Activities of the Joint Working Group CIGRE
C4/C6.35/CIRED: Modelling and Dynamic
Performance of Inverter Based Generation in Power
Martin Braun
System Transmission and Distribution Studies
Fraunhofer IWES & University of Kassel
Gustav Lammert, Koji Yamashita, Herwig Renner, Sergio Martínez Villanueva,
José Carvalho Martins, Petros Aristidou, Thierry Van Cutsem, Luis David
Pabón Ospina, Martin Braun, Jens C. Boemer
On behalf of: JWG CIGRE C4/C6.35/CIRED
1st International Conference on
Large-Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy in India
New Delhi, India
6 - 8 September 2017
Overview of
CIGRE JWG C4-C6.35/CIRED
WG Composition:
WG Co-Conveners: Koji Yamashita and Herwig Renner
Number of full members: 45
Number of corresponding members: 21
Number of countries represented: 23
Number of members from industry: 38
Number of members from university/R&D: 28
WG Timeline:
Start date: 2013/10
End of WG activities: 2017/03
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 2
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
Overview of
CIGRE JWG C4-C6.35/CIRED
Recent Activities:
CIRED Tutorial was held in Glasgow, Scotland on 2017/06.
IEEE Powertech 2017 Special Session was held in Manchester, United
Kingdom on 2017/06
Extra meeting for U.S. members was held in Chicago on 2017/07
(during IEEE GM 2017).
Native language check of the technical brochure has finished in
2017/08.
2 TBs are expected to be submitted to CIGRE/CIRED by the end of
2017.
Other Items:
2 TBs will be published by no later than end of Jan. 2018.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 3
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
1. Comparison with Synchronous Generators
AVR GOV ~ With minimum
functionalities
Assumed to be replaced
Before interconnection
by IBG
requirements are evolved
15 Characteristics which SGs have that IBGs do not
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 4
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
AVR GOV ~ With minimum
functionalities
Major differences between IBG and SG are:
Contribution to Inertia
Fault Current Provision These capabilities are very hard to
Synchronization Capability achieve with IBGs in an equivalent
way as a SG.
Constant Internal Voltage Source
(grid forming capability)
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 5
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
To emulate this capability the IBG
needs to increase or decrease the
active power output.
Decreasing P is easy.
Increasing IBG with
P requires either:
Conventional Advanced capability / Advanced
minimum
PVs Oversized
can easily change the output feasibility of IBG
SG inverters.
functionalities
as there is noP such
Reduce limitation
reference of the
to allow
Rotating “limited frequency sensitive mode” Yes, depending on: Prime mover,
mass/inertia
headroom.
Yes No operating point, storage device and
for PVs. direction of frequency deviation
Frequency
Yes, depending on: Prime mover,
response Synthetic inertia cannot beNo
Yes operating point, storage device,
capability
considered completely equivalent direction of frequency deviation
to the inertia provided by SG.
Limited frequency
MeasuringYes
sensitive mode devices
. and control
No Yes (prime mover dependent)
introduce delays.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 6
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
Conventional SG IBG with minimum Advanced capability /
functionalities Advanced feasibility of IBG
Constant voltage Yes, but in order to have a
source The
SGs IBGs themselves can change
No, if connected to the constant voltage following
Yes provide an immediate
the reactiveofpower
increase Q duringoutput
grid through faults, oversizing of the inverter
faults.
the oversized inverter and/or is necessary
Grid voltage It cant be guaranteed that IBGs Yes (large-scale IBGs only)
through the reduction
can increase of active
Q instantaneously
support (Steady with reactive power
Yes output.
power No
state) when the fault occurs mainly compensators (shunt
because the detection time of thecapacitor, SVC ,...)
The IBGs themselves can change
Reactive power
support (V-Q
voltage
Yes, the
according phase by the
to power
reactive PLL
output
No throughYes, according to PQ capability
PQ-capability
steady state) the oversized inverter and/or
Reactive power through the reduction of active Yes, usually during faults IBGs
support (reactive may be able to provide a
power
Yes output. No
current control reactive current injection with
during incidents) some delay.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 7
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
Conventional IBG with minimum Advanced capability /
SG functionalities Advanced feasibility of IBG
Synchronization
Yes No Yes (but almost infeasible)
(torque) capability
Damping torque
Yes, damper
capability (power
windings and No Yes, POD functionality
oscillation damping ThePSSIBGs might be required to
capability) have. the synchronizing. torque
FRT capability Yes No Yes (prime mover dependent)
capability in the future.
For
It iseffective
very difficult
powertooscillation
achieve
becausefast
damping, the acting
angle difference
devices are
needs toTypically
required. be observed
HVDC without time
systems.
The delay.
IBGs could contribute to
mitigating Power Swing
Oscillations.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 8
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
Conventional IBG with minimum Advanced capability /
SG functionalities Advanced feasibility of IBG
Harmonic emission No Yes, supra-harmonics -
Harmonic voltage Yes, for low order Yes, if active filter algorithms
No
reduction harmonics are implemented
Fault current Yes, but contribution is limited
Yes No
contribution to around 1 p.u.
Control response Fast,
SGs depending
provide a rather
Inverterlow
itself fast, Inverter itself fast, possible
capability on the time
impedance
constants
path for harmonic
possible limitations due limitations due to
currents to measurement delay measurement delay
involved and thus tend to reduce
Overload capability harmonic voltages.
Very limited, depending
Yes, but significant oversized
(up to few seconds) IBGs Yesequipped on with algorithms in
semiconductor
IBGs are required.
devices
the control system are able to act
as active filter, reducing (low
order) harmonic current and
therefore, voltages.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 9
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
Inherent Characteristics
Harmonic
voltage Inertia
reduction Frequency
No
response capability No No
Damping torque
capability
Synchronization
(torque) Constant voltage No ~ No
capability source
Limited frequency
Reactive power sensitive mode No No
support
No No
Grid voltage FRT capability
support (Steady
state) Fault current
contribution
A set of ancillary functions is required
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 10
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
AVR GOV ~ With minimum
functionalities
SGs may be replaced by IBGs. Hence, functionalities which the SGs have, will be lost
and the system stability may be affected.
In order to cope with this, such functionalities have been required by the IBGs through
updating of Grid Codes.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 11
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
2. Ancillary functions
Because of the flexibility of the inverter control design, IBGs may be required either,
from the technical Standards and/or from Grid Codes, to provide some additional
capabilities for grid support.
The following tables show the most relevant requirements of capabilities for IBGs from:
European commission - EU Regulation 2016/631 establishing network code
requirements for grid connection of generators (NC-RfG).
The IEEE 1547 - Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric
Power Systems .
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 12
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
2. Ancillary functions
IEEE 1547
Requirement EU 2016/631 IEEE 1547
(Future)
P(f) (over/under) x x
Voltage Control by means of Reactive Power
x (x) x
(Q(V))
Voltage Control by means of Active Power
x
(P(V))
Synthetic Inertia (x)
ROCOF Immunity x x
Voltage phase angle jump immunity x
LVRT & HVRT x (LVRT only) (x) x
Anti-islanding Detection Methods x (ROCOF) x x
x means one or more classes/categories of the IBGs that are required.
( ) denotes a non-mandatory requirement.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 13
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
2. Ancillary functions
EU IEEE 1547
Requirement IEEE 1547
2016/631 (Future)
Dynamic Voltage Support during faults and
(x) (x)
voltage dips
Power Oscillation Damping (x)
Black Start Capability (x) (x)
Capability of Islanding Operation x (x)
Automatic Disconnection with Abnormal
x x x
Voltage
Automatic Connection with Active Power
x x
Recovery Speed
Constant Power at Low Voltage x x
Constant Power at Low Frequency x x
x means one or more classes/categories of the IBGs that are required.
( ) denotes a non-mandatory requirement.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 14
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
3. Inverter protection
“Limitation of inverter current’s
variation rate after a fault” and
Focused on avoiding
Required toofserve
“Limitation a different
total reactive current”
damage to the inverter
purpose
are and consider
generally the into
categorized network.
itself. Monitoring the
Monitoring
control the network,
instead not the
of protection..
Inverter Protection may be distinguished into: inverter.
inverter
Loss of Mains Protection (LOM)
Internal Protection (DC Protection) UFR/OFR, UVR/OVR
Internal Protection (AC Protection)
Internal Protection (Protection Purpose Control)
External Protection (Interface Protection Systems)
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 15
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
Compared to the synchronous generators, IBGs are
more likely to be disconnected due to the high
Functionalities
sensitivity
Reduction of maximum inverter currentinverter protections.
when the DC voltage overcomes a certain
1
limit
2 Because
Limitation of inverter current’s therate
variation operation
after a of the inverter protection could
fault
result in the disconnection of the IBG, the inverter
3 Limitation of current
protection models play an important role for most of the
4 DC Overvoltage Protection dynamic stability analysis.
5 Overvoltage/Undervoltage Protection
6 Overfrequency/Underfrequency Protection
7 Protection for Detecting Balanced Fault
8 Protection for Detecting Unbalanced Short-Circuit Fault
9 Protection for Detecting Single-line-to-ground Fault
ROCOF tripping: monitoring the power frequency variation rate and disconnecting
10
the inverter when it reaches a certain limit [Hz/s]
11 Vector jump
12 Transfer trip
13 Anti-islanding active detection method
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 16
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
3. Conclusions
The major differences between conventional SGs and IBGs are:
The inertia
The fault current provision
The synchronization capability
The fixed internal voltage source.
Those four characteristics are provided by synchronous generators.
However, they are not easily provided by IBGs.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 17
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
3. Conclusions
On the other hand, many of the characteristics such as the frequency control
capability and the reactive power control capability can be provided by IBGs.
Compared to the synchronous generators, IBGs are more likely to be
disconnected due to the high sensitivity inverter protections.
Because the operation of the inverter protection could result in the
disconnection of the IBG, the inverter protection models play an important
role for most of the dynamic stability analysis.
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 18
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
3. Conclusions
List of Functionalities
Control Capability
Protection
Comparison of Evolvement of Grid
Characteristics Code Requiring
IBG vs SG Ancillary Functions
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 19
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
Fraunhofer IWES - Business Field
Contact
Grid Planning and Operation
• Techno-economic studies for analyzing,
Prof. Dr. Martin Braun planning, operation, control, stability of
Head of Business Field power systems
Grid Planning and Operation • Automated Planning Tools
Mail: [Link]@[Link] (e.g. pandapower [Link]
Phone: +49 561 7294 118 [Link]/go/pandapower )
[Link] • Operational Tools (algorithms for
ancillary services, hardware/software
platform for pilot systems)
• (Co-Simulation) Test Platforms for
operational solutions ([Link])
• Multi-Energy System Planning and
Operation (Power, Heat, Gas)
• Microgrid/ Hybrid System Test Bench
and PHiL Tests
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 20
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Department Energy Management
Contact
and Power System Operation - e²n
Prof. Dr. Martin Braun • Development of models, methods,
Chair of Energy Management and algorithms and tools for analysis,
Power System Operation operation and control, and design of
• Mail: [Link]@[Link] the future decentralized power system
• Phone: +49 561 804 6202 with high share of renewable energies.
• [Link] e.g. pandapower
• Multi-Objective/Perspective/Level
Optimisation of the power system
• Simulation of the power system over
time scales and system levels.
• Resilient Control Design incl. power
system stability, network restoration,
microgrid structures
Martin Braun
Integration Conference 21
New Delhi, India | 6-9 Sep 2017
