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Skills Development

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
367 views13 pages

Skills Development

Uploaded by

basitalee81
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Page 1 of 13

INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY


What is Information?
Information is a data or form of communication that provides understandable
and useful knowledge for the person receiving it. Information is considered
real if it meets certain criteria, as under: -
1. It must be communicated to the recipient;
2. It must be in a language that is understood;
3. It must be in a suitable form;
4. It must be for achieving some purpose.
Information Technology: It is a technology which uses computers to gather,
process, store, protect, and transfer information. IT includes a combination of
computer technology ( hardware and software) and telecommunication
technology (data, image etc). Computer is very important component of
information technology.
Importance of IT: IT has enabled the globalization of the economy and
competition, and caused large scale changes in many industries. It also
bringing a major shift in job market; resulting in a more polarized occupatio nal
structure. Information technology plays an essential role in almost every field
including business, education, management etc. In business it aids the
companies to operate their functions using software, keeps the companies
aware of the changes in global markets, solving mathematical problems and
calculations, and mainly for communication and administration purpose , online
business and shopping at any time. It has made its presence in educational
sector too including helping the students and teachers In their course work
enabling easy and faster access to information on different topics, using online
libraries and dictionaries, and many more. Thus, the IT sector is expected to
grow at an even faster pace in the coming years, thereby creating ample
opportunities for deserving candidates, improving the different processes and
procedures, and further enriching our lives.
Computer: Computer is derived from a Latin word “computare” which means
to “to calculate”, “to count”, “to sum up” or “to think together”. So, more
precisely the word computer means a "device that performs computation".
Computer is an electronic device that is programmed to accept data,
process data into full useful information and store it for later use. Computer
accept input (data), then the data is translated into binary numbers and
processed and finally results in output (information). Following are the
ingredients of computer:
1. Hardware: Hardware consists of all the tangible machinery and
equipment in a computer system. It if further classified as under:-
AHSAN ALI (44)
LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 2 of 13

a. Input Devices: The devices which input or feed raw data to


computer, such as keyboard, mouse, webcam, microphone, scanner
etc.
b. Central Processing Unit (CPU) : This is the heart of computer.
Processing is the core function of computer where raw data is
transformed into information. During processing period, the data is
stored temporarily in processor cache and primary memory.
c. Output Devices: The components that disseminate and display
both processed data and information. It has further two devisions,
softcopy and hardcopy outputs. Softcopy output is intangible such
as sound, a message, display on LCD etc. Hardcopy outputs are
tangible such as LCD, printer, etc.
d. Memory/ Storage Devices: These are the component which retain/
store data. It is further divided into primary memory and secondary
memory and is either volatile or non -volatile.
i. Primary memory is referred to RAM and all other m emories
that work in tandem with processor and is volatile memory,
which means that primary memory retains data only when the
computer is powered on. Primary memory includes RAM,
SRAM, ROM etc.
ii. Secondary memory refers disk drives for storing data and is
non-volatile memory, which permits long time storage.
Secondary memory is subdivided into Internal and external
devices.
1. Internal devices are designed to be placed inside the
computer i.e. hard disk, solid state disk, etc.
2. External devices are plug and play media used to
transfer filed between computers i.e. optical disks, flash
disks, and external disk drives, etc.
2. Software: A computer program which is intangible part written to perform
a single or multiple tasks on computer using the built -in-hardware.
Software is the set of commands that are understandable to the
computer. In other terms these are the instructions to the phy sical
components of computer. It is used in giving orders what to do. Software
can be classified as under: -
a. Operating Software: This class of software manages and controls
the internal operations of a computer system. Such as windows,
linux etc.

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 3 of 13

b. Application Software: Application software is designed to help the


user to perform specific tasks. Such as Microsoft office, photoshop,
etc.
c. Utility Software: Utility softwares are small, powerful programs
with a limited capability, they are usually operated by th e user to
maintain a smooth running of the computer system. Such as ,
antivirus, backups softwares, disk cleanup, etc.
3. Data: Data is a set of raw facts and figures that are processed into
information for some purpose.
4. User: Computer needs to be instructed or programmed by human being
using computer for some purpose.
KINDS OF COMPUTERS: Computer is basically classified as under: -
1. Supercomputer: It is the most powerful computer in terms of
performance and data processing. These are specialized and task
specific computers used by large organizations. The supercomputers are
very expensive and very large in size. It can be accommodated in large
air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an entire
building. They are used for space exploration, earthquake studies,
weather forecasting, nuclear weapon testing, etc.
2. Mainframe: These computers are not as powerful as supercomputers,
but certainly they are quite expensive. Mainframes can also process &
store large amount of data. The Mainframe computers can be
accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms because of their size.
Many large firms & government organizations use Mainframes to run their
business operations. For example, banks, educational institutions &
insurance companies use mainframe computers to store data about their
customers, students & insurance policy holders.
3. Minicomputer: Minicomputer is smaller, less expensive, and less
powerful than a mainframe or supercomputer. Minicomputers are also
called as “Midrange Computers”. These are used for scientific and
engineering computations, business transaction processing, file handlin g,
and database management.
4. Microcomputer: Microcomputers are less in prices and designed for
general usage like entertainment, education and work etc. these widely
used and fastest growing computers. For example, desktop, laptops,
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), tablets, smartphones, gaming
consoles, notebooks, calculators, etc.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER


AHSAN ALI (44)
LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 4 of 13

Advantages of computer: Following are some advantages of computer:


1. Multitasking: Multitasking is one of the major advantages of computer. A
person can perform multiple tasks, multiple operations, calculate
numerical problems within few seconds.
2. Speed: Nowadays computer has very important role in human life due to
its incredible speed, which helps human to complete their task i n few
seconds. All the operations can be performed very fast just because of
its speed elsewise it takes a long time to perform the task.
3. Stores huge amount of data : W e can save huge data within a low
budget. Centralized database of storing information is the major
advantage that can reduce cost.
4. Accuracy: One of the root advantaged of computer is that can perform
not only calculations but also with accuracy.
5. Data Security: Protecting digital data is known as data security.
Computer provides security from destructive forces and from unwanted
action from unauthorized users like cyber attack or access attack.
Disadvantages of Computer: The use of computer has created some
problems in society which are as follows.
1. Unemployment: Nowadays different tasks are performed automatically
by using computers which has reduced the need of people and thus
increased unemployment in society.
2. Wastage of time and energy: Many people use computers without
positive purpose like in playing games, chatting for a long period of time ,
spending much time on social media and it has adverse effects on the
health and social life.
3. Data Security: The data stored on a computer can be accessed by
unauthorized persons through networks. It has created serious problems
for the data security.
4. Computer Crimes: People use the computer for negative activities. They
hack the credit card numbers of the people and misuse them or they can
steal important data from big organizations.
5. Privacy violation: The computers are used to store personal data of the
people. The privacy of a person can be violated if the personal and
confidential records are not protected properly.
6. Health risks: The improper and prolonged use of computer can results in
injuries or disorders of hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, necks and back. It is
recommended to take a couple of minutes break after 30 minutes of
computer usage.

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 5 of 13

7. Impact on Environment : The computer manufacturing processes and


computer waste are polluting the environment. The wasted parts of
computer can release dangerous toxic materials.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF IT


1. Communication: Communication is the basic advantage of IT. With help
of information technologies the instant messaging, emails, voice and
video calls becomes quicker, cheaper and much efficient.
2. Globalization: By implementing information systems we can bring down
the linguistic, geographical and some cultural boundaries by sharing the
information, knowledge, communication and relationships between
different countries, languages and cultures becomes much easier .
3. Availability: Information systems have made it possible for businesses
to be open 24×7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be
open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries
easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods
delivered right to your doorstep with h aving to move a single muscle.
4. Creation of new types of jobs: One of the best advantages of
information systems is the creation of new and interesting jobs.
Computer programmers, Systems analyzers, Hardware and Software
developers and W eb designers are jus t some of the many new
employment opportunities created with the help of IT.
5. Cost effectiveness and productivity: IT promotes more efficient
operation of the company and also improves the supply of information to
decision-makers spending less amount in adv ertisements. IT has a
mostly positive impacts on productivity.
Disadvantages
1. Unemployment: Implementing the information systems alternatively
increase unemployment as with improvement of technology the tasks that
were previously performed by hum employees would be carried out by
computers systems.
2. Security issues: Thieves and hackers get access to identities and can
target sensitive company data. Such data can include vendor
information, bank records, intellectual property and personal data on
company management. The hackers distribute the information over the
Internet, sell it to rival companies or use it to damage the company’s
image.

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 6 of 13

3. Implementation expenses : To integrate the information system it


require pretty good amount of cost in a case of software, hardware and
people. Software, hardware and some other services should be rented,
bought and supported. Employees need to be trained with unfamiliar
information technology and software.

What is Computer Network? What are its types?


A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or more
computers in order to share resources, exchange files, or allow electronic
communications. Network can be classified as under: -
1. Personal Area Network (PAN): It is a computer network organized
around an individual person. It can be constructed by using cables or
wireless. It generally consists of a mobile, a computer, cell phone, or
PDA.
2. Local Area Network (LAN): It is a network which is designed to operate
over a small physical area such as an office, fa ctory, or a group of
buildings. In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable. It is
usually a private owned network.
3. Wide Area Network (WAN): W hen network spans over a large distance
or when the computers to be connected to each other are at widely
separated locations; then the local area network cannot be used and a
wide area network (W AN) is installed.
4. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): This network is between the LAN
and W AN technology that covers the entire city. It uses similar
technology as LAN. It can be a single network as cable TV network, or a
measure of connecting a large number of LANs.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS: Computer graphics refers to the creation, storage
and manipulation of pictures and drawings using digital computers. Computer
graphics are used in diverse fields to represent data including scientific
researches, engineering applications, medicine, busine ss, industry,
government, art, entertainment, advertisement, education etc. It enhances the
communication between the computer and user. Computer graphics can be two
or three dimensional. Two-Dimensional computer graphics are digital images
that are computer based. They include two dimensional geometric models
having height and width only, such as photographs, image composition, or text
etc. Three-Dimensional computer graphics are graphics that use 3D
representation having length, width and depth. These can be used for real time
3D viewing in animations, videos, simulations, architectural visualization, etc.
COMPUTER SECURITY: Computer security refers to the protection of
computer systems and information from harm, theft, and unauthorized use.
AHSAN ALI (44)
LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 7 of 13

Most computer security measures include data encryption and passwords.


Prevention of data theft such as bank account numbers, credit card
information, passwords, work related documents or sheets, etc. is essential in
today’s communications since many of our day to day actions depend on the
security of the data paths.
Security Breach: A security breach or violation is any incident that
results in unauthorized access of data, applications, services, networks or
devices by bypassing underlying security mechanisms. A computer security is
breached or violated by many ways, among them virus , spyware or adware are
the common one.
Computer Virus: A Computer Virus is a malicious software program
“Malware” that can infect a computer by modifying or deleting data files, boot
sector of a hard disk drive or causes a software program to work in an
unexpected manner. Virus attaches itself to files stored on floppy disks, USBs,
email attachments and hard disks. If an infected file is copied to a computer,
virus is also copied to the computer. Virus can steal user data, delete or
modify files & documents , records keystrokes & web sessions of a user. It can
also steal or damage hard disk space and it can also slow down computer’s
performance. It can be avoided by not installing pirated softwares usually
infected with malware, installing antivirus or anti -malware and opening e-mails
and web pages from recognized senders and authors.
INTERNET BROWSERS: Internet or web browser is a software program that
allows a user to locate, access, and display web pages on the internet, as well
as other content created usi ng languages such as Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) and Extensible Markup Language (XML). The main purpose of internet
browser is to translate the code / language that computers use to create
websites into human readable content i.e. text, graphics, etc.
Law is made easy with internet browsing: Internet browsing is an
easementry tool for human in many ways, thus it has also benefited the legal
practitioners in many ways. It not only benefits the professionals but also aids
the students in many ways. Legal professionals can search any law, law
citations, judgments using internet. The students can learn in many ways
through internet as the professional teachers around the globe publish their
lectures on the internet, which assist the students in their study, assignments,
making handouts or notes, etc.

COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR GOOD ADVOCACY : Communication skills


play vital role and considered as spinal cord of good advocacy. If a lawyer is
good communicator he will embrace success more quickly. An advocate is
pleading on behalf of his client, for that he must understand the matter first.

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 8 of 13

He not only needs to hear the words of client but must also pay attention to his
voice, tone and body language for ascertaining the real facts. A good lawyer is
capable of building relationship with client easily and quickly through his
honesty and realistic explanations in the matter, and clients hire lawyers
because they have a rapport with them. Building relationship expands
clientage. A good lawyer knows how to act in different situation and deal with
the clients, thus it is important to understand the situation and act accordingly.
During pleading the matter a good lawyer talks less but effective; because
excessive explanation dilute your arguments.
DATABASES: Database is the collection of data, or information, which is
specially organized for rapid search and retrieval by a computer. Databases
are structured to facilitate the storage, retrieval, modification, and deletion of
data. For example, Facebook needs to store, manipulate and present data
related to members, their friends, member activities, messages,
advertisements and lot more. Another example is of electricity service provider
that is obviously using a database to manage billing, client related issues, to
handle fault data, etc. A common example is of our phone book where contacts
are stored. In order to maintain and access the database, a Database
Management System (DBMS) is used. This kind of system manages and
protects data so that the database is safe and secure.

INFORMATION SYSTEM: An information system is defined as the software


that helps organize and analyze data. It is the combination of people,
hardware and software, communication devices, network and data resources
that processes data and information for a specific purpose. The purpose of an
information system is to turn raw data into useful information that can be used
for decision making in an organization. Its components are as under:
1. Hardware: Computer-based information systems use computer
hardware, such as processors, monitors, keyboard and printers.
2. Software: These are the programs used to organize, process and
analyze data.
3. Databases: Information systems work with data, organized into tables
and files.
4. Network: Different elements need to be connected to each other,
especially if many different people in an organization use the same
information system.
5. Procedures: These describe how specific data are processed and
analyzed in order to get the answers for which the information system is
designed.

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 9 of 13

COMMUNICATION SKILLS: The word communication is derived from latin


word “communicare” and “communico” and French word “communis” which
means imparting, conveying or exchange of ideas. Thus communication is the
art and craft of transmitting information, ideas, concepts and messages
between two or more persons. Communication holds great significance in our
daily lives and human activities. It is nee ded for making decisions. All human
activities, business transactions become possible because of communication.
Communication cannot exist in the absence of any of the following:
1. Sender: There is a person also known as encoder who intends to pass
some sort of information.
2. Message; Sender or encoder passes some idea, information or
message.
3. Medium: The sender sends the message through a particular mode, the
maybe air if there iv verbal communication or a letter if communication is
made in written.
4. Receiver: There is another person also known as decoder, who receives
the message and understands it.
5. Feedback: W hen the receiver confirms to the sender that he has
received and understood the message, communication is complete.
Modes of Communication: Following are the modes of communication:
1. Verbal Communication: Communication, in which words, spoken or
written, are used to transmit information is called verbal communication.
It can be done in two ways:
a. Oral communication: It includes spoken words. For example, face
to face conversation, telephonic conversation, lectures, speeches,
conferences, etc.
b. Written communication: It includes written words. For example,
letters, emails, newsletters, SMS, etc.
2. Non-Verbal Communication: The communication between parties other
than words. Communication takes place non -verbally through:
a. Body language: E.g. Body movements, eye contact, facial
expressions, appearance, voice, space, time, etc.
b. Paralanguage: E.g. Pitch variation, tone, volume, speaking speed,
word stress, etc.
c. Sign language: E.g. Signs, symbols, signals etc.
d. Postures and Gestures: Posture is the way we hold ourselves, the
way we stand or sit; it is the indication of our feelings and thoughts,
attitudes and health. Gesture refers to the expression of feelings
through significant movement of body parts i.e. hands, head, etc.
AHSAN ALI (44)
LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 10 of 13

e. Attire or Dressing: A person’s dressing describes culture, season,


time of the day, occasion and thus a kind of non -verbal
communication.

PRESENTATION SKILLS: The skills required for an effective presentation and


delivering information to the audience smoothly are called presentation skills.
It includes the following:
1. Facial Expressions: It is one of the basic elements of presentation. No
matter how great content we have, our audience wil l not be engaged
unless we use face expressions, such as movement of eyes, lips,
muscles, eyebrows etc.
2. Eye Contact: Eye contact is considered as essential element. W e must
look into the eyes of audience rather than at the walls or on ground. W e
also must not stare at the same spot as it might make audience feel
uncomfortable.
3. Posture: Posture is the way we hold ourselves, the way we sit or stand.
It indicates our feelings and thoughts, attitude and health. W e must not
slouch and get tense during presentation.
4. Gesture: Gesture refers to the movement of different body parts such as
hands, head, etc. For example, if you are making a contrast between big
and small, you can use hand gestures to represent this.

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF COMPUTER


POSITIVE IMPACTS:
1. Positive Effects on Learning: W e have access to a wealth of information
on computers, without visiting the library for research and exploring
number of books. There are online dictionaries, encyclopedias, softwares
for learning math, rea ding, science and history and many more.
2. Positive Effects on Social Behavior: Computers offer many opportunities
to meet new people through social media network.
3. Positive Effects of Computers on our Personal Life : It provides easy and
faster communications with friends, family, etc living at distant places.
4. Positive Effects of Computers on our Professional Life : It is useful to
Train online, doing job work faster, easy access to information,
appearing in meeting through video call, monitoring officer using
cameras etc.
5. Positive Effects of Computers on our Academic Life : It helps the students
to study at any time at their home, enables to attend foreign lectures,
more resources of information, helpful in making assig nments etc.
AHSAN ALI (44)
LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 11 of 13

NEGATIVE IMPACTS:
1. Negative Effects on Physical Health: Spending more time on computer
makes unable to participate in physical activities, which can result in
weight gain, eye and back strain and possibly repetitive injuries , etc.
2. Children and Exposure to Adult Material : Many people, especially
children and teenagers, are vulnerable to finding highly explicit adult
material. Pornography is easily accessible to children, and this can affect
their attitude. Children who use the Internet also are at risk of learning
about different type of drugs.
3. Vision Problems: Computer use can result in vision problems called
Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS).
4. Exposure to Radiation: Many computers have Cathode Ray Tube
monitors that give off X-ray radiation that can affect your health and can
cause cancer, tumors, miscarriage and birth defects, headaches and
insomnia.
5. Addiction: Computers also give you access to a wide variety of
information and entertainment. People who use computers for this
reason, which develop a computer addiction. This may cause a person to
become addicted to online activities like reading articles and researching
for fun, playing online games, visiting chat rooms, gambling etc.
E-Banking: E-Banking or electronic banking refers to use of electronic means
for transfer of funds directly from one account to another, rather than by
cheque or cash. Basically E-banking includes Internet Banking, Tele-Banking
and many more electronic methods.
Internet banking let us handle our account is personal computer or even cell
phone using the internet. It may be used for transferring funds, checking
account statement, and payments of utility bills etc. In this system of internet
banking, a personal computer is connected to a host computer of bank system
over network, thus proceeds automatically without need for intervention by
customer service representatives.
Automated Teller Machine (ATM): An ATM is a computerized
telecommunication device that allows a financial institution’s customers to
directly access their account, for the purpose of cash withdrawal, checking
account statement, cash transfer, payment of utility bills and many other
functions. For using this modern device, a customer is provided with plastic
smart card (ATM Card or Debit Card) adhered with a machine readable
magnetic stripe or chip containing his or her account number. The customer
identifies himself by entering a Personal Identification Number (PIN) of four or
more digits and upon successful entry of the PIN, the customer is give n access

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 12 of 13

of his account. If the PIN is entered incorrectly for several consecutive times,
the card is retained in the ATM as a security precaution.
Tele-Banking: Tele-banking is used by dialing a bank’s given Tele-banking
number through a landline or a mobile, and a customer can access his account
following a user-friendly menu through Interactive Voice Response (IVR). The
system is bi-lingual (two languages) . It offers many facilities including balance
inquiry, requesting a cheque book, payments of utility bills, etc.
E-Cheque: An electronic cheque is used in place of paper cheque . The
account holder writes an e-cheque using a computer or other electronic device
and transmit it to the payee electronically after digitally signing it. It is a form
of payment made via internet designated to perform the same function as of
paper cheque. Electronic cheques were developed in response to the
transactions that arose in the world of e-commerce.
Importance: The costs associated with issuing an electronic cheque are
lower as compared to paper cheque. Electronic cheques come with a lower
risk of the associated funds being stolen, as there is no tangible item to
intercept. A common example of electronic cheque is sending an employee’s
wage directly into his account.
Smart Card: A smart card contains an embedded 8-bit microprocessor as
opposed to a magnetic stripe present on a credit and a debit card. The
microprocessor is for security, the host computer and card reader actually to
the microprocessor and thus access to data on the card. A smart card can be
used to make purchases from their credited account, debit account or any
other.
Debit Card: A debit card also known as “cheque card” makes transactions
directly from the available amount in customer’s linked account. It is
embedded with a machine readable magnetic stripe containing the customer’s
account number and protected by a Personal Identif ication Number (PIN). If
the required amount is not available in the account, the transaction is not
complete due to insufficient amount. This card can also be used in ATM
Machines for the purpose of cash withdrawal, balance enquiry, transfer of
funds and payment of bills, etc. Debit cards are accepted at many locations
including grocery stores, retail stores, gasoline stations and restraints, etc. It
is an alternate to carry cheque book or cash.
Credit Card: A credit card is a substitute of cheque or cash and used to make
transactions on limited credit to be paid for annually. It is embedded with
magnetic stripe holding a machine readable code. It is the essential
component of e-commerce.

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.
Page 13 of 13

Microsoft Word: Microsoft word also called winword is a word processor


developed by Microsoft used to create professional quality documents, reports,
letters and resumes. It has various features including plain text editor, spell
check, grammar check, text and font formatting, page layout and many more.
Its default file use “.docx” extension.
Microsoft Powerpoint: Microsoft powerpoint is presentation software program
that creates a slide show of important notes to display during a presentati on. It
is mostly used for business and school presentations. Powerpoint slides can
be plain with only text, or they can include pictures and even animations,
including moving texts and images. Its file is saved as “.ppt” or “.pptx” file
extension.
Microsoft Excel: Microsoft Excel is a software program capable of creating
spreadsheets consisting of columns and rows, and their transactions forming
cells. Each of these cells can contain either text or numerical values that can
be calculated using formulas. General uses of Excel include cell based
calculation, pivot tables, graphing tools, creating a monthly budget, tracking
business expenses, or organizing large amount of data. Its file is saves as
“.xls” or “.xlsx” file extension.
Microsoft Access: Microsoft access is a Database Management System
(DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the rational Microsoft Jet Database
Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools.
Microsoft Access stores information which is called a Database. Its standard
file extension is “.accdb”.

Importance of Communication in Business:


Communication is business may be provided within several channels of
communication, such as email, internet, social network, radio, television,
public speeches and personal communication. Effective communication is a
vital tool for any business owner. With effective communication one can be
able to clearly explain company policies to customers and clients and answer
their questions about products or services. Effective communication can help
to foster a good working relationship between you and your staff, which can in
turn improve morale and efficiency.

AHSAN ALI (44)


LLB (HONS) 2 nd SEMESTER
GSLC, HYD.

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