LAND

INTRODUCTION

• application of engineering and biological principles to the

solution of soil and water management problems
• Conservation – implies utilization without waste –
continuous high level of crop production while improving
environmental quality
• engineering problems in soil and water conservation:
1. erosion control
2. drainage
3. irrigation
4. flood control
5. water resources
development and
conservation
 INTRODUCTION

• sound soil and water conservation is based on full

integration of engineering, atmospheric, plant and soil
sciences
• soil physical, chemical and engineering characteristics
• soil-plant-water-environment interactions
• creation of proper environment for
optimum plant and animal production
• rural-urban interface; air and water
pollution control
• social and economic aspect; local and
national gov’t policies, laws and regulations
• ground and satellite mapping techniques
(GIS), weather records and prediction,
soil survey reports, computers,
numerical simulations (modeling)
 INTRODUCTION

• increasing population will dictate the necessity of

conserving land and water resources
• decreasing population of wildlife, extinction of species – air
and water pollution, loss of habitat
• soil erosion is one major cause of water pollution
• conversion of prime farmlands to urban development
• natural resources should be passed on to future
generations in as good or better condition than previous
generations have left them
• growing trend of conservation (gov’t incentives, private
sector-led, short- and long-term economic benefits)
• recycling of paper, glass, metals, etc.
• waste segregation; plastic ban
• increasing costs of waste disposal
 INTRODUCTION

• caused principally by human exploitation of natural

resources and removal of protective vegetative cover
• urban-rural interface problems – high population density;
increased runoff – severe changes in land use
• erosion control is essential to maintain crop productivity as
well as sedimentation and pollution control in waterways
• it takes nature hundreds or thousands of years to build a
cm of top soil but get displaced in a year due to misuse
• factors affecting include: climate (rainfall regime), soil type,
vegetative cover, topography (slope), conservation practice

http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/
mass_movement_weathering/water_erosion.html
 INTRODUCTION

• involves water and its movement on land surface or through

soil mass for optimum crop growth
• drainage – land improvement; leaching – reclaim saline or
sodic soils; maintain low water table
• irrigation – increase crop production, improve germination,
control air temperature, applying chemicals
• development of reservoirs (storage facilities) to provide
water at places and times at which it is not available
• increase cropping intensity; crop intensification
• groundwater extraction and recharge; land subsidence
 INTRODUCTION

• floods cause loss of life, crops, and property as well as

cause health hazards, water pollution, and interruption of
basic services (transportation, communication, etc.)
• flood losses will increase in the future because of continued
development and unpredictable weather patterns
• flood control consists of prevention of overland flow on low
lands and the reduction of flow in streams during and after
heavy storms

newsinfo.inquirer.net
 INTRODUCTION

• agriculture accounts for between 60-80% of total water use

• about 40% (Todd, 1979) of the water for irrigation was not
available to crops
• losses include conveyance, seepage, percolation,
evaporation and transpiration
• elimination/reduction of losses; improve efficiency
• water harvesting techniques; groundwater recharge
• in water-short areas, soil water is conserved by modified
tillage and crop management techniques, level terracing,
contouring, pitting, reservoirs, and other physical means of
retaining rainfall in the soil and reducing evapotranspiration
• the Philippines is blessed with abundant water
resources
• water has been generally regarded as
inexhaustible
• recent events however, greatly enhanced
interests in water resources management,
development and conservation
• rapidly growing population requires increased
agricultural and industrial production and
additional sites for human settlements
• on the national level, water seems to be an
abundant resource in the Philippines
• the average annual quantity available from
all sources far exceeds the total national
demand
• its distribution in terms of quality and
quantity is, however, extremely variable in
space and time
• supply rarely coincides with demand
• often, water tends to be available in the
wrong place, at the wrong time with the
wrong quality
 Water Groundwater Surface Water Total Water Estimated
Resources @ 80% Potential Demand in available
Region Dependability 2025 water in 2025
I 1,248 3,250 4,498 3,041 1,457
II 2,825 8,510 11,335 12,466 -1,131
III 1,721 7,890 9,611 18,168 -8,557
IV 1,410 6,370 7,780 10,052 -2,272
V 1,085 3,060 4,145 4,167 -22
VI 1,144 14,200 15,341 7,595 7,749
VII 879 2,060 2,939 2,729 210
VIII 2,557 9,350 11,907 1,956 9,951
IX 1,082 12,100 13,182 4,598 8,584
X 2,116 29,000 31,116 3,682 27,434
XI 2,375 11,300 13,675 4,141 9,534
XII 1,758 18,700 20,458 12,806 7,652
TOTAL 20,200 125,790 145,990 85,401 60,586
Master Plan for Water Resources Development in the Philippines, JICA-NWRB, 1998
 INTRODUCTION

• Total land area: 30M ha

Alienable and disposable: 14.2 M ha
Forest: 6.84M ha – 23% (FMB 2010 data)
• Agricultural Land Area: 12.57 M ha – 42% (2010)
• Irrigated area: 1,678,595 ha
• PD 1067:
Water Code of the Philippines
“Article 3a. All waters belong to
the State.”
• Rainfall:
Annual Mean Rainfall: 2,030 mm
Range: 965 to 4,064 mm
 Land and Water Resources in the Philippines

• Surface Water: 421 rivers

Cagayan River basin (25,649 km2)
Mindanao River basin (23,169 km2)
Agusan River basin (10,921 km2)
Pampanga River basin (9,759 km2)
Agno River basin (5,952 km2)
(1 km2 = 100 ha)
• 79 natural lakes and more than
100,000 ha of freshwater swamps
Laguna de Bay (90,000 has)
Lake Lanao (34,700 has)
Lake Taal (23,356 has)
Candaba swamp (32,000 has)
Agusan marshland (86,359 has)
Liguasan/Libungan marshland
(280,000 has)
 Land and Water Resources in the Philippines

• Dams - 7 large and 54 small dams (total capacity = 80M m3)

- a dam is considered large when storage capacity exceeds
50M m3 and the structural height is more than 30 m
Angat Dam - San Lorenzo, Norzagaray, Bulacan
• rock-fill dam; spilling level ~219 m
• storage capacity of ~850 M m3
• provide irrigation to ~31,000 ha in
20 towns in Pampanga and Bulacan;
• supply domestic and industrial water
in Metro Manila;
• generate hydroelectric power to feed the Luzon Grid;
• reduce flooding to downstream towns and viIIages
• watershed has a moderate to intensive forest cover with
drainage area of ~about 568 km2 which receives an average
annual rainfall of about 4,200 mm
 Dams in the Philippines

• designed to provide 75 MW of energy to Luzon grid

• Ambuklao River
• earth and rockfill dam; 129 m in height and 452 m in length;
crest elevation is 758 m
• gross storage capacity of the reservoir ~ 327.2 M m3 and
usable storage capacity of 258 M m3
• drainage area is 686 km2
Pulangi IV – Maramag, Bukidnon
• watershed area of 1.8 M ha, capacity of 255 MW and
irrigating ~8,000 ha
• pond area of 1,985 ha and reservoir capacity of 67 M m3
 Dams in the Philippines

• rock-fill dam located on Magat River, between Alfonso Lista,

lfugao and Ramon, Isabela
• constructed in 1983, one of the largest dams in the country
• provides irrigation water for ~85,000 ha of agricultural lands
• hydroelectric power with a rated capacity of 360 MW
• 117 km2 reservoir: normal level of 178.3 m (max 193 m)
• watershed area ~412,000 has
• storage capacity ~1.08 B m3
 Dams in the Philippines

• storage capacity of ~3 B m3
• provides irrigation to ~100,000 ha rice lands; power
generation of 100 MW; and flood control of 330 M m3
• zoned earth-fill dam with vertical impervious core, lying on
weak cemented conglomerates, sandstone, siltstone and
shales
• major embankment across Pampanga River and an
auxiliary dam
across Aya Creek
with a saddle
dam connecting
both
 Dams in the Philippines

• height of 107 m above streambed, a crest length of 1,615 m

and with some 12 M m3 of embanked materials
• reservoir life is estimated to be 107 years based on the
observed sedimentation rate or 6.75 MCM/year (1990)
• Casecnan Multi-Purpose Irrigation and Power Project
(CMIPP) – envisioned to divert an average of 800 M m3 of
water from the Casecnan and Taan (Denip) rivers in Nueva
Vizcaya to the Pantabangan reservoir through a 26-km, 6.5-
m diameter tunnel
• diverted water is used to irrigate ~35,000 ha new farms in
Guimba, Cuyapo, Munoz, Nampicuan and Talugtog towns of
Nueva Ecija and ensure adequate irrigation supply to the
100,000-ha service area of UPRIIS
• the project also generates additional 140 MW of
hydroelectric power
 Dams in the Philippines

• earth dam first erected in 1929 and then further raised in

1959 to a maximum storage capacity of 50.5 M m3
• overflow level is at an elevation of 80.15 m
• watershed area is ~27 km2, which receives an average
annual rainfall of 2,000 mm
San Roque Dam: San Roque Mulitpurpose Project – San
Manuel and San Nicolas, Pangasinan
• with massive gated spillway and 200-m high, 1.2-km long
embankment dam on the Agno River
• reservoir surface area is
~12.8 km2 extending North
into the municipality of
ltogon, Benguet
 Dams in the Philippines

• started commercial operation on May 1, 2003

• installed rated capacity of 345 MW
• provides irrigation to 12,000 ha in Pangasinan, which can be
extended to 34,450 ha upon completion of the Agno River
Integrated Irrigation Project (ARIIP)
 Land and Water Resources in the Philippines

• Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIPs)

- 318 units, with a service area of 18,159 ha (BSWM)
• Small Farm Reservoirs (SFRs) – no data
• Groundwater Resources
Shallow Well Areas: 5.1764 M has
Deep Well Areas: 12.3023 M has
Difficult Areas: 12.2534 M has
 Areal extent in million ha
⚫ Shallow well areas are mostly
located at elevations below 50 m
above mean sea level. Shallow
5.1
Difficult
⚫ Deep well areas are usually 12.2
located at elevation above 50 Deep
meters above mean sea level. 12.3

Aquifers are usually located at a

depth of more than 20 meters
below ground surface.
⚫ Difficult areas are areas with
insufficient data to be classified as
either shallow or deep well areas
and areas with varying
groundwater depths (e.g., faults
and other geologic discontinuities).
 INTRODUCTION

• the Philippines has never been any smaller, it will never be

any bigger
• the country's land and water resource has to support a
population growing at an average annual rate ~2.3%,
estimated at ~105 million as of 2013 census
• our natural resources are feeling the strains from our needs
and wants
• having been taught by the pains of natural or man-made
disasters, environmental degradation, urban decay and
increasing socio-economic injustice, we now know what
good land and water resources are worth
 INTRODUCTION

1. Land and water resources degradation

• BSWM est. 623M metric tons over 28 M has
• in 1990, 45% of total land area of the country was
affected by soil erosion, of which 17% was under severe
erosion and the rest was moderately affected
• by region, CAR is highly affected at 63% followed by
Region 10 at 54%; least affected was Region 3 at 26%
• in 1988, ~339 M metric tons of soil were eroded
• in 1993 increased to 342 M metric tons
• sediment from farming ~67 to 68 M tons per year
• annual average nutrient loss expressed in fertilizer
equivalent is at least 194,000 tons of nitrogen, 40,000
tons of phosphorous and 30,000 tons of potassium
 Issues and Problems

water
• rapid increase in the use of water as demand from
domestic. industrial and agriculture rise
• heavy pollution loads and climatic changes
• posing threats on the sustainability of these resources
and related ecosystem and on health of populace
• 97 of 251 rivers belonged to class A1 (1997)
• ~30% of the class A rivers were found in Region X
• as of 2013, NWRB granted a total of 21,108 water rights
(surface and ground water) with total abstraction rate of
6,312,819 Ips (199,081 MCM)
• Irrigated area – 1,678,595 ha – about 55.6% irrigation
development (Dec 2013)
• 1,327 wells with total production of 612.95 M m3 per year
serving 27% of the population (LWUA, 1997)
 INTRODUCTION

• competing land uses; massive and indiscriminate

land conversion has been threatening agricultural
lands
• natural calamities like volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes and typhoons also create an
enormous impact on the land and soil consistency
and formation
• increasing areas used for kaingin purposes in
uplands
• as of 2010, more than 12 M ha were
devoted to agricultural use (~42% of total
land area)
 INTRODUCTION

3. Data availability and reliability

• effective water management and regulation is still
constrained with insufficient data (esp. ecological data)
• very limited historical data; most are outputs of projects
and special studies and some are only projections
• in addition, information are available in different agencies
and need to be organized in such a manner that would
facilitate analysis of their linkages
3. Support

D. Qualitative assessment of on-site and off-site effects of

soil erosion, sedimentation and water resources
quality and quantity degradation