CV-314

Reinforced Concrete Design – I

Courtesy of
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
 Grading Policy

Breakdown of Grading
Weightage

Exam Class Participation

70% 30%

Mid Term Final Term Assignments (3) Quizzes (3) CEP (1)
30% 40% 12% 12% 6%
 Contents of Lecture

 General

 Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Codes

 Properties of Materials

 Structural Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

 References
 Learning Outcomes

 At the end of this lecture, students will be able to;

 Define general terms related to structural engineering.

 Understand concepts of structural design of reinforced concrete

and associated topics.

 Compare working stress method with strength design method.

 Outline properties of concrete and reinforcing steel.

 Course Objective

 Aim of the Course

 Humans need construction of civil structures such as buildings,

bridges and dams etc. to fulfill their various needs.

 An Engineering design would ensure that these structures are built

safe and economical.

 Materials such as stones, bricks, timber, steel and concrete are

generally used to construct these structures.

 In this course, however, we will study some basic concepts of the

design of Buildings (bridges, dams etc. will not be discussed) made
of reinforced concrete.
 General

 Structure

 A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to safely

transfer load from one point to another.

 Important types of structure related to civil engineering include;

Buildings Bridges Dams

Retaining Walls Water Tanks

 General

 Buildings

 A building is a type of structure that provides shelter, privacy and

security to its occupants. The components of a building can be
divided broadly into two categories;
 Structural components

 Non - structural components

 Structural components consists of slabs, beams, columns, footing

etc., are essential for the stability of the building.

 Non-structural components include partition walls, windows, doors,

furniture, MEP, and so on, are required for the building's functionality
and appearance.
 General

 Buildings

 Structural Components of an RC building

 General structural components of a typical reinforced concrete building are;

 Footing
Roof Slab

 Basement wall
Floor Slab
 Shear Wall Beam
Column
 Columns
Basement Wall
 Beams

 Slab Infill Wall

(non-structural)
Stairs
 Stairs Shear Wall
Footing
 General

 Buildings

 Types of Structural Systems

 Based on the load transfer

mechanism, structural systems are
classified into different types.
DC office_Block-B at Mansehra,KP
 The most common types are;
 Frame System

 Load bearing wall system

 Mixed System
 General

 Buildings

 Frame System

 A reinforced concrete frame building generally consist of slabs,

beams columns and footings. The load transfer mechanism is
shown below.
 General

 Buildings

 Load Bearing Wall System

 In such buildings, load from the slab is transmitted to foundation

through walls.
 General

 Buildings

 Mixed System

 It is the combination of frame and load bearing wall systems.

Infill wall

Load bearing wall

 General

 Buildings

 Building construction animation

Bearing wall System Frame System

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Structural Analysis

 The prediction of performance of a structure under expected loading

conditions is known as structural analysis.

 The performance of a structure is evaluated in terms of the effects of

loads on its components, called “Load effects”.

 Load effects include;

1. Stresses / Internal actions

2. Deflections

3. Support Reactions
 Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Internal actions / Stresses

Compressive Stress Tensile Stress Flexural / Bending Stress

Shear Stress Torsional Stress

 Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Structural Design

 Structural Design refers to the process of selecting appropriate

dimensions and materials for a structure.

 The structural design of a reinforced concrete structure involves

selection of size and amount of reinforcement based on the results
of the analysis and the Code provisions.
 Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Structural Design

 A successful structural design should ensure that the structure's

capacity exceeds demand with an appropriate margin of safety in
order to meet the conditions of safety, serviceability, economy, and
functionality.

 The following two design methods are used to obtain the required
factor of safety.
 Limit State Method

 Working Stress Method

 Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 A limit state is a condition (limit) of a structure beyond which it

ceases to serve its intended purpose.

 Limit state method of design is based on different limit states.

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 There are two main limit states

i. Ultimate limit state

Ultimate limit consists of rupture or collapse of a part of or
whole
structure.
ii. Serviceability limit state
Excessive deflections, undesirable vibrations, excessive
cracking,
etc. are examples of serviceability limits.
Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 In the limit state method, both ultimate and serviceability limit

states are considered.

 The design carried out for the ultimate state is also known as
“Ultimate strength design method” or simply “Strength design
method”.

 The factor of safety in the strength design method is achieved by

magnifying the demand and lowering the capacity based on a
scientific rationale.
Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

1. Limit State Method

 Factor of Safety in Strength Design Method

We know that,

According to Strength Design Approach;

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods

2. Working Stress Method

 Demand is kept the same.

 Capacity is divided by 2.

 This method assumes concrete and steel act together elastically

where the relationship between loads and stresses is linear .

 There is no logical way of determining margin of safety.

Structural Analysis and Structural Design

 Design Methods
 Comparison of Working Stress Method and Strength Design Method

Working Stress Method Strength Design Method

1. Demand is kept same and 1. Demand is increased, and capacity is

capacity is divided by 2. reduced based on scientific rationale.

2. Margin of safety is arbitrary. 2. Margin of safety is rational.

3. Less- economical. 3. More economical.

4. No need to check for serviceability. 4. Serviceability checks are applied.

 Design Codes

 Code

 A code is a set of technical specifications and standards that controls

the important details of design and construction.

 The purpose of code is to produce sound structures so that public will

be protected from poor and inadequate design and construction.

 Building codes provide minimum requirements for the life safety and
serviceability for structures.
 Design Codes

 General Building Codes

 Cover all aspects of building design and construction from

architecture to structural to mechanical and electrical.

 UBC, IBC and Euro-code are the examples of general building

codes.
 Design Codes

 Seismic Codes
 Cover only seismic provisions of buildings such as SEAOC and NEHRP of
USA, and BCP-2021 of Pakistan.

 Material Specific Codes

 Cover design and construction of structures using a specific material or type of
structure such as ACI, AISC, AASHTO etc.

 Others such as ASCE

 Cover minimum design load requirements.

 Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other
Structures (ASCE 7-16).
 Design Codes

 The ACI MCP

 ACI MCP (American Concrete Institute Manual of Concrete

Practice) contains 150 ACI committee reports; revised every three
years.

 These requirements differ from one structure to another. They

include;
 ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete.

 ACI 315: The ACI Detailing Manual.

 ACI 349: Code Requirement for Nuclear Safety Related Concrete

Structures.

 Many others.
 Design Codes

 The ACI 318 Code

 The American Concrete Institute “Building

Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318)”, referred to as the ACI code,
provides minimum requirements for
structural concrete design or construction.
 The term “structural concrete” is used to Year of publication

refer to all plain or reinforced concrete used Committee

for structural purposes.

Organization

 In this course, we will use ACI 318 -19

Code.
 Properties of Materials

 Concrete

 Concrete is a mixture of hydraulic

cement, aggregates, and water, with or
without admixtures, fibers, or other
cementitious materials.

 The properties of concrete depends on

the quantity and proportions of
ingredients used in the mix but can also
be modified using various admixtures.

 Concrete is strong in compression but

weak in tension.
 Properties of Materials

 Types of Concrete

1. Normalweight Concrete

 Normalweight concrete is defined as “Concrete having a density of

approximately 150 lb/ft3 (2400 kg/m3) made with normal-density
aggregates”.
 Properties of Materials

 Types of Concrete

2. Lightweight Concrete

 Lightweight concrete is defined as “Concrete of substantially lower

density than that made using aggregates of normal density;
consists entirely of lightweight aggregate or a combination of
lightweight aggregate and normal-density aggregate”.
 Properties of Materials

 Types of Concrete

3. High performance concrete

 High performance concrete is specifically

designed for unique performance and
uniformity needs that regular materials and
practices can't always meet.

 It is commonly used in the columns of tall

building to avoid bulky sections and save
floor space compared to normal concrete.
 Properties of Materials

 Types of Concrete

4. Fibrous concrete or Fiber- reinforced concrete

 Fiber-reinforced concrete refers to concrete that contains dispersed

fibers, such as steel, glass, synthetic, and natural fibers.

 These fibers enhance the concrete's tensile strength, durability, and

reduce air voids.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength

 The compressive strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's

ability to resist loads which tend to compress it.

 The uniaxial compressive strength is measured by a compression

test of a standard test cylinder.

 This test is used to monitor the concrete strength for quality control
or acceptance purposes.

 The specified compressive strength is measured by compression

tests on 6 by 12 inches cylinders, tested after 28 days of moist
curing.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength
 Testing methods

 Following are the two standard methods devised by ASTM to test

the compressive strength of concrete.
 ASTM C31/C31M−17: Standard Practice for Making and Curing
Concrete Test Specimens in the Field.

 ASTM C39/C39M−17b: Standard Test Method for Compressive

Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength
 Stress-strain Curve

Typical Stress Strain Curve for Concrete

Load
5000
Compressive Stress (Psi)

4000

3000

2000

1000

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
Strain (in/in)
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength
 Test for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

1. Compressive Strength
 Typical Stress - strain Curves

For normalweight concrete For lightweight concrete

(Ref: Design of concrete structures, 15th edition, chapter 2, page 37)

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Tensile Strength

 It is a measure of the maximum stress on the tension face of an

unreinforced concrete beam or slab at the point of failure in
bending.

 There are three methods to determine the tensile strength of

concrete;
i. Direct tensile strength (ft')
ii. Split cylinder strength (fct)
iii. Modulus of rupture (fr)

 The modulus of rupture approach is discussed next.

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Tensile Strength (Modulus of Rupture)

 The Flexural strength or Modulus of rupture is calculated using the

following formula

𝑟 2

Where;

M = Pl /4 , b = h = 6'' and l = 30'' h

Putting values, we get; 𝑙/2 b

𝑙/2

𝑟
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Tensile Strength (Modulus of Rupture)

 Relation between compressive and tensile strength

(Source: Design of concrete structures, 15th edition, chapter 2, page 43)

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

2. Tensile Strength (Modulus of Rupture)

 As per ACI 318-19, section 19.2.3.1, Modulus of rupture, fr for

concrete shall be calculated by:

 The value of shall be permitted to take as;

 0.75 for lightweight concrete (19.2.4.2)

 1.0 for normal weight concrete (19.2.4.3)

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

3. Modulus of Elasticity

 Modulus of elasticity also known as Young’s modulus is the ratio of

axial stress to the axial strain.

 It is basically the slope of Stress-strain curve within the elastic

limits.

 Concrete's modulus of elasticity is not constant, but changes

based on the type and compressive strength of the concrete.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

3. Modulus of Elasticity

 As per ACI section 19.2.2.1, Modulus of elasticity Ec for concrete

shall be accordance with (a) or (b):
a) For values of between 90 and 160 lb/ft3

b) For Normal weight concrete

Where, is the equilibrium density of concrete mixture.

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

4. Modulus of Rigidity

 Modulus of rigidity also known as Shear modulus “G” is the ratio of

shear stress to the shear strain.

 Mathematically, we have

 This property depends on the elasticity of the material, the more

elastic the material, the higher the modulus of rigidity and vice
versa.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

5. Modulus of Rigidity

 The ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel Es to that of concrete Ec

is known as modular ratio.

 Mathematically, modular ratio is expressed as;

 Since the modulus of elasticity of concrete changes with time, age

at loading, modular ratio also changes accordingly.

 The modular ratio for a normalweight concrete having

compressive strength of 3000psi is 9.3.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

6. Poison s Ratio

 The ratio of transverse strain to longitudinal strain in the direction

of the stretching force is known as poison’s ratio.

 Mathematically, Poisson’s ratio is expressed as;

 Poisson’s ratio is positive for tensile while negative for

compressive deformation.

 The Poisson’s ratio of concrete ranges from 0.1 – 0.2.

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

7. Unit Weight

 Weight of a material per unit volume is called unit weight or weight

density.

 The unit weight of concrete depends on percentage of

reinforcement, type of aggregate, number of voids.

 Unit weight for plain cement concrete varies from 140 to 145 lb/ft3 ,
while that for reinforced concrete is 150 lb/ft3.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

8. Creep and Shrinkage

 Creep is “time-dependent deformation of concrete due to

sustained load”.

 Shrinkage is defined as “Decrease in either length or volume of a

material resulting from changes in moisture content or chemical
changes”.

 Both creep and shrinkage result in cracking of concrete leading to

reduction in stiffness.

 Excessive creep and shrinkage strains can cause structural

issues, stress redistribution, prestress loss, and potential failure.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Concrete

9. Fire Resistance

 Fire resistance is defined as “The property of a material or

assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it”.

 Fire resistance is controlled by both the physical and thermal

properties of the structural element.

 Due to the inert nature of its components, concrete is proven to

have a high degree of fire resistance.

 ASTM E119-20: Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building

Construction and Materials.
 Properties of Materials

 Factors Affecting Properties of Concrete

Factors Effects

Water-cement Water/Cement ratio is inversely proportional to the strength of concrete.

ratio Higher the w/c ratio, lower will be the strength.

Degree of Concrete compaction improves density by eliminating air gaps, increasing

Compaction impermeability and strength.

Curing of concrete is the most essential to prevent plastic shrinkage,

Curing
temperature control, strength gain and durability.

Weather Change in temperature causes shrinkage, freezing and thawing which results
conditions in loss of concrete strength.

Age of concrete The strength of concrete increases with its age.

 Properties of Materials

 Steel

 Steel is a hard, strong grey or bluish-grey alloy of iron with carbon

and some other elements, used as a structural and fabricating
material.

 Classification of Steel (Based on composition)

1. Plain Carbon Steel

 Low carbon steel /Mild steel (0.16% - 0.30 % of carbon)
 Medium carbon steel (0.30% to 0.60% of carbon)
 High carbon steel (0.60% to 1% of carbon)

2. Low Alloy Steel (≤ 8% alloying element)

3. High Alloy Steel (> 8% alloying element)

 Properties of Materials

 Classification of Steel (Based on use)

Deformed Bar Reinforcement Plain Reinforcement

Prestressing Steel Structural Steel

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

 Deformed Bar Reinforcement

 As per ACI 318-19,20.2.1.1, deformed bar reinforcement shall be

used in reinforced concrete.

 Deformed bars shall conform to one of the following ASTM

specifications;
(a) ASTM A615

(b) ASTM A706

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

 Deformed Bar Reinforcement

1. ASTM A615

 It covers deformed carbon-steel

reinforcing bars that are currently the
most widely used type of steel bar in
reinforced concrete construction.

 Bars of this type are marked with the

letter “S” per the specification
requirements.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

 Deformed Bar Reinforcement

2. ASTM A706

 It covers low-alloy steel deformed bars

intended for applications where
controlled tensile properties, restrictions
on chemical composition to enhance
weldability, or both, are required.

 Bars of this type are marked with the

letter “W” per the specification
requirements.
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

 Deformed Bar Reinforcement

 Physical Properties

Diameter Area Weight

Bar Designation
(in) (in2) (lb/ft)
#3 0.375 0.11 0.38
#4 0.500 0.20 0.67
#5 0.625 0.31 1.04
#6 0.750 0.44 1.50
#7 0.875 0.60 2.04
#8 1.000 0.79 2.67
#9 1.128 1.00 3.40
#10 1.270 1.27 4.30
#11 1.410 1.56 5.313
#14 1.693 2.25 7.65
#18 2.257 4.00 13.60
Source: ACI 318-19 Appendix B –ASTM Standard Reinforcing Bars
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

 Deformed Bar Reinforcement

 Bar Markings
 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

 Deformed Bar Reinforcement

 Strength

Minimum Yield Strength, fy

Steel Grade Tensile Strength (ksi)
(ksi)

40 40 60

60 60 80

80 80 100

100 100 115

 Properties of Materials

 Properties of Reinforcing Steel

 Deformed Bar Reinforcement

 Typical Stress-strain curve

Actual curve

fs = fy
Idealize
d
fs = Esεs
 Properties of Materials

 Reinforced Concrete

 Reinforced Concrete is a type of concrete in which steel is utilized as

reinforcement to improve the tensile strength of concrete
components.
 Properties of Materials

 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete

Properties Description

Strong and Reinforced concrete has a good compressive strength and durable
durable compared to other building materials.

Economical RCC is less expensive than other building materials such as steel.

The raw ingredients needed to prepare RCC are widely available and
Readily Available
reasonably priced.

RCC can be moulded at any shape and size as per architectural

Mould-able
requirements.

RCC are more fire resistant comparatively to other construction materials

Fire Resistant
like wood, Steel, etc.
 Properties of Materials

 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete

Properties Description

Uncertainty in The main steps of using reinforced concrete are mixing, casting, and
strength curing. All of this affects the final strength.

High early RCC needs too much maintenance during its construction, like proper
maintenance curing, checking of cracks, prevention from direct sunlight etc.

RCC takes time to gain its full strength. Thus, R.C.C. structures can’t be
Slow strength gain
used immediately after construction unlike steel structures.

R.C.C. needs lot of form-work, centering and shuttering to be fixed, thus

More site space
require more site space and skilled labor.

R.C.C. structures are heavier than structures of other materials like steel,
Heavier sections
wood and glass etc.
 Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

 Load (ACI, 2.3)

 Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building
materials, occupants, and their possessions, environmental
effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional
changes; permanent loads are those loads in which variations
over time are rare or of small magnitude; all other loads are
variable loads.
 Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

 Dead Load (ACI, 2.3)

a) The weights of the members, supported structure, and

permanent attachments or accessories that are likely to be
present on a structure in service; OR

b) Loads meeting specific criteria found in the general building

code; without load factors.
 Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

 Live Load (ACI, 2.3)

a) Load that is not permanently applied to a structure, but is likely to

occur during the service life of the structure (excluding
environmental loads); OR

b) Loads meeting specific criteria found in the general building

code; without load factors.
 ACI 318 has adopted ASCE/SEI 7 for selecting minimum design
live load for buildings and other structures.

 Other Loads

 Include earthquake loads, wind loads, snow loads etc.

 Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Design Loads

 Service Loads (ACI, 2.3)

All loads, static or transitory, imposed on a structure or element

thereof, during the operation of a facility, without load factors are
known as service loads.

 Factored Loads (ACI 2.3)

All loads, static or transitory, imposed on a structure or element

thereof, during the operation of a facility, with load factors are known
as factored loads.
 Design Requirements of ACI 318

 Selection of Design Procedure

 According to the ACI 318-19, Section 4.6, the Reinforced Concrete

members shall be designed using the Strength Design Method.

 The basic requirement for strength design may be expressed as

follows;

Capacity ≥ Demand
 Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

 Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete

 The formulation of equations used for the design of reinforced

concrete is based on the mechanics of reinforced concrete.

 The ACI 318 Code specifies the behavior and mechanics of

reinforced concrete under axial, flexure, shear, and torsional loads.

 The mechanics of reinforced concrete for flexure will be thoroughly

covered in the next week's presentation.
 References

 Design of Concrete Structures 14th / 15th edition by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.

 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19)