[go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd
Upload
47 views25 pages

S-Block Elements Notes

S-block elements notes from Vidyamandir Module Class 11

Uploaded by

GOVIND SHARMA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
47 views25 pages

S-Block Elements Notes

S-block elements notes from Vidyamandir Module Class 11

Uploaded by

GOVIND SHARMA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25
  • My standard Reduction pote s postive itmeans element desires to gin electon and ts opative it means element | desires to oor eleon Farr, lowe the tandard eduction potential, higher will beth tendency to loose electro, Stand redeton potential (5 fran kal metal presents the veal change: My —> Mo Sublimation enthalpy Mig) > Mig +1" Tonization enthalpy Mi + HO — Ming hydration enthalpy Lithium has the most negative standard reduction potential than any other element in the periodic table, Why ? Lig) SM SESNIL 5, Seas i gyrA ge ‘Total energy absorbed = Aal, + A yH,, + Aya Hs = 159+ 520.2520 159.2ki/mol. Nigy Du PRI 5 gM RIT ge, ype AE ATO ge ye 2 se say cue or EE one es Total energy absorbed =A,Tly,+A,sFly, #8, Hyp = 1074 495.8406 = 1968 Kino Hence total energy absorbed in Ligy —Litig) + le” isess and also least as compared to any other clement. Therefor ‘thas most negative standard reduction pos ‘Lihas most nogatve standard eduction potential or highestendency for Li) —> Lifg) + le"). Itseems that ection ‘of Li with water should be mos vigorous. Bu itis surprising that Li reacts less vigorously with water than other alka ametals Th explanation les nthe Kneis (lat isthe at at whieh the reaction proceeds) rater than inthe thermodynamics (ch (i) Reducing Character Among alkali metals, Lithium has strongest reducing character and sodium las leas reducing character and rest are almost the same ‘otal amount of encrgy absorbed). You will study more sbout kinetics in upeoming modules. [Lower the siandard reduction potential (considering the sign also) higher isthe 1educing character} (iv) Solution in liquid Ammor Liquid Ammonia is also a zoos polar solvent next to water: Ammonia gas (bp. =~ 33°C) is condensed give liquid ammonia, Both water and armmonia undergo self ionization 2H,0 = H,0* + oH 2NH, == NH} + NH ‘When small mous of sodium sada in iguid ammonia (e.Dile Soluons of Nai quid Ammonis) sodium met Jookes un eletrn to give sodium cation, both ofthese fons are solvated by liquid sunmonia to give a be coloured solution whieh is highly conducting. M404 + 9) NH) —9 MONE) He(NE)T ‘The blue colour ofthe solution is duc tothe ‘ammoniatedeletron’ which absorbs energy in tho visible region of light and thus imparts blue colour othe solution, The conducting nature is also mainly de fo solvated eleston, ‘The solution is paramagnetic in nature and on standing slowly liberates hydrogen resulting in the formation of amide: © # NH) — NH) +5 Hay) Concentrated sol formation of metal ion clusters. i of Na in Liquid ammonia is metalic bronze in colour and diamagnetic in nawre due 16 [A Group - Introduction Alle alkaline eath metals hve two -cectomin the outermost bel which they ls, they wl give divalent MP" eation having stable noble gus configuration. The sizeof atoms and fons of allie earth meals increases dow the group. Physical Properties : () Electropositve character Alkaline earth metals ate highly leciropositive in nature and Ele set suc oto Sp : oposiive character inerease dawn the group. s-Block Elements & Compounds Vid (i) tonization enthalpy ‘Second ionization enthalpy is very high than frstionization enthalpy. Its due tothe fut that extracting an electron from «postive ion becomes dificult, Both firs and second ionization energy decreases down the group. (ii) Density ‘The density of alkaline eurth metals ishigh as compared toalkall metals, And ws we go down the group both he mass and ‘volume of alkali metals increases but the resultant effect tat isthe density do not show a regular change, AS we move down the group, it first decreases (upto Ca) and then increases, So, the tend is: Ba> Sr> Be > Mg >Ca {(v) Melting Point and Boiling Point “Melting point and boiling point of alkaline earth metals is higher than the alkali metals. As we move down the group, Melting point and Boiling point don't show a regular change Chemical properties : oR Alkaline earth metals react with irForming an oxide anda ire tivity towards ai My) > MO + MyNz (where M= Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) ‘The case of above reaction depends on electropositive character and hence increases down the group. In the case of used to provide Hight in lash photography using light bulk. (Mg, it buns with a dazaling white light w! (i) Reactivity towards water ONC: My MP, 4 267 RHC: 247,09 + 26” — Hy + 2087 Now. to check the ease of reaction for different metals, we have to check the Oxidation Half Cell reaction al his rection refers tothe reducing ability (Standard Reduction Potential of the metal, [And, Since for alkaline earth metals reducing character increases dow the group, the ease of reaction of alkaline earth metals with water increases down the group. Experimentally, it is seen that Be reacts only with team and Magnesium ean react with both hot waterandsteam and Ca, Sr, Ba react even with cold water rapidly (ii) Solutions in liquid ammonia In liquid ammonia, group II metals form bright blue dilute solutions containing solvated electrons and metal hexa ammoniates. The metal hexammaniates form ammides on heating which further form nitrides and NH, concentrated solutions are bronze coloured. (iv) Reducing character [Less is the standard reduction potential more will be reducing character and since the standard reduction potential decreases down the group, the reducing charseter of alkaline earth mevals inereases down the group. : se sty cs En nse sal anes 8 compound IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - A Choose the correct altern: than one correct option. Only One choice is correct. However, question marked with ‘** may have more SL. Highly pure dilute solution of sodium in liquid amononia (A) Shows bite colour (8) Exits electrical conductivity (© Produces sodium amide (D) Produces Hy gas. 2. Sodan emits bright Dlines in region of specteum : Red th) tndigo © yellow Gren ®3. The compound(s) formed upon combustion of Nain excess iri (are) Nao, (B)Na,0 © Mad, )NooH 4. Which of he following properties of Group Felements decreases on going down the group. (Cohesive energy (8) Reactivity with water (© Standard reduction potential D) Reducing character © Densiey Melting and boitng points. S. Among the given siatements the incorrect one is: (A) Beediffers much more from other alkali earth metals than Li does from others alkali metals ()—_Beformsa very trang complex BeCHO).* (© Be generals forms covalent compounds (©) Be usualy has more than four water oferstalisotion associated with it IMPORTANT CONCEPTS Section - 2 In this section we will discuss some important concepts related to seblock elements Lattice enthalpy Iris the energy required to separate one mole of a solid jonic compound completely in gaseous ions, Lattice Enthalpy of breaking solid NaClin gaseous Na* and CY is +788 Kol. Ina system of +ve and -ve ion the enengy required to separate the two ions is inversely proportion to the distance hetween the centres ofthe wo ions, 1 > lke (6° isthe radius of 4¥e ion and ris the radius of —ve ion.) For a given sion and different cations as we move down the group the size of eation increase and consequently the interionic distance between cation and anion increases, Hence, the lattice enthalpy would decrease down the group. Also you may note that asthe charge of ion increases the Lattice Fnthalpy increases, Therefore, Lattice Euthalpy of group metal salts is more as compared to corresponding group T metal sats, se ty oso th cn pa : lock Elements & Compounds Siren Hydration Enthalpy Hydration Enihallpy refers to the energy released when one mole of gaseous jon is dissolved (or hydrated) in water, Strictly speaking, value of Hy dation Enthaply is equal tothe energy absorbed when one mole of gaseous ion is dissolved in water. Forexample,ifenergy is released on dissolving some in in water, its hydration enthalpy will bea negative quantity and its ‘magnitude willbe equal to the magnitude of energy released. ‘When an ion is dissolved in water it atracts water molecules, Thus, a number of water molecules surround it and w cluster is formed. The number of water molecules surrounded by a cation depends on the ability ofthe cation to polarise the water molecule. More the polarising power of cation, larger number of water molecules will surround it, Among alkali metals cations, Li* hus highest polarising power, hence, alarge numberof water molecules will suround it, The numbers so large that the hydrated Lit becomes heavier than hydrated Na“ The hy rated Na* being lighter moves easily in waters compared ‘tw hydrated Li*, hence Nar solution is more conducting than the solution of L Also, note tha more the polarising power of cation, more i willbe hydrated and more energy will be released, And therefore, hydration enthalpy will be more negative. Thus down the group magnitude of hydration enthalpies of metal ions deereases. Thermal Stability Hereby we willdscuss the thermal stability of group Land group I metal oxen... carbonates, trate, sulphates et. For simplicity let us consider meta earbonates and diseuss their thermal stability Example: The effect of Heat on the metal carbonates : Allhe carbonates undergo thermal decomposition to give the metal oxide and carbon dioxide gas, Thermal decomposition is the term given to splitting up a compouna by heating it XCO (6) —> XOW) + C034) As you godown the group, the carbonates have tobe este more strongly before they will decompo ‘oF metal carbonates increase dwn the group. Let us try to understand the explanation of this fact ‘Thermal stability Explaining the trend in terms ofthe polarising ability of the positive ion : A sonal! cation has Jot of charge packed ino a small volume of space. It has a high charge density anal will have a marked distorting effect on any negative tons which happen to be near it. Abiigger cation has the same charge spread over larger volume of space. Is charge density wil be lower, and it will cause less distortion to nearby negative ions. The structure ofthe carbonate on : IF you worked out the structure of a carbonate fon, you would probably come up with : é ‘The shows two single carbon-oxygen bonds and one double, with two of the oxygens each carrying a negative charge. Unfortunately, in real carbonate ions all the bonds are identical, and the charges ate spread out over the whole jon - although concentrated on the oxygen atoms, We say that the charges are delocalised, Set Su Course for IEE wth on Support eis s-Block Elements & Compounds ‘The next diagram shows the delocalised electrons, The shading is intended to show that there isa greater chance of finding, them around the oxygen atoms than near the carbon, Polarising the carbonate ion : Now imagine what happens when this ion is placed next to a positive ion. The postive fon attracts the delovalised electrons in the carbonate ion towards itself, The carbonate ion becomes polarised. The eelcalsed elections epee oar nits ay te breaking tay and becoming - rbon dowd oO _— hisorgen atom ‘allen the eyo becoming amend ion I this is heated, the carbon dioxide breaks fre to leave the metal oxide, How much you need to heat the carbonate before that happens depends on how polarised the ion was, IF is highly polarised, you need less heat than if tis only slightly polarised. ‘The smaller the positive ion is the higher the charge density, and the greater effect it will have onthe carbonate ion. As the positive ions get bigger as you yo down the Group, they have less effect on the carbonate fons near them, To compensate for that, you have to heat the compound more in order to persuade the carbon dioxide wo break fee and eave the metal oxide, nother words, as you go down the Group, the carbonates become more thermally stable, In case of Nitrates, Group II metal nitrates decompose to give metal oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gos while Group I ‘metal nitrates except lithium) decompose to give metal nitrite and oxygen gas, Lithium nitrate behaves in & way similar 19 ‘group Il metals giving. Li,0, NO, and O, on decomposition, CuN0); 4 C20 + NO} + 05 LINO, —44 14,0 + NOs +05 NaNO, 2°, nanos #05 NaNO, “C5 Na,O + Ny +O NaNO, on very” strong beating gives Na,O, N, and O,. Metal sulphates decompose to give metal oxide, SO, and O;, ‘Thermal stability ofall these oxosaltsinerease down the group and the explanation lies in a way similar to as given for metal carbonates, Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support s-Block Elements & Compounds: IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - B The crystalline compounds of Group Il contain more water of crystallization than corresponding Group 1 compounds. Why? Choose the correct alternative. Only One choice is correct. 2. Select the incorrect statement : (A) Hydration enthalpy of metal ions in general decreases down the group. (8) Conduetivity of metal ion soluions increases down the group. (©) The hydration number of metal ions decreases down the group. (D) The lattice enthalpy of block elements inereases down the group. 3. Which of the following shows an increase in solubility down the group = (A) Alkaté merats (8) Alkali metal carbonates (©) Atkaté metal chlorides () Alkaline earth metal sulphares 4. Kdentify she correct order of increasing thermal stabilaes of L K,co, 1 Mgco, ll Caco, NM Beco, The correct option is () TelleMeIv (i) Welletel (@) Welletem ()) MetVelticr S.—_LINO, decomposes to give: (\) NO, 0 © 9, ) NO, IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF s-BLOCK Section - 3 1. Oxides, Peroxide, Superoxides fal Group Alkali meals generally bur nairto form oxides, peroxides and superoxdes (Lithium forms some nitride alo) Lithia Forms 14,0 (and some Li,O,) and LiN, Sodium forms Na,0, (ad some Na,O), and rest ofthe lal metals form superoxide (major). ‘The increasing stability of oxides, peroxides and superoxides, asthe sizeof the metal ion inereases is due tothe stabilisation ‘of large anions by larger cations through lattice energy effects. The oxides and peroxides are colourless but the superoxides ‘are orange or yellow. Oxides and peroxides are diamagnetic while superoxides are paramagnetic. Alkali metal oxides, peroxides and superoxides dissolve readily in water to pive hydroxides along witha lot of heat Peroxides and superoxides are 00d ‘oxidants and generally used in bleaching. 41. Soditum Oxide [Na,0] Preparation : i) Controlled oxidation of sodium nar gives N,O Industrally, Na,O is prepared by heating sodium nitrate or nitrite with sodium, NaNO, + Na—> NaO+ Ny 2NaNO, + 6Na —+ 4Na,O + Ny ses conor tone sp s-Bock Elements & Compounds (i) Ln teboratory pure Na,O is formed by beating mixture of sodium azide snd sodium Nitrite, NaN, + NaNO, —24 2Na,0 + 5Nz a Proputies 'NaO iss white fonic solid and its aqueous solution isa strong base 1NajO + HO —> 2NaO#H 2. Sodium Peroxide (Na,0,] ‘The trade name of sodium peroxide is oxone Preparation ‘Burning Sodium inair mainly Forms sium peroxide Properties @ Na, colourless in pure form and stable at room temperature. 'Na,Oyis diamagnetic. Al peroxides are vegarded as alls of dibasic acid H,O,. a0, + 2H,0 —+ 2NaOH + H,0; (i) Cold dilute acids always produce HO, 1Na,0, + HC —!5 Nac + HO, ‘The reaction with CO, is use to purify aicin submarines hut KO, is even hoter for tis purpose (iv) Iisa strong oxidising agent. Hoidises AL 10 l,O,, CP" © CO and SO, t0 SO, Naj0; + Al — Al,O, + Na,O 1Naj0q + S03 — NagS0, ‘The reaction with CO; i used to purify ai in submarines but KO, is even beter fr ths purpose Uses {tis poweful oxidant and used for bleaching wood pulp, paper and fabric. 3. Potassium Superoxide [KO,] Preparation : tis prepared by burning potassium in excess of oxygen. K +0, (excess) — KO; Properties (i) Wisparamagnetic and orange coloured soli Potassium superoxide is steoager oxidizing agent and gives both H,O, and O, with ether water or acids 2KO, + 2H,O—+ 2KOH +H,0; +0, ; 2KO, +2HCI— 2KC1+H,0, +0, Se uty car HEE Cine Spr 2 s-Block Elements & Compounds (li) Itreadily reacts with CO and CO, producing oxygen, 2KOs +CO—> K3CO, +03 5 2KO; + COs —> KCO, +3/205 Uses : Being oxidant, KO, produces oxygen and simultaneously it absorbs CO, and because of its above life supposing properties it s used in space capsules, submatines and breathing masks, (Ft Group - Alkaline earth metals burn in ait give normal metal oxides and metal nitrides, Generally, there are (wo methods of forming ‘oxides, one is burning in air and other decomposing their oxosalts, Metal oxides and hydroxides of group Il are more stable than of group 1, that is why oxosalts (carbonates, sulphates, nitrates...) of group I are less stable t heat and decompose to give corresponding oxides. + The stability of metal oxides decreases down the group. That is why, dowa the group metal oxides become more reactive. ‘Down the group, alkaline earth metal oxide’ basie character increases, BeO is amphotericin nature 1. Magnesium Oxide Preparation : (i) Magnesium burns in air with «dazzling flame and forms magnesium oxide. 2Mg +0; —> 2MgO Lil) Decomposing the oxosalt MgCO, also gives magnesium oxide MgCo, 44 Mg + CO, Properties ()Itisatightintusibie (Fusibitity refers to conversion in liquid form) white powder, It fuses at 2800°C, (ii) tis reduced by carbon at very high temperature, Mg +C 20°C. Me 4 CO. Uses (0) Burning of magnesium ribbon is used to initiate the thermite reaction, The thermite reaction goes as: Fe0s + 2Al — 2Fe + AIO, (i) MgO being very less reactive and having high mp. is used as a refractory material. Good conductivity of MgO towards heat and bad conductivity towards electricity also adds tits usefulness as a refractory material, 2. Calcium Oxide (CaO) (Quick ime) Preparation : Itis prepared by decomposition of CaCO, in lime kilns (900°C). caco, 84 c90 + C0, A Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support CaSiOn : 6Ca0 + PiOyy —> 2Ca,(PO4)3 (iil) Cao +36 SE cacy + COT Uses : (i) Teisused in metallurgy to remove phosphates and silicates as slag, (ii) By mixing with SiO, and alumina or clay, its used 16 make cement (ii) tis used for softening of wate 2. Hydroxides (4 Group -1 [Hydroxides of alkali metals are strong base, Their hasic character increases down the group. They dissolve really in water ‘ving much heat due o intense hydration, If we go down the group solubility of alkali metal hydroxides increases, 1. Sodium Hydroxide [NaOH] (Caustic Soda) Preparation : (i) Heating 10% Na,CO, Sol. wth milk of time (Lime - Cau 1Na,CO, + Ca(OH), —= NAOH + CaCO, Electrolysis of brine Commercially, NaOH and Cl, are manufactured simultaneously by the electrolysis of brine (NaCI solution). Reactions occuring at anode and eathode are NaCl = Nat + Cr atAnode: 20 Cl +27 ‘Atcathode: Na! +e” —4 Na 2Na + 2H,0 —> 2NaOH+ Hy ‘Another reaction may oceur atthe anode 1 small extent 40H” — 0, + 2H,0 4 4e~ Electrolysis is carried in either of two types of cel \way always contains some amount of NaCl igphragm and mercury eathete cells. NAOH aad in this (a) Digplisagm cell / Nelson +A porous diaphragm of asbestos is used t keep the Hy and Cl, gases separated otherwise they react in an explosive chain reaction in daylight. Diaphragm also seperates the earbon anode and cathode. Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support a s-Block Elements & Compounds Chlorine out Hydrogen out wan] aruon anode Carbon cathode abo “== Sodium hydroxide out diaphragm ‘Ralphgram cll (b). Mercury Cathoue Cll / Casiner= Kellner Cell : The anode is made up of earbon and the cathode of mercury. ‘The reactions occuring at Hy cathode are thus Cathocle: Nu’ 4 e"——9 Na Na + Hg — Na — Hi nign) ‘Te nalanispangein nica songs ced deer hewn tot Ne-He 6 H0— MOH os + HE inden Prope 6) Misa whe cosig si ace ars aero sea ae eaindean gessty touch like soup, (Gi) treats with acid and acidie oxides to form salts NaOH + HCI—> NaCl +H,0 2NaOH + SiO; —> Na,Si0, + Hat 2NaOH + CO, —> Na,CO, + H,0 )Itreacts with amphoteric metals such as Sn, Al, Zn andl amphoteric metal oxides Zi + 2NaOH — Na,Zn0, + Hy (Sedium Zincatey A+ NaOH+ HO —> Naalo, + 3H, (Sodium Alumina) Sn + 2NUOH —+ Na,Sn0, + Hy (Sodium Stannste) S00 + 2NWOH —+ Na,Sn0, + H,0 ‘Sn0, + 2NAOH —> Na,Sn0, + 1,0 ‘ALO, +2NaOH —s 2NaAIO, +10 {i teecaets with ammonium sso give ammonia, which serves os atestfor ammonia, INH,C14 HOH —> NaCl + NH, 7 + HO ‘The above reaction is double displacement reaction only. NHOH must be formed as sevond produet. But NH,OH is never formed asa product, I decomposes to give NH, + H,0. ca “EEETEEINNNNNNNNA. courte tno ip stl est 8 campo (0), Dispropornation of some non-metals in NOH : (Learn these reactions) Xp + NOH NaX+ NdOX + HO [X=C.Be I] (Cold Cone) Xa ygQNMQH | —> NaX + NaNO) +10 Py +NaOH— NoH,PO, + PH, [This reaction is used in the preparation of phos [phorphine) ‘$+ NaOH — Na,S + Na,$,0; + H,0 {All above reactions can be balanced as Redox Reactions) (oi) Reaction with salts of transition metals: PeCly + NAOH —> Fe(OH, + 3NeCL ‘When hydroxides are unstable, the oxides are precipitated. HgCl + 2NdOH —s Hg0(L) + H,0 + 2NaC 2AaNOs + 2NsOH — As,0(1) + HO + 2NANO, a 2. Potassium Hydroxide [KOH] (Caustic Potash) Preparation Tt ean be prepared by electrolysis of KC! solution similar to electrolysis of NaCI solution (brine) Accathade: 2K° + 2H,0-+2e° —+ 2KOH + HP +27 cht Atanode + Properties ‘The properties are similar to those of NAOH but being expensive, isles used. (ii) KOH is more soluble in alcohol than NaOH and produces OCH, ions C)H.OH + OH = OC:HF + H,0 ‘This accounts for use of aleoholie KOH in Organie Chemistry which you will study in modules of organic. Uses is used in organic chemistry ii) KOH used asan absorbent for CO,, for which is preferred over NaOH, since after absorption of CO, the KHCO, formed is soluble whereas NaHCO, being sparingly soluble separates out, and chokes the absorption bulbs. sntsuty contain eet TTT Ey 2 s-Block Elements & Compounds enn ‘ell Group - 2 “Alkaline earth metal oxides react with water to form sparingly soluble metal hydroxides. Alkaline earth metal hydroxides ate less basic and more stable than alkali metal hyroxides. The solubility thermal stability ‘and basic character ofthe hydroxides increase down the group, Beryllium hydroxide is amphoteric in nature as iteacts with both acids and bases. Be(OH)s + 2NUOH —> Nas Be(OH),] Sodium brite Be(OH), + 2HCI + 2,0 — [Be(OH), JC Res ofthe alkaline earth metal hydroxides are basi in nature, 1. Magnesium Hydroxide [Mg(OH),] Preparation Mg(OH)sis prepared by dissolving magnesium oxide in water, MgO + H,0 —+ Mg(OH), Properties (i) isa white powder extremely insoluble in water (il) Wis weakly basie and a suspension of Mg(OHD, in water [ilk of Magnesia is used as an antacid 2. Calelum Hydroxide (CafON),] Preparation Calcium hydroxide is prepared by adding water to quick lime (CxO). C0 + 0 —> CwOH), Properties (i) Mis white powder, sparingly soluble in water, (il) The aqueous saturated solution of Ca(OH). is known as fime water and the suspension of slaked dime (solid Ca(OH),) in water is known as milk of time, (il) Bleaching powder is formed when chlorine gas is passed through lime water, 3Ca(OH), + 2Cl, —+ CalOCI), . CAOH), «CAC; .2H,0 Uses (i) Wis used in white wash, (il) Tis used in the solvay’s process. tis used to remove temporary hardness of water: CalHCO,)y + Ca(OH), —+ 2CaCO, | + 2H,0 Mg(HCO,}, + Ca(OH), —> 2CaCO, 4 + Mg(OH), L + 2H,0 ‘Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support lc ent &consond When carbon dioxide is bubbled through lime water it urns milky and when excess carbon dioxide is passed, the precipitate (CaCO, dissolves Forming CaCO.) ENOF guy £2 C0005 (L) EE CHUFICO) ey hte precpnate soluble Similatly, B(OH), (Baryta water responds, when CO, is bubbled through it BaCOH), SH sBaCO\(L) GSE BaACHCO, dng) ily sl res dapper In this resetion Ba(OH), is even move sensitive to CO, bul Ba(OH), being more expensive, CalOH)., is preffered to eteet CO, in kaboratory. ‘Note : The caustic alkalis (NaOH and KOH) are the strongest bases known in aqueous solution. Soda fame isa mixture of NaOH. ‘and Ca(OH), and is made from quick lime (CaO) and aqueous NaOH. Soda lime is much easier to handle than NsOH. IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - C Choose the correct alternative. Only One choice is correct. However, question marked with ‘*” may have more than one correct option. 1, White phosphorous reaction with NaOH gives PH, as one of the products. Ths isa: (A) Dimerisation reaction (B)—_Dispreportionation reaction (© Condensation reaction ©) Precipitation reaction Sea water contains 1.79 ky of Mg? per metric ron (1 mega gram). How much of slaked fime must be aulded to | metre ton ‘of sea water to precipitate all the Mg" ion CO 4Ske ) S.0Ag (55k 4k 3. Adding tuhium nitride t0 water produces wy, NM, © nO, ‘Lon 4. Which of the following compounds are paramagnetic ko, (Na, © 9% (PbO, 5. Which of he following compounds can be used mos effectively 10 remove CO, from closed environments for life support ? Naor (KO, (© Na,0, Nao "6. Choose the correct option(s) (A) Baryta water isso sensitive to CO, that it turns milky even om exhaling io it (8) NaOH is more soluble in alcohols than KOH () NaOH is a deliquescent solid (D) Group I hydroxides are more stable than Group t hydroxides 7. NajO+ JO A+B+C 5 NazO, +H,O—> X +¥ +2; KO, +H,O—>U+V4W (Here 3 symbols in product doesn mean that reaction has necessarily 3 products. Ircam have 1,2.0F3 products, Choose the possible option + () A=X=Na0l.Z=0, (© A=NaOH,X=11,0., (B) A=0,,8=11,0,,X=H,0,,U=H,0, (D) A=NaOH,X=Na0Ht, ¥=0,,V=H,0. Set uty como THEE Wh Gna Soper FS ok ee compos 3. Halides “a Group -1 Alkali mal halides ike NaCl and KClare generally found in sea water Amon Sodium halides, stabi, melting point and beiling point decreases down the group. Solubility for alkali metal halides does nx show a regular trend. 1. Nach Preparation: It occurs in sea water as deposits in mines as rack salt, It s extracted from sea water simply by solar evaporation, ‘The erystals of NaCl are washed 10 remove more soluble MgC Properties (i) Wiscolourless crystalline Gi itis NOT hydroseopic but presence of MgCl, makes it Ueliquescent due {the high polarizing power of MgCl, (that atracts H,O molecules) (i) is used to produce industrially important compounds like Na,CO, and Cl, (a) Na,CO, is produced by Solvay's Process. (discussed later) (0) Chis produced by (i) Electrolysis (NaOH isalsoa product of brine, pare form) (i) Leblane Process: NaCI+ cone, HySO, —> NaHSO, + HCL NaHS, + NaC] Ms Na,SO, + HCL HCI + MO, —> C1, + Ma? Uses Pating salt in food. lil) lisused to lower the melting point of ice, Kulfi seller uses NaCl o sustain Kull for long time ia summer [KCl is also extracted from sea water. Its properties are almost similar to NeCL It hasan important use in producing ferilizers. A Group -11 Alkaline earth metal halides ate generally made by heating metals with halogen orby action ofhalogen acid on metal or metal carbonates, Beryllium halides are covalent while ret ofthe alkaline earth metals form ion halides ‘BeCI, has chain structure as shown in the figure Yay PON GL Nf Sggl gd Mage! Here Cl bonded to one Be uses a lone pair of €°s to form a coordinate bond to another Be atom, Dehydration of hydrated chlorides, bromides and iodides of Ca, Sr, Bacan be achieved on heating but te hydrated halides, of Be and Mg suffer hydrolysis on heating. In aqueous solution of BeCl, Be exists [Be(H,0),|* oF [Be(#,0),1 Cl [Be(H,0), [Cl 84 Be(OH), + 2HC1 6 Se td Cours for AE wih One suppor ‘-Block Elements & Compounds Magnesium Chloride (MgC, . 6H,0] Preparation (i) Teis prepared by passing dry HCI over Magnesium. Mg +2HCl—> Myc, +H, 7 (i) Dow's process ‘The extraction of Magnesium from sea water depends on the fact that MeOH), is very much less soluble than Ca(OlD,. (Ca(OH), + MaCl, —+ MeOH, 6b) + CaCl, insea wate Ma(OH), Bis MgCl MECl;6H0) dry HCL MCh .6H,0 oe» Mah + 6H 0 ‘Note: If MgCl, . 61,0 is heated, then the products are MgO and HCI. So water of crystallisation are removed by passing dry HCVC,erS0C),. Properties @ ‘is colourless solid, highly soluble in wate, (ii) When heated, it decomposes MgCl; .6H0 —2 Mg(OH)CI + HCI + 5H,0 Mg(OH) Cl 44 MgO + HCL Uses is used in electrolytic method for extracting Magnesium. 2. Calcium Chloride (CaCl, . 6H,0} Preparation eis formed as Solvay's Process’ by-product, Properties (i) Tetedces the freezing pt. of water (ii) Anhydrous salt isan excellent drying agent. t forms addition compounds with NH, and CH,OH (CaCl. SNH and aC, .4CH,OH) and hence cannot be used to dry them, Uses Itis sprinkled on roads in hilly areas to remove snow, sn uy coo TEE iO Sopp ” s-Block Elements & Compounds 4. Carbonate: (h Group -1 ‘Aiali mt carbonates ar basi as, The subi of alkali metal carbonates wards heat increser down the group, ‘Tey recut table and melt before they eventually decompose ini oxdes (a above LOMIFC), 41. Sodium Carbonate (Na,CO,) Washing sodas Na,CO, 10,0 Soda ash is Na,CO, Preparation Solvay's Process (Atmmonia-Soda Process) ‘The process is much more complicated than the overall equation and since the reations involved are reversible, only 75% of the NaCLis converted ‘The purified brine (NaC soto CO; +H,0—+ HCO; +H; NH + 1! — NH} first saturated with ammonia and then carbonated with CO, forming NaHCO, NH} + HCO; + NaCl _— NutiCO, + NHC ‘The NaHCO, formed is insoluble in the brine solution because of the common ion effect and so ean be filtered off ‘This is then heated to form anhydrous Na,CO,. 2NatiCo, “Es Na,CO, + H,0 + C0, NH,Cl produced above reacts with lime water forming a very good dehydrating agent (CaCl) and evolving NH, gas, 2NH CL + Ca(OH), —> CaCl, + 2NHy + 24,0 Lime water sed above was prepared instantaneously by heating CaCO, and passing water through quick lime, Caco; —45.Cx0 + CO, CaO + HO —> CalOH), ‘The materials consumed are NaCl and CaCO, athe useful product is Na,CO,. CaCl, whieh isa by producti ile used and se vest is wasted. CO, and NH, formed are use again to continue the process. ‘The whole process cam be diagrammatically shown a oe \ ye \ - /_NUstH,0+00, -+ NH}HCO; i ome {( HO + Nit) +{CaCH] ~42 NH,C1 + NuNICO,» [RCO] 11,0 + €O, \ J trpreduct — tio product J CO.) + C20--— CaCO, r se subse HE thon spe Na,S,0; (i) On heating washing soda (Ns,CO, . 10H0) it forms monohydrate called heavy asf or crystal carbonate NaC, 108,02 NaC. H,0 + 9H,0 Uses (8, Use in wer sftening ud cleaning (i) Used in paper pin and texte indies, Potassium carbonate (Peat A is aot much important. Its propesties resemble closely with those of Na,CO,, lis prepared by carbonation of eaustie potash. KOH +€0, —$K,CO, +H,0 ‘Note: K,CO, cannot be prepaved by Solvay's Process because KHCO, formed in the seaction s highly soluble and hence eaunot | be separate from (NH,CL+ KHCO,) nxt easily Cy Group - ‘Carbonates are basi salts. BeCO, is covalent while other carbonates are fonie. On heating, alkaline earth metal carbonates forms sn oxide and earbon dioxide is evolved. 1. Calcium Carbonate [CaCO,] Preparation : ‘cis mainly extracted from is ores. Itean be prepared by these methods aso [can be prepared by passing lined CO, though ime wate. Ca(OH), #€O, —s C200, + H0 i) Frean be obtained by adding sium carbonate solution 1 CXC, CaCl, + Ni,CO, —3 C100, + 2NACL Properties, (i) eis white powder, most insoluble water. Gi) Om heating at 1200 K,CO, isevolved Caco, 2", cao +. COAT) (itl) CaCO, + HCL Se at are or ME WhO Spo Fs +k mets 8 compounds Uses: () Itis used in manufacture of cement and quick lime, (li) Used in Solvay's process in the manufacture of COM). {iil His used in toothpaste. 5. Bicarbonates (Group Alkali metals are stronzly basic and form sold bicarbonates (except ium) while no other metal forms solid bicarbwnates. LiHICO, can exist only in solution, Alkali metal hydrogen carbonates are soluble in water.On heating, they decompose to give carbonates ‘The hydrogen bonding in bicarbonates enhances the stability. In NaFCO,, the HCO} ions are linked to form infinite chain while inKHCO ,,adimeric anion is formed, = {As the clectopostive character inerease dove the group, the stabil of hydrogen carbonates also increses down the 100, 1. Sodium Bicarbonate [NaHCO,] (Baking soda) Preparation Iris an intermediate pretut of Solvay's proces. NaCl + NH} + HCOy —> NaHCO, + NH,CI Properties (On heating, it decomposes to give NajCO,, evolving CO, which is used to detect bicarbonaes, Nak#COy 24 NagCOy + HOKT) + CO3(1) Uses (0) Wis usedin fre eningusher (i) Tis used a baking powder in manufacturing oF cake making it Huy. Baking powder contains NaHCO, and CH, PO), 2NaHCO, P= °C, Na,CO, + HyO+ CO; P CCa(H,?O,). + NaHCO, —+ CO, ‘The CO, produced makes cake or bread se. * st yoo thre spt Vidyamani s-Block Elements & Compounds 6. Sulphates (Group Sodium sulphate (Na,S0,. 10H,0) és named as Gauber's sl. Its produced asa by-produet while manufacturing HCl. NaCl+ 1,50, 2 NalSO,+HCI7 ——NaliSO, + NaCl —+ Na,SO, + HCI (cone) tral ake) Formation of hydrated salts of Na,SO, : Tee rave Naso, SC nu,S0,.10H,0 + Na,S0, —PS!*C Na,60,.7H,0 is used in paper industry, (Di Group - 11 Sulpotes ofthe atatine earth metals rl whit sotds& tabletohet Be nd Mg sulphate are highly soluble while other atte earth meta sulphates are very les soluble, This is eo very high hao enthalpy of Be™ and Me. Thermal ‘bility of laline cach msl sph neeaes down the pou while sob desresss, 1 Magnesium Sulphate 'Mg50,) Iria colourless ole salt which decomposes to MgO, $0, and O, om hesting, 1MgS0,7H,0 scaled Epsom sl while MySO, isealled Kieserite, 2. Calcium Sulphate (CaSO,] Preparation tis prepared in lab by adding dil. H,S0, to the solution of ealeium salt CaCl; + H,S0, (il) —> CaSO, + 2HCI Properties Innate it occurs as Gypsum «CxO, .2H,0. 1 1 €1804 .2H0 PE e804 5. yo EE caso, HE cao +80) + 302 psu Paster of pars aniyorte ‘When powdered plaster of paris CaSO, . 1/2 H,0 is mixed withthe correct amount of water it sets ito a solid mass of CaSO, .2H,0 (gysum). This process is used in plastering walls and plasters for fractures Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 2 ctlcElaenis canon IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER ALUMS ‘The general representation of alums is [(M'),SO,] [(M"™), (SO, ),].24H,0 where M! represents the metal with +L oxidation tate and Ml represents the metal with +3 oxidation state. These slums are double salts, which dissolve in water to give [M'UH,0),1, [MM™UL,0),)* and SO,2- ions and therefore, the alums ate also represented as [MVH,O},) {M™H,0),1(80 They Form octahedral crystals |EMis K* and MI" is Athen the alum is potash alum (K,SO, . AL (SO. ), 2410 or [K(H,O),]TAIH,0),1(S0,).) Ml can be K', NH,’ Rb‘, Cs',TI* and Ml can be Fe", Al, Col, Gt, Mn (NHL), SO, Fe,(S0,), 24H, is called ferric ‘ammonium alum while K,S0,,Cr.(S0,),24H,0 is chrome slum. Powash alum on heating dissolves in its own water of Crystallisation and on further heating forms K,S0,,Al(S0,), called ara atin ‘Micro Cosmic Salt [Na(NH,)HPO,] Microcosmic sltisa white crystalline solid and is prepared from NH,Cland Na,HPO, as follows: NH,CI+ Na,HPO, —+ Na(NH,) HPO, & + NaCl (On decomposition the following is ebained Na(NH,)HPO, + NH; 1+ NallsPO, Nalt,PO, —4s NaPO Calgon) + H,0 Microcosm salt cam be use a a substitte for borax in the Bead Test. Siar salt arealso Formed by Magnesium: MgSO, + NH,OH + NaHPO, —+ Me(NH,)PO, Me(NH,)P0, 4 NH, 7 + MgHPO, 44 Mg_P,0; + #0 | 2 ‘Anomalous properties of Lithium “The anomalous behaviour lithium is due tothe: exceptionally snl size oft tom anion nd (i) high poariging power(i.c, cargefadis ratio) Asa esl theres increase covalent character of Iihium compounds which responsible forthe solubility in organi solvents Fes, thu shows éiagonlrltonshp o magnesium which hasbssn scussed subsequently Points of bifference between Lithium and other Alkali Metals : (©) Lithium s much harder ts M.P.and Bat higher than the oer alkali metals: (i) Lithiums east eaetive hatte strongest reducing agent among he alkali metals, On comuston nti foams smsinly monoxide Li,O and then Li, whileoter mas form only oxide (ii) LiCl dliquescnt and crystallizes asa hydrate LiCL.2H,O whereas other alkali metal chlorides do aot farm hydrates () Lithium nydrogencarbonat being unstable isnot obtained in he solid frm while al other clement form solid hyrogencarbonates. set cae Enon Spe s-Blck Elements & Compounds (©) 14,COy.LiNO,, LIOH all form oxideon gentle heating. though the analogous compound ofthe rest oF he group ae stable ALINO, — 21 i,0 + 4NO, +0, 2NaNO, —> 2NaNO, + 0, ©) L4,COy. LiFand Li,0 are comparatively much less soluble in water than the corresponding compounds of ether alkali metals (oil) Lithium is much heavily hydrated than those of the rest ofthe group. Points of Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium :, itarity botscen lithium and magnesium is particularly striking and arises because of tei similar sizes atomic rai, 52 pm, Mg= 160 pm: ionic radi: Li* =76 pm Mg?*=72 pm. The man points of similarity ae (i) Both ithium and magnesiun are harder and lighter than oxhe element in the respective group. (i) Lithium and magnesium reat slowly with water Their oxides and hydroxides are much less soluble and their hydrides decompose on heating Both form nitride, LigN and Mp,N,, by iret combination with nitrogen, ‘The oxides 1,0 and MgO do not combine with excess oxygen to give any superoxile ‘The carbonates of lithium and magnesium decompose easily on heating to Form the oxides and CO, Solid hydrogencarbonates are not formed by lithium and magnesia ©) Both LiCtand MCI, ae soluble ethanol (i) Both LiCl and MgCl, are deliguescent and exystalize from aqueous solution as hylrates, LICL2H,O and Mec, Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium: eryllum, the first member ofthe Group 2:metals, shows anomalous behaviour as compared to magnesium and resto the ‘members. Further, it shows diagonal relationship to aluminium which is discussed subsequently. (Beryllium has exceptionally small atomic and fonie sizes and thus does not compare well with other members af the .group. Because of high ionization enthalpy and small size it forms compounds which are largely covalent and get casily hydrolysed, (ii) ‘The oxide and hydroxide of beryllium, unlike the hydroxides of other elements in the group. are amphoteric in ature, Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminum ‘The ionic radius of Bo is estimated to he 31 pm; the charge / rads ratio is nearly the same as that of the AU* ion. Hence beryllium resembles aluminium in some ways, Some of the similarities a (i) Like aluminium, erylium isnot adil attacked by acids because ofthe presence ofan oxide film on the surface ofthe metal, (i) Beryllium hydroxide dissolves in excess of alkali to pve aber Hate fon (Be(OH) [> justas aluminium hydroxide ives luminatcion, [AMOH),F: (id) BoC and AIC exstin foo chan, BeCl, Forms polymeric chain chain with lage no. of BeCl, molecules) and AIC, forms dimeric chain chain with two AICI, molecules. (iv) Beryllium and aluminium ions have strong tendency to form complexes, BeF,?~ . Al. Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support s-Block Elements & Compounds Vidya ime IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE - D NaHCO, and NaOH can not exist together in solution. Why ? The hydroxide and carbonates of Na and K are easily soluble in water while the corresponding sali of Mg and Ca are sparingly soluble in ware. Explain Solvay Process isused to manufcture sodium carbonate bu it isnot extended tothe manufacture of potassium carbonate Wi? Why ave MgO and BeO used for the lining of seet making furnace On he weutment with cold water an element (1) reacted quietly liberating acolourles,odourtess gas (B) and a compound (© Gas(B further reacts with elemen(A) fo sll soldprodues(D) which reacied with water to tved basi solusion (E) is found 0 be same as (C), When carbon diode was bubbled through solution (C) initially a white precipitate (F) is formed, tt this redissolved forming solution (G) when more CO, was adied. Peciptae (Fy efervesced when moistened with cone. HCLacid and gave deep red colouration tothe burner flame. When (F) was heated at 1000°C, white compound (20 was formed whic when heated with carbon at 1000°C gave « solid (D of some commercial importance. Name the substances(4)10(0. Choose the correct alternative. Only One choice Is correct. However, question marked with ‘*” may have more than one correct option. ~, “10, ou “2 24 ‘Motecutar formula of Glauber’s satis (A) Na,$0,10H,0 (8) MgSO,7HO (©) FeSO,THO—D)-—NasCO, 104,0, A soluuion of Na,SO, in warers electrlysed using inert electrodes. The product atthe cathode and anode are respectively. HO, (B) Ont, ©) On Na 0,50, Asbestos diaphragm is used in (Nelson cell (®) Castner = Kellner cet (©) Both of these (D) None of these Which of she following cations form solid stable hicarbonaies? a ou o © NAY car Which ofthe following are manufactured in the solvay’s process ? (A) CaO), (B)——NasCOs © NoHo, D) Cay The correc properties ofthe pure form of common sai are (A) Mis hygroscopic (8) Mis colourtess (©) tis subimable (D)—_Ieinereases mp-ofice CAC is krown wo be an exceiem diving agent. However itis unable to dry all substances. The compounds which can be dried by using CaCl, are ner 1) Hon © Ho oy Mark the correct statement about oxosaits of sock (A) NaOH, Cl, and Na,CO, are classed as heavy inorganic chemical dee 1a high tonsages involved (®)—BeCO, is ionic (©) BeClforms a covalentimer (D) MgC, 64,0 laoses water of erstalisaton on heating set sacar Enon Sre idyamandir Classes of SS LAB 2.0 1.8 6A 2.6 3.B 2.0 TA 3.AB 4.8 3.BD B.A 4A 9.BC 5.B 6.ACD 7.C 10.BCD 11.8 12.4 13.4 s-Block Elements & Compounds

    • You might also like