and 3 squares down.
d
7 a i B′(−2, 3)
y
3 ii C(2, −8)
GS WA
2
iii D(−3, −8)
1
C GK
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−1 Reflection: Learner’s own answers.
−2
GA
−3
WD GD
Exercise 14.4
1 a y
4
Exercise 14.3
3
1 A′(6, 6), B′(11, 6), C′(6, 10) 2
2 A and iii; B and ii; C and i; D and iv 1
3 P′(2, 4), Q′(7, 4), R′(9, 7), S′(4, 7) −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x

−1
4 a A′ −2
b Learner’s own answer. For example: B′ is −3
(8, 3). Dan added 4 to the y-coordinate, −4
not subtracted 4. C′ is (11, 2). Dan did
(5 − 4, 6 + 6), not (5 + 6, 6 − 4).
b y
c Learner’s own answer. For example: Dan 4
should show some working and not try to
3
do all of the working in his head.
2
d Learner’s own answer. For example: Draw 1
a grid or reverse the translation.
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
5 a J′(4, 1), K′(6, 1), L′(6, 3), M′(5, 5), −1
N′(4, 3) −2
b i−iii −3
−4
y
8
M
7 c y
6 4
N L M9
5 3
4
N9 L9 2
3
J K 1
2
1 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x
J9K9 −1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x −2
iv Learner’s own answer. −3
−4
2 b 4 a y
a y 4
3 3
2 A 2
1 1
−1 0 1 2 3 4 x −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
−1 −1
−2
−3 y
b
3
2
c y
4 1
3
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x
2 −1
1 −2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 x
−1 c y
−2 1
A−3
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x
−1
−2
3 a −3
−4
Object A(1, 2) B(2, 4) C(3, 4) D(5, 2)
−5
Image A′(1, −2) B′(2, −4) C′(3, −4) D′(5, −2)
b Zara is correct. The x-coordinates of the 5 a is correct.

vertices will be the same for the object and
b y
the image.
1
Example of reason: A reflection in
the x-axis means the shape is being −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x
−1
transformed only vertically and not
−2
horizontally.
D −3
Sofia is incorrect. The y-coordinates −4
of the vertices for the image will be the
negative of the y-coordinates for the
object. c y
3
Example of reason: A reflection in the 2
x-axis means the vertices of the image will
1
be the same distance from the x-axis, but
in the opposite direction as those of the −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 x
object. −1
D
−2
−3
6 a Exercise 14.5
A B C D E 1 a b
Object
(−4, 3) (−1, 3) (−1, 1) (−3, −2) (−4, 2)
A′ B′ C′ D′ E′
Image C
(4, 3) (1, 3) (1, 1) (3, −2) (4, 2) C
b The x-coordinates of the vertices of the
object and its image are the negative of
each other. c d
c The y-coordinates of the vertices of the
object and its image are the same. C C
d Yes. Example of reason: A reflection in the
y-axis means the shape is being transformed
only horizontally and not vertically, so
the y-coordinates stay the same. However,
2 Comment: When you rotate a shape, the
the x-coordinates are the negative of each
object and the image are always congruent.
other because the image will be the same
distance from the y-axis, but in the opposite For example: a rotation doesn’t change the
direction as those of the object. size of the shape, it changes only the position.
e Yes. Example of reason: There is no Comment: When you rotate a shape 180°, it
change in the size of the shape during the doesn’t matter whether you turn the shape
reflection, so the object and the image are clockwise or anticlockwise, aa you will end up
always congruent. with the same image.
7 a E is a reflection of A in the y-axis. For example: A full turn is 360°, so a 180°
turn is the same as a half turn. Whether you
b F is a reflection of H in the x-axis.
turn clockwise or anticlockwise, the shape will
c C is a reflection of H in the y-axis. end up in the same place.
d G is a reflection of B in the y-axis. 3 a b
e D is a reflection of A in the x-axis.

C
Activity 14.3 C
Learner’s own answer.

8 a For example: easy to use this method and c d
not likely to make a mistake.
b For example: no. C C
c y
4
3
4 a Maksim has rotated the kite 90° clockwise
2 and not 90° anticlockwise about centre C.
1
b
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
5 a y b y
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2
1 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
b y Exercise 14.6
6
5 1 a
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6x
c y b
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6x 2 a
6 a 6 cm2 b 12 cm2 c 12 cm2

d No. For example: If you use a centre
of rotation inside the rectangle, the
image will overlap the object and so the
combined area will be less than 12 cm2.
7 a 8 cm2
b y b
4
3
C
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
c 12 cm2
8 a y
5
4
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
c it should be 3 squares right and 6 squares

down, but it is actually 2 squares right
and 6 squares down.
3 a Example method: Enlarge straight

edges first. Then, for each sloping
edge, count the number of squares
across and down (or up) and double Activity 14.4
these. Don’t try to draw the sloping edges Learner’s own answers.
straight away but count squares across
and down, put a point for the vertex, 6 scale factor 3
then join this point to the end of the 7 a The height of C is three times the height
previous edge. of A, but the base of C is not three
b, c Learner’s own answers. times the base of A. 1 × 3 = 3 cm and
2 × 3 = 6 cm, not 5 cm.
4 a
b The height of D is four times the height
of A, and the base of D is four times the
base of A. 1 × 4 = 4 cm and 2 × 4 = 8 cm
8 a i 2 ii 3 iii 4
b i 6 cm ii 12 cm
iii 18 cm iv 24 cm
c
b Scale
Ratio of Ratio of
Rectangles factor of
lengths perimeters
enlargement
A:B 2 1:2 6 : 12 = 1 : 2
A:C 3 1:3 6 : 18 = 1 : 3
A:D 4 1:4 6 : 24 = 1 : 4
d The ratio of lengths is the same as the

c ratio of perimeters.
e Yes. For example: The perimeter is the
total length of all the sides, so if all the
lengths are multiplied by any scale factor,
then the total will also be multiplied by
the same scale factor.
Yes. For example: It doesn’t matter what
the shape is, the perimeter is always the
total length of all the sides, and if the
sides are all enlarged by a scale factor,
5 a The bottom right vertex is in the incorrect then the perimeter will also increase by
place. Compared to the top right vertex, this scale factor.
Check your progress Exercise 15.1

1 a 4.8 m b 14 cm 1 a mm2 b cm2
2 a 9 units b 3 units c m2 d m2
3 P′(5, 6), Q′(6, 8), R′(5, 10), S′(4, 8) 2 a 800 mm2 b 75 mm2
4 a, b y c 6 cm2 d 0.45 cm2

4 3 a 30 000 cm2 b 81 000 cm2
3
c 7 m2 d 0.078 m2
C 2 A
1 4 Learner’s own answer.
5 a 600 b 720 c 30 000
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
−1 d 54 000 e 9 f 8.65
−2 B
g 2 h 4.8 i 12.5
−3
−4 6 a Suyin is correct.
b When Tam converted from mm2 to cm2, he
divided by 10 instead of by 100.
5 a
7 a 960 mm2 b 9.6 cm2
C 8 a 3560 mm2 b 35.6 cm2
9 No; 0.25 × 1000 × 1000 = 250 000.
b 10 a–c Learner’s own answers.
Exercise 15.2
C 1 a 60 000 m2 b 112 000 m2
c 6300 m2
6 2 a 46 000 m2 b 8000 m2
c 7500 m2 d 250 m2
3 a 7 ha b 13.5 ha c 0.8 ha
4 a 8.9 ha b 24 ha
c 0.09 ha d 126.5 ha
5 a 429 000 m2 b 42.9 ha
6 a 2.8 hectares
Unit 15 Getting started b Yes, it will cost $34 720, which is more
than $34 000.
1 a 700 b 2940 c 67
7 a 7800 m2 b 65 m
d 45 e 2.5 f 0.07
8 580 m2
2 a 2000 b 72 000 c 80 000
9 a, b Learner’s own answers.
d 37 000 e 6.78 f 0.54
10 Area of land is 950 ha, which costs $4.94
3 a 36 cm 2
b 18 cm 2 million. The company can afford it because
$4.94 million is less than $5 million.
Reflection: a, b Learner’s own answers. 5

Length Width Height Volume
Exercise 15.3 a 5 cm 12 mm 6 mm 3600 mm3
1 a 5; 30 cm2 b 20; 70 m2 b 12 cm 8 cm 4 mm 38.4 cm3
2 a 30 cm2 b 150 mm2 c 8m 6m 90 cm 43.2 m3
d 1.2 m 60 cm 25 cm 180 000 cm3
c 88 m2 d 30 cm2
3 Yes, they will get the same answer because it 6 a 4 cm
doesn’t matter when you divide by 2, as long b Top cuboid: V = l × w × h = 5 × 4 × 3
as you do it once. = 60 cm3
4 If one of the dimensions is an even number, Bottom cuboid:
it’s easier to halve this first and then do the V = l × w × h = 11 × 4 × 6 = 264 cm3
multiplication, so:
Volume of shape: 60 + 264 = 324 cm3
a Marcus b Sofia
7 a 786 m3 b 582 mm3
c Arun d Marcus or Sofia
5 a 54 cm2 b 105 m2 c 17.5 cm2 Activity 15.1
6 a Budi has used the height as 9 cm and
not 8 cm. The height must be the 8 a For example: Can take a long time,
perpendicular height. especially if the height is not an integer.
b 48 cm2 b Divide by 21 or divide by 3 and then
divide by 7.
7 400 mm2
9 5 mm
8 5, 25; 6, 60; 25 + 60 = 85 cm2
10 a 120 cm3
9 a 39 cm2 b 52 cm2
b Any cuboid with volume 120 cm3.
10 a 32 500 m2 b 585 kg c $468
For example: 12 cm by 2 cm by 5 cm,
11 Natasha is correct; 20 × 15 − 0.5 × 18 × 9 =
3 cm by 8 cm by 5 cm, 6 cm
219 cm2.
by 2 cm by 10 cm, 6 cm by
12 18.5 cm2 8 cm by 2.5 cm
13 No. If you double the base length of a triangle 11 26
and double the height of the triangle, the 12 a
area of the triangle will be four times as big
because you are doubling both dimensions. Side length of
Volume of cube
cube
Exercise 15.4 2 cm 2×2×2 23 8 cm3
1 a 27 cm3 b 125 m3 3 cm 3×3×3 33 27 cm3
4 cm 4×4×4 43 64 cm3
2 a 240 cm3 b 480 mm3
5 cm 5×5×5 53 125 cm3
3 a 56 cm3 b 90 cm3 c 54 cm3
b Yes; to find the volume of a cube, you
4 Steph didn’t change 35 mm to 3.5 cm; work out the cube of the side length. So if
volume = 378 cm3. you know the volume, you do the opposite
and take the cube root of the volume to
get the side length.
c i 10 cm ii 6 cm
Exercise 15.5 Unit 16 Getting started

1 a 54 cm2 b 150 cm2 1 a 6 b banana c 25
2 a x2 or x × x 2 a 8 b 7 c 25
b 6x2 or 6 × x × x 3 a 13 b 200−400 g
c Learner’s own answer. c 5 d 50
3 a 82 cm2 b 432 mm2 4 a i 12 ii 15
4 a 228 cm2 b August c February to March
b 76 cm2 d For example: Sales in skateboards are
increasing each month from January to
c 160 cm2 August, then decreasing each month until
5 a Yes. You get the same answer when December.
you add together the area of the three 5 a Monday b Wednesday
different faces then double the result as
when you double all the areas of the c Tuesday and Thursday
three different faces then add them
together. d No. For example: the pie chart shows the
proportion of emails Preety received, not
b Learner’s own answer. the actual number.
6 a 1620 mm2 b 16.2 cm2 6 a 24 years b 16 years
7 a 66 tins b $560.34 c 12 years d 30 years
Activity 15.2 7 Shape has two lines of symmetry and all

angles are 90°: Rectangle, square Shape
1056 cm2 doesn’t have two lines of symmetry and not
all angles are 90°: Rhombus, trapezium, kite,
8 a 64 m2 b 8m
parallelogram
9 4 cm
8 a 19 b 21 c 7 d 12 e 9
10 Yes; h = 900 ÷ 10 ÷ 15 = 6 mm, 2 × 15 × 6 +
2 × 10 × 6 + 2 × 15 × 10 = 600 mm2. Exercise 16.1
Reflection: Learner’s own answer. 1 a 4 b 6 c 30 d 14
Check your progress 2

Yes No Total
1 a 800 mm2 Men 16 7 23
b 50 000 cm2 Women 22 5 27

Total 38 12 50
c 4.2 cm2
2 a 30 000 m2 b 46 000 m2 3 No, there is enough information. The
completed table is:
c 8000 m2 d 2 ha
Scarlets Blues Dragons Total
e 9.4 ha f 0.56 ha
Girls 8 4 3 15
3 a 54 cm2 b 155 mm2 Boys 5 8 4 17
4 a 144 cm 3
b 180 cm 2 Total 13 12 7 32
5 Nawaf added the dimensions instead of
multiplying; the units should be mm3, not mm;
volume = 1440 mm3.
4 a Activity 16.2
Other Learner’s own table. For example:
Maths Science English Total
subject
Girls 8 4 5 1 18 January April July October
Boys 6 5 1 2 14 Harare 20° C 18° C 14° C 22° C
Total 14 9 6 3 32 Cairo 12° C 20° C 28° C 20° C
b 5 c 3 2 a
5 Learner’s own answers. Examples of Hair colour of the students in
Number of students
answers are: 10 Miss Awan’s class
8 Girls
a Zara is correct, as there is only one set
Boys
of data. 6
b Sofia could represent her data in a 4
bar chart, showing months along the 2
horizontal axis and number of books on
the vertical axis. 0
brown black other
colour
Activity 16.1 Colour of hair
Learner’s own table. For example: b Learner’s own answers.
2 p.m. 6 p.m. Total 3 a

Adult 110 240 350 How students in class
Child 325 125 450 10 7P travel to school
Number of students
Total 435 365 800 8

6 girls
Learner’s own answer.
boys
4
6
Car Bus Bicycle Total
2
Male 7 8 5 20
0
Female 10 9 3 22 walk car bus bicycle
Total 17 17 8 42 Method of travelling to school
7 b Learner’s own answers.

Other
Brown Blue Total
colour
4 a Learner’s own answer.
Girls 96 64 32 192
b Learner’s own answer. For example:
Boys 144 128 16 288
42 − 28 = 14
Total 240 192 48 480
5 a i 4 hours ii 4 hours
Exercise 16.2 b 3 hours
1 a Beth b Duyen c 2 c 3 hours
d Learner’s own answers. 6 a test 3
e Yes, they all played ten matches. You add the b tests 1 and 5
number of matches each girl won and lost. c Learner’s own answers.
d Learner’s own answer. For example: b i Learner’s own chart. For example:
Chinara is better because she got a greater Cakes sold by a café
total score than Adaku OR Adaku is
better because she got more consistent
Type of cake
chocolate
scores. Saturday
35 7 Sunday
e i = ii 70%
50 10 vanilla
7 Number of holidays sold

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
over two weeks Number of cakes sold
20 Cakes sold by a café

Number of holidays
safari
15 Saturday
city
chocolate
Day
sport vanilla
10
beach Sunday
5
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
Number of cakes sold
0
week 1 week 2 ii Learner’s own answer.
8
Won Lost Drawn Total
Barcelona 19 12 4 35 Exercise 16.3
Real Madrid 16 9 10 35 1 a Total number of
cars = 12 + 18 + 10 + 20 = 60 cars
Valencia 18 5 12 35
Number of degrees per car = 360 ÷ 60 = 6°
Total 53 26 26 105
Number of degrees for each sector:
9 a i Learner’s own chart. For example: Ford = 12 × 6 = 72° Vauxhall =
Cakes sold by 18 × 6 = 108°
20 a café Toyota = 10 × 6 = 60° Nissan =

15 20 × 6 = 120°
Saturday b
10
Sunday
5
0
chocolate vanilla
Type of cake
Cakes sold by
20 a café
15
chocolate
10
vanilla
5
0
Saturday Sunday
Day
ii Learner’s own answer.
2 Type of music b Colour of car

red
other soul
blue
green
pop
classical
yellow
white
1
3 a almond b 6 a
3
c 25% d 30 litres
4 a Favourite type of ﬁlm
action
science
romantic
ﬁction
b i Learner’s own answer. For example:

comedy
There is a total of 120 people in this
diagram, so I worked out that it is 3°
b i Learner’s own answer. For example: per person. (Other methods are to
No, all you need is the number of work out the fraction or percentage
degrees to draw the pie chart. There is for each group, then work out the
only one value missing and you know degrees.)
the total is 360°, so the missing value ii, iii Learner’s own answers.
is 140°.
7 a
ii Learner’s own answer. For example:
Looking at action − 2 people = 40°, so
Number Percentage of Number of
1 person = 20°. Science fiction: 80 ÷ Hot drink
of drinks total degrees
20 = 4 people; comedy:
100 ÷ 20 = 5 people. 45 30% of
tea 45 × 100 = 30%
150 360 = 108
iii 18
90 60% of
5 a coffee 90 × 100 = 60%
Colour of car Number of cars 150 360 = 216
red 3 hot 15 10% of
15 × 100 = 10%
blue 5 chocolate 150 360 = 36
green 8
Total 150 100% 360
yellow 1
white 7 b Learner’ s own answer.
c Type of hot drinks sold in a café group has the largest percentage that have two
or more visits to the dentist in a year.
7 Learner’s own answers. For example: There is
tea
no key for the pictogram, so it is impossible to
say how many people, or what percentage of
coffee people, missed a doctor’s appointment. The
chart for the missed nurses’ appointments is
hot chocolate very misleading because the heights of the
cylinders do not represent the size of the
percentages.
8 120° = 180 students, so 180 ÷ 120 = 1.5 students
per degree. Activity 16.3
120 + 42 + 90 + 38 = 290° so Other = 360 Learner’s own answers.
290 = 70°
Exercise 16.5
70 × 1.5 = 105 students
1 a Bar chart. For example: Discrete data.
Exercise 16.4 Easy to compare heights of bars.
1 a India b 4.8 million tonnes b Scatter graph. For example: Two sets of
data points to compare. Easy to see if
c India produces 4.7 million tonnes more there is any correlation between the two
bananas than Brazil. sets of data.
2 a 15% b 5% c Compound bar chart. For example: Easy
c No, half is 50%. 45% of trains arrive on to compare the total number of cakes,
time, this is less than half. sandwiches and drinks sold in the café on
the two different days. Can also compare
3 a 120 b 140 c crocodile the individual amounts.
4 a i 84% ii 16% d Pie chart. For example: Shows clearly
the proportions of students who travel to
iii 12% iv 15%
college by car, bus, bicycle or on foot.
b 16 years old
2 a Learner’s own Venn diagram.
c Russia
b Learner’s own answer. For example:
d India Best diagram to use to sort data into
groups.
e South Korea has six times as many cars
per 1000 people as China. c Learner’s own answer. For example:
Chloe is the only one who plays all three
5 a 29% b relationships sports.
c i Speech bubbles get bigger as the 3 a
percentage gets bigger.
Amount of air in scuba tank over time
Amount of air (litres)
ii Learner’s own answer. 16

6 Learner’s own answer. For example: The 12
youngest group has the largest percentage that
don’t visit the dentist. This could be because 8
they don’t think they need to or they don’t have 4
any problems with their teeth. As the people
0
get older, they visit the dentist more often. This 0 10 20 30 40 50
could be because they start to have problems Time (minutes)
with their teeth or they want to keep their teeth
in good condition as they get older. The oldest
b Learner’s own answer. For example: Line 6 a Distance cycled each day in May
graph is best to show how something
changes over time. 14
12
c Learner’s own answer. For example: The 10
Frequency
10-minute interval when the most air is 8
used is between 20 and 30 minutes. 6
4 Learner’s own answers. For example: 4
2
a i Easier to compare the individual 0
types of appointments. 0 5 10 15 20
Distance (km)
ii More difficult to compare the total
number of appointments. b Learner’s own answer. For example: Data
are continuous.
b i Easier to compare the total number
of appointments. c Learner’s own answer. For example: Most
often Javed cycled between 10 and 15 km
ii More difficult to compare the each day.
individual types of appointments.
c i In general, to compare total amounts Activity 16.4
it is best to use a compound chart. Learner’s own answers. For example: Q1
infographic or pie chart; Q2 bar chart or
ii In general, to compare individual
pie chart; Q3 frequency diagram; Q4 Venn
amounts it is best to use a dual bar
diagram. Learner’s own poster. Learner’s own
chart.
answers.
5 a Learner’s own answer. Example: You have
7 a
two sets of data to compare.
Time to run 100 m and spelling test score
b Length and mass of 10 hedgehogs
10 ×
1000
× ×
× 8
Spelling test score
900 × ×
× 6 ×
×
4 ×
800 ×
Mass (g)
×
× 2 ×
700 ×
0
15 20 25
× Time to run 100 m (seconds)
600
× b Student’s explanation. Example: You have
× two sets of data to compare.
500
20 25 30 35 c Student’s comment. Example: The time
Length (cm) it takes to run 100m doesn’t seem to have
c Student’s line of best fit. any effect on the spelling test score.
d Correct reading from student’s line of Exercise 16.6

best fit.
1 a i 2 minutes
ii 5 minutes
iii 5.3 minutes
b Learner’s own answer, but either the e Learner’s own answer. Could choose
median or the mean chosen (not the mean, median or mode with an
mode). Nine of the times are above 5 appropriate reason.
minutes and nine are below 5 minutes, so
either 5 or 5.3 sit nicely in the middle of 6 mode = 10, median = 9, mean = 8.4
the data. a i 40 ii none iii 70
c 8 minutes b Learner’s own answer, but mean or
d May median chosen. For example: Mean is best
because there are 70 above and 50 below
2 a i 51 years the mean, so it sits quite centrally in the
whole data. For example: Median is best
ii 53.5 years because there are 40 above and 50 below,
iii 54 years so it sits quite centrally in the whole data.
b Learner’s own answer, but agree with 7 a 2 b 12

Marcus. The median (53.5) and mean (54) c–g Learner’s own answers
sit nicely in the middle of the data, but the
mode (51) is at the lower end of the data
and doesn’t represent the whole of the
Check your progress
data. 1 a
c 9 years Red Blue Green Other Total
d first colour
Girls 9 4 3 2 18
3 a Mode is zero days; median is 1 day; mean
is 2.03 days. Boys 4 8 1 3 16
Total 13 12 4 5 34
b Learner’s answers. For example: Choose
the median, as there are as many values b 1 c 5
above as below. The mean is 2.03 but is
affected by a few high values. The mode 2 a 5 b 2 c 2 d 32
is too low, as there are 22 values higher e i chocolate ii vanilla
than the mode and only 13 values that are
lower than the mode. iii chocolate
c The median and the mean formulae are 3 a Pie chart. For example: Clearly shows the
used in both. proportions.
4 Learner’s own answer. For example: The b Line graph. For example: Shows how the
most useful average is the mode, which is sales of DVDs change over time.
38 cm because it is the most commonly sold
c Bar chart. For example: Discrete data.
belt (median = 38 cm, mean = 38.77).
Easy to compare heights of bars.
5 a 20
d Frequency diagram. For example: Data
b The modal number of people per car is 1 are continuous.
not 28; 28 is the largest frequency, not the
4 a mango juice b lime juice
number of people in the car.
c 150 mL d 100 mL
c There are 60 cars. Half of 60 is 30. The
first 28 cars have one person per car e 1
and the next 20 have two people per car. 3
Therefore, the median must be 2 people.
d 1 × 28 + 2 × 20 + 3 × 3 + 4 × 6 + 5 × 2 +
6 × 1 = 117, 117 ÷ 60 = 1.95
5 Favourite type of transport b Learner’s own answers. Example: There

are two sets of data to compare.
car
c Learner’s own comment. Example: The
further the car has travelled, the cheaper
bus the price of the car.
train 7 a i 40% ii 20%

b 340 000
bicycle
c China produces three times as much
electricity from wind power as USA.
6 a Price and distance travelled
of eight used cars 8 a There are three modes: $26 000, $29 000
60000
× and $30 000. The median is $29 500. The
mean is $32 700.
×
50000
× b Learner’s own answer, but median chosen.
Distance travelled (km)
For example: Median is best because there

40000 are five salaries above and five below, so it
sits centrally in the whole data. The mean
× is too high, as it has been affected by two
30000 ×
×
very high values. There are three modes,
so these aren’t useful.
20000 ×
10000 ×
0
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Price ($)

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CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY MATHEMATICS 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE

b Only if the answer is zero, otherwise they 2 a −5 b −5 c −6 d −3

6 × −3 −5 3 a 12, 24, 36, 48 b 12

12 There are four possible answers. Going d 1, 19

8 a 1 b odd = 4 + 0 + 6 = 10; even = 8 + 1 + 1 = 10;

11 a 4 b 24 c 8 × 12 = 96 b 99 522 has the same digits as 22 599

12 a 3 is a factor of both numbers, so each 9 Number Factors between 1 and 10

10 For example: 4675 because 4 + 7 = 6 + 5 = 11.

b It is true. A number divisible by 10 has a 12 a The differences are 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, . . .

2 a 9 =3 b 25 = 5 c Try adding 43 and so on.

c 64 = 8 d 100 = 10 d Learner’s own answer.

Unit 2 Getting started Activity 2.1

e 32 f 5 g −16 h −12 7 a order of operations

e 21 f 4 g −20 h 0 Equivalent to 2n − 3 is: B, I.

4 a $9.14 b $12.20 8 a Pedro multiplied instead of adding.

iii 4y + 1 3 a For every day, there are 24 hours.

iv 2y − 5 b h = 24d c 120 hours

v 52 − 5y 4 a i number of minutes = 60 × number of

5 a i Amount each pays = total cost ÷ five 3 a 5x b 6y c 8d d 13t

7 a C = cost per week, p = cost of petrol, b

12c + 11d g 30d − 6 h 24e − 48 + 16f

4c + d 3c + 2d 2c + 6d k 42c − 49h l 45 + 27h − 36i

c+d 3c 2d 2c + 4d 6 a Bethan did 4 + 4 when it should be 4 × 4.

5 a i I think of a number and subtract 8. 2 a y>8 b n > −1

iii I think of a number and multiply my 1 2 3 4 5 6

4m + 4 m=7 m = 10 m=4 9 g a and C and ii; b and E and i; c and A

1 a x is less than 10. i Learner’s own answer.

b x is greater than 10.

Check your progress Exercise 3.1

b F (correct answer: 0.12) 12 a 8 b 510 c 84 600

c T 13 Learner’s own answers.

d F (correct answer: 3.46) 14 a 23 b 2.3 c 0.23

e T d 0.023 e 6.5 f 0.65

f F (correct answer: 4.25) g 0.065 h 0.0065 i 0.9

g 254 h 124 c 7000 d 3400

6 a B b A c B e 9 000 000 f 600 000

d B e A g 124 h 32 250 000

17 a 8 km b Advantage: you will get all the answers;

b For example: 0.078 × 102, 0.78 × 10, 9 a 1.29 b 4.5333 c 1.310

c Learner’s own answers. c 890 000 d 4660

d Draw a line after the digit in the sixth 4 a 7 b 340

4 a 12.91 b 14.18 c All of the three decimal numbers are

6 a 2.1 b 0.7 Exercise 4.2

1 a 9.99 b 3.67 c 12.56 2 Learner’s own answer.

d 127.06 e 0.67 f 3.21 3 1 − 0.36 = 0.64, 1 − 0.78 = 0.22, 1 − 0.44 = 0.56,

Exercise 4.3 Exercise 4.4

8 3 0.3 c 6.585 d 7.364

6 3 0.4 40 3 0.06 3 $1.16

4 a 2761.3 b 276.13 8 a Kyle forgot to add a ‘0’ to the end of

Activity 4.1 c 126 ÷ 14 = 9; 9.028 × 14 = 126.392

Exercise 4.5 12 a i $28.21 ii $28

1 a = 7 × 18 b $28.21 is better, as it gets closer to the

6 a 61.2 b 42.3 c 113.4 c 90° d 250°

7 Learner’s own answers. 2 a obtuse b acute

8 a 25.2 b 39 c 50.4 c right d reflex

9 34.4 cm 3 180° − (54° + 20°) = 180° − 74° = 106°

1.455 67.35 ÷ 10 4 a 58°

8 a 125° + 160° + 90° = 375°. This is 4