DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR POWERED

GRASS CUTTER

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering

By

NIKET KUMAR SINGH(39150093)

VISHESH DHILLON (39150135)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with Grade “A” by NAAC

JEPPIAAR NAGAR, RAJIV GANDHI SALAI, CHENNAI - 600 119

APRIL - 2023
 SATHYABAMA
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Accredited with “A” grade by NAAC
Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai-600119
www.sathyabama.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Project Report is the bonafide work of NIKET
KUMAR SNNGH (Reg. No.39150093), VISHESH DHILLON (Reg. No. 39150135),
who carried out the Project entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR
POWERED GRASS CUTTER” under our supervision from December 2022 to April
2023.

Internal Guide
Dr. M. PURUSOTHAMAN, M.E.,Ph.D.

Head of the Department

Dr. G. ArunKumar, M.E., Ph.D.

Submitted for Viva voce Examination held on April 26th 2023

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 DECLARATION

We, NIKET KUMAR SINGH (39150093) and VISHESH DHILLON (39150135)

hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

SOLAR POWERED GRASS CUTTER” done by us under the guidance of

Dr. M. PURUSOTHAMAN, M.E., Ph.D., is submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering.

1.

2.

DATE:26.4.2023 SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

PLACE: CHENNAI

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am pleased to acknowledge my sincere thanks to the Board of Management of

SATHYABAMA for their kind encouragement in doing this project and for completing

it successfully. I am grateful to them.

I convey my sincere thanks to Dr. S. PRAKASH, M.E., Ph.D., Dean, School of

Mechanical Engineering and Dr.G. ARUN KUMAR M.E.,Ph.D., Head of the

Department, Department of Aeronautical Engineering for providing me necessary

support and details at the right time during the progressive reviews.

I would like to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to my Internal Guide

Dr. M. PURUSOTHAMAN M.E., Ph.D., for their valuable guidance, suggestions,

and constant encouragement paved the way for the successful completion of my

project work.

I also express my thanks to all Teaching and Non-teaching staff members of the

Department of Aeronautical Engineering who were helpful in many ways for the

completion of the project work.

4
 ABSTRACT

The Internal Combustion motor was used in older lawn shaper models and thus as a
result of its natural effect contamination level ascents ic motor driven shaper is all the
more exorbitant support of such traditional machine is more to stay away from these
downsides arranging of building new sort of grass shaper which runs on sunlight
based energy and this model is efficient contrasted with past one the point of our
undertaking is to make the grass cutter which works on sunlight based energy
henceforth save the power and decreases labor. This solar grass cutter uses sharp
edges to cut a yard to an exact length. It is used to maintain yards in gardens,
institutions, and even sports fields. The operations of a grass cutter are governed by
this microprocessor. Two ultrasonic sensors, one for obstruction detection and the
other one for blade damage management, are also included in the grass cutter, as
well as a sensor that monitors the engine's temperature.

These modifications have been made to the current machine in order to make it
easier to use and least expensive. Our primary point is to limit pollution while also
making efficient use of solar energy. Based on the model’s performance some
calculation had been made, where total power consumption is 65w/hr and power
required for working one day for four hours is 260w/hr. Therefore, to generate this
required power the solar panel should be kept seven days for charging. Other than
that, based on the output of the solar panel, temperature, and voltage data various
graphs were also being made which can be seen in upcoming pages.

5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Title Page No.

ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 SOLAR ENERGY 1
1.2 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION 2
1.3 SIMILAR PRODUCT 3
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 7
3 AIM, SCOPE AND OBSERVATION 10
3.1 AIM 10
3.2 SCOPE 10
3.3 OBSERVATION 10
3.4 METHODOLOGY 11
3.5 DESIGN AND MODELLING 12
4 COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION 14
4.1 SOLAR PANEL 14
4.1.1 Product Details 15
4.1.2 Order of Configuration 15
4.1.3 Efficiency 15
4.1.4 Specification 16
4.2 MOTOR 16
4.2.1 Product Details 17
4.2.2 Specification and Features 17
4.2.3 Product Details 18
4.2.4 Specification and Features 18
4.3 LED 18
4.3.1 working 19
4.3.2 application of LED 19
4.4 MOTOR DRIVER 19
4.4.1 Product Details 20
4.4.2 Specification and Features 20
4.5 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 21
4.5.1 Product Details 21
4.5.2 Specification and Features 22

6
 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 23
Product Details 23
Specification and Features 23
BATTERY 24
Product Details 24
Specification and Features 25
Application 25
IR SENSOR 25
Product Details 25
Specification and Features 27
Application 27
1 CHANNEL RELAY 27
Product Details 28
Specification and Features 28
4 CHANNEL RELAY 29
Product Details 29
Specification and Features 30
ATMEGA32 MICROCONTROLLER 31
Product Details 31
Specification and Features 31
SOFTWARE USED 32
Product Details 32
Specification and Features 32
FINAL PRODUCT 33
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 34

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 37

7
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE No. TITLE PAGE No.

1.1 Comparison between Solar and Fuel System 2
4.1 Pin description (1Channel Relay) 28
4.2 Pin description (4 Channel Relay) 30
5.1 Solar Panel Analysis 34

8
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE No. TITLE PAGE No.

1.1 Electric Mower 4

1.2 Tow-Behind Mower 4
1.3 Solar Grass Cutter 5
1.4 Smart Grass Cutter 6
1.5 Solar Grass Cutter 6
3.1 Methodology 11
3.2 Top View 12
3.3 Side View 12
3.4 Front View 13
3.5 Bottom View 13
4.1 Solar Panel 14
4.2 Motor 16
4.3 part of LED 18
4.4 Motor Driver 19
4.5 Ultra-Sonic Sensor 21
4.6 Temperature sensor 26
4.7 Battery 24
4.8 IR sensor 25
4.9 1 Channel Relay 27
4.10 4 Channel Relay 29
4.11 ATmega 32A Microcontroller 31
4.12 Software used 33

9
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Using a traditional engine-driven grass cutter to operate the grass cutters is
a task that no one appreciates. Cutting grass will take longer with the help of a
matured cutter, then younger cutter. Lawn cutters with motors cause commotion
pollution as a result of the noisy motor, as well as contamination in the surrounding
air as a result of the motor's ignition. Similarly, an engine-controlled motor
necessitates routine maintenance, such as changing the motor oil. Despite the fact
that electric operated solar directed grass cutters are environmentally friendly, they
might be inconvenient. Electric powered grass cutters, like engine operated grass
cutters, are dangerous and cannot be used by everyone without problems.
Furthermore, if the electric lawn cutter is corded, cutting should be demonstrated
to be dangerous and harmful. By integrating sun boards, the model may potentially
be charged from the sun.

SOLAR ENERGY

The power of sunlight is an immense, limitless wellspring of force. The

power from the sun based on earth is roughly 1.8/10MW, which is several times
greater than the present usage cost of all power assets on this planet. The amount
of energy that India's geographical region receives from the sun is equivalent to a
fifteen-thousand-time daily usage requirement (500 billion kWh) in 2010.
Regardless of its length, sun-oriented energy is supported by a number of
variables. In contrast to petroleum products and atomic power, it's a naturally
smooth wellspring of cooperation right off the outset. It's also far away and
available in sufficient quantities in almost every part of the area where people live.
In any case, there are a few concerns with it. The true test of utilizing solar energy
is a financial barrier. To reduce the massive beginning speculations predicted at
pre-set in biggest bundles, work must be made toward the development of less
expensive assortment and carport systems. Sun power in India: A massive amount
of sunlight-based radiation is falling on India and a huge chunk of it. A couple of
days have gone by without seeing the sun. India is located between 7- and 37-
degrees north latitude, with yearly average solar radiation of 500 to 600
cal/cm/day, with better protection available in arid and semi-dry regions. In

1
bone-dry and semiarid areas of India, typical solar radiation is 7.5 w h/m/day. Sun-
based power has a 5-10 ×10 w h/yr capability to meet the basic energy needs of
the many millions of people who live in rural India. Daylight-derived power is an
enormous, smooth, mild, and inexhaustible form of power. Sunlight and warmth
are transmitted by the sun. The sun's rays and gentle warmth contribute to the
planet's climate, with noticeable natural consequences.

• Earth's temperature security

• image blend using natural blooms, oxygen and natural compounds production,
normal synthetic substance production, and biomass production
• Wind, due to the uneven warming of sea and land surfaces.
• Sea tides: energy generating within the sea (due to gravitational forces).
• sea water temperature rises due to Marine nuclear power (OTEC)
• Sea waves: energy from the sea waves
Through supported atomic combination responses, the sun provides a vast
measure of solidarity of hotness with sunlight. The energy from the sun, which
appears as radiation on Earth, is used to warm the planet and produce electric
power. The most encouraging is a significant number of non-standard supplies of
force sunshine-based power. As a result, our business is primarily dependent on
the solar energy converted into mechanical energy for the operation of a standard
grass cutter. A comparison between solar and fuel systems is provided in table 1.1

Table 1.1 : Comparison Between Solar and fuel system

s.no SOLAR SYSTEM FUEL SYSTEM

1 Pollution free Major factor is pollution
2 Absence of Consumption of fuel Major requirement is fuel
3 Less reciprocating parts More reciprocating parts
4 Great reduction in Friction High Frictions in-between the parts
5 Lower cost and maintenance Maintenance is difficult & high
6 capacity of Load carrying is low high Load carrying capacity
7 Continuous operation not possible Continuous ride for hours together is
for hours possible
8 speed reduction ratio is increased Speed reduction ratio does not vary
when weight is increases very and is less
much

2
 PROBLEMS IDENTIFICATION
Previously, the majority of the activities were completed manually. Step by
step, a plethora of large and little machines have been developed to facilitate
human activities and, as a result, to reduce human effort in accomplishing tasks.
Most activities that previously required human effort are now replaced or
automated by the use of machines or other types of equipment in the afternoon.
Traditional lawn cutters necessitate the use of professional humans. Because we
employ animals such as bulls here. The era has progressed in many arms,
professional personnel with traditional grass cutter have been reduced. Nowadays,
there is a strong desire to rely on technology. Because of the dangers of using a
traditional lawn cutter, only a small number of people choose this way of grass
cutting these days. In addition, adolescent education in India is improving.
Because of this, people are becoming increasingly unwilling to use traditional
grass cutters.
SIMILAR PRODUCT
ELECTRIC LAWN MOWER
● The electrically powered mowers are appropriate for land under 1/3 acres.
They provide similar functions to that of gasoline-powered mowers together
with 3-in-1 characteristic, push or self-propel, wide reducing and so on. but
they save the fuel and upkeep price.
● Furthermore, they've enormously quieter operations. These machines are
environmentally friendly without a carbon emission.
● There are corded and cordless electric mowers to be had and usually have
a motor energy among 6-12 amps. Cordless mowers perform on battery
providing you with ease of mowing round.
● Those are most suitable for flat surfaces.
RIDING MOWER
• As opposed to stroll-behind garden mowers, the riding garden mowers have
a seat to journey on for mowing.
• It consists of diverse controls that enable you to mow your lawn while being
seated in this mower.
• These are appropriate for large lawns and are regularly termed as small
farm tractors.
• These machines have effective engines and cutting decks as compared to
push mowers.

3
 Fig 1.1: Electric Mower
TOW-BEHIND MOWER
• Tow-behind mowers are used for a lot of large regions, like massive fields, and
are used much more in agriculture and street sides.

• Tractors or powerful vehicles should tow those gadgets. maximum are

mechanical, similar to some of the first garden mowers ever invented.

• They use the rotation and power generated by being pulled across the ground to
cut grass, sod, and anything else that needs to be cut.

Fig 1.2: Tow-Behind Mower

SMART SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

This is a straightforward design that emphasizes the use of components.
The general dimensions are determined by the solar panel's dimensions or size.
For the blade and rear tyre, three motors are employed. The roof's height is
determined by the battery's apex. Because the rubber rotating wheel will
automatically adjust the route dependent on the rear tyres, it is employed as the
front tyres. Each rear tyre is equipped with its own motor. The design is both

4
functional and cost-effective. The prototype is developed in 3D using SolidWorks
software, starting with a hand caricature. The proportions of the plan are crucial,
and they must be exact and precise in order to maximise the safety factor.

Fig 1.3 : Solar Grass Cutter

They designed an extensive and commendable range of solar Grass Cutter in
conjunction with solar panels. Because the energy communique may be very
important in the present-day state of affairs and have to be performed to a
maximum volume wherever it is viable. Nevertheless, these mowers and grass
cutting machines all need equal matters to work right -- a motor, a rotating blade, a
way of having round and a way to do away with the grass clippings. The controlling
tool of the whole gadget is provided by the use of a switch on the DC motor
interfaced with grass reducing blades. The complete model consists of sections,
one controlling phase and some other designing segments of the version.
Rechargeable batteries, relay switches, and a solar panel make up the controlling
phase. The motor of a machine that is powered by a charging circuit can be
controlled by a relay switch. The solar energy is stored in a battery before being
used to power the motor via a relay switch.

The force required to cut the garden, as well as the force acting on the blade, were
taken into account when developing the cutting blade. Any sharp object must exert
far less force than 10 Newton to have an effect on the grass. It also depends on
the object's peak, density, and the region blanketed by it (Atkins, 1984). As a
result, the force necessary for effective mowing must be greater than 10 Newton
when constructing the blade of the solar lawn mower. The cutting blade was made
of stainless steel because of its strength and weight, which allowed it to transmit
the same velocity as the DC motor with less friction.

5
 Fig 1.4: Smart Grass Cutter

The solar grass cutter's mechanism is that it has a panel positioned in a specific
arrangement so that it can capture high-energy sun rays. It converts mild power
into electrical electricity. Battery is continuously charging all through grass cutter is
in working scenario. When the battery is fully charged, it is automatically
disconnected from the panel; on the other hand, when the battery is low, it is
automatically connected to the panel for charging. After the ones automobiles are
related to battery through connecting wires. DC motor, rechargeable battery, solar
panel, blade, and relay for control are the raw materials used in the creation of the
solar power lawn cutter. In our task four automobiles are used for shifting purpose,
which follow the right, left, forward, backward commands. The motor has a
thousand rpm and is connected to the tempered blades. The blades of the grass
cutter are rotated at an excessively fast rate, allowing the grass to be cut.

Fig 1.5: Solar Grass Cutter

6
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
This study offers a solar-powered vision-based robotic lawn mower that is
self-sufficient, with the goal of allowing individuals to eliminate grass with minimal
effort. Unlike other robotic garden mowers on the market, this design does not
require fence wires to keep the robot inside the yard, and it also takes far less
human effort in the guiding mode operation. This robot will not only stay in the
garden, but will also avoid and find goods and persons, thanks to an array of
sensors. They performed their assignment with a 12v 310mA solar panel. The sun
panel has 24 solar cells, each of which contributes zero.5 volts. They could use a
battery, however because of the limited output of the sun panel, the lead acid
rechargeable battery used is only rated at 12v 1.2Ah, so it won't be overcharged.
They employed IR sensors with a 1m 555 IC to cross the borders. On each facet,
there are sensors. This is because if the barrier is to the left, it will pass in the right
direction, and if the proper sensor identifies the obstacle, it will move miles to the
left. However, one problem is that the system's reaction can be slow at times,
therefore real-time high-quit DSP processors are suggested as a speedier
alternative. ( Kumar, D. P. et al.2021)

They may be attempting to develop a general-purpose robot capable of

cutting grass in a garden in this paper. The device will have some automation work
for guidance and various obstacle detection, and the power source, which will be a
battery and a solar panel, will be attached at the top of the robot to lessen the
power issue. The automated sun grass cutter is becoming increasingly
sophisticated, with features like as self-docking and, in some cases, rain sensors,
essentially eliminating the need for human input. With a boundary wire installed on
the lawn's edge, it works similarly to the Rob mow. When the device is turned to
automatic mode, infrared sensors on the robotics make a decision between cut
and uncut grass. The mower repeats this technique till the task is completed. The
lawn cutter engine, as well as the vehicle motion automobiles, are powered by 12-
volt batteries. They also employ a solar panel to charge the battery, eliminating the
need for external charging. The grass cutter and motor cars are connected to a
microprocessor from the 8051 family, which regulates the operation of all the
vehicles. It's also connected to an ultrasonic sensor that detects objects. If no

7
impediment is found, the microcontroller moves the motor vehicles ahead of
schedule. If an impediment is identified by the sensor, the grass cutter motor is
stopped by the microcontroller to prevent any damage to the item/human/animal
approaching. (P, B. et al. (2017)

In this paper, they designed a lawn cutting machine with tempered blades.
In addition to being computerised, this grass cutter can be handled manually. GI
sheet, motor, wheel, Al sheet, switch, cable, rectangular tube, and inert material is
one of the most suitable materials.(Ms. Lanka Priyanka et al.,2015 )

P. Bulski et al. determine that the machine's sound causes noise pollution.
He investigates the sound produced by the equipment, with the goal of removing
the sound while also reducing the grass mostly on field or even the floor. Because
using a motor pollutes the environment, my suggestion is to use an electric lawn
mower.(P. Bulski et al.2008)

In this paper, Praful P. Ulhe et al. have used a hand grass cutter with spiral
roller blades to boost slicing efficiency. The mower has a height-adjustable loop
trimming element. The lawn cutter could cut all varieties of grasses equally.
(Praful P. Ulhe et al.2016)

In 1902, Ransoms released the first version of the primary. Around World
War I, JP Engineering of Leicester established a line with well chain-driven
mowers. Around a certain period, a worker should have had previous expertise
driving massive devices drawn by animals. The driven mowers have been the
most common. In 1914 ideal energy created the first gasoline-power mower.

Husqvarna, a Swedish company et al, will launch its autonomous lawn

cutter in the United States in 2019 (it has been available in Europe for nearly three
years). With a boundary string placed on the border of your grass, it functions just
like the Rob mow. The Husqvarna model, on the other hand, looks after itself. The
Husqvarna automatic grass cutter lives outside, mows when it's programmed to
mow, and mechanically returns to its base for recharging, whereas the Rob mow
must be taken out and installed and supervised by the proprietor. In addition, the
Husqvarna model is substantially lighter than the Rob mow (15 kilos vs. 42
pounds). This, according to Husqvarna, no longer makes it safer, but it does leave
no traces in the garden. This complete freedom from ever thinking about mowing,

8
( Swedish company et al 2019) however, comes at a cost: $1,995 plus $200 to
$300 for installation. This year, it's only available in limited quantities from a few
retailers. The organisation also intends to introduce a solar-powered version in the
United States next year. Both the Husqvarna automobile mower and the
Husqvarna sun mower are self-contained. The automatic grass cutter is secured to
the garden by a boundary loop wire, and a search loop ensures that it returns to
the docking station for battery recharge. The solar-powered version will be
available in the next 12 months and will not require a charging point. Each cutter
performs comparable functions, with the power supply being the most significant
difference. Environmentally friendly and practically silent. The hunt loop cord
(yellow) drives the mower to the charging station, while the perimeter loop twine
(purple) specifies the cutting area of an automatic cutter.(Mohammad et al.2018)
The border loop is also built up around bushes and garden surfaces in such a way
that it cannot be reduced any longer. The garden mower adjusts its path if it comes
into contact with garden furniture, a tree, or other heavy objects, but it can still cut
through bushes and hedgerows. You could set the trimming level in between 30
and 95 mm to get the lawn you want. (L) 71 cm, (W) 60 cm, (H) 26 cm
Dimensions: (L) 71 cm, (W) 60 cm, (H) 26 cm [6] Ms. Lanka Priyanka et al. They
have created a sun-powered grass-cutting device with tempered blades attached
to this grass cutter on this paper. This lawn cutter may be controlled manually as
well as automatically. GI sheet, motor, wheel, Al sheet, transfer, cord, rectangular
pipe, and insulating material are the most commonly used materials. Comparator,
rechargeable battery, relay, temperature sensor, and DC motor are among the
additions employed.. They organised a solar-powered, vision-based fully
automated garden mower that could be handled manually with minimal effort. With
the help of MATLAB programming and a digital camera positioned above the robot
shape, prepared software is sent into the system, and robotic motions are
performed in accordance with a predetermined sample. Robots that are designed
to reduce human effort can also identify humans and other objects in front of the
robot. As a result, it safeguards the gadget from injury while simultaneously
reducing the risk to humans. As a species by way of humans, the robot cuts the
grass in a unique method to create unique layout patterns. The author creates a
solar grass cutter machine to reduce human labour basis.(M, S. M. & Ahmad, P. K.
(2018)

9
 CHAPTER 3

AIM, SCOPE, OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

AIM
The objective is to prevent the nation from facing an energy deficit by
minimizing the need for human labor, decreasing operational expenses, and
reducing maintenance costs. Furthermore, a solar-powered lawn mower helps to
maintain community cleanliness by cutting different types of grass for various
reasons.

SCOPE

The solar panel is connected to the batteries and charges them while in
motion, ensuring that we have enough battery power even on cloudy days. This
stored energy can be utilized for our needs. A stationary solar panel may have a
long-lasting warranty and requires minimal maintenance. However, sun trackers
have shorter warranties and require one or more actuators to move the panel.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to create a solar-powered grass cutter that

addresses the shortcomings of traditional lawn mowers. This will involve reducing
the reliance on electricity, minimizing the need for manual labor, reducing
maintenance costs, and promoting environmentally-friendly lawn maintenance.
The project will begin with researching existing solar-powered grass cutters and
associated technologies to establish the necessary specifications and
requirements. The design will include solar panels, batteries, an ultrasonic sensor,
and a relay to operate the motor. The solar grass cutter will be equipped with
safety features and obstacle avoidance capabilities. A prototype will be developed
and optimized for optimal performance using durable and sustainable materials.
The product will be marketed with user manuals, customer support, and warranty
and repair services. Customer feedback will be used to improve the product
continuously. The ultimate goal of this project is to minimize power outages,
reduce environmental impact, increase efficiency, and decrease labor costs.

10
 METHODOLOGY

Fig 3.1: Methodology

Methodology is a very important element to be considered to make sure the
working of the project goes as per the expected results. In other, words
methodology can be described as a fame work which contains the elements of the
work base on the objectives and the scope of the project. A good framework can
present the overall view of the project and be used to rearrange or abstract the
data easily. This include the various steps involved such as Background research,
Drawing and Design, Fabrication of product, assembly, testing phase, etc. The
project Methodology is shown in fig 3.1

11
 DESIGN AND MODELLING

The following images are taken from the 3D modelling software solidworks 2022
(proposed model are shown in Fig (3.2, 3.3,3.4,3.5 )

Fig 3.2: Top View

Fig 3.3: Side View

12
Fig 3.4: Front View

Fig 3.5: overall View

13
 CHAPTER 4
COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
A survey had been made to check which parts are needed for fabrication of
the model. Then some brainstorming had been done to find out what material will
be suitable for completion of the model, how the model will look and how it will
function. Then all the major parts which were required for the model were being
bought from different sources. The major parts that are effectively employed in the
Design and Fabrication of Solar powered grass cutter are described below: -

● Solar Panel
● Motor
● Display
● Motor driver
● Ultrasonic Sensor
● Temperature sensor (LM35)
● Battery
● IR Sensor
● 1 Channel Relay
● 4 Channel Relay
● ATmega32 Microcontroller
● Solar tracker 5w

SOLAR PANEL

Fig 4.1: Solar Pane

14
 product details
The photovoltaic effect helps to convert light energy (photons) from the
sunlight into electricity. Wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or slender cells are
used in most modules. The best layer or the rear layer of a module is oftenly the
architectural (load-bearing) member. Moisture and mechanical damage to cells
must be prevented. The preponderance of the modules is firm, however there are
some that are semi-bendy and accommodate slender cells. Electrically, the cells
are interconnected in series, one to a fixed voltage, then in parallel to increase
amperage. The watts of a module is the product of its voltage and thus its ampere.
The assembly decisions on solar-powered chargers are made under well-known
conditions, which aren't always the most severe working conditions that solar-
powered chargers are exposed to at the setup site. As the result interface, a PV
intersection field is connected to the back of the sunlight-based charger. For some
photovoltaic modules, MC4 connectors are used to function with easy
weatherproof connections with the rest of the device. It's also possible to use a
USB energy point of engagement. depicted in fig 4.1.
Order of configuration
A solar panel or PV machine's electrical connections are either in series to
achieve a specific voltage output or in parallel to provide preferred current-day
functionality (amperes). The conducting wires that transmit electricity outward from
the modules must be constructed of silver, copper, or other non-magnetic
conductive transition metals and scaled to the ampacity. In the case of partial
module shading, two diodes can be added or used remotely to optimize the output
of module areas that are still light. [need a source] In a few unique sun PV
modules, concentrators are used to focus light through lenses or mirrors onto
smaller cells.
Efficiency
Every module is evaluated based on its DC yield power under standard test
conditions (STC), and the on-discipline yield energy may fluctuate as a result. The
power fluctuates between 100 and 365 Watts on a regular basis (W). Given a
comparable evaluated yield, a module's proficiency determines its earth - an 8%
green 230W module can have twice the earth of a 16 percent green 230 W

15
module. Sun-oriented modules can produce up to 24 percent more revenue than
conventional modules. By and large, the most easily completed sunlight
transformation expenditure (sun module execution) in the new current product is
about 21.5%, which is not quite the efficiency in their cells in detachment. The
most green, sunlight based modules [disputed - discuss] have energy thickness
upsides of up to 175 W/m2 (16.22 W/ft2).
Researchers at Boeing's Spectro lab have proposed a 40 percent efficiency
increase in multi-intersection sun-oriented cells, which might be used to replace
solar photovoltaic cells. In the long run, the Spectro lab researchers predict
concentrator sun-powered cells to achieve efficiencies of around 45 percent or
half, with efficiencies of around 58 percent feasible in cells with several
intersections.
Specifications
● Polycrystalline Solar Panel.
● Wattage: 3W.
● Voltage: 12V.
● 3W-12V Polycrystalline Solar Panel System for 9 V Battery Charge with 3
meter Dc 5521 Cable
● Length- 28cm
● Breadth- 12.5cm
● Thickness- 1.5cm
● Efficiency- 18.6%

MOTOR

Fig 4.2: Motor

16
 Product Details

A gear motor is usually a simple DC electric motor with a gear mechanism

attached to it. DC Motor – 1000 RPM – 12 Volts It will be involved across all robots
and robotic packages in varying sorts. Those electric motors include a three-
millimetre thread drill hole in the middle of a rod, making it simple to link them
to tyres or other gear devices. Robotics packages commonly employ 1000 RPM
12V DC geared motors. It's easy to use and comes in a standard length. Users
also do not have to spend a fortune to operate cars to use an Arduino or a
comparable device. With such motor, that has a voltage around 5 and 35V DC,
you can use the most prominent L298N H-bridge device with inbuilt voltage
regulator motor driving force, or one can choose the most appropriate motor diver
module from the expansive range available in our Motor divers' category,
depending on your particular needs.

Internally attached shaft with screw and thread for connecting it to the wheel with
ease. DC Geared vehicles with a sturdy steel gearbox for high-reliability
applications, available in a wide RPM range and particularly suited for robotics and
business. It's simple to use and comes in a regular size. Interior threaded shaft
with screw and thread to connect it to the wheel without difficulty.shown in fig 4.2.

Specifications and Features: -

• RPM (revolutions per minute): 1000

• DC 12 volt Operating Voltage

• Gearbox: Plastic (spur) Gear attached

• Internal hole with 6mm shaft dia.

• Torque (kg-cm): 0.5

• Current with no load = 60 mA (Max)

• 300 mA load current (Max).

17
 Product Details

Robotics programs involve 30 RPM 12V DC geared motors. It also has a large
torque of 32 kg cm. The motor seems to have a metal gearbox and a driveshaft
that is stale-cantered.

Specifications and Features

● 30 RPM 12V DC motors with Metal Gearbox and Metal Gears
● Díameter shaft of 6mm with thread hole of M3
● 37mm Dia Gearbox.
● Motor 28.5 mm Diameter
● Length 63 mm without shaft
● Shaft length 30mm
● 180gm weight
● 32 kg cm Holding Torque
● No-load current = 800 mA, Load current = up to 7.5 A(Max)
● Should be applied with Dual DC Motor driver 20 recommended

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

Fig 4.3: Parts of a LED

18
 working

LEDs are based on semiconductor diodes that emit light when

forward-biased, a phenomenon called electroluminescence. Their compact size,
longer lifespan, durability, and energy efficiency make them an ideal choice for
various lighting applications, including street lighting, automotive lighting, and
displays. However, LEDs require more precise current and heat management,
which can increase the overall cost of LED lighting systems. Despite this, the
advantages of LEDs have made them increasingly popular in various applications.
shown in fig 4.3.

Applications of LED fall into three major categories:

● Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the
LED to the human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
● Illumination where LED light is reflected from objects to give visual
response to these objects.
● Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not
involve the human visual system.

L293D MOTOR DRIVER

Fig 4.4: L293D Motor Driver

19
 Product Details
This Arduino L293D Motor Driver (fig. 4.4) Shield has two servos with four
motor interfaces supporting DC or stepper cars, offering one of the most versatile
on the market. As a result, it's a wonderful protection for any automated project.

This Arduino-compatible motor driving force protector is a packed solution which

can handle four DC motors, two 4-cord steppers, and five-volt servos. It employs
one L293D to command the DC motor and stepper, and Arduino pins 9 and 10 to
run the servo.

L293D is a four-channel main thrust with a solid coordinated high voltage, high
current. Basically, this demonstrates that one can use DC motor and strength parts
of up to 36 Volts with this chip, which is a quite large motor, and the chip can
deliver a maximum current of 600mA per channel. H-Bridge is another name for
the L293D chip. The H-Bridge is an electrical connection that allows voltage to flow
in both directions over a stack to a destination, such as an engine. Two L293D
engine drivers and one 74HC595 shift check-in are included in the shield. The shift
check-in expands the Arduino's 3 pins to 8 pins to monitor the engine drivers'
progress.

Specifications

● Two 5V 'hobby' servo links to the Arduino's performance as a result timer.

● 4 H-Bridges: The L293D chip produces 0.6A per bridge (1.2A peak) with
inbuilt return prevention diodes and thermal cutoff protection. Motors can
run at voltages ranging from 4.5 to 25 volts.
● Up to four bi-directional DC motors, each with its own 8-bit speed control
(so, about 0.5 percent resolution).
● Maximum of two stepper motors (unipolar or bipolar) with single loop, dual
coil, or interleaved stepping (single coil, double coil, or interleaved
stepping).
● During power-up, pull-down resistors deactivate motors.
● Large terminal block connectors for connecting wires (18-26AWG) and
power with ease.
● The Arduino reset button has already been moved to the top of a screen.
● For separate logic/motor supplies, a 2-pin terminals block and jumper are
being used to connect additional power.

20
 ● Tested compatible with Arduino Mega 1280 & 2560, Diecimila,
Duemilanove, and UNO.
● Weight= 60g.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Fig 4.5: Ultrasonic Sensor

Product Details

The ultra - sonic sensor HC-SR04 (fig. 4.5) was introduced. One such practical
sensor has a span of 2cm to 400cm of non-contact estimation capacity and a
went accuracy of up to 3mm. A ultrasonic transmitter, a beneficiary, and a control
circuit are completely remembered for each HC-SR04 module.

The HC-SR04 has four pins, something one ought to know about: VCC (power),
Trig (trigger), Echo (getting), and GND (ground) . One will uncover that setting up
and involving this sensor for your first assortment observing mission is a pleasure.
The sensor incorporates progressed control hardware that could likewise assist
with keeping away from "bouncy" information from the program.

21
 Specifications

● OperatingVoltage = DC 5V

● Operating Current = 15mA

● OperatingFrequency = 40KHz

● MaxRange = 4m

● MinRange = 2cm

● RangingAccuracy = 3mm

● MeasuringAngle = 15 degrees

● TriggerInputSignal = 10µSTTL pulse

● Dimension = 45x 20 x 15mm

TEMPERATURE SENSOR (LM 35)

Fig 4.6: Temperature Sensor (LM 35)

22
 Product Details

One of the most generally observed measurements on the planet is

temperature. They can be utilized on regular family things like microwaves,
coolers, and forced air systems, as well as in all areas of designing. The glow/cold
made by a thing to which it is connected is estimated by a temperature sensor. It
then, at that point, gives a proportionate obstruction, current, or voltage yield,
which can be observed or handled by our requirements. The LM35 is an
incorporated simple temperature sensor with a corresponding electrical result in
degrees Celsius. To accomplish standard exactness, the LM35 Sensor requires no
outside adjustment or managing.

The LM35 is directly connected to an Arduino board. The LM35 temperature

output could provide two comparing circuits, which could be used as an
overheating sign or as a temperature regulator with a simple transfer,shown in fig
4.6 .

Specifications

● Calibrated directly in Degree Celsius (Centigrade)

● Linear at 10.0 mV/°C scale factor
● 0.5°C accuracy guarantee-able (at a25°C)
● Rated for full -55°C to a 150°C range
● Suitable for remote applications
● Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
● Operates from 4 to 30 volts
● Less than 60 mA current drain
● Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air
● Non-linearity only 0.25°C typical
● Low impedance output, 0.1Ωfor 1 mA load

23
 RECHARGEABLE BATTERY

Fig 4.7: Battery

Product Details

A 6V battery (fig. 4.7) is a lead-acid kind cell. It's also known as a lantern
battery. It usually makes use of 4 big ones. 6V batteries are used in dog schooling
gadgets, clinical units, film and virtual cameras, and plenty of different devices.

6v batteries will commonly hold enough price for 45-60 minutes of continuous use,
whilst 12v batteries can maintain enough for two-four hours depending on the
power necessities of the mounted motor. 24v batteries range, again relying on the
energy usage of the motor, however commonly last between 2-4 hours. The
capacity of the battery is given for a particular discharge contemporary. With a
higher discharge modern, you will get less electricity from the battery. With a
decreased discharge modern, you will get greater power from the battery.

24
 Specifications

● Nominal voltage: 6V
● Rated capacity :5Ah
● Sealed type: sealed
● Maintenance type: free
● Container material: ABS
● Dimensions: (L*W*H) mm: 70*120*80
● Battery cell composition: Sealed Lead Acid

Applications

These are used for high stop packages of standby energy like trip on Toys,
UPS, electric Converter, Railway Communications, safety structures and many
others.

IR SENSOR

Fig 4.8: IR Sensor

Product Details

The IR (fig. 4.8) sensor module comprises explicitly of the IR Transmitter and
Receiver, Op-amp, Variable Resistor (Trimmer pot), yield LED related to not many
resistors.

25
IR LED Transmitter

IR LEDs produce light with a wide scope of infrared frequencies. We can't

see infrared light on the grounds that its frequency (700nm - 1mm) is significantly
longer than noticeable light. IR LEDs have a gentle discharge point of 20-60
degrees and a scope of a couple of centimetres to a few feet, contingent upon the
kind of IR transmitter and the producer. A few transmitters have a reach estimated
in kilometres. Since IR LEDs are white or obvious in variety, they can convey a lot
of light.

Photodiode Receiver

When light strikes on a photodiode, it transmits and acts as an IR receiver.

A photodiode is a semiconductor with a P-N junction that works in opposing bias,
which indicates that when light falls on it, it proceeds to engage in electricity in the
other direction, and the amount of cutting-edge drift is relative to the quantity of
light. It is advantageous for IR detection because of its characteristic. With a black
colour coating on its outside surface, the photodiode appears to be a LED. Black
colour absorbs the most light.

LM358 Op Amp

Inside the IR sensor, an Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is used as a

voltage comparator. The comparator will evaluate the pre-set (pin2) limit voltage as
well as the photodiode's assortment resistor voltage (pin3).

The series resistor voltage drop of a photodiode is greater than the threshold
voltage, indicating that the Opamp yield is high.

Because the series resistor voltage drop of the photodiode would be less than the
threshold voltage, the Opamp yield is low, and the Opamp result is excessive, the
LED at the Opamp yield terminal acts (Indicating the recognition of article).

Variable Resistor

Here, the variable resistor is pre-set. It's being used to evaluate the
detection applications spanning for an object.

26
 Specification

● Operating DC voltage 5 volts

● 5V and 3.3V I/O pins are
● Range can rise Up to 20cm
● Sensing range can be Adjustable
● Ambient Light Sensors are Built-in
● 20mA current supply
● Mounting hole
Application

● Obstacle Detection
● Wheel encoder
● Industrial safety devices

SINGLE CHANNEL RELAY

Fig 4.9: Single Channel Relay

Product details

A relay (fig. 4.9) is an electromechanical device which activates between

circuits and transfer using an electric current. The single-channel relay module is
more than just a simple relay; it includes additives which facilitate switching and
connecting easier, and also indicators that display if the module is charged and
whether the relay is operational or not. A detailed pin description of single channel
relay is provided in table 4.1.

27
 Table 4.1: Pin description (1channel relay)

Specifications

● 3.75V to 6V is Supply voltage

● 2mA is Quiescent current
● Approx. 70mA supply when the relay is active
● 250VAC or 30VDC - Relay maximum voltage
● Relay maximum current is 10A

4 CHANNEL RELAY

Fig 4.10: Four Channel Relay Module

28
 Product Details

The four-channel relay module(Fig. 4.10 ) has four

5V relays and also the necessary switching and isolation components, allowing for
simple interfacing with a microcontroller or sensor with the minimum level of
components and connections. Each relay's connections are labelled on the body
for 250VAC, 30VDC, and 10A in each case. The pin description of the 4 channel
relay is depicted in table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Pin description (4 Channel relay)

29
 Specifications

● Supply voltage is between 3.75V to 6V

● Trigger current is 5mA
● Current when the relay is active during single ~70mA, and when all four
are active ~300mA
● Relay maximum contact voltage is determined as 250VAC, 30VDC
● Relay maximum current is 10A

ATMEGA32 MICROCONTROLLER

Fig 4.11: ATmega32 Microcontroller

Product Details

The 8-cycle AVR RISC-based microcontroller from Microchip (Fig. 4.11)

includes 32 KB of self-programming Flash programme memory, 2 KB of SRAM, 1
KB of EEPROM, an 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, and a JTAG port for on-chip
debugging. The gadget achieves 16 MIPS throughput at 16 MHz and 2.7-5.5V
voltage.

30
By performing solid recommendations in a single clock cycle, the device achieves
throughputs approaching one MIPS for each MHz, allowing you to fine-tune power
usage and handling speed.

Specifications and Features

● Fully Static Operation

● Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
● On-Chip Two-Cycle Multiplier
● 131 Powerful Instructions - Most Single-Clock Cycle Execution
● 32 8 General Purpose Working Registers
● 32 KB of in-system flash programme memory
● 1 KB of EEPROM
● 2 KB of internal SRAM
● 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM write/erase cycles
● In-System Programming via On-Chip Boot Program
● True Read-While-Write Operation
● Programming Lock for Software Security
● JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
● Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
● Extensive On-Chip Debug Support Programming of Flash, EEPROM,
Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG Interface
● Q Touch library support
● Capacitive touch buttons,

SOFTWARE USED

Product Details
Arduino (Fig. 4.12) is an open-source model stage that is based on a simple
set of tools and programming. It consists of a programmable circuit board (known as a
microcontroller) and an Arduino IDE (included development environment) ready-to-use
programming application for writing and transferring PC code to the physical board.
Specification
Arduino is a popular open-source electronics platform that allows users to
create interactive and programmable projects with ease. It consists of both hardware
and software components that work together to provide a versatile and accessible

31
development platform. One of the most significant advantages of Arduino is its ability
to interact with various sensors and devices, making it suitable for a wide range of
applications. The hardware component of Arduino consists of a microcontroller, which
is a small computer chip that controls the board's input and output functions. This
microcontroller can read data from various sensors, such as temperature sensors or
motion detectors, and use this data to control the board's output devices, such as
LEDs, motors, or displays. The software component of Arduino is the Arduino
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), a user-friendly programming environment
that simplifies the programming process. Users can write code in the Arduino IDE
using an enhanced version of C++ programming language, which is specifically
designed to be easier to learn and use. The IDE also includes a range of pre-written
code examples and libraries that make it easy for users to get started with their
projects. Another significant advantage of Arduino is its ease of use. Unlike other
programmable circuit boards that require a separate programmer device to load new
code onto the board, Arduino boards can be programmed using a simple USB cable
connected to a computer. This makes it much easier and more convenient to program
and debug projects. Finally, Arduino is continuously evolving, and there are plans to
release a standard framework that will simplify the development process further. This
framework will divide the microcontroller's features into a separate package, making it
easier for developers to create and test code without needing to understand the
underlying hardware. Overall, the Arduino platform provides a flexible and accessible
tool for both hobbyists and professionals to create innovative projects with ease

Fig 4.12: Arduino Software

32
 FINAL PRODUCT

Regular testing ensured all project components

were assembled correctly and functioning properly. Alterations were made based
on testing results to improve performance. Mild steel was used to construct the
casing for protection and appearance. Many similar projects lacked casing. Mild
steel is durable, strong, and versatile. It's commonly used in construction and
engineering applications. Mild steel provides excellent protection for project
components. It can be easily cut and welded. Proper assembly and testing ensure
project functions correctly. The casing should be carefully considered in project
design. A sturdy casing enhances appearance and provides protection. Mild steel
is a good material choice for casings. Alterations may need to be made for optimal
performance. Durability and strength are essential for project success. Careful
consideration of materials is necessary for project protection and appearance.

33
 CHAPTER 5

• Solar energy is stored into the rechargeable battery through charging

circuit. This battery power is used to rin the vehicle and cutting the grass.

• The main controlling device of the project is PIC Microcontroller. Ultrasonic

sensor, DC motor with l293d motor driver, grass cutting blade along with
relay and DC motor is interfacing to the microcontroller.

• When the user starts the vehicle, vehicle will go ahead by making a gross
cut.

• The microcontroller moves the robot in forward directions with the help of
DC motors which are interfaced to the microcontroller along with l293d
motor driver.

• When the ultrasonic sensor detecting the obstacle while moving the vehicle
it will avoided the obstacle and moves forward by making a gross cut.

• In this we are attaching the grass cutter at the shaft of DC motor which is
interfaced to the microcontroller along with relay control by the
microcontroller.

• To achieve this task microcontroller loaded program written in embedded C

language.

34
 CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The sole purpose of today's equipment is to eliminate greenhouse gas

emissions, which seem to be the principal contributor to climate change. This
solar-powered lawn cutter will achieve the project's environmental aims while also
being low-cost to administer thanks to the shortage of a fuel source. A solar lawn
mower has been created for use in homes, institutions, and fields with lawns that
cannot be serviced by tractor-driven mowers. The device's capabilities are
sufficient for the task at hand. The technology has shown to be a viable alternative
to gasoline-powered lawn mowers. The provided document contains fabricated
information on the "design and Fabrication of solar Powered Grass Cutter," which
is designed in such a way that the solar plate creates solar electricity and uses it to
power the grass cutter motor. It has been built with the capability of integrating all
of the hardware components needed. Each module's presence has been carefully
considered and arranged, ensuring that the unit runs well. Second, the assignment
has been successfully implemented thanks to the usage of extremely superior ICs
and developing technology. As a result, the task has been well-designed and
assessed.

35
 REFERENCES

[1]. Bulski, P., Yu, S. and E.D., D. (2008) ‘Investigation of sound induced by
grass cutting blades’. Journal of Engineering and applied science, 3,
pp.290-298.
[2]. K, V., K, P., R, S. & A, S. (2015) ‘Fabrication and Analysis of Lawn Mower’.
International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and
Technology, 4(6), p. 606.
[3]. Kumar, D. P. et al. (n.d.) ‘Design and Fabrication of Smart Solar Lawn
Cutter’, s.l.: university B D T college of engineering.
[4]. Ms. Lanka Priyanka, Mr. Prof. J. Nagaraju, Mr. Vinod Kumar Reddy (2015)
‘Fabrication of Solar Powered Grass Cutting Machine’. International Journal
and Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research,
Vol. 2, pp. 386-390.
[5]. Mohammad, M. S., Ahmad & Prof (2018) ‘Design and fabrication of two-
wheeler operated sickle bar mower’. International Research Journal of
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[6]. M, S. M. & Ahmad, P. K. (2018) ‘Design and fabrication of two-wheeler
operated sickle bar mower’. International Research Journal of Engineering
and Technology, 05(10), p. 530.
[7]. Ogiemudia, O. (2016) ‘Design and Improvement of a Solar Powered Lawn
Mower from Locally Sourced Material’. ELK Asia Pacific Journals, 2(1), p. 1.
[8]. P, B. et al. (2017) ‘Design and Implementation of Automatic Solar Grass
Cutter’. International journal of advanced research in electrical, electronics
and instrumentation engineering, 6(4), p. 2433.
[9]. Praful P. Ulhe, Manish D. Inwate, Fried D. Wankhede and Krushankumar S.
Dhakle (2016) ‘Modification of Solar Grass Cutting Machine’. International
Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology, Vol.2, pp.
2349-6010.
[10]. Satwik, D. & Ramalingeswara (2015) ‘Design and Fabrication of lever
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International journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research,
4(8).

36
[11]. Sujendran S. and Vanitha p. (2014) ‘Smart Lawn Mower for Grass
Trimming’. International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.3, pp. 2319-
7064.
[12]. Yogita D. Ambekar, Abhishek U. Ghate (2017) ‘Solar Based Grass Cutter’.
Second International Conference on latest trend in engineering, science,
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[13]. https://learnmech.com/solar-based-grass-cutter-project-report-free-do
wnload/
[14]. https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/IOT-BASED-GRASS-CUTTER-WIT
H-SOLAR-PANNEL.pdf
[15]. https://www.pantechsolutions.net/arduino-based-solar-grass-
cutter-fully-automated/
[16]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaZszXoAMwo
[17]. https://nevonprojects.com/fully-automated-solar-grass-cutter/

[18]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326033151_A_Fully_Auto

mated_Lawn_Mower_Using_Solar_Panel by grass cutting blades’,

Journal of Engineering and applied

37