Muhammad Rehan Khalid (EE-23097) Start

Understanding Why We Have

Failed as a Nation
Pakistan, like many countries, faces a number of challenges. Here are some areas
where there's criticism:

Economic Development: Pakistan, a nation located in South Asia, has

undergone significant economic development since its independence in 1947.
However, like many developing countries, Pakistan faces a myriad of challenges
on its path towards sustainable economic growth and prosperity.

Security Challenges: Pakistan, situated in South Asia, has long been a focal
point for discussions on security concerns due to its geopolitical significance,
internal dynamics, and regional relationships.

Economic Challenges: Pakistan has a large population and struggles with

poverty, unemployment, and corruption.

Democracy: Since gaining independence from British rule in 1947, Pakistan has
grappled with various forms of governance, including periods of military rule and
democratic governance.

Political instability: Pakistan has a history of military coups and civilian

governments struggling to maintain power. This can make it difficult to
implement long-term policies.

State Incompetence: In a nation's progress journey, the state's role is

paramount. It shoulders the responsibility of fostering development,
ensuring justice, and providing opportunities for its citizens. However, when
the state fails to fulfill its duties, the entire nation suffers. Pakistan, as a
state, often falls short in fulfilling its obligations, whether it be in ensuring
basic rights, delivering justice, or fostering an environment of security and
prosperity.

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 Economic Development of Pakistan
What is Economic Development?
Economic development is a focus of governments to improve the standard of
living for their citizens. It involves the creation of wealth, job creation, and
innovative support. Economic development can also be defined as an increase in
a country's wealth and standard of living. Economic Development is a programs,
policies or activities that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of
life for a community. There are many different strategies for achieving economic
development, and what works in one place might not work in another. But some
common themes include investing in infrastructure, education, and healthcare, as
well as creating a business-friendly environment that attracts investment and job
creation. What “economic development” means to you will depend on the
community you live in.

Introduction:
Pakistan, a country with a rich cultural heritage and strategic geographical
location, has been striving for sustainable economic development since its
inception in 1947, Pakistan has navigated through various economic challenges
and opportunities, shaping its trajectory towards development. The economy of
Pakistan is the 27th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP)
and 38th largest in terms of nominal Gross Domestic Product. In 2014-15, the
GDP was recorded at 4.24 percent up from 4.02 percent in 2013-14. Traditionally
the economy of Pakistan has been semi- industrialized with agriculture as the
major contributor to GDP, with centers of growth along the Indus River. Over the
decades services and industrial sectors have developed significantly. The service
sector has grown to become the biggest contributor to GDP, calculated at 58.8
percent in 2014-15. During the same period, the agricultural and industrial sector
respectively accounted for 20.9 percent and 20.3 percent of the GDP. At the same
time, there has been a relentless increase in population, so, despite real growth in
the economy, output per capita has risen only slowly. This slow growth in per
capita income has not coincided with a high incidence of absolute poverty,

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however, which has been considerably smaller in Pakistan than in other South
Asian countries.

Historical Context:
In the nascent years of independence, the country faced significant challenges in
establishing institutions, infrastructure, and industries. Agriculture dominated the
economy, while industrial and services sectors were in their infancy. Pakistan's
economy has been semi-industrialized since its independence in 1947. Its
economy is based on agriculture, textiles, food production, and technology.

Here are some highlights of Pakistan's economic history:

 1950s: Pakistan faced political and macroeconomic instability, a shortage

of resources, and a currency dispute with India.
 1960s: Pakistan Steel Mills, the country's largest industrial mega-
corporation, was built in 1973.
 1980s: Pakistan introduced an "Islamic" economy.
 1970s: Agriculture grew at a rate of 2.4% per year, while large-scale
manufacturing grew at a rate of 5.5% per year.
 1960-1970: Pakistan achieved an average annual growth rate of 6.7% in
GDP.
 1952-2023: Pakistan's GDP Annual Growth Rate averaged 4.74 percent,
reaching a high of 10.22 percent in 1954 and a low of -1.80 percent in
1952.

Sectors on Which Pakistan Economy Depend:

Pakistan's economy is semi-industrialized and relies on three main
sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, and services.

Here's some information about each sector:

 Agriculture: The largest sector of Pakistan's economy, contributing around

24% of its GDP. It also employs half of the country's labor force and is the
largest source of foreign exchange.
 Manufacturing: Includes textiles, chemicals, and food processing. Other
important industries include mining, quarrying, and construction.
 Services: In 2022, this sector accounted for 58.20% of Pakistan's economy.

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Development Strategies:
Pakistan pursued different development strategies over the decades, including
import substitution industrialization (ISI) in the 1950s and 1960s, aimed at
fostering domestic industries by limiting imports. However, this policy led to
inefficiencies and a lack of competitiveness. Pakistan's National Development
Vision and Plans include achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by
2025. These goals include:

 Zero poverty and hunger

 Universal access to health services, education, modern energy services,

clean water, and sanitation.

Challenges And Opportunities:

Pakistan faces multifaceted challenges to economic development, including
political instability, security concerns, a large informal economy, weak institutions,
energy shortages, and poverty. Nonetheless, the country possesses potential
stemming from its strategic location, natural resources, and a young workforce.
Infrastructure development, international relations, and trade also influence
Pakistan's economic landscape.

 Unemployment: Pakistan's unemployment rate is a major economic and

social challenge. The country's growing population and lack of job
opportunities have led to widespread unemployment.

 Energy shortages: Reliable energy is a key obstacle to Pakistan's industrial

growth and economic productivity. Power outages can disrupt business
operations and hinder investment and job creation.

 Export diversification: Pakistan's lack of export diversification has made it

vulnerable to external shocks. The country also struggles to compete with
other countries in terms of quality and price.

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Sectoral Overview:
Pakistan's economic development is characterized by a diverse array of sectors
contributing to its growth. The agriculture sector, although experiencing
fluctuations due to factors like weather patterns and infrastructure limitations,
remains a significant contributor to the economy, employing a large portion of
the workforce and supplying essential food products. The industrial sector,
encompassing manufacturing, textiles, and construction, plays a vital role in
generating revenue and providing employment opportunities. Additionally,
Pakistan's services sector, including finance, telecommunications, and information
technology, has shown considerable growth, reflecting the country's increasing
integration into the global economy. However, challenges such as energy
shortages, political instability, and security concerns have hindered the full
realization of Pakistan's economic potential. Efforts to address these challenges,
coupled with initiatives to improve infrastructure, enhance human capital, and
promote investment, are crucial for sustaining economic development and
fostering long-term prosperity in Pakistan.

Future Prospects:
The future economic development of Pakistan hinges on addressing existing
challenges and leveraging potential opportunities. Political stability, governance
reforms, investment in human capital and infrastructure, technological
advancements, and global economic trends will shape Pakistan's economic
trajectory. Achieving sustainable and inclusive growth requires concerted efforts
from various stakeholders. According to the World Bank, Pakistan's economy is
projected to grow 1.7% in 2023-24 and 2.4% in 2024-25, which is an
improvement from -0.2% in the previous fiscal year. Trading Economics predicts
that Pakistan's GDP will reach 3.5% by the end of 2024, and 3.9% in
2025. However, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has revised down
Pakistan's growth estimate for 2024 to 2%, which is a 0.5% reduction from
October's projection of 2.5%.

Page 5 of 36
 Muhammad Rehan Khalid (EE-23097) End

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the economic development of Pakistan is a dynamic and
multifaceted process characterized by historical, political, social, and economic
factors. While the country faces challenges, Pakistan has the potential for a strong
economy, but it needs to address its challenges. Implementing reforms to control
spending, improve energy infrastructure, and diversify industry are crucial for
sustainable growth. Strategic policymaking, investment in key sectors, and
addressing structural impediments are essential for realizing Pakistan's economic
aspirations and fostering inclusive development.

Page 6 of 36
 SaadUllah (EE-23094) Start

SECURITY CHALLENGES OF PAKISTAN

INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan, 'land of the pure' was created as a separate homeland for the Muslims.
Since coming into existence as an independent state, Pakistan is facing internal
and external threats. The challenges of threats faced are, old as well as new.

Given the nature of the existing international, regional, and domestic

environment, Pakistan is facing many security challenges. This paper initially
discusses important security challenges confronting Pakistan. To properly
comprehend the security challenges, it would be appropriate to categorize these
challenges into three groups; external, domestic, and those challenges that have
linkage with both external as well as internal situation such as terrorism. A further
grouping could be traditional and nontraditional security threats.

EXTERNAL CHALLENGES:
Pakistan has been facing external threats to its independence and territorial
integrity right from its birth. Sandwiched between India and Afghanistan,
Pakistan’s security perceptions have been largely influenced by its state of
relationships with India and Afghanistan. Today, threats from India and
Afghanistan make a formidable task for Pakistani security planners. The
developments following 9/11 have further complicated the situation.

Conventional Threads Emanating From India:

After emerging from British colonial rule in 1947, “India” and “Pakistan”, become
rivals of each other. Since then, a series of historical and geopolitical events have
complicated the interaction between both the countries because of which they
have fought four wars. Eversince, not only both the countries are in a state of
continuous enmity, but also they engage in a nuclear arms race from the last two
decades. Both the countries share same cultural, linguistic, geographical and
economic ties, but on the contrary the relationship between both the countries is

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worse. Calm and smooth relations between both the countries are very necessary
in order to achieve peace in the region of South Asia.

Kashmir Conflict:
Kashmir is the main source of conflict and a disputed border territory between
the two countries. The state of Kashmir has experienced violence and varied kinds
of troubles. The people of Kashmir have been consistently striving and
vociferously raising their voices for independence. India refuses to acknowledge
the existence of the Kashmiri people’s freedom struggles as an indigenous
movement. More than 100,000 Kashmir people have died along with countless
injured and scared Kashmiris. In addition, Indian officials have also been asserting
that the UN resolution is no longer valid and applicable, as the Kashmiri people
have been regularly participating in the local state elections.

Security Challenges Between Pakistan And Afghanistan:

The security challenges between Pakistan and Afghanistan have been
longstanding and multifaceted, rooted in historical, political, and ethnic
complexities. Here are some of the key issues:

Border Disputes: The Durand Line, established in 1893 by the British Empire,
serves as the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. However, Afghanistan
has never formally recognized it, leading to periodic tensions and disputes over
border control and management.

Terrorism and Insurgency: The porous border facilitates the movement of

militants, exacerbating terrorism and insurgency in both countries. Groups like
the Afghan Taliban, Haqqani Network, and TTP have carried out attacks on both
sides, destabilizing the region.

Ethnic and Tribal Dynamics: The Pashtun ethnic group straddles the border
between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and their allegiances often transcend national
boundaries.

Drug Trafficking: The border region is a major transit route for the smuggling of
drugs, particularly opium and heroin, which fuels addiction and organized crime
in both countries.

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Refugee Crisis: Afghanistan has been in a state of conflict for decades, leading to
millions of Afghan refugees seeking shelter in Pakistan. This has strained
resources and contributed to social tensions, while also serving as a potential
cover for militant activities.

INTERNAL CHALLENGES:
Internal security occupies a pivotal position in any country’s national security
policy. Not only is Pakistan confronted with many internal threats and challenges
to its physical security, but also to its citizens. Some threads are mentioned here.

Poverty:
At the present the economic position of the country is not all that optimistic.
With the proposed growth rate, the problems of meeting the basic needs of the
citizens will be difficult. The average person living well below the poverty line will
be further drawn into the turbulence of economic deprivation and embedded
further deep into poverty.

Ethnic:
Another danger is the problem of ethnic unrest. Punjab, with almost 60 percent of
the population, dominates almost all aspects of national life. Smaller ethnic
groups, all of who have at one time been actively dissident, resent this fact.

Terrorism:
The fourth most important source of security challenges is terrorism and the
ongoing war on terrorism. To the American officials, it may mean the use of
violence against Americans by extremists. To the Indians, it may mean Pakistan
sponsored infiltration of terrorists into the Indian Held Kashmir (IHK). To the
Israelis, it may mean suicide attacks by the Palestinians.No country has suffered
as much as Pakistan in terms of both human lives as well as material damage.
Pakistan’s engagement in the war on terror has cost her more than 6,700 lives of
armed forces personnel, along with more than 15,000 soldiers wounded, and a
civilian death count higher than 37,000.9 In terms of material damage to Pakistan,
it is generally referred to as more than $78 billion. It has become somewhat
fashionable for both the Afghan government and its American supporters in

Page 9 of 36
 SaadUllah (EE-23094) End

Afghanistan to put the blame on Pakistan for all them own inabilities and
inadequacies. One frequently leveled charge against Pakistan is that the Taliban
are using Pakistani territory for launching attacks on ISAF/NATO forces.

Insurgency In Balochistan:
Baluchistan situation is also the result of many factors such as grievances over
economic exploitation, underdevelopment, perceived unfair use of provincial
resources, the quest for political power, and covert external intervention.

Crimes In Pakistan:
A crime is wrongful conduct defined by law as being punishable by
imprisonment, a fine, or other penalty and an unlawful act punishable by a state.

Causes Of Crimes In Pakistan:

1) Major causes of crimes are illiteracy and unemployment.

2) Lawlessness, fundamentalism, backwardness and double standards prevailing

in the society of crime.

3) In the lesser civilized areas the people of Pakistan's are suffering from extreme
depths of poverty, which is the foremost reason of crime.

4) Contravene of rules and lack of judiciary also gives birth to crime.

CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, Pakistan faces multifaceted security challenges that stem from both
internal and external sources, ranging from terrorism and insurgency to
geopolitical tensions and regional rivalries. Addressing these challenges requires
a comprehensive approach that prioritizes not only military and intelligence
capabilities but also socioeconomic development, political stability, and
diplomatic engagement. Despite the daunting nature of these challenges,
Pakistan possesses resilience and potential to overcome them through concerted
efforts, strategic planning, and sustained commitment to security and prosperity
for its citizens and the region at large.

Page 10 of 36
 Taseer Hussain (EE-23119) Start

Pakistan's Economic Challenges: A

Multifaceted Crisis

Introduction to Economic Issues in Pakistan

Introduction:
Pakistan, a South Asian country, faces a myriad of economic challenges that have
profound implications for its development and well-being. From poverty and
inequality to inflation and unemployment, the country grapples with a range of
complex economic issues. This assignment aims to delve into some of the key
economic challenges confronting Pakistan, analyze their causes, and propose
potential solutions.

Economic Issues in Pakistan:

1. Poverty and Income Inequality:
Poverty remains a persistent problem in Pakistan, with a significant portion of the
population living below the poverty line. Income inequality exacerbates this issue,
with wealth concentrated in the hands of a few while the majority struggle to
make ends meet. The lack of equitable distribution of resources further deepens
social divisions and hampers economic progress.

2. Inflation and Price Instability:

Inflationary pressures have plagued Pakistan's economy, leading to increased
prices of essential goods and services. Price instability not only erodes the
purchasing power of consumers but also creates uncertainty for businesses,
hindering investment and economic growth. Factors such as currency
depreciation, supply chain disruptions, and government policies contribute to
inflationary trends.

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3. Unemployment and Underemployment:
High levels of unemployment and underemployment pose significant challenges
to Pakistan's economy. A burgeoning youth population, coupled with limited job
opportunities, exacerbates the problem. The mismatch between the skills
possessed by the workforce and those demanded by employers further
compounds the issue, leading to wasted human capital and stagnant productivity.

Causes and Impacts of Economic Issues

Causes of Economic Issues:
1. Structural Weaknesses:
Pakistan's economy is plagued by structural weaknesses, including poor
infrastructure, inadequate institutional capacity, and a reliance on outdated
technologies. These structural impediments hinder productivity growth and limit
the economy's ability to generate employment and income.

2. Policy Challenges:
Inconsistent economic policies, political instability, and governance issues have
contributed to the country's economic woes. Short-term policy decisions often
prioritize political expediency over long-term economic stability, leading to fiscal
imbalances, unsustainable debt levels, and reduced investor confidence.

Impacts of Economic Issues:

1. Social Discontent and Political Instability:
Persistent economic challenges fuel social discontent and political instability in
Pakistan. Rising poverty, unemployment, and inequality breed frustration among
the populace, leading to social unrest and political upheaval. This instability
further undermines economic prospects and deters investment.

Page 12 of 36
2. Human Development Constraints:
Economic issues impede Pakistan's progress in human development indicators
such as education, healthcare, and nutrition. Limited access to quality education
and healthcare perpetuates intergenerational poverty and hampers the country's
ability to harness its demographic dividend.

Policy Recommendations and Solutions

Policy Recommendations:
1. Enhancing Human Capital Development
Investing in education and skill development is crucial for addressing Pakistan's
unemployment and underemployment challenges. Government initiatives aimed
at improving access to quality education, vocational training, and
entrepreneurship programs can enhance human capital and promote inclusive
growth.

2. Fiscal Reforms and Economic Diversification:

Implementing fiscal reforms to enhance revenue generation and reduce reliance
on debt financing is essential for fiscal sustainability. Moreover, promoting
economic diversification through targeted industrial policies, investment in
innovation, and export promotion can mitigate the impact of external shocks and
create employment opportunities.

Solutions:
1. Strengthening Institutions and Governance:
Improving governance structures and enhancing institutional capacity are
imperative for fostering economic stability and attracting investment.
Transparency, accountability, and rule of law are essential for creating an enabling
environment for business and ensuring equitable distribution of resources.

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 Taseer Hussain (EE-23119) End

2. Addressing Structural Constraints:

Addressing structural weaknesses such as infrastructure gaps, energy shortages,
and regulatory hurdles is essential for unlocking Pakistan's economic potential.
Long-term investments in infrastructure development, technology adoption, and
regulatory reforms can enhance productivity and competitiveness.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Pakistan faces a myriad of economic challenges ranging from
poverty and inequality to inflation and unemployment. Addressing these issues
requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses structural reforms, policy
initiatives, and investments in human capital and institutions. By implementing
targeted interventions aimed at addressing the root causes of economic issues,
Pakistan can unlock its growth potential, promote inclusive development, and
improve the well-being of its citizens.

Page 14 of 36
 Syed Ali Aoun (23081) Start

POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN
PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION:
Pakistan emerged 14 August 1947, on the world map. It was created in the
name of nationalism. It was the result of great effort of political leaders and
Muslims of India. Historically Pakistan has faced crucial problems in political
life in the post independent years. Due to crises, conflicts and issues created
instability in government and politics. The focus of research is to explore
the facts which were the major cause of political instability in Pakistan. In
later to discuss the sustain constitution making process which was the
cause of weak political institutions in initial phase of Pakistan. Indian act
1935 was enforced in the country with Amendments. Then will explore
analytically the role of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali khan, Muhammad Ali
Bogra and Chaudhri Muhammad Ali in forming a constitution.

Muslim league was the major political party of Muslims in sub-continent. It

played major role in political struggle of Muslims. Muslim league gave the
political platform to the Indian Muslims to achieve their goals. But it failed
to become mass party in the post independent period. It became the victim
of fictions. That’s why other parties were emerged but our government
could not find healthy opposition parties, which could criticize the
government. Jinnah and some other honest and devotional leaders gave
the Muslims a vision which comes true after the political struggle. But
unfortunately, we could not find leadership after the Jinnah. Most of
politicians work for power capturing.

POLITICAL INSTABILITY: Political instability refers to a state of

uncertainty and unrest within a nation’s political system, causing confusion
and unrest among people because political leaders change a lot and people
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don’t trust them. Since Pakistan is politically unstable from it’s beginning
because of their Military interference and Political leaders.

KEY PERIODS OF INSTABILITY

1947-1958:
The early years of Pakistan’s existence were characterized by assassination
of its founding leader, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, and formidable task of
integrating the newly formed nation amidst numerous challenges During
Pakistan’s weak democratic period (1951-1956), heads of state Ghulam
Mohammad and Iskandar Mirza violated the parliamentary system by
interfering in politics. They influenced parties, bureaucracy, and government
formation, contributing to political instability. They also dismissed Prime
Minister Nazim-ud-Din without due process and appointed a puppet Prime
Minister

1958-1971:
Ayub Khan’s era in Pakistan was a period of complex political instability. He
rose to power through a coup, overthrowing a weak democracy. This
imposed a period of control, but not true democratic stability. Ayub Khan
ruled with an iron fist, suppressing opposition but creating simmering
tensions. He focused on modernization and economic development,
achieving some progress that offered a sense of stability. However, his
policies favoring West Pakistan alienated East Pakistan (now Bangladesh),
planting seeds of future discord. By the late 1960s, his control weakened.
Economic woes returned, and neglect of social sectors fueled discontent
but his rule lacked democracy and sowed the seeds of future instability
through regional neglect.

1977-1988:
Zia-ul-Haq came to power as a result of a coup, overthrowing Pakistan’s
first popularly elected Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Though the coup
Page 16 of 36
itself was bloodless, civilian opposition in parts of the country was
substantial. Martial law was declared, senior civilian politicians opposing Zia
were imprisoned, and less well-known figures in opposition student groups,
trade and journalist unions and political parties were “made an example of”
with public floggings

1999-2008:
October, 1999 senior officers loyal to army chief Gen. Pervez Musharraf
arrested prime minister Nawaz Sharif and his ministers after thwarting the
Sharif regime’s attempt to dismiss Musharraf and prevent his plane from
landing in Pakistan as he returned from a visit to Srilanka. During this time,
Musharraf held power as both the President and Chief of Army Staff,
implementing various political and economic reforms while facing criticism
and controversy, including allegations of human rights abuses and
suppression dissent.

The Imran Khan Era and Renewed Turmoil (2018 – Present)

Imran Khan, a former cricket star, captured the national imagination in 2018
with promises of tackling corruption and reforming the political system.
However, his tenure was marked by worsening economic woes and a
strained relationship with the military. In 2022, Khan was ousted through a
no-confidence vote, sparking allegations of external manipulation and
leading to ongoing political polarization.

REASONS BEHIND POLITICAL

INSTABILITY
Military Influence:
Pakistan has a history of military coups and interventions in civilian
governance, leading to a lack of stability and democratic continuity.

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Corruption:
Rampant corruption within political institutions undermines public trust and
weakens the government’s ability to effectively govern.

Ethnic and Regional Divisions:

Pakistan is ethnically and regionally diverse, leading to tensions and
conflicts among different groups, which can destabilize the political
landscape.

Terrorism and Extremism:

Pakistan has faced significant challenges from extremist groups, leading to
security concerns and instability within the country.

Economic Challenges:
High unemployment, poverty, and economic inequality can exacerbate
social tensions and contribute to political unrest.

Foreign Interference:
Pakistan’s geopolitical position, particularly its relationship with neighboring
countries like India and Afghanistan, can subject it to external pressures and
interference, further complicating its internal politics.

Weak Democratic Institutions:

Inadequate democratic institutions and practices, including a lack of checks
and balances, can lead to governance deficits and political instability.

Ineffective Governance:
Poor governance, characterized by inefficiency, nepotism, and bureaucratic
red tape, can fuel dissatisfaction among the population and lead to protests
and unrest.

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 Syed Ali Aoun (23081) End

Conclusion:
Addressing these underlying issues requires comprehensive reforms aimed
at strengthening democratic institutions, promoting transparency and
accountability, fostering economic development, and addressing social and
security challenges.

Page 19 of 36
 Sibghat Ullah Bilal [EE- 100] Start

State Incompetence
Introduction:
In the pursuit of progress and prosperity, the effectiveness of governance
stands as a cornerstone for any nation. However, when the state fails to
fulfill its responsibilities competently, the consequences reverberate across
society. This discussion delves into the intricate web of state failure or
incompetence and its profound impact on our nation's trajectory. By
examining the root causes and implications of governance deficiencies, we
aim to shed light on why we have faltered as a nation, unable to keep pace
with the evolving global landscape.

What is STATE?
The state, in political terms, is a sovereign political entity that establishes a
defined territory, population, and government for the creation of a
homeland (1). Its identity lies in its authority, which governs over its
homeland and fulfills fundamental responsibilities to improve the lives of its
inhabitants.

Responsibilities of the State:

The state, as the primary authority within a nation, shoulders a range of
crucial responsibilities aimed at ensuring the well-being and progress of its
citizens. These responsibilities encompass various domains, including
governance, law and order, public services, economic management, and
social development.

1. Governance and Administration:

The state is responsible for effective governance and administration, which
involves enacting laws, implementing policies, and managing public
resources transparently and accountably (2).

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 2. Law and Order:
Upholding the rule of law and ensuring public safety are paramount
responsibilities of the state. This includes preventing crime, administering
justice through fair and impartial legal systems, and maintaining peace and
order within society (3).

3. Public Services:
The state is tasked with providing essential public services to its citizens,
such as healthcare, education, infrastructure, social welfare programs, and
disaster response. Access to quality public services is essential for
promoting the well-being and development of society (4).

Consequences of Inadequate State Responsibilities

The state's failure to effectively fulfill its responsibilities has hindered our
progress on the global stage. Each responsibility is crucial for the nation's
functioning and development. When the state lacks in governance, law
enforcement, public services, economic management, or social
development, the impact is significant.

Ineffective governance leads to corruption and inefficiency, while poor law

enforcement results in crime and insecurity. Inadequate public services
perpetuate inequality, and economic mismanagement causes stagnation
and unemployment. Persistent social issues such as poverty and
discrimination undermine cohesion and progress.

This collective failure to meet the state's obligations has marginalized us

globally. Addressing these shortcomings and enhancing the state's capacity
is crucial for keeping pace with the changing world.

Page 21 of 36
 Some examples of incompetence of the State
1. State Failure in Judicial Matters
Justice and fairness are foundational principles in any society, essential for
maintaining social order, protecting individual rights, and fostering trust in
institutions. A just and fair society ensures that all individuals are treated
equitably under the law, regardless of their background, status, or identity.
It upholds the rule of law, promotes accountability, and safeguards against
abuse of power.

In a nation where justice and fairness prevail, citizens have confidence in the
legal system, knowing that their rights will be protected and disputes will
be resolved impartially. This fosters a sense of security, stability, and
harmony within society, encouraging participation in civic life and
investment in the common good. Some examples of failure of our state in
this matter.

i. Rao Anwar: Rao Anwar, a former police officer, faced delays and
challenges in prosecution for his alleged involvement in extrajudicial
killings, showcasing incompetence in justice delivery.
ii. Shahrukh Jatoi: Shahrukh Jatoi, convicted for the murder of Shahzeb
Khan, initially received leniency, highlighting inconsistencies in law
enforcement and justice (5).
iii. Noor Muqaddam Case: The lack of justice in the Noor Muqaddam
case, with the perpetrator has not faced any punishment or legal
consequences for their actions (6), highlights significant concerns
about legal delays and shortcomings in the judicial system.
iv. Murder of Sarfaraz Shah by Rangers: The controversial killing of
Sarfaraz Shah by Rangers exposed issues of excessive use of force
and accountability within law enforcement agencies (7).

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 2. State Oppression and Cruelty Toward Its Citizens
i. Sahiwal Incident: The Sahiwal incident, where innocent civilians
were killed in an alleged encounter by law enforcement,
exemplified the use of excessive force and brutality against
citizens(8).
ii. Violence Against Baloch People: The Baloch people have faced
significant challenges and hardships due to violence and
oppression in Pakistan. One prominent example is the case of
Hayat Baloch, whose killing highlighted the brutality and human
rights violations experienced by the Baloch community (9).

3. Failure to Provide Security to Citizens

The inability of the state to ensure the safety and security of its citizens
also reflects the incompetence of our government. This failure not only
undermines trust in law enforcement agencies but also contributes to a
sense of insecurity and vulnerability among the populace.

i. Street Crimes: The prevalence of snatching incidents in Karachi

due to inadequate security measures is a major concern. Citizens
often fall victim to armed robberies and snatchings, leading to fear
and insecurity among the population. According to a report, 'More
than 250 Karachiites were shot dead and 1,052 others were
wounded by street criminals between 2022 and March 28, 2024 (10).
4. Unequal Lives:

The vast difference between the living standards of our leaders and the
average citizen is a clear sign of the deep inequality in our society. While
many people struggle to afford basic necessities like food and shelter, our
politicians and bureaucrats live in luxury, often using public funds for their
own lavish lifestyles. It's shocking that even the pets of our leaders receive
better care than many struggling individuals. This inequality highlights the

Page 23 of 36
failure of our government to address the needs of the less fortunate and
emphasizes the urgent need for fairer policies and resource distribution.

5. Failure in Providing Quality Education:

Similar to other areas, our state has also faltered in providing quality
education, failure to provide education to children will hinder the nation's
progress, as an illiterate population cannot compete in the global arena.
According to a report, 26.21 million children are out of school in Pakistan,
highlighting the state's failure in ensuring access to education (11).

Conclusion:
There's a lot to write about, but it's impossible to write so much detail here.
In short, the main reason for our nation's failure and lagging behind is that
our state is completely unsuccessful in fulfilling its responsibilities.

How can the nation succeed when the state fails to provide basic
necessities to its people, doesn't establish justice, and indulges in
corruption?

When the state resorts to violence against its citizens instead of providing
them with health, education, and employment, how can the nation progress
in the world?

If we want to move forward in the world, we need to establish a state that

ensures justice and cares for the rights of its people. Until the state stops
sucking the blood of the nation, progress is not possible .

I would like to conclude my assignment with a poem of Faiz Ahmed Faiz

Sibghat Ullah Bilal [EE- 100] End

Page 24 of 36
 ‫ئ‬ ‫غ ٹ‬ ‫ن‬
‫جس دیس سے ماؤں ب ہ وں کوا ی ار ا ھا کر لے ج ا ی ں‬
‫ش‬ ‫قت غ‬
‫جس دیس می ں ب ن ت حوا کی چ ادر ب ھی داغ سے م ی لی ہ و‬ ‫ج ئس دیس سے ا ل ن ڈوں کو ا راف چ ھڑا کر لے‬
‫پ ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ٹ ن‬ ‫جا یں‬
‫ے‬ ‫جس دیس می ں آے چ ی ی کا ب حران لک ت ک ج ا ہچ‬ ‫ٹ‬ ‫ن‬
‫پ ن‬ ‫ن فق‬ ‫ب‬ ‫جس دیس کی نکورٹ چکہری می ں ا صاف کوں پر ب کت ا ہ و‬
‫ے‬ ‫جس دیس می ں ج لی پ ا ی کا دان حلق ت ک ج ا ہچ‬ ‫ش قض‬
‫ت‬ ‫جس دیس کا م ی ا ی ب ھی مج رم سے پوچ ھ کے لکھت ا‬
‫ے پر دو چ ار ب ھکاری پ ھرے‬ ‫جس دیس کے ہ ر چ وراہ‬ ‫ہو‬
‫ہ وں‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ن‬
‫ت‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ے پر پولیس کے اکے ہ وے‬ ‫ے چپ‬ ‫جس دیس کے چ پ‬
‫ے گرے‬ ‫جس دیس می ں روز ج ہازوں سے امدادی ھ ی ل‬ ‫ہ وں‬
‫ہ وں‬ ‫ت‬
‫ت‬
‫ب ن‬ ‫غ‬ ‫جس دیس کے م ن در مسج د می ں ہ ر روز دھماکے ہ وے‬
‫ے ی الم کرا ی ہ و‬ ‫جس دیس می ں رب ت ماؤں سے چ‬ ‫ہ وں‬
‫ت‬ ‫ن ئ‬ ‫ش ف‬ ‫خ ن‬
‫جس دیس می ں دولت ر اء سے ا ج ا ز کام کرا ی ہ و‬ ‫جس دیس می ں ج اں کے رکھوالے ود ج ا ی ں لی ں‬
‫تدیس کے عہدی داروں سے عہدے ن ہ سن ب ھالے‬ ‫جس‬ ‫ں‬ ‫معصوموں کی‬
‫س ن سن‬ ‫ظ‬
‫ج اے ہ وں‬ ‫جس دیس می ں حاکم الم ہ و س کی ہ ی ں جمبوروں کی‬
‫ٹ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ن‬
‫تدیس کے سادہ لوح ا ساں وعدوں پ ہ ہ ی الے‬ ‫جس‬ ‫جس دیس کے عادل ب ہرے ہ وں آہ ی ں ن ہ س ی ں‬
‫ج اے ہ وں‬ ‫معصوموں کی‬
‫ٹ ن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ف‬
‫ے‬ ‫اس دیس کے ہ ر اک ل ی ڈر پر سوال ا ھا ا واج ب ہ‬ ‫جس دیس کی گ یل وں کوچ وں می ں ہ ر سمت حا ی پ ھ ی لی ہ و‬
‫ن‬
‫ے!‬‫اس دیس کے ہ ر اک حاکم کو سولی پ ہ چ ڑھا ج ہ‬
‫ب‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫جس دیس می ں ب ن ت حوا کی چ ادر ب ھی داغ سے م ی لی ہ و‬
‫پ ن‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ٹ ن‬
‫جس دیس می ں آے چ ی ی کا ب حران لک ت ک ج ا ہچ‬
‫ف‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ے‬

‫ی ض احمد ی ض‬

‫‪Abu Bakr Saleem (EE-23092) Start‬‬

‫‪Democracy In Pakistan.‬‬
‫‪Democracy:‬‬
‫‪Democracy is a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership,‬‬
‫‪and major undertakings of a state or other polity are directly or indirectly‬‬
‫‪decided by the “people,” a group historically constituted by only a minority‬‬

‫‪Page 25 of 36‬‬
of the population e.g., all free adult males in ancient Athens or all
sufficiently.

Democracy in Pakistan:
Democracy in Pakistan has been a complex and evolving process since the
country's independence in 1947. Despite intermittent periods of military
rule, Pakistan has seen several phases of democratic governance, including
parliamentary systems and presidential systems. The Parliament consists of
two houses: the National Assembly and the Senate. Elections are held
regularly, though there have been allegations of irregularities and issues
with transparency. Political parties play a significant role in shaping the
democratic landscape, with power shifting between various parties over
time. However, challenges such as corruption, political instability, and
tensions between civilian governments and the military have impacted the
consolidation of democracy in Pakistan.

Historical Context:
The historical context of democracy in Pakistan is complex and
characterized by periods of democratic experimentation interspersed with
authoritarian rule. Here's an overview:

1. Independence and Early Years (1947-1958):

Pakistan gained independence from British colonial rule in 1947 as a
Muslim-majority state carved out of British India.

- The country initially adopted a parliamentary system with a constitution

that guaranteed democratic principles, but political instability and
institutional weaknesses hampered democratic consolidation.

- The assassination of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951 and

subsequent power struggles contributed to political turbulence.

2. Military Rule (1958-1971):

Page 26 of 36
The first military coup in Pakistan occurred in 1958 when President Iskander
Mirza dissolved the government and appointed General Ayub Khan as the
Chief Martial Law Administrator.

- Ayub Khan subsequently assumed the presidency and introduced a

system of "guided democracy," concentrating power in the hands of the
military and bureaucracy.

- Despite some economic development under Ayub's regime, discontent

grew over political repression, inequality, and East Pakistan's
marginalization, leading to the secession of East Pakistan and the creation
of Bangladesh in 1971.

3. Return to Democracy and Zia Era (1971-1988):

Following the defeat in the 1971 war and the loss of East Pakistan, Pakistan
experienced a return to civilian rule under Prime MinisterZulfikar Ali
Bhutto.Bhutto's government introduced a new constitution in 1973, which
established a parliamentary system with a powerful prime minister and a
ceremonial president.

- However, Bhutto's government faced allegations of authoritarianism,

leading to his ouster in a military coup led by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977.

- Zia's regime imposed martial law, suspended democratic institutions, and

ruled by decree, implementing Islamization policies and suppressing
political opposition.

4. Democratic Restoration and Instability (1988-1999):

Zia's death in a plane crash in 1988 paved the way for a return to civilian
rule, with elections held and Benazir Bhutto becoming Pakistan's first female
prime minister.

- However, political instability persisted, with Bhutto's government facing

allegations of corruption and facing challenges from the military and the

Page 27 of 36
judiciary.

- The 1990s witnessed a cycle of power shifts between Bhutto's Pakistan

People's Party (PPP) and Nawaz Sharif's Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz
(PML-N), marked by accusations of corruption, mismanagement, and
electoral irregularities.

5. Military Interventions and Recent Democratic Period (1999-

present):
General Pervez Musharraf seized power in a bloodless coup in 1999,
ousting Sharif's government and ruling as both president and chief
executive.

- Musharraf's regime faced opposition and protests, particularly after the

controversial dismissal of Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry in
2007, leading to his resignation in 2008.

- Since then, Pakistan has experienced a more consistent period of

democratic governance, with successive civilian governments completing
their terms, although challenges such as political instability, corruption, and
tensions between civilian and military authorities persist.

Throughout its history, Pakistan has grappled with the tension between
democracy and authoritarianism, with democratic institutions facing
numerous challenges including military interventions, political instability,
corruption, and governance deficits. Despite setbacks, the aspiration for
democracy remains a central feature of Pakistan's political landscape,

reflecting the ongoing struggle to balance competing interests and ideals

within the country's diverse society.

Progress of Democracy
The progress of democracy can be assessed through various indicators that
reflect the degree to which democratic principles and practices are
upheldwithin a society. Here are some key aspects of progress in democracy

Page 28 of 36
1.Political Participation: Increased voter turnout in elections, active
engagement of citizens in political processes, and the emergence of vibrant
civil society organizations are indicators of progress in democracy.

2. Election Integrity: Fair and transparent electoral processes, free from

fraud, manipulation, or intimidation, demonstrate progress in ensuring the
democratic right of citizens to choose their representatives.

3. Rule of Law: Strengthening the rule of law, upholding constitutional

principles, and ensuring an independent judiciary contribute to the
progress of democracy by protecting individual rights and liberties.

4. Accountability: Holding elected officials and public institutions

accountable for their actions, through mechanisms such as effective
oversight, transparency, and anti-corruption measures, is essential for
democratic progress.

5. Inclusive Governance: Promoting inclusivity and representation of

diverse voices, including marginalized groups, women, minorities, and
youth, enhances the legitimacy and effectiveness of democratic
governance.

6. Freedom of Expression: Protecting freedom of expression, media

freedom, and freedom of assembly allows for open debate, dissent, and the
exchange of ideas, fostering a vibrant democratic culture.

7. Human Rights Protection: Safeguarding human rights, including civil,

political, economic, social, and cultural rights, demonstrates progress in
promoting the dignity and equality of all individuals within a democratic
society.

8. Peaceful Transitions of Power: Peaceful transitions of power between

different political parties or leaders, through democratic elections or
constitutional means, reflect the stability and maturity of democratic
institutions.

Page 29 of 36
9. Decentralization: Empowering local governments and communities to
make decisions on matters that affect them directly promotes grassroots
democracy and enhances citizen participation in governance.

10. International Engagement : Collaboration with the international

community, adherence to international norms and standards, and
participation in democratic alliances and initiatives contribute to global
progress in democracy.

While progress in democracy is often incremental and subject to setbacks,

sustained efforts to strengthen democratic institutions, promote civic
engagement, and uphold democratic values are essential for advancing
towards more inclusive, responsive, and resilient democratic societies.

Challenges to Democracy
Challenges to democracy in Pakistan include:

1. Military Intervention: Historically, Pakistan has experienced multiple

military coups and interventions, leading to periods of authoritarian rule
and undermining democratic processes.

2. Political Instability: Frequent changes in government, coalition politics,

and weak political institutions contribute to political instability, hindering
the consolidation of democracy.

3. Corruption: Rampant corruption at various levels of government

undermines public trust in democratic institutions and erodes the rule of
law.

4. Ethnic and Religious Tensions: Ethnic and religious divisions often lead
to political polarization and violence, posing significant challenges to
democratic governance and social cohesion.

5. Terrorism and Extremism: The presence of terrorist groups and

extremist ideologies threatens democratic values, undermines security, and
limits political freedoms.

Page 30 of 36
6. Weak Governance: Inefficiency, bureaucratic hurdles, and lack of
accountability within the government impede effective governance and
service delivery, fueling public discontent.

7. Economic Challenges: Poverty, unemployment, and economic inequality

exacerbate social tensions and undermine the ability of democratic
institutions to address socio-economic issues.

8. Media Restrictions: Restrictions on media freedom, censorship, and

harassment of journalists limit the dissemination of information and
suppress dissent, weakening democratic accountability.

9. Judicial Independence: Challenges to judicial independence, including

political interference and corruption within the judiciary, undermine the rule
of law and the protection of human rights. 10. **Electoral Irregularities**:
Allegations of electoral fraud, voter intimidation, and manipulation
undermine the integrity of elections and erode public trust in the
democratic process. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive
reforms to strengthen democratic institutions, promote transparency and
accountability, protect human rights, and foster inclusive political
participation. Additionally, fostering dialogue, reconciliation, and
consensus-building among diverse political actors is essential for
overcoming the obstacles to democracy in Pakistan.

Prospects for Democracy

The prospects of democracy refer to the potential for the growth, stability,
and sustainability of democratic governance within a country or region.
Here's a detailed exploration of the prospects of democracy

1. Political Culture: Assess the prevailing political culture within the

society, including attitudes towards democracy, civic engagement, and
participation. A positive political culture characterized by support for
democratic principles and institutions bodes well for the prospects of
democracy.

Page 31 of 36
2. Institutional Framework: Evaluate the strength and resilience of
democratic institutions such as the judiciary, electoral commission,
parliament, and executive branch. Strong and independent institutions are
essential for upholding democratic norms and principles.

3. Rule of Law: Examine the extent to which the rule of law is upheld within
the country. A robust legal framework, impartial judiciary, and adherence to
constitutional principles are crucial for the prospects of democracy.

4. Challenges and Threats: Identify and analyze the challenges and

threats facing democracy, such as political polarization, corruption, electoral
fraud, populism, and authoritarian tendencies. Understanding and
addressing these challenges is essential for strengthening the prospects of
democracy.

By examining these factors comprehensively, one can gain insight into the
current state and future trajectory of democracy within a country or region,
enabling informed analysis and policymaking to support democratic
governance.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, democracy is a dynamic and evolving system of governance
that empowers citizens to participate in decisionmaking, promotes
Abu Bakr (EE-23092) End

accountability, protects human rights, and fosters social and economic

development. However, the journey towards a robust and inclusive
democracy is fraught with challenges, as evidenced by the case of Pakistan
and many other countries around the world.

Despite facing numerous obstacles such as military intervention, political

instability, corruption, and social tensions, Pakistan has demonstrated
resilience in its commitment to democratic principles. With each setback,
there have been moments of progress, including the peaceful transition of

Page 32 of 36
power between civilian governments, improvements in electoral processes,
and advancements in civil liberties.

To strengthen democracy in Pakistan and elsewhere, concerted efforts are

needed to address the root causes of democratic deficits, including
institutional weaknesses, social inequalities, and political polarization. This
requires a multi-faceted approach that encompasses legal reforms, civic
education, anti-corruption measures, promotion of media freedom, and
inclusive dialogue among all segments of society.

Ultimately, the prospects of democracy depend on the collective will and

engagement of citizens, political leaders, civil society, and the international
community to uphold democratic values, safeguard democratic institutions,
and overcome the challenges that threaten the democratic project. Despite
the hurdles, the aspiration for democracy remains a beacon of hope for a
more just, equitable, and prosperous future for all.

References:
Economic Development of Pakistan:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Economy (16-03-2024)

https://pakistanalmanac.com/economic-activity/#:~:text=Economy%20of
%20Pakistan&text=Pakistan%20has%20a%20semi%2Dindustrialized,and
%20construction%20are%20also%20important. (16-03-2024)

https://tribune.com.pk/2453792/pakistans-economy-what-toexpectfor2024

(18-03-2024)

Page 33 of 36
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan#:~:text=The%20economy%20of
%20Pakistan%20is,in%20terms%20of%20nominal%20GDP (18-03-2024)

Security Challenges:
https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/joint_research/series9/pdf/10.pdf
(21-03-2024)

https://www.slideshare.net/UjalaShaikh/security-challenges-of-pakistan (21-03-2024)

file:///C:/Users/DELL/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/IE/ZW4BN4YT/
9647-Article%20Text-18901-1-10-20210814[2].pdf(21-03-2024)

Pakistan's Economic Challenges:

 Introduction:
1. Iqbal, Z., & Khan, A. (2020). Understanding Income Inequality in Pakistan: A
Multidimensional Perspective. Journal of Economic Studies, 47(6), 1373-
1392. (22-03-2024)

2. Haq, R. U., & Zaman, K. (2019). Analyzing the Causes and Consequences of
Inflation in Pakistan: An Econometric Approach. Pakistan Economic and
Social Review, 57(2), 285-306. (22-03-2024)

 Causes and Impacts of Economic Issues:

1. Khan, F., & Ullah, I. (2021). Exploring the Impact of Structural Weaknesses
on Pakistan's Economic Development: A Sectoral Analysis. Pakistan
Development Review, 60(4), 681-700. (24-03-2024)

2. Ahmed, S., & Azeem, M. (2022). Political Economy of Policy Instability in

Pakistan: Implications for Economic Development. South Asian Studies,
37(1), 91-110. (24-03-2024)

 Solutions:
1. Jamil, F., & Malik, S. (2023). Investing in Human Capital: A Pathway to
Inclusive Growth in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, 33(2),
245-264. (26-03-2024)

2. Siddiqui, R., & Mahmood, Z. (2024). Fiscal Reforms and Economic

Diversification: A Strategy for Sustainable Development in Pakistan.

Page 34 of 36
 Pakistan Economic Review, 66(1), 87-106. (26-03-2024)

Political Instability In Pakistan:

https://asiasociety.org/education/pakistan-political-history (27-03-2024)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq (27-03-2024)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_coups_in_Pakistan#:~:text=In%20October%2C
%201999%20senior%20officers,a%20visit%20to%20Sri%20Lanka (27-03-2024)

https://www.ijahs.com/view/political-instability-in-pakistan-1947-1956.pdf (27-03-2024)

https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3194/ (27-03-2024)

State Incompetence:
1) Britannica. (n.d.). State. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/state-
sovereign-political-entity (14-04-2024)

2) Reference: Encyclopedia Britannica. Governance.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/governance (14-04-2024)

3) United Nations. (n.d.). Rule of Law and Governance

https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/what-is-the-rule-of-law/#:~:text=For%20the%20United
%20Nations%20(UN,and%20which%20are%20consistent%20with (14-04-2024)

4) Encyclopedia Britannica. Public Services. https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-

administration/History (14-04-2024)

5) tribune.com.pk https://tribune.com.pk/story/2387770/shahrukh-jatoi-freed-from-
malir-jail-after-10-years (14-04-2024)

6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Noor_Mukadam (14-04-2024)

7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pakistan_Rangers_shooting_incident (14-04-2024)

8) https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/421416-sahiwal-incident-here-is-what-we-know-
so-far https://www.dawn.com/news/1458520 (14-04-2024)

9) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Hayat_Baloch (14-04-2024)

10)https://www.dawn.com/news/1825765#:~:text=KARACHI%3A%20More%20than
%20250%20Karachiites,over%20the%20past%20three%20years. (14-04-2024)

Page 35 of 36
11) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/education-crisis-deepens-26-
21-million-children-out-of-school-in-pakistan-reveals-pie-report/articleshow/
107040077.cms (14-04-2024)

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