• Each cell in the human contains all the genetic material for the growth and development of a human • Some of these genes will be need to be expressed all the time • These are the genes that are involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration • Other genes are not expressed all the time • They are switched on an off at need Operons
prokaryotes. The lac Operon The lac operon consists of three genes each involved in processing the sugar lactose One of them is the gene for the enzyme β‐ galactosidase This enzyme hydrolyses lactose into glucose and galactose Adapting to the environment • E. coli can use either glucose, which is a monosaccharide, or lactose, which is a disaccharide • However, lactose needs to be hydrolysed (digested) first • So the bacterium prefers to use glucose when it can Four situations are possible 1. When glucose is present and lactose is absent the E. coli does not produce β‐galactosidase.
2. When glucose is present and lactose is present the E. coli
does not produce β‐galactosidase.
3. When glucose is absent and lactose is absent the E. coli
does not produce β‐galactosidase.
4. When glucose is absent and lactose is present the E. coli
does produce β‐galactosidase The control of the lac operon 1. When lactose is absent • A repressor protein is continuously synthesised. It sits on a sequence of DNA just in front of the lac operon, the Operator site • The repressor protein blocks the Promoter site where the RNA polymerase settles before it starts transcribing
Repressor RNA protein Blocked polymerase
DNA I O z y a Regulator Operator lac operon gene site 2. When lactose is present • A small amount of a sugar allolactose is formed within the bacterial cell. This fits onto the repressor protein at another active site (allosteric site) • This causes the repressor protein to change its shape (a conformational change). It can no longer sit on the operator site. RNA polymerase can now reach its promoter site
DNA
I O z y a 2. When lactose is present • A small amount of a sugar allolactose is formed within the bacterial cell. This fits onto the repressor protein at another active site (allosteric site) • This causes the repressor protein to change its shape (a conformational change). It can no longer sit on the operator site. RNA polymerase can now reach its promoter site _) DNA I O z y a Promotor site 3. When both glucose and lactose are present • This explains how the lac operon is transcribed only when lactose is present. • BUT….. this does not explain why the operon is not transcribed when both glucose and lactose are present. • When glucose and lactose are present RNA polymerase can sit on the promoter site but it is unstable and it keeps falling off Repressor protein removed _) RNA polymerase DNA I O z y a Promotor site 4. When glucose is absent and lactose is present • Another protein is needed, an activator protein. This stabilises RNA polymerase. • The activator protein only works when glucose is absent • In this way E. coli only makes enzymes to metabolise other sugars in the absence of glucose Activator protein steadies the RNA polymerase Transcription --------- - -► DNA I O z y a Promotor site
