B.A.LL.

B Previous Years Question Papers

2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta

Syllabus for 8th Semester

Paper 1 ~ Human Rights Law and Practice
Paper 2 ~ Interpretation of Statues and Principles of Legislation
Paper 3 ~ Environmental Law
Paper 4 ~ Labour and Industrial Law - I
Paper 1 ~ Human Rights Law and Practice
1. Concept of Human Rights - National and International
Insights.
2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
3. International Covenants on Political and Civil Rights, 1966.
4. International Covenants on Economics, Social and Cultural
Rights, 1966.
5. Convention of Elimination of Discrimination against Women,
1979.
6. Convention on Rights of Child, 1989.
7. The Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
8. Human Rights and Indian Constitution.
Paper 2 ~ Interpretation of Statues and Principles of
Legislation
A. Principles of Interpretation.
1. Meaning of Interpretation and Construction of Statute.
2. Basic Rules of Interpretation.
a) Literal or Grammatical Rule of Interpretation.
b) Golden Rule of Interpretation.

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c) Mischief Rule of Interpretation.
3. General principle of Interpretation.
a) Statute to be read as a while.
b) Intention of Legislature Predominates.
c) Statute to be construed to make it effective and workable.
4. Guiding Rules of Interpretation.
a) Causus Omissue.
5. Subsidiary Rules of Interpretation.
a) Mandatory and Directory Provisions.
b) Use of "Shall" and "May"
c) "It shall be lawful", "Shall have Power"
d) As be deems fit.
e) "or" and "and"
6. Maxims.
a) Nosciturus asociis.
b) Ejusdem Genesis.
c) Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius.
d) Reddendo Singula Singulis.
e) Generalia Specilibus non Derogant.
7. Internal Aids to Construction.
8. External Aids to Construction.
9. Interpretation of Taxing Statute.
10. Interpretation of Penal Statute.
11. Interpretation of Social and Beneficial Legislation.
12. Interpretation of Constitution.
B. General Clauses Act :

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1. The General Clauses Act, 1987 C. Principles of Legislation :
1. Definition and Nature and scope of Legislation.
2. Criteria and Types of Legislations Individualism.
3. Collectivism and Marxism.
Paper 3 ~ Environmental Law
1. U. N. Stockholm Declaration 1972; Rio-Declaration 1992
kioto Declaration.
2. The Meaning of 'Environment' as defined in the
Environmental Protection Act,1986 {Section 2(a) and 'Pollution' as
defined in the said Act of 1986 and the water Prevention and
control of Pollution} Act, 1974, The concept of environment in the
Constitution - Article 21, 47, 48A, 49 and 51A (g).
3. Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environment Pollution.
a) For Human Being : Pertaining to Water, Air and Noise.
b) For Non-Human Being : Pertaining to Wildlife including
Plants and Forests.
4. Administration and functioning of Pollution Control Board
with reference to Water Act.
5. Laws relating to the role of courts to protect environment
pollution.
6. punishments in Environmental Law.
7. Environment Policy in India.
Paper 4 ~ Labour and Industrial Law - I
1. The Factories Act, 1948
a) Preliminary
b) Inspecting Stuff
c) Health
d) Safety
e) Welfare
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f) Employment of young Person.
2. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948 :
a) Definitions - Minimum Wage, Fair Wage and Living Wage.
b) Fixing of Minimum Wages - Procedure and Payment.
c) Inspectors
d) Claims
e) Cognizance of Offences
f) Contracting Out.
3. Prevention, Control and Abatement of Environment Pollution.
a) For Human Beings : Pertaining to Water, Air and Noise.
b) For Non-Human Being : Pertaining to Wildlife including
Plants and Forests.
4. The Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923 :
a) Definitions
b) Workmen's Compensation - Employee Liability
c) Commissioners - Their Power and Functions.
5. The Employee's State Insurance Act, 1948 :
a) Definitions.
b) E.S.I. Corporation, Standing Committee, and Medical Benefit
Council
c) Contribution
6. The Fatal Accidents Act, 1855 :
Compensation to the Family of a person for loss occasioned to it
by his death by actionable working.

2023 | Human Rights Law and Practice

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper

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The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Answer any five Questions
1. (a) Define the term "Human Rights". [4]
(b) What are the instruments that constitute the International
Bill of Rights? [12]
2. (a) Explain the relationship between "Human Rights" and
"Fundamental rights" under the Constitution of India. [12]
(b) Write a note on "Human Rights of Women". [4]
3. Examine the role of the Indian Judiciary in the protection and
promotion of Human Rights in India. [16]
4. Discuss the powers and functions of National Human Rights
Commission as laid down in the protection of Human Rights Acts,
1993. [16]
5. Discuss about various rights recognized under the
International Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989. [16]
6. (a) Discuss the scope and ambit of the protection of Human
Rights Act of 1993. [10]
(b) Discuss its important features relation to protection of
women. [6]
7. (a) Discuss the salient features of Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. [8]
(b) Examine the binding effect of the Declaration on domestic
system of laws. [8]
8. Explain the interconnection between Human Rights
Jurisprudence and Right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the
Constitution of India with decided cases. [16]
9. Compare and contrast between the "Fundamental Rights"
under the Constitution of India and "Human Rights Covenant".
[16]

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10. Write short notes on any two of the following: [8×2] (a) Public
Interest Litigation.
(b) Civil and Political Rights.
(c) Human Rights and Environment Protection.
2023 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. (a) What do you mean by "Interpretation of Statute"? Discuss.
[10]
(b) Is there any difference between construction of statutes and
interpretation of statutes? [6]
2. (a) What is Golden Rules of Interpretation? Explain with case
laws. [8]
(b) Discuss the rule of Harmonious Construction of Statute. [8]
3. "Intention of the legislature is a common but slippery phrase"
- (Watson). Explain the relevance of judicial interpretation of the
intention of the legislature. [16]
4. (a) Discuss the "Mischief Rule" and state the reason why often
it is termed as the "Heydon's Rule". [6]
(b) Discuss the Doctrine of Severability and Doctrine of
Colourable Legislation. [10]
5. Explain the maxims (any two): [8×8] (a) Ejusdem Generis.
(b) Noscitur a Sociis.
(c) Generalia Specialibus Non-derogant.
6. What is meant by internal aids to construction of statutes?
Explain how preamble and proviso are internal aids. [16]
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Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. Write short notes on (any four): [4×4] (a) Union Territory.
(b) Collector.
(c) India.
(d) District Judge.
(e) Service by post.
(f) Month and year.
8. Discuss the salient features of the General Clauses Act, 1897
in brief. [16]
Group – C
Answer any one Questions
9. (a) Discuss the nature and scope of Legislation.
(b) What do you understand by the "Delegated legislation"?
10. Briefly discuss the different types of Legislative Instruments.
[16]
2023 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Rio declaration is the reaffirmation of the Stockholm
Declaration with the object to establish global partnership to
protect human environment - Explain. [16]
2. (a) Discuss "Polluter Pays Principle" [8]

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(b) Explain the principle laid down by the Supreme Court in the
Oleum Gas leak case. [8]
3. (a) Briefly discuss the emergency measures hat the State
Board may take to mitigate air pollution under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(b) Discuss the significance of the "Taj Trapezium" case as
decided by the Apex Court in the area of air pollution. [8]
4. (a) Discuss the concept of "Consent Mechanism" in respect of
the State Board as safeguard against air pollution as provided in
the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(b) Briefly discuss "Absolute Liability" and its development in
India with reference to decided cases. [8]
5. (a) Define the term "Hazardous Substance" according to the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [2]
(b) What kind of restrictions have been imposed by the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. for emission or discharge of
Environmental Pollutants? [6]
(c) Discuss the power of the Central Government to take
measures to protect and improve the environment as laid down
under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [8]
6. Explain how "Public Interest Litigation" has emerged as a
weapon to redress the grievance of the people suffering from the
hazardous effect of the pollution on environment & ecology. [16]
7. (a) Discuss the relevant provisions with regard to collection
of sample of water under the
(b) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. [8]
Write a brief note on the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972. [8]
8. "The Directive principles under the Constitution of India are
directed towards ideas of building welfare State" - Elucidate with
relevant constitutional provisions and case laws. [16]
9. (a) How does the State Government Constitute an area as
"National Park" under the provision of the wildlife (protection) Act,
1972? [10]
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(b) Write a note on Noise Pollution. [6]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4] (a) Strict
Liability.
(b) Kyoto Protocol.
(c) Sustainable Development.
(d) Green Bench. (e) Sanctuary.
2023 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Answer any five Questions
1. (a) What do you mean by the term "Factory" under the
Factories Act, 1948? [4]
(b) Explain the various measures regarding the protection of the
Health of Workers under the Factories Act, 1948. [12]
2. (a) Define the term "Manufacturing Process". [4]
(b) What are the general duties of "Occupier" of a factory? [12]
3. (a) Define the term "Employed" and "Wages" under the
Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [8]
(b) Discuss the procedure to be followed in fixing the minimum
rate of wages in an Industry. [10]
4. (a) Explain "Fair Wages" and "Living Wages" under the
Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [8]
(b) Who will be appointed as an "Inspector" under the Minimum
Wages Act, 1948? [8]
5. (a) What re the procedures for determination of period of
wages and how the wages of the employee will be disbursed?
[10]

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(b) What is the object behind the enactment of Payment of Wages
Act, 1936? [6]
6. Discuss the Constitution of the "Corporation" under the
Employees State Insurance Act, 1948. What types of
establishments come within the purview of the above Act? [12+4]
7. (a) What shall be the amount of compensation to be paid to
the worker or his dependent? [8]
(b) What is the liability of the Principal and the Contractor in
respect of compensation payable under the Workmen's
Compensation Act. 1923? [8]
8. Discuss briefly the main provisions of the Fatal Accidents Act,
1885. [16]
9. (a) Explain the concept "Social Security". [4]
(b) Discuss briefly the law relating to registration, cessation and
disqualifications of the membership of the Corporation. [12]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4]
(a) Insured Person.
(b) Standing Committee.
(c) Authorised Deductions.
(d) Objectives of Labour Laws.
(e) Claims.
(f) Need Based Minimum Wage.

2022 | Human Rights Law and Practice

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

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Answer any five Questions
1. Define Human Rights and trace out the history of
development of Human Rights in India. [16]
2. Compare between International covenants on Civil and
Political Rights and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966.
[16]
3. Explain the utility, scope and ambit of Universal Declaration
of Human Rights. [16]
4. Discuss the various rights of women recognised under
International Convention on elimination of discrimination against
Women, 1979. [16]
5. Elucidate the legal provision with case laws relating to
protecting of rights of child and prevention of child abuse. [16]
6. Discuss the role of Supreme Court of India for enforcement
of Human Rights. [16]
7. Enumerate the working of National Human Rights
Commission along with its powers and functions as laid down in
Human Rights Act, 1993. [16]
8. Discuss the working of National Human Rights Commission
along with its powers and functions as laid down in Human Rights
Act, 1993. [16]
9. Compare between Human Rights recognized under Universal
Declaration of Human Rights,
1948 and the Fundamental Rights as continued in Constitution of
India. [16]
10. Write short notes on any two of the following: [8×2] (a) Public
Interest Litigation.
(b) Functions of West Bengal Human Rights Commission.
(c0 Freedom of Speech and Expression. d() Protective
Discrimination.

2022 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

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2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. "The Golden Rule is that the words of a statute must prima
facie be given their ordinary meaning unless that would lead to
absurdity in which case the ordinary meaning may be modified to
avoid that absurdity" - Explain and illustrate the above rule of
interpretation. how far is this rule different form Literal Rule of
Interpretation? [10+6]
2. State the components of the rule in Heydon's. Discuss at least
two cases decided by the Supreme Court of India where in this rule
has been applied to arrive at the legislative intent. Do you think
that this rule should be applied only when the language of the
statute ambiguous? [10+6]
3. Bring out the distinction between penal and remedial
statutes and the rules of interpretation for them. Discuss the
present trend in interpretation of penal statutes. [16]
4. Under what circumstances the court can look into the
internal and external aids in the interpretation of the statutes?
Assess the importance of any two of the following: [4×4] (a)
Preamble and Long Title. (b) Parliamentary History.
(c) Proviso.
(d) Statutes in Pari Materia.
5. "Associated words take their meaning from one another
under the doctrine of Noscitur-osociis." Elucidate the two maxims
with the help of decided cases. [8+8]
6. Write notes on the following (any two): [8×8]
(a) Rule of Purposive Construction;

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(b) Statute must be read as a whole; (c) Doctrine of Pith and
Substance; (d) doctrine of Severability.
Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. Write short notes on (any four): [4×4]
(a) Collector;
(b) India;
(c) District Judge;
(d) Service by post;
(e) Month and Year; (f) Union Territory.
8. Discuss the salient features of the General Clauses Act, 1897
in brief.
Group - C Answer any one Questions
9. (a) Discuss the nature and scope of Legislation.
(b) What do you understand by the term "Delegated Legislation"?
10. Briefly discuss the different types of Legislative Instruments.
2022 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Answer any five Questions
1. (a) Write a brief note on Rio-Declaration. [12]
(b) Explain the doctrine of "Sustainable Development". [4]
2. (a) Define the term "Environment" and "Pollution" as defined
in environment Protection Act, 1986. [4]

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(b) Discuss the power of Control Government to take measures
to protect and improve the environment as laid down under the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [12]
3. Discuss the Fundamental Rights contemplated in Article 14,
19(1)(g) and 21 of Constitution of India in the context of
Environmental Protection. [16]
4. (a) How is the Control Pollution Control Board constituted
under the Wate (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
[6]
(b) Discuss about the importance functions of the Central Board
for Prevention and control of Water Pollution. [10]
5. (a) Define the term "Air Pollution" as laid down under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [4]
(b) Discuss the concept of "Consent mechanism" in respect of the
State Board as a safeguard against Air Pollution as provided in
the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(c) What steps should be taken by the State Board under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, in case of an
accidental emission of any air pollution in excess of the standard
as laid down by the State Board? [4]
6. (a) Distinguish between "noise" and "Sound". Explain
"Source" and Effects" of Noise Pollution. [8]
(b) Explain the restrictions on the use on loudspeakers system
under the Noise Pollution (regulation and Control) rules, 2000. [8]
7. (a) Write a brief note on the Wildlife (protection) Act, 1972.
[12]
(b) Discuss briefly the administrative machinery for protection
and sanctuaries in the wild life (Protection) Act, 1972. [4]
8. (a) Discuss the importance of the Kyoto Protocol and state its
importance provisions. [10]
(b) Discuss briefly the environmental policy in India and its
efficacy in present context. [6]

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9. (a) Trace the relationship between the "public Nuisance" and
"Environmental Pollution" with special reference to various court
decisions. [12]
(b) Define the term "Hazardous Substance" as laid down under
the Environmental
(Protection) Act, 1986. [4]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4] (a)
Reserve Forest.
(b) Climate Change.
(c) Environmental Degradation.
(d) Absolute Liability.
(e) Silence Zone.
(f) Ganga Pollution Case.
2022 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Discuss the provisions relating to appointment, power and
duties of Inspector under the Factories Act, 1948. [16]
2. (a) Define 'factory' under the factories Act, 1948. [4]
(b) What are the general duties manufacturer as regard articles
and substances for use in factory? [12]
3. (a) Define 'minimum rate of wage'. [4]
(b) Discuss the power & function of the Inspector under the
Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [12]

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4. (a) Define the term 'employer' with sustainable Case Law
under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [10]
(b) What is the remedy available to the worker who has been paid
less the minimum wate of wage? [6]
5. (a) What is the time of payment of wages to the persons
employed under the Payment of wages Act, 1939? [8]
(b) Discuss appointment, power and function of Inspector under
the Payment of wages Act, 1939. [8]
6. (a) Define 'workman' under the Workman's Compensation
Act, 1923. [6]
(b) What are the conditions under which an employer is liable to
pay compensation under this Act? [10]
7. (a) Discuss the composition of the Standing Committee and
Corporation under Employee's State Insurance Act, 1948. [8]
(b) Under what circumstances the members of Corporation and
Standing Committee is
disqualified? [8]
8. (a) What is meant by Contribution? How the payment of
employees & employer are made? [8]
(b) Discuss the procedure for calculation of average daily wage.
[8]
9. Write an elaborate note on salient features of Fatal accident
Act, 1885. [16]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4] (a) Fair
and Living Wage.
(b) Certifying Surgeon.
(c) Total Disablement.
(d) Partial Disablement.
(e) Dependent.
(f) Industrial or other establishment.

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2021 | Human Rights Law and Practice
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Discuss the concept of Human Rights with special reference
to the National and International rights. [16]
2. Discuss object of the International Covenants on Political and
Civil Rights, 1996 highlighting its important provisions. [16]
3. Discuss various rights as enumerated in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.[16]
4. Write a critical note on reservation Policy in Human Rights
Perspective. [16]
5. Discuss the power & function of National & State Human
Rights Commission in India. [16]
6. Write a detail note on 'Right to life and personal liberty'. [16]
7. The Convention on Rights of Child, 1989 is a detail Code on
the Rights of Child - Discuss with reason. [16]
8. Discuss the enforcement of Human Rights in India with
reference to suitable Judicial Decisions. [16]
9. Examine the role of United Nations High Commissioner in the
protection & promotion of Human Rights. [16]
10. Write short notes on any two of the following: [8×2]
(a) Human Rights and United nations Charter.
(b) Human Rights Courts.
(c) Civil and Political Rights.

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(d) Public Interest Litigation.

2021 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. (a) What do you mean by the term 'Interpretation of Statute'?
[10]
(b) Is there any difference between Interpretation of Statutes &
Construction of Statutes? [6]
2. (a) What is 'Golden Rule of Interpretation'? - Explain with
case laws. [8]
(b) Discuss the Rule of Harmonious Construction of Statute. [8]
3. Bring out the distinction between Penal and Remedial
Statutes and the Rules of Interpretation applicable to them.
Discuss the recent judicial trend in the Interpretation of Penal
Statutes. [16]
4. "If the strict grammatical interpretation gives rise to
absurdity or inconsistency, the Court could discard such
interpretation and adopt an interpretation which will give effect to
the purpose of the legislature. This could be done, if necessary,
even by modification of the language used" - discuss the above rule
of interpretation of statutes and refer to at least two decided cases
in which the courts in order to avoid the absurdity that the literal
rule, if applied, would have resulted in the felt justified to modify
the language of the statute to arrive at the true intent of the
legislature. [16]

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5. Write short notes on any two of the following: [8+8] (a)
Ejusdem generis.
(b) Noscitur a Sociis.
(c) External Aids to Construction. (d) Internal Aids to
Construction.
6. Discuss the Doctrine of Severability and the Doctrine of
Colourable Legislation with suitable case laws. [8+8]
Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. It is a cardinal principle of interpretation that every statute is
prima facie prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary
implication made to have retrospective operation - Explain the
principles regarding retrospective operation of statutes. [16]
8. Write short notes on any two of the following: [8+8]
(a) Service by Post.
(b) Document.
(c) Collector. (d) Will.
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9. (a) Discuss the nature and scope of Legislation. [8]
(b) What do you understand by the term 'Delegated Legislation'?
[8]
10. Briefly discuss the different types of Legislative Instruments.
[16]
2021 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

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Answer any five Questions
1. Rio Declaration is the reaffirmation of the Stockholm
Declaration with the object to establish global partnership to
protect human environment. - Explain. [16]
2. (a) Discuss the object and purpose of enacting the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
(b) What do you mean by Hazardous Substance, as laid down
under the Environment protection Act, 1986?
(c) What are the restrictions as imposed by the Environment
protection Act, 1986, for emission and discharge of environmental
pollutions? [8+4+4]
3. (a) State the powers of Board as laid down under Water
(prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. [8]
(b) What are the respective roles of the Board Analysts and the
govt. Analysts in making the report under the abovementioned
Act? [8]
4. (a) Narrate the concept of 'Polluter pays Principles' and
explain it with the help of the decision passed by the Supreme
Court in the Oleum Gas Leak Case. [10]
(b) Discuss the Constitution of the 'Central Pollution Control
Board' as provided under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974. [6]
5. (a) Briefly discuss the emergency measures that the State
Board may take to mitigate Air Pollution under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(b) Discuss the significance of the 'Taz Trapezium" case as
decided by the Apex Court. [8]
6. (a) Discuss the 'Consent mechanism' as provided under the
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(b) Enumerate the concept of 'Absolute Liability' and its
development in India with reference

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to decided cases. [8]
7. (a) How offences are dealt with under the Environment
(protection) Act, 1986 committed by an individual, a company and
a Government department? [8]
(b) Is there any jurisdictional conflict in preventing public
nuisance under Section 133 of the Code of Criminal procedure and
the legislations relating to Air and Water Pollution? [8]
8. (a) How does the state Government Constitute an area as
'national park' under the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972? [4]
(b) What are the resections with regard to take entry to a
Sanctuary? [4]
(c) What are the different purposes for which visitors may be
allowed to take entry? [4]
(d) What are the difference between National Park and
Sanctuary? [4]
9. Discuss the role of Public Interest Litigation in development
of environment Jurisprudence in India. [16]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4]
(a) Sustainable Development.
(b) Village Forest.
(c) Green Bench.
(d) Strict Liability.
(e) Precautionary Principle.
(f) Noise Pollution.
(g) National Board for Wild Life.
(h) Article 21 and the Environment.
2021 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper

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 B.A.LL.B Previous Years Question Papers
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The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Discuss the duties and functions of the Inspector under the
Factories Act, 1948. [16]
2. Define the term 'occupier'. What are general duties of
occupier of a factory? [4+12]
3. Explain the provision regarding Health and Safety of the
worker under the Factories Act, 1948. [8+8]
4. Explain the provision regarding wage periods and
disbursement of wages under The payment of Wages Act, 1948.
[4+4+4+4]
5. Define the term 'wages', 'minimum wage', 'fair wage' and
'living wage' under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [16]
6. Explain the provision regarding fixing of minimum wages -
procedure and payment under the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [16]
7. Discuss the liability of a employer to pay compensation under
the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923. [16]
8. Explain the provision regarding the power and functions of
the Commissioner under the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923.
[16]
9. Discuss the constitution of the corporation under the
Employee's State Insurance Act, 1948. What types of
establishment come within the purview of the above Act? [8+8]
10. Explain the detailed provision regarding the compensation in
the family of a person for loss occasioned to it by his death by
accident working under the Festal Accident Act, 1855. [16]

2019 | Human Rights Law and Practice

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Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Answer any five Questions
1. Discuss the concept of Human Rights with National and
International insights. [16]
2. Write a note on Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
1948. [16]
3. Discuss the relation between the Civil and Political Rights
and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. [16]
4. Discuss the power and function of National and State Human
Rights Commission in India.
[16]
5. Write a note on 'elimination of discrimination against women'
with special reference to human rights. [16]
6. Compare and contrast between the 'Fundamental Rights'
under the Constitution of India and 'Human Right Covenant'. [16]
7. Write a detail note on 'Right to life and personal liberty'. [16]
8. "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 in
a binding law." - Discuss with reasons. [16]
9. The Convention on Rights of Child, 19889 is a detail code on
the rights of child. - Discuss with reasons. [16]
10. Write notes on any two of the following: [8×2]
(a) Equality and non-discrimination.
(b) Protective discrimination.
(c) Definition of Human Rights. (d) Human Rights Court.

2019 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

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2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. (a) What do you mean by Interpretation of Statute? [4]
(b) Discuss the 'Literal Rule of Interpretation' with decided case
laws. [12]
2. (a) Discuss the 'Golden Rule of Interpretation' with relevant
case laws. [9]
(b) Discuss the rule of Interpretation of Penal Statutes. [7]
3. (a) Discuss the Mischief Rule and state the reason why it is
often termed as 'Heydon's Rule'. (b) Discuss the Doctrine of
Severability and Doctrine of Colourable Legislation. [8+8]
4. Explain (any two): [8×2]
(a) Rule of Ejusdem Generis.
(b) Statute to be read as a whole.
(c) Noscitur a Sociis.
(d) Reddendo Singula Singulis.
5. Discuss (any two): [8×2]
(a) Generalia Specialibus non-Derrogant.
(b) Mutatis Mutandis.
(c) Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius.
(d) Contemporanea Expositio.
6. What is meant by internal and external aids to construction
of statutes? Explain in detail with examples. [16]

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Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. (a) Discuss the salient features of the GCA, 1897. [8]
(b) What is the effect of repeal of an enactment? [8]
8. Write short notes on (any four): [4×4]
(a) Offence.
(b) Collector.
(c) India.
(d) Central Act.
(e) Union Territory. (f) Service by Post.
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9. (a) What is the difference between Bill and Act? [6]
(b) Discuss the importance of 'Delegated Legislation'. [10]
10. Briefly discuss the different types of Legislative Instruments.
[16]
2019 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. (a) State the objects behind enacting The Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986. (b) Discuss the salient features of Rio-
Declaration. [6+10]
2. (a) Discuss 'Polluter Pays Principle'. [8]

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(b) Explain the principle laid down by the Supreme Court of
India in the Oleum gas leak
case. [8]
3. (a) State the composition of the Central Pollution Control
Board under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974. [6]
(b) Discuss few important functions of the Central Board for
Prevention and Control of Water Pollution. [10]
4. (a) Discuss the concept of 'Consent Mechanism' in respect of
the State Board as a safeguard against air pollution as provided
in the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(b) What steps should taken by the state Board under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, in case of an
accidental emission of any air pollutant in excess of the standards
as laid down by the State Board? [8]
5. (a) Explain the Constitutional Vision of the Indian Courts
regarding the Right to Environment under Article 21. [10]
(b) Write a note on Writ as remedies to enforce the right to
environment. [6]
6. (a) Discuss the significance of the 'Taj Trapezium Case' as
decided by the Hon'ble Supreme
Court in the field of air pollution. [10]
(b) Explain the restrictions on the use of loud speakers system
under the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. [6]
7. What is Sanctuary? What restrictions have been placed on
the entry in a sanctuary? What are the duties of a person residing
in a Sanctuary? What acts are prohibited in a sanctuary?
[3+5+4+4]
8. Discuss how 'public interest litigation' has played in
important role in environmental protection in India and how the
judiciary has applied the principles of sustainable development
while deciding the cases. [16]

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9. Discuss the importance of Kyoto Protocol and state its
important provisions. [16]
10. Write short note on any four of the following: [4×4]
(a) Strict Liability.
(b) Silence Zone.
(c) Sustainable Development.
(d) Hazardous Substance.
(e) Protected Areas.
(f) Public Trust Doctrine.
2019 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Discuss the duties and functions of the Inspector under the
Factories Act, 1948. [16]
2. (a) Define the term Factory under the Factories Act, 1948. [6]
(b) Define the manufacturing process. [10]
3. Explain the various measures regarding the protection of
health of workers under the Factory act, 1948. [16]
4. (a) Explain Fair Wages and Living Wages under the Minimum
Wages Act, 1848.
(b) Who will be appointed as an Inspector under the Minimum
Wages Act? [8+8]
5. Discuss, in brief, the salient features of the Fatal accident
Act, 1885. [16]

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6. Discuss the Constitution of the Corporation under Employees
State Insurance Act, 1948. What types of establishment come
within the purview of the above Act? [16]
7. State the law relating to registration, cession and
disqualification of the membership of the corporation. [16]
8. Define Worker. Discuss various provisions of welfare measure
provided by the Factory Act, 1948. [16]
9. Write short notes on any four of the following: (4×4)
(a) Dependent.
(b) Insures Person.
(c) Minimum Wages.
(d) Disablement.
(e) Wages.
(f) Standing Committee.
10. What is the time of payment of wages to the persons employed
under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936? [16]

2018 | Human Rights Law and Practice

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Discuss the concept of Human Rights with special reference
to the National and International Rights. [16]
2. Write a note on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
1948. [16]

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3. Discuss object of the International Covenants on Political and
Civil Rights, 1966 highlighting its important provisions. [16]
4. Examine the protection of Rights of Child in National and
International scenario. [16]
5. Write a note on the International Covenants on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, 1966. [16]
6. Critically analyse protection of rights on women with
reference to Indian Judicial decisions and the Convention on
Elimination of Discrimination against women, 1979. [16]
7. Discuss working of the National Human Rights Commission
and its powers as well as functions under the Human Rights Act,
1993. [16]
8. Examine the relationship between Fundamental Rights and
Directive Principles of State Policy in Indian perspectives. [16]
9. Discuss Enforcement of Human Rights in India with
reference to suitable Judicial Decisions. [16]
10. Write notes on any two of the following: [8×2]
(a) Working of the West Bengal Human Rights Commission.
(b) Public Interest Litigation.
(c) Freedom of Speech and Expression. (d) Rights to Equality.

2018 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions

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 B.A.LL.B Previous Years Question Papers
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1. What do you understand by the term 'Interpretation of
Statutes'? Explain the 'Literal or Grammatical Rule of
Interpretation' with case law. [4+12]
2. (a) Discuss the 'Golden Rule of Interpretation' with relevant
case laws. [9]
(b) Discuss the rule of Interpretation of Penal Statutes. [7]
3. (a) Discuss the rule of Harmonious Construction of
Statute. [8]
(b) 'Statutes to be read as a whole' - Explain in a statute with
Judicial Pronouncement. [8] 4. Explain any two of the following :
[8×2] (a) Noscitur a Sociis.
(b) Ejusdem Generis.
(c) Generalia Specialibus Non Derogant. (d) Rule of Pith and
Substance.
5. (a) What do you mean by Internal and External aids to
Construction? Discuss any two aids from each group. [10]
(b) Explain the rule of Interpretation of Taxing Statutes. [6]
6. Discuss in brief, the different rules of Interpretation of
Constitution with case laws. [16]
Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. (a) Discuss the salient features of the General Clauses Act,
1897. [8]
(b) What is the effect of repeal of an enactment? [8]
8. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4] (a)
Affidavit.
(b) Enactment.
(c) Offence.
(d) India.
(e) Property.

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(f) Document.
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9. (a) Discuss the nature and scope of Legislation. [6]
(b) What do you mean by 'Delegated Legislation'? Signify the
reason for Growth of Delegated Legislation. [10]
10. Explain the Bentham's Theory of Utilitarianism. [16]
2018 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. "Rio Declaration is the reaffirmation of Stockholm
Declaration with the object to establishment global partnership to
protect Human Environment" - Explain. [16]
2. (a) Discuss the purpose and object of enacting the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [6]
(b) Briefly narrate the concept of 'Polluter Pays Principle' and
explain it with the help of the decision given by the Supreme Court
in the 'Oleum Gas Leak Case'. [4+6]
3. (a) Briefly discuss the emergency measures that the State
Board may take to mitigate air pollution under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(b) Discuss the significance of the 'Taj Trapezium' case as
decided by the Apex Court in the area of air pollution. [8]
4. (a) Discuss the concept of 'Consent Mechanism' in respect of
the State Board as a safeguard against air pollution as provided
in the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]

Page | 31
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(b) Briefly discuss 'Absolute Liability' and its development in
India with reference to decided cases. [8]
5. (a) Define the term 'Hazardous Substance' according to the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [2]
(b) What kind of restrictions have been imposed by the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for emission or discharge of
Environmental Pollutants? [6]
(c) Discuss the power of the Central Government to take
measures to protect and improve the environment as laid down
under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [8]
6. Explain how 'Public Interest Litigation' has emerged as a
weapon to redress the grievances of the people suffering from the
hazardous effect of the pollution on environment and ecology.
[16]
7. (a) Discuss the relevant provisions with regard to collection
of sample of water under the Water (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974. [8]
(b) Write a brief note on the wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. [8]
8. "The Directive Principles under the Constitution of India are
directed towards ideals of building welfare State". - Elucidate with
relevant constitutional provisions and case laws." [16]
9. (a) How does the State Government constitute an area as
'National Park' under the provision of the Wildlife (Protection)
Act, 1972? [10]
(b) Write a note on Noise Pollution. [6]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4] (a) Strict
Liability.
(b) Kyoto Protocol.
(c) Sustainable Development.
(d) Sanctuary.
(e) Green Bench. (f) Analysts.

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 B.A.LL.B Previous Years Question Papers
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2018 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Define 'Worker'. Discuss various provisions relating to safety
and health of the workers under the Factories Act, 1948. [4+12]
2. Discuss the law relating to appointment, power and duties of
Inspector as enumerated in the Factories Act, 1948. [16]
3. State the provisions regarding the employment of Young
Persons in factories in relation to Factories Act. Discuss the
provisions for the welfare of the workers under the Factories Act,
1948. [6+10]
4. (a) Define the term 'Employer' under the Minimum Wages Act.
[4]
(b) Write the remedies available to the workers who have been
paid less than the minimum rate of wages. [4]
(c) State briefly the general procedure for final determination of
disputes. [8]
5. Distinguish between 'Fair Wages' and 'Living Wages'. Discuss
elaborately the numerous powers and functions of Inspectors
under the Minimum Wages Act. [6+10]
6. (a) Define Workmen under the Workmen Compensation Act,
1923. [4]
(b) State the conditions under which an employer is liable to pay
compensation under this Act. [12]
7. (a) Explain the constitution of the 'Corporation' under the
Employees State Insurance Act, 1948. [4]

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(b) State the law relating to registration, cessation and
disqualifications of the membership of the Corporation. [12]
8. Discuss elaborately the salient features of the Fatal Accident
Act, 1855. [16]
9. State the liabilities of 'Principal' and 'Contractor' in respect of
compensation payable under the Workmen Compensation Act.
Mention the situations under which compensation be suspended
or extinguished. [8+8]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following: [4×4] (a)
Certifying Surgeon.
(b) Notice by Occupier.
(c) Minimum Wages.
(d) Insured Person.
(e) Factory.
(f) Partial and Total Disablement. (g) Dependent.

2017 | Human Rights Law and Practice

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Define the term "Human Right" and explain the scope and
ambit of it in National and International Perspectives. [16]
2. Discuss various rights as enumerated in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. [16]
3. Critically explain the utility of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, 1948 with reference to Indian scenario. [16]
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4. Discuss the National and International legal provisions and
cases relating to protection of the rights of women. [16]
5. Explain and examine the legal provisions relating to
protection of rights of child and prevention and control of child
abuse. [16]
6. Write a critical note on Reservation Policy in Human Rights
Perspective. [16]
7. Write a note on Right to Life and Personal Liberty with
reference to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Indian
Constitution. [16]
8. Discuss Right to Religion with reference to the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights and Indian Constitution. [16]
9. Critically evaluate Social Economic and Cultural Rights as
guaranteed under the International Convention and Indian
Constitution. [16] 10. Write short notes on any two from the
following : [8×2] (a) Enforcement of Human Rights in India.
(b) 'Due Process of Law' - with reference to suitable cases.
(c) Civil and Political Rights.
(d) Fundamental Duties.
(e) Working of National Human Rights Commission.

2017 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions

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 B.A.LL.B Previous Years Question Papers
2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
1. (a) What do you mean by the term "Interpretation of Statute"?
discuss. [10]
(b) Is there any difference between Construction of Statute and
Interpretation of Statutes?[6]
2. (a) What is 'Golden Rule of Interpretation'? Explain with case
laws. [8]
(b) Discuss the Rule of Harmonious Construction of Statute. [8]
3. "Intention of the legislature is a common but slippery phrase"
- (Watson). Explain the relevance of Judicial interpretation of the
intention of the legislature. [16]
4. (a) Discuss the Mischief Rule and state the reason why is it
often termed as 'Heydon's Rule'.
(b) Discuss the Doctrine of Severability and Doctrine of
Colourable Legislation. [8+8]
5. What is meant by Internal Aids to Construction of Statutes?
Explain how Preamble and
Proviso are Internal Aids. [16]
6. Explain on (any two) : [8×2]
(a) Rule of Ejusdem Generis.
(b) Mutatis Mutandis.
(c) Noscitur a Sociis.
(d) Generalia Specialibus Non-Derogant.
Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. Write short notes on (any four) : [4×4]
(a) Union Territory. (d) District Judge.
(b) Collector. (e) Service by Post.
(c) India. (f) Month and Year.

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8. Discuss the salient features of the General Clauses Act, 1897
in brief. [16]
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9. (a) Discuss the nature and scope of Legislation. [8]
(b) What do you understand the term 'Delegated Legislation'? [8]
10. Briefly discuss the different types of Legislative Instruments.
[16]
2017 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Why is the Human Environment and Development
Conference at Stockholm of 1972, regarded as the 'Magna Carta'
of environment and sustainable development? Discuss its main
principles. [16]
2. (a) Define the term 'Environment' and 'Pollution' as defined in
Environment Protection Act 1986. [2+2]
(b) Discuss the various constitutional mandates which deal with
protection of environment in our country. [12]
3. (a) State the composition of the Central Pollution Control
Board under The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974. [6]
(b) Discuss few important functions of the Central Board for
Prevention and Control of Water Pollution. [10]
4. 'The judicial grammar of interpretation has broadened the
scope and ambit of Article 21 and now it includes. Right to Live in
healthy environment under Right to Life' - Discuss. [16]
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5. (a) Discuss the various legislative measures available in India
to control Noise Pollution. [10]
(b) Discuss the judicial attitude towards control of Noise
Pollution through a landmark judgement in this regard. [6]
6. Define any four of the following : [4×4]
(a) Silence Zone. (d) Reserve Forest.
(b) Precautionary Principle. (e) Climate Change. (c) Hazardous
Substance. (f) Protected Areas.
7. What is a Sanctuary? What restrictions have been placed on
the entry in a Sanctuary? What are the duties of a person residing
in a Sanctuary? What acts are prohibited in a Sanctuary?
[3+5+4+4]
8. (a) Discuss the power of State Government to declare 'Air
Pollution Control Areas' and give instructions for ensuring
Standards for emission from automobiles. [8]
(b) What is the power of State Board to take samples of air or
emission? [8]
9. Discuss how PIL has played an important role in
environmental protection in India and how the judiciary has
applied the principles of sustainable development while deciding
the cases. [16]
10. Discuss the important of the Kyoto Protocol and state its
important provisions. [16]
2017 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

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1. Discuss, the duties and functions of the Inspector under the
Factories Act, 1948. [16]
2. Explain the various measures regarding the protection of the
health of workers under the Factories Act, 1948. [16]
3. (a) Define the term 'Factory' under the Factories Act, 1948.
[6]
(b) Discuss the general duties of Occupier of a Factory. [10]
4. (a) Define the term 'Employer' and 'Wages' under the
Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [8]
(b) Discuss the procedure to be followed in fixing the minimum
rate of Wages in an Industry.
[8]
5. (a) Explain 'Fair Wages' and 'Living Wages' under the
Minimum Wages Act, 1948. [8]
(b) Who will be appointed as an 'Inspector' under the Minimum
Wages Act? [8]
6. Discuss the liability of the Employer to pay compensation
under the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923. [16]
7. Discuss the Rights of a Workman in respect of compensation
for personal injury caused to him in an accident arisen out in the
course of employment. [16]
8. Discuss the constitution of the Corporation under the
Employees State Insurance Act, 1948. What types of
establishment come within the purview of the above Act? [16] 9.
Explain the following terms under the Employee's State Insurance
Act. [4×4] (a) Wages.
(b) Standing Committee.
(c) Employee.
(d) Disablement .
10. Discuss, in brief, the salient features of the Fatal Accident Act,
1885. [16]

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2016 | Human Rights Law and Practice

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. (a) Define the term 'Human Rights'. [4]
(b) What are the instruments that constitute the International
Bill of Human Rights? (explain in Details) [12]
2. Discuss the origin and development of Human Rights with
special reference to International Insights. [16]
3. Examine the role of UN. High Commissioner in the protection
and promotion of Human rights. [16]
4. Discuss the role of Indian Judiciary in the Protection and
Promotion of Human Rights in India. [16]
5. Discuss the concept of Human Rights with special reference
to National and International Insights. [16]
6. Discuss the scope and ambit of the Protection of Human
Rights Act of 1993. [16]
7. Write a critical note on the convention on Rights of Child,
1989. [16]
8. Discuss about the various rights recognised under
International Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against
women, 1979. [16]
9. Explain the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and
its utility. [16]

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10. Write short notes on any two : [8×2] (a) Human Rights
Courts.
(b) Human Rights and Environment.
(c) National Human Rights Commission.
(d) Human Rights and United Nation Charter.

2016 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. (a) What do you mean by Interpretation of Statute? [4]
(b) Discuss the 'Literal Rule of Interpretation' with decided case
law. [12]
2. (a) Discuss the Rule or 'Harmonious Construction of Statute'.
[8]
(b) Discuss the 'External Aids' to Construction of Statute. [8]
3. Explain (any two) : [8+8]
(a) Utres Majis Valeat Quam Parent.
(b) Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius.
(c) Reddendo Singula Singulis. (d) Ejusdem Generis.
4. (a) Explain the Rule of Interpretation of Penal Statute with
Case Laws. [8]
(b) Explain the Rule of Interpretation of Taxing Statute with case
laws. [8]

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5. (a) Explain the nature of 'Consolidating Statute' and
'Amending Statute'. [10]
(b) 'Statute to be read as a whole' - Explain. [6]
6. Discuss in Brief the different rule of Interpretation of
Constitution with case laws. [16]
Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. Discuss the following provisions of the General Clause Act,
1897 : [4×4] (a) Effect of Repeal.
(b) Computation of Time.
(c) Measurement of Distance.
(d) Revival of Repealed Enactment.
8. Write short notes (any four) : [4×4] (a) Central Act.
(b) Affidavit.
(c) Document.
(d) Immovable Property.
(e) Offence.
(f) Month and Year.
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9. (a) What is the difference between Bail and an Act? [6]
(b) Discuss the importance of 'Delegated Legislation'. [10]
10. Discuss the Bentham's Theory of Utilitarianism. [16]
2016 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
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Answer any five Questions
1. "Rio declaration reaffirmed the Stockholm declaration with
the object to establish global partnership to protect human
environment" - Explain. [16]
2. (a) State the salient features of Kyoto Protocol 1997. [8]
(b) Write a brief note on Rio-declaration 1992. [8]
3. "The Directive principles under The Constitution of India
directed towards ideals of building welfare state. Healthy
environment is also one of the elements of welfare state" - Explain.
[16]
4. Discuss the Fundamental Rights contemplated in Art. 14 and
19(1)(g) of The Constitution of India in the context of
Environmental Protection. [16]
5. Explain the objects, reasons and background of passing The
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [16]
6. Examine the power of Central Government to take measures
to protect and improve environment under the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986, Also explain 'Hazardous Substance' as
defined in The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [10+6]
7. (a) Discuss the power of the Central Government to take
measures to protect and improve the environment as laid down
under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for emission or
discharge of Environmental Pollutants.
(b) Write brief note on The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
[8+8]
8. (a) Explain the Constitutional vision of the Indian Courts
regarding the Right to
Environmental under Article 21. [8]
(b) Write a note on Writs as remedies to enforce the Right to
Environment. [8]

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9. (a) How can an area be declared as 'Air Pollution Control Area'
by the State Government? [8]
(b) What are the essential qualifications to be member of the
Pollution Control Board as laid down in the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974? [8]
10. Write short notes on any four of the following : [4×4] (a)
Polluter Pays Principle.
(b) Sustainable Development.
(c) Strict Liability.
(d) Green Bench.
(e) Precautionary Principle. (f) National Park.
2016 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Define 'Worker'. Discuss various provisions relating to 'Safety'
and 'Health' of the Workers under the Factories Act, 1948. [4+12]
2. Discuss the law relating to appointment, power and duties of
Inspector under the Factories Act, 1948. [4+6+6]
3. Write short notes on any four : [4×4]
(a) Certifying Surgeon.
(b) Working hours of adults.
(c) Employment of young persons.
(d) Factory.
(e) Notice by Occupier.
(f) Certificate of Fitness.
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4. Discuss suit for compensation to the family of a person for
loss caused to it by his death by actionable wrong under the Fatal
Accidents Act, 1885. What relief may be given by court and to
whom and in what manner? [10+6]
5. Discuss the powers and functions of 'Standing Committee'
under the Employee's State Insurance Act, 1948. Examine the
procedure for supersession of the 'Corporation' and 'Standing
Committee'. [8+8]
6. Distinguish between 'Fair Wage' and 'Living Wage'. Discuss
the power and functions of Inspector under the Minimum Wages
Act, 1948. [6+10]
7. Define 'Wages'. Describe the principles and procedure to be
followed in fixing the Minimum Rate of Wages in an Industry.
[6+10]
8. What is the time of payment of wages to the persons employed
under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936? Briefly discuss the
statutory provision relating to payment of undisbursed wages in
cases of death of employed person. [6+10]
9. Define 'Workman' under the Workmen's Compensation Act,
1923. What are the conditions under which an employer is liable
to pay compensation under this Act? [6+10]
10. Write short notes on any four : [4×4]
(a) Partial Disablement.
(b) Total Disablement.
(c) Qualification Medical Practitioner.
(d) Minimum Wages.
(e) Industrial or Other Establishment.
(f) Insured Person. (g) Dependent.

2015 | Human Rights Law and Practice

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2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. Define 'Human Rights' and trace out the history of
development of 'Human Rights' to India. [16]
2. Compare and contrast between International Covenants of
Civil and Political Rights and Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights, 1966. [16]
3. Discuss the scope and ambit of the Protection of Human
Rights Act of 1993. Discuss its important features relating to the
protection of Women. [16]
4. Write a critical note on International Convention on
Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1979. [16]
5. Discuss about various rights recognised under the
International Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989. [16]
6. Discuss the powers and functions of National and State
Human Rights Commissions established under the Protection of
Human Rights Act, 1993. [16]
7. Compare between Human Rights recognised under the
Universal Declaration of Human Right 1948 and Fundamental
Rights under the Constitution of India. [16]
8. Discuss the origin and development of Human Rights with
reference to International Insights. [16]
9. Discuss in detail the role of the Indian Apex Court in the
enforcement of Human Rights. [16] 10. Write short notes on any
two of the following : [8×2] (a) Right to Life.
(b) Equality and Non-discrimination.
(c) Human Rights Courts.

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2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
(d) Rights of Women in India.
(e) Human Rights and Environment Protection.

2015 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. (a) What do you mean by the term "Interpretation of Statute"?
Discuss. [10]
(b) Is there any difference between Constitution of Statutes and
Interpretation of Statute? [6]
2. (a) What is 'Golden Rule of Interpretation'? Explain with case
laws. [8]
(b) Discuss the Rule of Harmonious Construction of Statute. [8]
3. (a) Discuss the Mischief Rule of Interpretation with decided
case Laws. [8]
(b) Discuss the rule of Interpretation of Penal Statutes. [8]
4. Explain the different parts of a Statute with illustrations. [16]
5. Explain on (any two) : [8×2]
(a) Rule of Ejusdem Generis.
(b) Statute to be read as a whole. (c) Noscitur a Sociis.
(d) Reddendo Singula Singulis.
6. Discuss the following (any two) : [8×2] (a) Rule of Pith and
Substance.

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(b) Doctrine of Severability.
(c) Doctrine of Colourable Legislation.
Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. Write short notes on (any four) : [4×4]
(a) Offence. (d) District Judge.
(b) Collector. (e) Document.
(c) India. (f) Service by Post.
8. Discuss the salient feature of the General Clause Act, 1897
in brief. [16]
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9. (a) Discuss the nature and scope of Legislation. [10]
(b) What do you understand by the term 'Delegated legislation'?
[6]
10. Discuss the Bentham's Theory of 'Utilitarianism'. [16]
2015 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. (a) State the objects behind enacting the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986. [6]
(b) Discuss the salient feature of Rio-Declaration. [10]
2. (a) Discuss 'Polluter Plays Principle'. [8]

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2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
(b) Explain the principles laid down by the Supreme Court of
India in the Oleum Gas leak
case. [8]
3. (a) How is the Central Pollution Control Board constituted
under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974?
[8]
(b) What are the essential qualification to be a member of the
Pollution Control Board, as laid down in the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974? [8]
4. (a) Discuss the concept of 'Consent Mechanism' in respect of
the State Board as a safeguard against Air Pollution as provided
in the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981? [8]
(b) What steps should be taken by the State Board under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, in case of an
accidental emission of any Air Pollutant in excess of the standards
as laid down by the State Board? [8]
5. (a) Explain the Constitutional vision of the Indian Courts
regarding the right to Environment under article 21. [8]
(b) Write a note on Writs as remedies to enforce the Right to
Environment'. [8]
6. (a) Discuss the significance of the 'Taj Trapezium Case' as
decided by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the field of Air Pollution.
[8]
(b) Explain the restrictions on the use of loud speaker system
under the Noise Pollution
(Regulation and Control) Rule, 2000. [8]
7. (a) Briefly discuss the emergency measures that the State
Board may take to mitigate Air Pollution under the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981? [8]
(b) Discuss the briefly the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.
[8]

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8. (a) Discuss briefly the administrative machinery for
Protection and Sanctuaries in the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972.
[8]
(b) Write a brief note on 'National Park'. [8]
9. Explain how 'Public Interest Litigation' has emerged as a
weapon to redress the grievances of the people suffering from the
hazardous effect of pollution on environment and ecology. [16]
10. Write Short notes on any four of the following : [4×4] (a) Strict
Liability.
(b) Absolute Liability.
(c) Silence Zone.
(d) Hazardous Substance.
(e) Reserved Forest.
(f) Sustainable Development.
2015 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. (a) Define 'Factory' as laid down under the Factories Act,
1948. [6]
(b) What are the general duties of occupier of a Factory? [10]
2. (a) How is the Inspector under Factories Act Appointed? [6]
(b) What are the powers of an inspector as provided under the
Factories Act, 1948? [10]
3. (a) What are the provisions regarding Employment of Young
Persons in Factories? [6]

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(b) Describe the provisions for the welfare of workers under the
Factories Act, 1948. [10]
4. (a) Define the term 'Employer' under the Minimum Wages Act,
1948. [4]
(b) What is the remedy available to the worker who has been paid
less the Minimum Rates of Wages? State the procedure for the final
determination of the dispute? [12]
5. What are the conditions under which as employer is liable to
pay compensation under the
Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923? When compensation will be
suspended or extinguished?
[16]
6. (a) What shall be the amount of compensations to be paid to
the worker or his dependent? [8] What is the liability of the
Principal and the Contractor in respect of compensation
(b) Payable under the workmen's Compensation Act, 1923? [8]
7. What are the procedures for determination of period of wages
and how the wages of the employee will be disbursed? [16]
8. Explain the following terms under the Employee's State
Insurance Act, 1948. [4×4] (a) Employee.
(b) Standing Committee.
(c) Contribution. (d) Disablement.

2014 | Human Rights Law and Practice

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

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1. Discuss the concept of Human Rights with special reference
to National and International Insights. [16]
2. Write a critical note on Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, 1948. [16]
3. Discuss the various principles adopted in the International
Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women,
1979. [16]
4. Compare and contrast between Civil and Political Rights and
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as recognised in the
Covenants 1966. [16]
5. Write in brief what are the rights incorporated in the
Convention on Rights of Child 1989? [16]
6. Discuss the power and functions of the National Human
Rights Commission established under the Protection of Human
Rights Act, 1993. [16]
7. Discuss the role of the Supreme court and High Courts in
implementing Human Rights in India. [16]
8. Discuss the relation between Human Rights and Rights
guaranteed under the Constitution of Indian and compare between
them. [16]
9. "Human Rights means rights relating to life, liberty, equality
and human dignity of the individual guaranteed by the
Constitution or embodied in the international covenants and
enforceable by court in India". Critically discuss. [16]
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : [8+8] (a)
Human Rights Courts.
(b) Human Rights and Environment.
(c) Human rights and UN Charter.
(d) State Human Rights Commission.

2014 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
Page | 52
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 B.A.LL.B Previous Years Question Papers
2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. What do you understand by the term 'Interpretation of
Statute'? Explain the Literal or Grammatical Rule of Interpretation
with case law. [4+12]
2. (a) Discuss the 'Golden Rule of Interpretation' with relevant
case laws. [9]
(b) Discuss the Rule of Interpretation of Penal Statutes. [7]
3. What do you understand by the term 'Internal and External
Aids' to construction? Discuss.[16]
4. (a) Discuss the Rule of Harmonious Construction of Statute.
[8]
(b) 'Statutes to be read as a whole' - Explain. [8]
5. Explain in (any two) : [8×2] (a) Noscitur a Sociis.
(b) Utres Majis Valeat Quam Parent.
(c) Expressio Unius Est Exclusio Alterius. (d) Contemporanea
Expositio.
6. Discuss the rules of Interpretation of Constitution. [16]
Group - B
Answer any one Questions
7. (a) Discuss the object of General Clauses Act, 1897. [8]
(b) What is the effect of repeal of an enactment? [8]
8. Write short notes on (any four) : [4×4]
(a) Affidavit
(b) Immovable Property
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(c) Document
(d) Central Act
(e) District Judge
(f) Union Territory
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9. Explain the Bentham's Theory of Utilitarianism. [16]
10. (a) State the nature of 'Delegated Legislation'. [10]
(b) What do you mean by the term 'Sub-delegation of Legislative
Power'? [6]
2014 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80
8th Semester
3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. (a) Discuss the salient features of Rio Declaration, 1992. [10]
(b) Discuss - 'Polluter Pays Principle'. [6]
2. (a) Discuss the power of the Central Government to take
measures to protect and improve the environment as laid down
under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [10]
(b) What are the restrictions as imposed by the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 for emission or discharge of Environmental
Pollutants? [6]

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3. (a) How can an area be declared as 'Air Pollution Control Area'
by the State Government? [8] (b) Write a note on 'Noise Pollution'.
[8]
4. (a) Discuss the Rule of Strict Liability. [8]
(b) What are the exceptions to the above rule? [8]
5. (a) Define the term 'Hazardous Substance' as laid down under
the Environment (Protection Act), 1986. [4]
(b) Trace the relationship between the 'Public Nuisance' and
'Environment Pollution'. Answer in the light of the various Court
decisions. [12]
6. (a) What is the meaning of 'Silence Zone' as laid down under
the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000? [4]
(b) How does the State Government constitute an area as
'National Park' under the
provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. [12]
7. (a) Examine the environmental concerns directly addressed
by the Constitution of India. [8]
(b) Can you discuss a case law in which Hon'ble Supreme Court
issued directions under Article 48A of the Constitution to protect
environment? [8]
8. "Protection of environment is not only the duty of the citizens
but is also the obligation of the State and all other State organs
including the Court" - Justify the comment in the Indian Context
with special reference to the Judicial Activism. [16]
9. (a) How is the 'Central Pollution Board' Constituted under the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974? [10]
(b) What are the essential qualifications to be a member of the
Pollution Control Board, as laid down in the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974? [6]
10. Write short notes (any four) : [4×4] (a) Green Bench.
(b) Environment Pollutant.
(c) Sanctuary.
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(d) Precautionary Principle.
(e) Village Forests.
(f) Absolute Liability.
2014 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Answer any five Questions
1. (a) Define 'Factory' under the Factories Act - 1948. [3]
(b) What notice an occupier is required to give before he occupies
the premises as to Factory? [5]
(c) What are the general duties of Manufacturer as regards
articles and substances for use in factories? [8]
2. Enumerate the various measures contemplated by the
factories Act - 1948 regarding protection of the health of workers.
[16]
3. (a) What are the previous regarding employment of young
persons in factories?
(b) Describe the provisions for the welfare for workers under the
Factories Act, 1948? [6+10]
4. (a) Define the term 'Employer' under the Minimum Wages Act,
1948. [4]
(b) What is the remedy available to the worker who has been paid
less than the minimum rates of wages? State the procedure for
the final determination of the dispute? [8]
(c) When court will not entertain any complaint? [4]
5. (a) Define the term 'Wages' under the Minimum Wages Act,
1948. [4]
(b) Describe the principles and procedure to be followed in fixing
the Minimum Rate of Wages in an Industry. [12]
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6. (a) What is the time of payment of wages to the persons
employed under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936? [7]
(b) How Inspector are appointed under this Act? Describe the
powers and functions of Inspector. [9]
7. (a) What are the conditions under which an Employer is liable
to pay compensation under the Workmen's Compensation act,
1923? [8]
(b) What shall be the amount of compensation to be paid to the
worker or his dependent? [8]
8. (a) Explain the constitution of the corporation under the
Employees State Insurance Act, 1948. [7]
(b) What are the provisions of law as to resignation, cessation
and disqualification of the membership of corporation? [9]
9. (a) What is meant by Contribution? How the Payment of
Employers and Employees are made? [4+6]
(b) Discuss the procedure for calculation of average daily wages.
[6]
10. (a) Under what circumstances, a suit for compensation to be
family of a person for loss occasioned to it by his death by
actionable wrong may be filed under the fatal accident Act, 1885?
[9]
(b) What relief may be given by court and to whom and in what
manner? [7]
2013 | Human Rights Law and Practice
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 1st Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Answer any five Questions

1. (a) What is meant by 'Human Rights'? [6]

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(b) What are the instruments that constitute the International
Bill of Human Rights? Explain in detail. [10]
2. Discuss the salient feature of Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. Examine the binding effect of the Declaration on
domestic system of laws. [8+8]
3. Trace out the provision of Human Rights contained in the
Constitution of India? [16]
4. Explain the relationship between "Human Rights" and
"Fundamental Rights" under the Constitution of India. Write a note
on "Human Rights of Women". [12+4]
5. (a) Write a note on International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights, 1996. (b) Discuss its legal effects in India. [12+4]
6. Examine the role of the Indian Judiciary in the protection and
promotion of Human Rights in India. [16]
7. (a) What is the role of the UN High Commissioner in the
protection of Human Rights? [8]
(b) Discuss the function of the office of the High Commission for
Human Rights. [8]
8. Discuss the power and function of National Human Rights
Commission as laid down in the Protection of Human Rights Act,
1993. [16]
9. (a) Discuss the constitution and jurisdiction of the State
Human Rights Commission. [10] Is there any limitation laid down
in the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, on the (b) power of
the Commission relating to inquiries? [6]
10. Write short notes on any two of the following : [8+8] (a) Rights
of Child.
(b) Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
(c) Right to compensation for wrongful arrest, detention and
torture. (d) Human Right Court

2013 | Interpretation of Statutes and Principles of Legislation

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2023 – 2013 University of Calcutta
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 2nd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.

Group - A
Answer any three Questions
1. (a) What do you mean by Interpretation of Statute? What is the
object of Interpretation? [10]
(b) Is there any difference between Constitution of Statute and
Interpretation of Statutes? [6] 2. (a) What is 'Golden Rule of
Interpretation'? It is really so golden? [8]
(b) Discuss the Mischief Rule and state the reason why is it often
termed as 'Haydon's Rule'.
[8]
3. 'Intention of the Legislature is a common but slippery phrase'
-(Watson). Explain the relevance of judicial interpretation of the
intention of the Legislature. [16]
4. What is meant by Internal Aids to Construction of Statutes?
Explain how Preamble and Proviso are Internal Aids. [16]
5. (a) Discuss the what type of Rule of Construction of Statutes?
Explain how preamble and Proviso are Internal Aids. [16]
(b) Explain the Rule of Interpretation of Penal Statutes. [6]
6. Write short notes on (any four) : [4×4] (a) Rule of Ejusdem
Generis.
(b) Reddendo Singula Singulis.
(c) Generalia Specialibus Non-Derogant.
(d) Mutatis Mutandis.
(e) Consolidating Statutes.
Group - B
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Answer any one Questions
7. Write short notes on (any four) : [4×4]
(a) Central Act.
(b) Union Territory.
(c) Collector.
(d) India.
(e) Month and Year.
(f) Offence.
(g) District Judge.
(h) Service of Post.
8.
(a) Discuss the nature and object of the general Clauses Act,
1897. [10] (b) What is the effect of repeal of an enactment? [6]
Group - C
Answer any one Questions
9.
(a) State the nature and scope of Legislation. [8]
(b) What is the difference between Bill and an Act? [8]
10. Briefly discuss the Bentham's Theory of Utilitarianism. [16]
Or,
Briefly discuss the different types of Legislative Instruments.
2013 | Environmental Law
Full Marks - 80 8th Semester 3rd Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Answer any five Questions

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 B.A.LL.B Previous Years Question Papers
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1. (a) What do you mean by the term 'Environment' and
'Environmental Pollution' under the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986? [4]
(b) What are the objects behind the enactment of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986? [4] (c) Discuss the
salient features of Rio Declaration. [8]
2. (a) Define the term 'Board' as laid down under the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. [4]
(b) How is the Central Pollution Control Board constituted under
the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. [6]
(c) What are the essential qualifications to be a member of the
Pollution Control Board, as laid down in the Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. [6]
3. (a) Define the term 'Air Pollution' as laid down under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [4]
(b) Discuss the concept of 'Consent Mechanism' in respect of the
state Board as a safeguard against Air Pollution as provided in the
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. [8]
(c) What steps should be taken by the State Board under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, in case of an
accidental emission of any Air Pollution is excess of the standards
as laid down by the State Board? [4]
4. (a) What is the constitutional vision of the Indian Courts
regarding the Right to Environment under Article 21 of the
Constitution. [8]
(b) Are Constitutional Writs available as remedies to enforce the
Right to Environment? [8]
5. (a) What do you understand by the Concept of 'Absolute
Liability'? Trace its development in our country with reference to
decided cases. [6+6]
(b) Distinguish between 'Strict and Absolute Liability'. [4]
6. (a) Define the term 'Hazardous Substance' as laid down under
the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. [4]

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(b) What are the restrictions as imposed by the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 for emission or discharge of Environmental
Pollution? [4]
(c) Discuss the power of the Central Government to take
measures to protect and improve the environment as laid down
under the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. [8]
7. (a) What do you mean by the term 'Wild Life' and 'Wild Animal'
as defined under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972? [4]
(b) What are the restrictions on entry in a Sanctuary? What are
the purpose for which visit may be allowed to the Sanctuary? [8]
(c) Distinguish between National Parks and Sanctuaries under
Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. [4]
8. Discuss the Role of Public Interest Litigation in development
of Environment Jurisprudence in the country. Cite relevant case
laws. [16]
9. (a) Discuss the power of the State Pollution Control Board to
take samples of any sewage or trade effluent for the purpose of its
analysis and the procedure to be followed in connection therewith
as laid down under the Water (Prevention and control of Pollution)
Act, 1974. [12]
(b) How is the report of the result of analysis of such sample
prepared by the analyst? [4]
10. Write short notes (any four) :
(a) Sustainable Development.
(b) Polluter Pays Principle.
(c) State Water Laboratory.
(d) National Park.
(e) Reserved Forests.
(f) Government Analyst.
(g) Ganga Pollution.
(h) Air Pollution Control Area.

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2013 | Labour and Industrial Laws I
Full Marks - 80
8th Semester
4th Paper
The figures in the margin indicate full marks, Candidates are
required to give their answer in their own words as far as
practicable.
Answer any five Questions
1. (a) Define 'Factory' as laid down under the Factories Act,
1948. [6]
(b) What are the general duties of occupier of a Factory? [10]
2. (a) How is the Inspector under Factories Act appointed? [6]
(b) What are the power of an Inspector, as provided under the
Factories Act, 1948? [10]
3. (a) What procedure is followed for granting certificate of
fitness by Certifying Surgeon? [10]
(b) What is the period of work of children employed in Factory?
[6]
4. Which types of safety measures will be taken in favour of
workers during working hours under the Factories Act, 1948?
explain. [16]
5. (a) Discuss the power of commissioner under the Workman's
Compensation Act, 1923 for awarding of compensation. [6]
(b) Discuss the rights of a workman in respect of compensation
for personal injury caused to him in an accident arisen out and in
the course of employment. [10]
6. What is the liability of the principal and the contactor in
respect of compensation payable under the Workman's
Compensation Act, 1923 and when compensation will be
suspended or extinguished? [16]

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7. (a) What are the power of Standing Committee under E.S.I.
Act, 1948? [8]
(b) What are the procedure for supersession of the corporation
and Standing Committee? [8]
8. What are the procedure for determination of period of wages
and how the wages of the employee will be disbursed? [16]
9.
(a) Define 'Fair Wages' and 'Living Wages' under the Minimum
Wages Act, 1948. [8]
(b) Who will be appointed as an 'Inspector' under the Minimum
Wages Act, 1948. [8] 10. Explain the following terms under the
Employee's State Insurance Act, 1948 : [4×4] (a) Employee.
(b) Dependant.
(c) Disablement.
(d) Wage .

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