Part 1.
1 Hardware Design
Revision
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
Operational amplifier or op-amp, is a very high gain differential amplifier with a high input
impedance (typically a few meg-Ohms) and low output impedance (less than 100 Ω).
Converters
Note the op-amp has two inputs and one output
Project
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 49
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Revision
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Open-loop refers to a configuration where there is no feedback from output back to
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
the input. In the open-loop configuration the gain can exceed 10,000.
OP-AMP Applications Closed-loop configuration reduces the gain. In order to control the gain of an
op-amp it must have feedback. This feedback is a negative feedback. A negative
Converters
feedback reduces the gain and improves many characteristics of the
Project op-amp.
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 50
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Revision
Analog
Electronics
Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier
Field-effect Transistors
𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
Differential Amplifiers
𝑽𝑶 = − 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝑶 = (𝟏 + )𝑽𝟏
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟏
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 51
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Revision
Analog
Electronics Unity follower (buffer)
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
𝑽𝑶 = 𝑽𝟏
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 52
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Revision
Analog
Electronics Summing Amplifier
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝑶 = −( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
Converters
Project Because the op-amp has a high input impedance, the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs.
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 53
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Revision
Analog
Electronics Summing Amplifier
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇 𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝑶 = −( 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
Converters
Project Because the op-amp has a high input impedance, the multiple inputs are treated as separate inputs.
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 54
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Integrator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼𝑖𝑛 = −𝐼𝑐 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐 = −𝑐
𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
𝑑𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
=−
𝑉𝑖𝑛 −1
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛 × 𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = න 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
Converters 𝑅𝑖𝑛 × 𝑐
Project Ideal integrator…… ideal op amp
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 55
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Integrator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 56
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Integrator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 57
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Integrator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/16/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 58
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Differentiator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
−𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝑐 = −𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑐 = 𝑐 =𝑐
𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
−𝑅𝐶 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = −𝑅𝐶
Converters 𝑑𝑡
Project Ideal Differentiator…… ideal op amp
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 59
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Differentiator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers The Practical Differentiator The ideal differentiator uses a capacitor in series with the inverting
input. Because a capacitor has very low impedance at high frequencies, the combination of Rf and C
form a very high gain amplifier at high frequencies. This means that a differentiator circuit tends to
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications be noisy because electrical noise mainly consists of high frequencies. The solution to this problem is
simply to add a resistor, Rin, in series with the capacitor to act as a low-pass filter and reduce the
gain at high frequencies. The resistor should be small compared to the feedback resistor in order to
Converters have a negligible effect on the desired signal.
Project
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 60
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Differentiator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 61
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Differentiator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 62
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Comparator
Analog A comparator is a specialized op-amp circuit that compares two input voltages and produces an
Electronics output that is always at either one of two states, indicating the greater or less than relationship
between the inputs.
Field-effect Transistors
comparators cannot be used as op-amps, but op-amps can be used as comparators in noncritical
applications. Because an op-amp without negative feedback is essentially a comparator.
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project Zero-Level Detection
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 63
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Comparator
Analog
Electronics
Nonzero-Level Detection
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 64
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Comparator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 65
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Comparator
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 66
Part 1.1 Hardware Design
Thanks
Analog
Electronics
Field-effect Transistors
Differential Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
OP-AMP Applications
OP-AMP Applications
Converters
Project
4/17/2024 Engr . Mohamed Faramawy 67
