1. To Design and realize Inverting amplifier using 741 Op-amp.

Expt No: Date:

AIM : To Design and verify the gain of Inverting amplifier using IC 741.

APPARATUS :

RANGE / ID.
Sl. No. PARTICULARS QUANTITY
No.
1 Function generator -- 1
2 CRO Dual trace 20 MHz 1
3 IC 741 -- 1
4 Power Supply 12,-12 Volt 1
5 Resistors 1KΩ 2
6 Resistor 10 K Ω 1
7 Bread Board & Connecting Wires 1

THEORY :

An op-Amp can be used for number of application like Amplifier, Adder,

Substractor, Rectifier, Multivibrators, and Analog computer etc.

Inverting Amplifier: It is called as inverting amplifier because here input is connected at

inverting input i.e. pin no.2 So we get inverted signal of the input at the output The basic
circuit of inverting amplifier is shown below. In this mode of operation the positive input
terminal of the amplifier is grounded and the input signal Vi is applied to the negative input
terminal via resistor R1. The feedback applied through Rf from the input terminal, is
negative. This helps to in maintaining gain stable. The inverting operation performed by
circuit is determined by RF & R1.

Non Inverting Amplifier:

It is called as non-inverting amplifier because input is applied at pin no.3 i.e. non-inverting input.
So we get o/p signal in phase with input signal. In this case the i/p signal is applied directly to the non-
inverting (+ve) i/p terminal of the amplifier & the feedback resistor ‘RF’ is connected between the o/p
terminal & negative I/p terminal. The ‘R’ is connected between the inverting terminal & ground. Note that
Vi is not equal to zero in this case, meaning that non-inverting circuit has to virtual ground at one of it’s i/p
terminals.
IV CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Inverting Amplifier:

(v) Pin Configuration:

PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2) Select proper value of resistor R1 & Rf.
3) Connect 1 – channel of CRO at the i/p & channel-2 to output.
4) Connect signal generator at I/p. Adjust I/p at 200m.vp-p.
5) Observe the o/p waveform with respect to I/p waveform.
6) Calculate theoretical & practical gain.
7) Draw the waveform on graph.
OBSERVATIONS
S.No. Frequency (Hz) I/P Voltage O/P Voltage Gain Gain in dB=20 log A
(mV) (V) A=Vo/Vi
1. 1K Hz 100 mV
2. 1K Hz 150 mV
3. 1K Hz 200 mV

VII. CALCULATIONS
Gain for inverting Amplifier = -Rf/R1
Gain for Non inverting Amplifier = 1+ (Rf/R1)

VIII. NATURE OF GRAPH

RESULTS :

PRECAUTIONS

1. Note down the number of the IC. Note the important specifications of the IC from the data sheet
2. Do not exceed the maximum values specified in data sheet
3. Do not install or remove IC from a circuit with power ON.
4. Identify the Pin numbers of the IC
5. Adjust the oscilloscope for proper viewing.

QUESTIONS

1) What is virtual ground concept?

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2) What is feedback? Which type of feedback is used in linear application?

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3) What is meant by inverting amplifier?
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4) What is the output of inverting amplifier?

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5) What is the gain of inverting amplifier?

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6) Which pin in IC 741 is used to connect inverting input?

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7) How Op-amp works in open loop mode?
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 2. To Design and realize Non-Inverting amplifier using 741 Op-
amp.

Expt No: Date:

AIM : To Design and verify the gain Inverting amplifier using IC 741.

APPARATUS :

RANGE / ID.
Sl. No. PARTICULARS QUANTITY
No.
1 Function generator -- 1
2 CRO Dual trace 20 MHz 1
3 IC 741 -- 1
4 Power Supply 12,-12 Volt 1
5 Resistors 1KΩ 2
6 Resistor 10 K Ω 1
7 Bread Board & Connecting Wires 1

THEORY :

An op-Amp can be used for number of application like Amplifier, Adder,

Substractor, Rectifier, Multivibrators, and Analog computer etc.

Inverting Amplifier: It is called as inverting amplifier because here input is connected at

inverting input i.e. pin no.2 So we get inverted signal of the input at the output The basic
circuit of inverting amplifier is shown below. In this mode of operation the positive input
terminal of the amplifier is grounded and the input signal Vi is applied to the negative input
terminal via resistor R1. The feedback applied through Rf from the input terminal, is
negative. This helps to in maintaining gain stable. The inverting operation performed by
circuit is determined by RF & R1.

Non Inverting Amplifier:

It is called as non-inverting amplifier because input is applied at pin no.3 i.e. non-inverting input.
So we get o/p signal in phase with input signal. In this case the i/p signal is applied directly to the non-
inverting (+ve) i/p terminal of the amplifier & the feedback resistor ‘RF’ is connected between the o/p
terminal & negative I/p terminal. The ‘R’ is connected between the inverting terminal & ground. Note that
Vi is not equal to zero in this case, meaning that non-inverting circuit has to virtual ground at one of it’s i/p
terminals.
IV CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Non-Inverting Amplifier:

(v) Pin Configuration:

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in figure.

2) Select proper value of resistor R1 & Rf.
3) Connect 1 – channel of CRO at the i/p & channel-2 to output.
4) Connect signal generator at I/p. Adjust I/p at 200m.vp-p.
5) Make circuit on breadboard and observe the o/p waveform with respect
to I/p waveform.
6) Calculate theoretical & practical gain.
7) Draw the waveform on graph.
OBSERVATIONS
S.No. Frequency (Hz) I/P Voltage O/P Voltage Gain Gain in dB=20 log A
(mV) (V) A=Vo/Vi
1. 1K Hz 100 mV
2. 1K Hz 150 mV
3. 1K Hz 200 mV

VII. CALCULATIONS

Gain for inverting Amplifier = -Rf/R1

Gain for Non inverting Amplifier = 1+ (Rf/R1)

VIII. NATURE OF GRAPH

RESULTS :

PRECAUTIONS

6. Note down the number of the IC. Note the important specifications of the IC from the data sheet
7. Do not exceed the maximum values specified in data sheet
8. Do not install or remove IC from a circuit with power ON.
9. Identify the Pin numbers of the IC
10. Adjust the oscilloscope for proper viewing.
QUESTIONS

1) What is meant by Non-inverting amplifier?

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2) What is the output of Non-inverting amplifier?

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3) What is the gain of Non-inverting amplifier?

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4) Which pin in IC 741 is used to connect Non-inverting input?

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5) How Op-amp works in open loop mode?

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 3. To study the application of IC 741 op-amp as adder and to
verify its theoretical and practical values.

Expt No: Date:

AIM : To Design op-amp as adder using IC 741.

APPARATUS :

RANGE / ID.
Sl. No. PARTICULARS QUANTITY
No.
1 Function generator -- 1
2 CRO Dual trace 20 MHz 1
3 IC 741 -- 1
4 Power Supply 12,-12 Volt 1
5 Resistors 1KΩ 4
6 Resistor 10 K Ω 1
7 Bread Board & Connecting Wires 1

THEORY :

Op-amp has countless applications and forms the basic building block of linear and non-linear
analog systems. In linear circuits the output signal varies with the input signal in a linear manner. Some of
linear applications are adder, subtractor etc..

Adder:
Op-Amp is used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of input signals. Such a circuit is called
a summing amplifier or a summer. Summing amplifier can be classified as inverting and non inverting
summer depending on the input applied to inverting and non inverting terminals respectively.According to
the circuit diagram of adder let the voltage at the (-) input terminal be Va. The voltage at (+) input terminal
will also be Va.

Nodal equation at node ‘a’ is given by

[(V1-Va)/R1+ (V2-Va)/R2+(V3-Va)/R3]=0
Va=[(V1/R1)+(V2/R2) +(V3/R3)]/[ (1/R1)+ (1/R2)+ (1/R3)]

The op-amp and two resistors Rf and R constitute a non-inverting amplifier with

Vo=[1+(Rf/R)]Va
Vo=(1+(Rf/R)[ [(V1/R1)+(V2/R2) +(V3/R3)]/[ (1/R1)+ (1/R2)+ (1/R3)]]
Let R1=R2=R3=R=(Rf/2)
Then Vo=V1+V2+V3
IV CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Adder

(v) Pin Configuration:

PROCEDURE:

Adder :
1. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Apply the voltage at each input terminal for V1 & V2 from the dc supply and check
the output voltage Vo at the output terminal..
4. Tabulate 3 different sets of readings by repeating the above step.
5. Compare practical Vo with the theoretical output voltage V0=V1+V2
6. Draw the waveform on graph.

OBSERVATIONS
Adder
S. No. V1(Volts) V2(volts) Theoretical Practical Vo( volts)
Vo=V1+V2+V3
VII. CALCULATIONS
Gain for inverting Amplifier = -Rf/R1
Gain for Non inverting Amplifier = 1+ (Rf/R1)

VIII. NATURE OF GRAPH

RESULTS :
Observed the output of Adder
Theoretical output of Adder circuit is
Practical output of Adder circuit is
PRECAUTIONS

1. Note down the number of the IC. Note the important specifications of the IC from the data sheet
2 Do not exceed the maximum values specified in data sheet
3 Do not install or remove IC from a circuit with power ON.
4 Identify the Pin numbers of the IC
5 Adjust the oscilloscope for proper viewing.

QUESTIONS
1) What is meant by Adder amplifier?
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2) Draw the circuit diagram of 3 inputs adder and write expression for output.
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 4. To study the application of IC 741 op-amp as subtractor and to
verify its theoretical and practical values.

Expt No: Date:

AIM : To Design op-amp as subtractor using IC 741.

APPARATUS :

RANGE / ID.
Sl. No. PARTICULARS QUANTITY
No.
1 Function generator -- 1
2 CRO Dual trace 20 MHz 1
3 IC 741 -- 1
4 Power Supply 12,-12 Volt 1
5 Resistors 1KΩ 4
6 Resistor 10 K Ω 1
7 Bread Board & Connecting Wires 1

THEORY :

Op-amp has countless applications and forms the basic building block of linear and non-linear
analog systems. In linear circuits the output signal varies with the input signal in a linear manner. Some of
linear applications are adder, subtractor etc..

Subtractor:

It is a circuit which gives the difference of two inputs

Vo=(-Rf/R1)(V1-V2)
If all external resistors are equal in value, then the gain of the amplifier is equal to -1.
Vo=V1-V2

IV CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Subtractor
(v) Pin Configuration:

PROCEDURE:
Subtractor:
1. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Apply the voltage at each input terminal for V1 & V2 from the dc supply and check the output
voltage Vo at the output terminal.
4. Tabulate 3 different sets of readings by repeating the above step.
5. Compare practical Vo with the theoretical output voltage
Vo = V1-V2

OBSERVATIONS
Subtractor:

S. No. V1(Volts) V2(volts) Theoretical Practical Vo( volts)

Vo=V1-V2

VII. CALCULATIONS

RESULTS :
Observed the output of subtrator
Theoretical output of subtrator circuit is
Practical output of subtrator circuit is
PRECAUTIONS

1) Note down the number of the IC. Note the important specifications of the IC from the data sheet
2) Do not exceed the maximum values specified in data sheet
3) Do not install or remove IC from a circuit with power ON.
4) Identify the Pin numbers of the IC
5) Adjust the oscilloscope for proper viewing.

QUESTIONS

1) What is meant by subtractor amplifier?

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2) Write expression for output.

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 5. To study the application of IC 741 op-amp as Integrator and
Differentiator.

Expt No: Date:

AIM : To Design op-amp as integrator and differentiator using IC 741.

APPARATUS :

Sl. No. PARTICULARS RANGE / ID. No. QUANTITY

1 Function generator -- 1
2 CRO Dual trace 20 MHz 1
3 IC 741 -- 1
4 Power Supply 12,-12 Volt 1
5 Resistors 1KΩ 4
6 Resistor 10 K Ω 1
7 Bread Board & Connecting Wires 1
8 Capacitor 0.1 µF & 0.001µ F 1

THEORY :

Integrator:

A circuit in which the output voltage is the integration of the input voltage is called an integrator
Vo=-(1/RfCf) ∫Vindt
In practical integrator to reduce the error voltage at the output , a resistor Rf is connected across the
feedback capacitor Cf. Thus Rf limits the low-frequency gain and hence minimizes the variations in
the output voltage.
fb is the frequency at which the gain is 0 db, fb =1/(2πR1Cf)
The gain limiting frequency fa=1/(2πRfCf)

IV CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Integrator
Differentiator:

(v) Pin Configuration

PROCEDURE:
Integrator:

1. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply
3. Apply sine wave at the input terminals of the circuit using function generator
4. Connect channal-1 of CRO at the input terminals and channel-2 at the output
terminals
5. Observe the output of the circuit on the CRO which is cosine wave and note down
position, amplitude & the time period of Vin& Vo
6. Now apply square wave as input signal
7. Observe the output of the circuit on the CRO which is a triangle wave and note down
position, amplitude & the time period of Vin& Vo
8. Plot the output voltages corresponding to sine and square wave inputs.
Differentiator:

1. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply
3. Apply sine wave at the input terminals of the circuit using function generator
4. Connect channal-1 of CRO at the input terminals and channel-2 at the output
terminals
5. Observe the output of the circuit on the CRO which is cosine wave and note down
position, amplitude & the time period of Vin& Vo
6. Now apply square wave as input signal
7. Observe the output of the circuit on the CRO which is a spike wave and note
down the position, amplitude and time period of Vin& Vo
8. Plot the output voltage corresponding to sine and square wave inputs.
OBSERVATIONS
For Integrator
a) If input is sine wave , output :
b) If input is square wave output:

For Differentiator
a) If input is sine wave , output:
b) If input is square wave output:

Nature of graph:

Integrator

Differentiator
RESULTS :
Observed the output of subtrator
Theoretical output of subtrator circuit is
Practical output of subtrator circuit is

PRECAUTIONS

1. Note down the number of the IC. Note the important specifications of the IC from the data sheet
2. Do not exceed the maximum values specified in data sheet
3. Do not install or remove IC from a circuit with power ON.
4. Identify the Pin numbers of the IC
5. Adjust the oscilloscope for proper viewing.

QUESTIONS

1. What is an Integrator?
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2. Draw the circuit of the Integrator using op-amp IC741.
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3. Write down the expression for Vo of an Integrator.
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4. Draw the frequency response of the Integrator and explain.
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5. Draw the output waveform of the Integrator when the input is a Square wave.
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6. What is the purpose behind the connection of Rf in the feedback path of Integrator?
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7. What are the applications of Integrator?
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8. Why Rcomp is used in both Integrator and Differentiator circuits?
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9. What is a Differentiator?
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11. Draw the circuit of the Differentiator using op-amp IC741.
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12. Write down the expression for Vo of a Differentiator.

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13. Draw the output waveform of the Differentiator when the input is a Sine wave.
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14. Why R1 and Cf are connected in the circuit of the Differentiator?
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15. Write expression for output.
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 6. To study the design an Astable Multivibrator using IC 555.

Expt No: Date:

AIM : To design an Astable Multivibrator using IC555 and compareit’stheoretical and practical
timeperiod and duty cycle.

APPARATUS :

Sl. No. PARTICULARS RANGE / ID. No. QUANTITY

1 -- 1
2 CRO Dual trace 20 MHz 1
3 IC 555 -- 1
4 Power Supply 12,-12 Volt 1
5 Resistors 1KΩ 4
6 Resistor 10 K Ω 1
7 Bread Board & Connecting Wires 1
8 Capacitor 0.1 µF & 0.001µ F 1

THEORY :

An Astable multivibrator, often called a free-running Multivibrator, is a rectangular-wave-

generating circuit. Unlike the Monostable multivibrator, this circuit does not require an external trigger to
change the state of the output, hence the name free running. However, the time during which the output is
either high or low is determinate by the Two resistors and a capacitor, which are externally connected to
the 555 timer.

Figure 1 shows the 555 timer connected as an Astable multivibrator. Initially, when the output is high,
capacitor C starts charging towards Vcc through RA and RB. However as soon as voltage across the
capacitor equals 2/3 Vcc, comparator 1 triggers the flip-flop, and the output switches low. Now the
capacitor C starts discharging through RB and the transistor Q 1. When the voltage across C equals 1/3 Vcc,
comparator 2’s output triggers the flip-flop, and the output goes high. Then the cycle repeats. The output
voltage and the capacitor voltage waveforms are shown in the following figures.

As shown in this figure, the capacitor is periodically charged and discharged between 2/3 V cc and 1/3 Vcc,
respectively. The time during which the capacitor charges from 1/3 Vcc to 2/3 Vcc is equal to the time the
output is high and is given by

tc = 0.69 (RA + RB) C (1)

Similarly, the time during which the capacitor discharges from 2/3 Vcc to 1/3 Vcc is equal to the time the
output is low and is given by

td = 0.69 (RB)C (2)

Thus the total time period of the waveform is
T = tc + td = 0.69(RA + 2RB) (3)
Therefore the frequency of oscillation is fo = 1/T = 1.45/(RA + 2RB)C

And % Duty cycle = (tc/T) *100 (4)

Circuit Diagram:

Expected Wave forms:

PROCEDURE:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components/equipment as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Connect channel-1 of CRO to the output (Pin 3).
4. Observe the output voltage and note down the time period and duty cycle.
5. Now connect channel-2 of CRO across capacitor and observe the voltage across the
capacitor and note it down.
6. Compare the practical time period and duty cycle.

OBSERVATIONS
THEORETICAL time periods
tc = 0.69 (RA + RB) C
td = 0.69 (RB)C

Total time period of the waveform, T = tc + td

% Duty Cycle = (tc / T) *100

PRACTICAL (from output waveforms)

time period, T =
% Duty cycle =

RESULT:

PRECAUTIONS

16. Note down the number of the IC. Note the important specifications of the IC from the data sheet
17. Do not exceed the maximum values specified in data sheet
18. Do not install or remove IC from a circuit with power ON.
19. Identify the Pin numbers of the IC
20. Adjust the oscilloscope for proper viewing.

QUESTIONS

1) What is the other name for Astable multivibrator (AMV)?

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2) What is the formula for the time period of the waveform of AMV?
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3) What is the formula for the % of Duty cycle?

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