ADVANCED UNIT 1 Wordlist

1 Encounters
PAGE 8 microbead /ˈmaɪkrəʊbiːd/ noun
a microbead is a tiny pice of plastic used in the
shine a light on /ʃaɪn ə ˈlaɪt ɒn/ phrase production of some personal cleaning products, such
if you shine a light on something, you publicise it; as soap, shampoo and toothpaste
draw people’s attention to it Microbeads cause pollution which harms freshwater
Marcus Rashford shone a light on the problem of UK and marine animals.
children living in poverty.
fibre /ˈfaɪbə(r)/ noun
give a voice to /gɪv ə ˈvɔɪs tə/ phrase a fibre is a tiny thread; a very fine hair-like piece of
if you give a voice to someone, you speak for them; material
usually people whose opinions are not widely heard Clothing made from man-made materials breaks
or considered down into tiny fibres which pollute the sea.
Greta Thunberg helped to give a voice to all the
goofy /ˈɡuːfi/ adjective
young people concerned about climate change.
someone who is goofy is silly or stupid
experience something first hand Gulnora has a really goofy sense of humour.
/ɪksˈpɪərɪəns ˈsʌmθɪŋ fɜː(r)st ˈhænd/ phrase
if you experience something first hand, you salsa /ˈsælsə/ noun
experience it directly; it happens to you salsa is a spicy Mexican tomato sauce
People who haven’t experienced war first hand Gabriel cooked some delicious grilled fish and served
cannot truly understand the terror of it. it with home-made salsa.
hummingbird /ˈhʌmɪŋbɜː(r)d/ noun associate professor /əˌsəʊʃiət prəˈfesə(r)/ noun
a hummingbird is a small brightly coloured bird that in US and Canadian universities an associate
can hover in the air by moving its wings very fast professor in the second highest level of teacher
When I first heard the sound of a hummingbird, I After three years as an assistant professor, Carolina
thought it was an insect. became an associate professor.
pastry chef /ˈpeɪstri ʃef/ noun
a pastry chef is a person who is a professional cook PAGE 10
who makes sweet things, such as cakes, pies and
great-granddaughter /ˌɡreɪtˈɡrændɔːtə(r)/ noun
tarts
a great-granddaughter is the daughter of
Leon is a brilliant pastry chef. His strawberry tarts are someone’s grandchild
fantastic!
Mathilde has two children, four grandchildren and
one great-granddaughter.
PAGE 9
marine /məˈriːn/ adjective PAGE 11
something that is marine is connected with the sea
encounter /ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)/ noun
The oil spill is a terrible threat to marine life in the an encounter is a meeting; often one that happens
region. unexpectedly
I had a very strange encounter with a shop assistant
today.

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PhD advisor /piː eɪʧ diː ədˈvaɪzə/ noun strike up a conversation

a PhD advisor is an academic who oversees the /straɪk ʌp ə ˌkɒnvə(r)ˈseɪʃən/ phrase
work of a student writing their doctoral thesis if you strike up a conversation with someone, you
Guido was Lou’s favourite lecturer, so she asked him start talking to them
to be her PhD advisor. Guilia decided to strike up a conversation with a man
on a train who turned out to be an old friend of her
great uncle.
PAGE 12
don’t think much of /doʊnt θɪŋk ˈmʌʧ əv/ phrase
talkative /ˈtɔːkətɪv/ adjective if you don’t think much of someone or something,
someone who is talkative talks a lot you don’t have a high opinion of them/it
Zendaya is the most talkative little girl I’ve ever met – — So how did you enjoy the film last night? It’s
not like her brother, who never says a word. amazing, isn’t it?
— Well, to tell the truth, I didn’t really think much
PAGE 13 of it.

ordeal /ɔː(r)ˈdɪəl/ noun conversation flowed /ˌkɒnvə(r)ˈseɪʃən fləʊd/ phrase

an ordeal is a difficult and painful experience if a conversation flows, it happens easily and
comfortably
The voyage home in bad weather was a horrible
ordeal. The party was lovely. Everyone was so friendly –
conversation just flowed.
peculiarly /pɪˈkjuːliə(r)li/ adverb
come across /kʌm əˈkrɒs/ phrasal verb
peculiarly means strangely, unusually or especially
the way someone comes across is the impression
Niko was peculiarly worried about making mistakes.
they make on other people
awkwardly /ˈɔːkwə(r)dli/ adverb In the interview, the president came across as rather
if someone does something awkwardly, they do selfish and boring.
it in a clumsy way, or a way that shows they feel
approachable /əˈprəʊtʃəbl/ adjective
embarrassed
someone who is approachable seems friendly and
“I was very sorry to hear about what happened to
easy to talk to
you,” said Dennis awkwardly.
Talk to Professor Duarte if you’re having problems;
defer /dɪˈfɜː(r)/ verb she’s very approachable.
if you defer something, you put it off until later
take me under their wing
The committee agreed to defer the decsion until the /teɪk miː ˈʌndə(r) ðeə(r) ˈwɪŋ/ phrase
following month.
if someone takes another person under their
knack /næk/ noun wing, they look after them because they have less
a knack is the ability or skill to do something difficult experience or are in unfamiliar situation
Can you show me the steps to that dance again? I When Andy first arrived in Santiago, Maura decided
just can’t get the knack of it. to take him under her wing.
get thrown together /get ˈθrəʊn təˈgeðə(r)/ phrase
PAGE 14 people get thrown together if they meet through
circumstances that put them in the same place at the
bump into /bʌmp ˈɪntə/ phrasal verb same time
if you bump into someone, you meet them
Starting university is interesting – all kinds of different
unexpectedly
people get thrown together.
You’ll never guess who I bumped into when I was in
Bursa. just happened to /ʤʌst ˈhæpənd tə/ phrase
if someone says they just happened to do
something, they mean it was an unplanned and
unexpected situation
Fleming just happened to leave a dish out in his lab
and this led to the discovery of penicillin.

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grab /ɡræb/ verb intertidal rocks /ˌɪntərˈtaɪdl ˈrɒks/ noun

if you grab something, you take it quickly intertidal rocks are rocks that are uncovered at low
Etta grabbed the boy’s arm to stop him running into tide – when the sea goes out
the road. Kathy really enjoyed examining the intertidal rocks
and rock pools at low tide.
PAGE 15 tentacles /ˈtentəklz/ noun
tentacles are long arm-like feelers that some
what are the odds of /wɒt ə ði ˈɒdz əv/ phrase invertebrates use for feeling things or catching food
if someone says what are the odds of something An octopus has eight tentacles.
happening, they are remarking that something is very
unlikely iridescent /ˌɪrɪˈdesnt/ adjective
It turns out my neighbour went to school with my something that is iridescent seems to shine lots of
mother! What are the odds of that? different colours in light
The children were blowing huge iridescent bubbles
through pipes.
PAGE 16
emerald /ˈemərəld/ adjective
stumble on /ˈstʌmbl ɒn/ phrasal verb something that is emerald in colour is bright green –
if you stumble on something, you find it like the precious stone of the same name
unexpectedly Antonio has these astonishing emerald green eyes.
Anopa stumbled on a wonderful antique shop in
glimmer /ˈɡlɪmə(r)/ verb
Dublin.
if something glimmers it shines in an unsteady,
fades /feɪdz/ verb irregular way
if something fades, it gradually disappears, or loses Having walked through the forest for ten hours, they
colour finally saw a glimmer of light in the distance.
Over the years, the pain of Alma’s divorce faded away.
awe-inspiring /ˈɔː ɪnspaɪərɪŋ/ adjective
evoke /ɪˈvəʊk/ verb something that is awe-inspiring makes you feel a
if you evoke a memory or feeling, you remember it sense of wonder
I don’t know why that song evokes such sadness The Meteora monasteries in Greece are totally awe-
in me. inspiring. How on earth were they built up so high in
pale in comparison /ˌpeɪl ɪn kəmˈpærɪsn/ phrase the 11th Century?
if something pales in comparison to something beloved /bɪˈlʌvɪd/ adjective
else, it seeems less impressive or important something that is beloved is very much loved
Edna’s second novel was good, but it pales in The crowds waited for hours in the sun just to see
comparison to her first one. their beloved queen.
gratitude /ˈɡrætɪtjuːd/ noun immortalized /ɪˈmɔː(r)təlaɪzd/ adjective
gratitude is thankfulness something or someone that/who is immortalized is
The class gave their teacher a huge bunch of flowers remembered forever
to show their gratitude. Shakespeare immortalized his lover in Sonnet 18,
invertebrate /ɪnˈvɜːtɪbrət/ noun Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day.
an invertebrate is an animal without bones tranquility /træŋˈkwɪləti/ noun
Insects, snails, octupuses and jellyfish are all tranquility is the feeling of peacefulness and calm
invertebrates. Bogdan loved the tranquility of the river on a rainy day.
sought-after /ˈsɔːt ɑːftə(r)/ adjective
something that is sought-after is highly valued and
many people want it
Houses in this street are much sought-after by
families because they are large and close to a good
school.

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PAGE 17 PAGE 19
crammed /kræmd/ adjective assertive /əˈsɜː(r)tɪv/ adjective
something that is crammed is over-full an assertive person has the confidence to clearly
It was a boiling hot day and the roads were crammed express their opinions
with people going to the beach. Elizabeth saw herself as assertive, but Rishi thought
she was just rude.
draws /drɔː/ verb
if someone or something draws you, they/it attracts agreeable /əˈɡriːəbl/ adjective
you very strongly someone who is agreeable is willing to agree to
Sara and Roberto seem so different. I wonder what things, or someone who is pleasant and easy to get
draws them to each other. on with
The Emanuels said Lolita was welcome to stay with
them if her parents were agreeable.
PAGE 18
empathetic /ˌempəˈθetɪk/ adjective
quadrant /ˈkwɒdrənt/ noun someone who is empathetic is good at
quadrant is quarter of a circle understanding how other people feel because they
Each quadrant in the diagram shows a different can identify with their situation
personality type. Doctors need to be empathetic as well as having
commonality /kɒmənælɪti/ noun good medical knowledge.
a commonality is something people have in accommodating /əˈkɒmədeɪtɪŋ/ adjective
common someone who is accomodating is keen to help other
Among all the many cultures in the world, there are people and will change their own ideas or plans to
more commonalities than differences. do this
embrace change /ɪmˈbreɪs ʧeɪnʤ/ phrase Dipendra couldn’t go to the interview on that date,
someone who embraces change is enthusiastic but the company was very accomodating when he
about new ideas and new ways of doing things asked if they would change it.
The management told the workers they needed mutual friend /ˈmjuːtjuəl frend/ noun
to embrace change; the union said they wouldn’t a mutual friend is someone two other people both
embrace longer working days. know
conscientiousness /ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəsnəs/ noun Penny and Tom were introduced to each other by
conscientiousness is the quality of doing things their mutual friend, Kemi.
thoroughly, with care and attention to detail
We would like to express our gratitude to all staff for PAGE 21
their conscientiousness over this difficult period.
trade show /ˈtreɪd ʃəʊ/ noun
diplomatic /ˌdɪpləˈmætɪk/ adjective a trade show is an event where many different
a diplomatic person is tactful and sensitive to people companies show their products or services to
in difficult situations potential customers
It was incredibly undiplomatic to tell Freddie he’s just Huda was shocked to discover the event was a trade
being selfish. show for weapons companies.

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 ADVANCED UNIT 2 Wordlist

2 Fresh ideas
PAGE 24 drawback /ˈdrɔːbæk/ noun
a drawback is a disadvantage
remedy /ˈremədi/ noun One of the drawbacks of living in a village is that the
a remedy is a traditional medical treatment or a public transport is awful.
solution to a problem
Mint tea is a good remedy for stomach problems.
PAGE 28
artemisinin /ɑː(r)tɪˈmiːsɪnɪn/ noun
artemisinin is a substance used to treat malaria kaleidoscope /kəˈlaɪdəˌskəʊp/ noun
Artemisinin, which is used in the treatment of malaria, a kaleidescope is a childrens toy consisting of a tube
can be extracted from a Chinese medicinal plant. that contains fixed mirrors and small loose pieces of
coloured plastic or glass, which you look into and
turn to see different patterns
PAGE 25 The children enjoyed playing with the different
soak /səʊk/ verb kaleidescopes in the museum.
if you soak something, you leave it in liquid so that it meditation /ˌmedɪˈteɪʃn/ noun
becomes completely wet meditation is the practice of sitting calmly and
Soak the beans in water for at least eight hours. focusing your mind, this maybe a religious practice,
or a way of dealing with stress
practitioner /prækˈtɪʃənə(r)/ noun
a practitioner is a person who works a particular Yoga involves meditation as well as physical exercise.
profession, especially law or medicine a lot on my plate /ə ˌlɒt ɒn maɪ ˈpleɪt/ phrase
Gerald is an acupuncture practioner in Copenhagen. if you say you have a lot on your plate, you
mean that you have many different problems and
variant /ˈveəriənt/ noun
responsibilites to deal with at the same time
a variant is a slightly different version of something
Sarita can’t come on Saturday – she seems to have a
By summer 2022, numerous variants of COVID 19
lot on her plate at the moment.
had evolved.
come rain or shine /kʌm ˌreɪn ɔː(r) ˈʃaɪn/ phrase
integrated /ˈɪntɪɡreɪtɪd/ adjective
if you say come rain or shine, you mean that
a system that is integrated combines two or more
whatever happens, in any circumstances, you will do
elements to work togther effectively
something
It was an integrated school with pupils of different
Ali always goes on his morning run, come rain or
religions, abilities and social backgrounds.
shine.
treasury /ˈtreʒəri/ noun
tried and tested /traɪd ən ˈtestɪd/ phrase
a treasury is a store of valuable things
if something is tried and tested, it is known to be
This book is a treasury of traditional folk stories. reliable
If you want to make a chocolate cake, I’ll give you my
PAGE 26 grandma’s tried and tested recipe.

cutting-edge /ˌkʌtɪŋ ˈedʒ/ adjective

if something is cutting-edge, it is the most advanced
and newest development of something
In 2007, the Apple iPhone was the most cutting-edge
phone on the market.

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get in the swing of things PAGE 31

/get ˈɪntuː ðə ˌswɪŋ əv ˈθɪŋz/ phrase
if you say you are getting into the swing of takeaway /ˈteɪkəweɪ/ noun
things, you mean that you are getting used to a new a takeaway is a meal you buy in restaurant, but
activity or way of doing something don’t eat there – you take it away to eat somewhere
There’s a lot to learn when you start working here, else
but you’ll soon get into the swing of things. Rina would have more money if she cooked for
herself instead of buying takeways all the time.
go to waste /gəʊ tə weɪst/ phrase
if something goes to waste, it is thrown away or lateral thinking /ˌlætərəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ noun
not used lateral thinking is solving a problem or puzzzle by
Nothing goes to waste in our house. Almost thinking about in an original and different way
everything can be reused or recycled. You won’t solve this puzzle unless you use a bit of
lateral thinking.
first and foremost /fɜː(r)st ən ˈfɔː(r)məʊst/ phrase
first and foremost means primarily; most
importantly PAGE 32
Haruto does lots of different jobs, but first and outcome /ˈaʊtkʌm/ noun
foremost he’s a musician.
an outcome is the result of an action
globe /ɡləʊb/ noun The outcome of the talks was a payrise in return for a
the globe is the world small increase in hours worked.
People come from across the globe to visit Mecca for obstacle /ˈɒbstəkl/ noun
Haj.
an obstacle is something which prevents progress, or
broaden my horizons stops you from achieving what you want
/ˈbrɔːdn maɪ həˈraɪznz/ phrase The biggest obstacle to peace was both sides
if you say you broaden your horizons, you mean refusing to make any compromises.
that you learn about and experience new things
incentive /ɪnˈsentɪv/ noun
Youri has lived with family all his life. He really needs
an incentive is something that encourages people to
to broaden his horizons.
do something
counting sheep /ˌkaʊntɪŋ ˈʃiːp/ phrase Higher rates of pay might give staff an incentive to
in some cultures a way of trying to get to sleep is work at weekends.
called counting sheep; imagine you are watching
a long line of sheep jumping over a wall and count
them
Hadeel tried everything; a hot drink, gentle music,
counting sheep, but she just couldn’t sleep that
night.

PAGE 30
reframe /riːˈfreɪm/ verb
if you reframe something, you try to consider it in a
different way
Many societies have reframed drug addiction and
now see it as a medical condition rather than a
criminal problem.

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 ADVANCED UNIT 3 Wordlist

3 On the move
PAGE 35 productivity /ˌprɒdʌkˈtɪvəti/ noun
productivity is the amount of useful work you do
infer /ɪnˈfɜː(r)/ verb Surprisingly, countries with shorter working hours
if you infer something, you guess it is the case from have higher productivity rates.
the information you have, although it has not been
explicitly stated conservative estimate /kənˈsɜːvətɪv ˈestɪmeɪt/ phrase
Johann inferred he wasn’t going to get the job from if you describe an estimate as a conservative
the interviewer’s unfriendly mannner. estimate, you mean that it is probably lower than
the true number
wiggle /ˈwɪɡl/ verb At a conservative estimate, global temperatures will
if you wiggle, you move or make something move have risen 2% by 2100.
up and down or from side to side in small quick
movements
Why are you wiggling your finger at me?
PAGE 39
juggle /ˈdʒʌɡl/ verb odyssey /ˈɒdəsi/ noun
if you juggle, you throw up and catch three or more an odessey is a very long journey, which includes
balls or objects at the same time adventures and experiences along the way
Manuela can juggle five balls at once! Dolores’ five-year odyssey took her through eighteen
countries and included the birth of her first child.
PAGE 36 Stone Age /ˈstəʊn eɪdʒ/ noun
the Stone Age is the earliest period of human
stem from /ˈstem frəm/ phrasal verb development
if a situation stems from something, it is the result In the Stone Age, people used simple tools made
of that thing from stone.
Ewan’s depression probably stems from losing his job
intimate /ˈɪntɪmət/ adjective
last year.
something that is intimate is a close, personal
tendency /ˈtendənsi/ noun relationship, or something which is private and
a tendency is a general habit, something that usually personal
happens I discussed my plans to get married with my intimate
There’s a tendency for parents to have their first child friends.
later in life nowadays.
overwhelming /ˌəʊvə(r)ˈwelmɪŋ/ adjective
artery /ɑːʳtəri/ noun something that is overwhelming is very great or
an artery is one of the main tubes that carries blood strong
from the heart The new government won an overwhelming majority
Brian was suffering from a blocked artery. in the election.
buggy /ˈbʌɡi/ noun setback /ˈsetbæk/ noun
a buggy is a pushchair; a wheeled vehicle for a setback is some kind of problem which delays a
pushing a baby or young child around in process or plan
Buses usually have an area where you can leave your The floods obviously caused a setback in our plans.
buggy.

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 ADVANCED UNIT 3 Wordlist

hedge /hedʒ/ verb

if you hedge, you avoid making definite statements,
or avoid answering a question directly
In that interview, the Prime Minister told us absolutely
nothing! She hedged on every single question.

PAGE 40
ease /iːz/ verb
if you ease something, you do it to make your
situation easier
Jorde tried to ease things for his brother by looking
after his children over the weekend.

PAGE 41
handy /ˈhæn.di/ adjective
something that is handy is useful or convenient
This translation dictionary is small enough to carry in
your handbag, which is very handy.
rootless /ˈruːtləs/ adjective
someone who is rootless doesn’t have anywhere
they think of as home
After ten years of working in different countries,
Barbara began to feel rootless.
province /ˈprɒvɪns/ noun
a province is a region within a country
There are lots of trees but few people in the northern
provinces.

PAGE 42
hassle /ˈhæsl/ noun
a hassle is something that is difficult, inconvenient or
annoying
Getting small children to school on time is such a hassle.

PAGE 43
on board with /ɒn bɔːd wɪð/ phrase
if you are on board with something, you are in
agreement and happy to co-operate
This new project won’t succeed unless everybody is
on board with it.
adjacent /əˈdʒeɪsnt/ adjective
something that is adjacent is very near, next to
something else
Mazin and Dragan lived in adjacent rooms during
their first year at university.

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 ADVANCED UNIT 4 Wordlist

4 The arts
PAGE 46 utter /ˈʌtə(r)/ adjective
something that is utter is complete, total or extreme
limb /lɪm/ noun That meeting was an utter waste of time!
a limb is an arm or a leg
not thinking straight /nɒt ˈθɪŋkɪŋ streɪt/ phrase
Most human beings have four limbs.
if you say someone is not thinking straight, you
prosthetic /prɒsˈθetɪk/ adjective mean they are illogical, stupid or confused
something that is prosthetic is artifical Christian had had very little sleep and couldn’t think
There is an overwhelming need for prosthetic legs in straight.
Gaza.
indistinguishable /ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbl/ adjective
two things that are indistinguishable are impossible
PAGE 48 to tell one from the other
broad generalization /ˈbrɔːd ˌdʒenrəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ noun The twins were so alike that most people found them
indistinguishable.
a broad generalization is a statement that is usually
a criticism, suggesting the statement is too wide and
too simple PAGE 50
To say that women are always more sensitive than
upbeat /ˈʌpbiːt/ adjective
men is a very broad generalization.
someone or something who/that is upbeat is
postive, enthusiastic and optimistic
PAGE 49 Joel loves calypso music because it’s so upbeat.
coder /ˈkəʊdə(r)/ noun nostalgic /nɒˈstældʒɪk/ adjective
a coder is a person who writes computer someone who is nostalgic feels a mixture of
programmes. happiness and sadness when they think about
Svetlana is working as a coder for a software the past
company in Belgrade. These photos of my grandparents’ house make me
drivel /ˈdrɪvl/ noun feel very nostalgic.
drivel is worthless nonsense (it is quite insulting) go-to /ˈɡəʊˌtuː/ adjective
I do wish you would stop talking drivel about foreign something or someone who/that is your go-to is the
workers. one you always rely on for a particular purpose
deem /diːm/ verb Naomi is the company’s go-to person if you have any
computer problems.
if you deem something, you judge something in a
particular way literally /ˈlɪtərəli/ adverb
The workers won all their demands, so the strike was literally means with the original meaning of the
deemed a great success. following word or phrase (i.e. not metaphorically),
but it’s increasingly used just for emphasis to mean
coin /kɔɪn/ verb
completely or totally
if you coin a new word or phrase, you invent a new
a) Matty had literally no money until his next pay day.
piece of language
b) I was literally dying of embarrassment.
The word “internet” was coined in 1974.

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the fuel to my day /ðə fjʊəl tə maɪ deɪ/ phrase melting pot /ˈmeltɪŋ pɒt/ noun
when you say music is the fuel to your day, you melting pot is used to describe a society made up of
mean that it is what gives you energy and keeps you people from many different places and cultures
going London is a real melting pot with over 250 different
Young children can really be the fuel to your day; first languages.
they are so sweet and funny and enthusiastic about gospel church music /ˈgɒspəl ʧɜː(r)ʧ ˈmjuːzɪk/ noun
everything.
gospel church music, or gospel music, is the style of
mind you /ˈmaɪnd juː/ phrase Christian music developed by African-Americans
mind you is often used in informal speech to Many famous singers, such as Aretha Franklin, began
moderate what the speaker has just said, or to their careers singing gospel music.
introduce another point to consider
figurative language /ˈfɪɡərətɪv ˈlæŋgwɪʤ/ noun
My manager is so rude to me! Mind you, she’s not
figurative language is language used not with its
very polite to anyone.
literal meaning, but more imaginatively and creatively
“The car groaned all the way up the hill,” is an
PAGE 53 example of figurative language because cars do not
really groan.
pressing concern /ˈpresɪŋ kənˈsɜː(e)n/ phrase
a pressing concern is an urgent problem that cohesion /kəʊˈhiːʒn/ noun
someone is currently worried about cohesion is the holding together of different parts to
Climate change is such a pressing concern that young make a single whole; unity
people are enraged by politicians who hardly ever The concept of a common enemy is often used to
talk about it. promote social cohesion.
colonial rule /kəˈləʊniəl ruːl/ phrase encompass /ɪnˈkʌmpəs/ verb
colonial rule means the kind of government a if something encompasses something else, it
country has when it has been taken over by and is includes a large number of different things
under the control of another country The university campus encompasses sports and
India was under British colonial rule from 1858 to social facilities, student accommodation, academic
1947. buildings and a health centre.
slavery /ˈsleɪvəri/ noun coyote /kaɪˈəʊtinoun/ noun
slavery is the practice of owning another human a coyote is a kind of wild dog found mainly in North
being and forcing them to work for you for no pay America
There are still instances of slavery around the word Coyotes are nervous animals. It is quite easy to scare
today, for example people forced to work as dometic them away.
servants without pay. sprinkle /ˈsprɪŋkl/ verb
ounce /aʊns/ noun if something sprinkles, it rains lightly
an ounce is a very small quantity of something There was a sprinkling of rain in the morning so the
Don’t listen to him. There’s not an ounce of truth in grass was wet.
anything he says. creek /kriːk/ noun
galleries of homes /ˈgæləriz əv həʊmz/ phrase a creek is a river or stream, especially in American
the speaker uses galleries of homes to mean English
outdoor balconies (this is an unusual meaning of Holly often goes fishing in the creek at the weekends.
gallery)
swirling /ˈswɜː(r)lɪŋ/ adjective
In the summer, people eat outside in the galleries of something that is swirling is going round and round
their homes. in fast circular movements
The swirling snow made it hard to see where they
were going.

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PAGE 54 suspenseful /səsˈpensfəl/ adjective

a suspenseful book, play or film is one where the
tongue-in-cheek /ˌtʌŋ ɪn ˈtʃiːk/ phrase audience is exctied and worried about what will
if you say something tongue-in-cheek, you say it as happen next
a joke but with a straight face so people might think It’s a very suspenseful police action drama; you never
you are serious know what is going to happen next, and it’s quite
Was Ramzy talking tongue-in-cheek when he said frightening.
he wants to work in advertising? It seems such an
trauma /ˈtrɔː.mə/ noun
unlikely career choice for him.
a trauma is a long term emotional condition caused
by a very unpleasant and damaging experience
PAGE 56 Witnessing a violent death is a terrible trauma.
debut /ˈdeɪbjuː/ noun, adjective budding /ˈbʌdɪŋ/ adjective
a debut is someone’s first public performance someone who is budding is developing
Infinite, Eminem’s debut album, came out in 1996. Little Sammy loves computers. Perhaps he’s a
gripping /ˈɡrɪpɪŋ/ adjective budding coder.
something that is gripping holds your attention flashback /ˈflæʃbæk/ noun
because it’s very interesting or exciting a flashback is a scene in a novel, play or film that
Are you watching that new TV drama? It’s totally shows something that happened at an earlier time
gripping. The cause of the tragedy is gradually revealed
compelling /kəmˈpelɪŋ/ adjective through a series of flashbacks.
a compelling work of art is one that is unusually mute /mjuːt/ adjective
difficult not to pay attention to someone who is mute is unable or unwilling to
Jing was not even interested in boxing, but he found speak
the movie strangley compelling. The boy was mute for several months after his family
boo /buː/ verb moved to Spain.
an audience boos to show strong disapproval of a indifferent /ɪnˈdɪfrənt/ adjective
person or performance someone who is indifferent has no interest in
The president looked shocked when the audience someone or something
began to boo his speech. The baby was crying but its parents seemed totally
baffling /ˈbæf.lɪŋ/ adjective indifferent to it.
something that is baffling is impossible to portrayal /pɔːˈtreɪəl/ noun
understand, or is very confusing a portrayal is the way someone’s character is shown
Can you understand these instructions? I find them or described
completely baffling. The media’s portrayal of the politician was completely
unfair and inaccurate.
PAGE 57 on the edge of your seat
/ɒn ði eʤ əv jə(r) siːt/ phrase
surreal /səˈriːəl/ adjective if you say you are on the edge of your seat, you
something that is surreal is strange, dream-like and mean you are very interested and keen to know what
unreal happens next
Alice in Wonderland is surreal – she changes size all The tennis match was so exciting! We were on the
the time and all kinds of weird things happen. edge of our seats for the whole game.
hooked /hʊkt/ adjective
someone who is hooked is very interested in
something, such as a book, film or TV show
This is a great short story, but can you think of a
more interesting title to hook the reader?

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5 Sciences
PAGE 60 PAGE 62
surgical /ˈsɜːrdʒɪkl/ adjective infectious /ɪnˈfekʃəs/ adjective
something that is surgical is connected to surgery, something that is infectious is easily passed from
the field of medicine that involves operating on one person to another
people People were unsure about the project at first, but
Having your tonsils removed is a fairly minor surgical the youngsters’ enthusiasm was infectious and soon
operation. everyone was on board.

PAGE 61 PAGE 64
inform /ɪnˈfɔː(r)m/ verb relatable /rɪˈleɪtəbl/ adjective
if something informs the way you work or think, it something that is relatable is easily identified with
has an influence on it Children are more willing to read if they are given
Frida Kahlo’s art was informed by Mexican folklore books with relatable characters.
and Aztec mythology. fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/ adjective
envision /ɪnˈvɪʒn/ verb something that is fundamental is essential or the
if you envision something, you form a mental basis for something else
picture of what it will be like in the future Freedom of speech is fundamental to a healthy and
We envision a society in which everybody will have happy society.
equal rights and opportunities. incubate /ɪnkjʊbeɪt/ verb
harmonious /hɑː(r)ˈməʊniəs/ adjective if a bird incubates an egg, it sits on it to keep it
something that is harmonious has different parts warm
combined to make a pleasing and balanced whole Owls incubate their eggs for about a month before
We chose harmonious colours for the flowers in our they hatch.
garden. entangle /ɪntæŋgəl/ verb
plastic surgeon /ˈplæstɪk ˈsɜː(r)ʤən/ noun if you entangle yourself in something, you get
a plastic surgeon (or cosmetic surgeon) is a caught or twsited up in it, so it is difficult to escape
person who does operations to change or improve Elif’s hair got entangled in a rose bush when she was
someone’s appearance working in the garden.
The plastic surgeon rebuilt Hana’s face after the colony /ˈkɒləni/ noun
accident.
a colony is a group of animals or insects that live
wrinkle /ˈrɪŋkl/ noun together
a wrinkle is a line that appears on a person’s face as There’s a huge colony of bees in one of the trees in
they get older the park.
He has wrinkles on his face when he smiles.
facelift /ˈfeɪslɪft/ noun
a facelift is an operation to tighten the skin of a
person’s face in order to make them look younger
Wes looks different somehow. Do you think he’s had
a facelift?

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chick /tʃɪk/ noun hoax /həʊks/ noun

a chick is a baby bird of any type a hoax is a plot to make people believe something
It was fascinating to watch the chicks emerging from which is untrue
their eggs. Some people believe that the COVID 19 pandemic
was a massive hoax aimed at limiting personal liberty.
parameter /pəˈræmɪtə(r)/ noun
a parameter is the limit that forms the framework
within which you can carry out work or research
The tight parameters of time and funding may make
this project unsuccessful.

PAGE 65
manipulate /məˈnɪpjuleɪt/ verb
if someone manipulates you, they control or
influence you in a way which is not obvious to you
Politicians often manipulate people’s fears to win
support.
breakthrough /ˈbreɪkθruː/ noun
a breakthrough is an important discovery or
invention that makes further development possible
The discovery of penicillin was a huge breakthrough
in medicine.

PAGE 66
provoke /prəˈvəʊk/ verb
if you provoke someone to do something, you
cause them to do it, often by making them angry or
annoyed
The cat scratched Leo, but he didn’t do anything to
provoke it.
confirmation bias /ˌkɒnfəˈmeɪʃən ˈbaɪəs/ noun
confirmation bias is our tendency to pay more
attention to information that reinforces what we
already think than to things that challenge our beliefs
The confirmation bias was so strong that it made no
difference to their views.

PAGE 67
branded /ˈbrændɪd/ adjective
a product that is branded has the name of a well-
known company on it
In her book No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies,
Naomi Klein argues that we shouldn’t buy branded
goods.

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6 Redesigning our world

PAGE 71 prominent /ˈprɒmɪnənt/ adjective
something that is prominent is very noticeable
repurpose /ˌriːˈpɜːpəs/ verb Mo displayed the new dresses in a prominent
if you repurpose something, you adapt it to use in a position in the shop window.
different way
Ilse repurposed her old cracked teacups as plant pots.
PAGE 74
PAGE 73 supposing /səˈpəʊzɪŋ/ conjunction
supposing can be used in place of if in conditional
Age of Exploration /ˌeɪdʒ əv ˌekspləˈreɪʃən/ phrase sentences; in this context it means imagine that or
the Age of Exploration (or Age of Discovery) is what if
the period of roughly 1400–1600, when Europeans Supposing it rains that week, will you still be able to
explored the rest of the world looking for new lands go camping?
and resources
Colonialism grew significantly during The Age of
Exploration.
PAGE 76
dominance /ˈdɒmɪnəns/ noun flawed /flɔːd/ adjective
a person’s or a thing’s dominance is how much more something that is flawed has mistakes or faults; it is
stronger, more powerful or more noticeable they are imperfect
than other people or things The research methods were so seriously flawed that
The dominance of big business can make it hard for the whole report was worthless.
small independent companies to succeed. pointless /ˈpɔɪnt.ləs/ adjective
migratory pattern /ˈmaɪgrətəri ˈpætə(r)n/ phrase something that is pointless has no purpose and is of
a migratory pattern is a route taken by animals that no value
migrate and when those journeys are made Why has the teacher made us do this exercise? It
The migratory pattern of swallows is to go to seems completely pointless to me.
Europe in the spring, where they reproduce over mediocre /ˌmiːdiˈəʊkə(r)/ adjective
the summer, and then fly back to Africa in early something that is mediocre is average,
September. unremarkable; it is used in a negative way
Pablo is hoping to get a scholarship, but his
PAGE 74 academic work is quite mediocre, so I think he’ll be
disappointed.
resemble /rɪˈzembl/ verb
if one thing resembles another, it looks alike or is durable /ˈdjʊərəbl/ adjective
similar in some other way something that is durable lasts for a long time
Physically Tara closely resembles her mother, but their without breaking or going wrong
personalities are completely different. What is desperately needed is a just and durable
peace settlement for the whole region.

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form meets function /fɔː(r)m miːts ˈfʌŋkʃən/ phrase chippy /ˈtʃɪpi/ noun
if you say form meets function (or form follows a chippy is a carpenter – someone who works with
function), you mean that the physical design of an wood
object matches the purpose it is intended for Pedro loved working with his hands so he trained as
These cups are very pretty, but the form doesn’t a chippy rather than going to university.
exactly meet the function; the handles are so small MDF /ˌem diː ˈef/ noun
it’s hard to pick them up.
MDF stands for medium-density fibreboard – a
in broad strokes /ɪn brɔːd strəʊks/ phrase material made from small chips of various types of
if someone is talking in broad strokes, they are wood which have been stuck together
generalising or giving a simple outline Although MDF means fewer trees are cut down,
In broad strokes, his second film was much more there are environmental concerns about the
sentimental and predictable than the first one. chemicals in the glues used to stick it together.
bevelled-edge /ˈbevəld-eʤ/ adjective
PAGE 76 something that has a bevelled-edge, such as a
picture frame, mirror or skirting borad, has sides that
fragile /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ adjective are sloping
something that is fragile is very easy to break A bevelled edge looks more attrative than a straight
These plates are very fragile; be careful when you edge on a skirting board.
wash them up.
trunking /ˈtrʌŋkɪŋ/ noun
trunking is plastic covering used to hide electric
PAGE 78 cables
mood board /ˈmuːd bɔː(r)d/ noun Your room would look much tidier if you covered all
a mood board is a board of pictures, colours, etc., those wires with some trunking.
used to show the feeling you want to create in a crimp the lugs /krɪmp ðə lʌgz/ phrase
design crimp the lugs is the techincial way of talking about
Serena and Stellios took their wedding planning very joining up electrical cables
seriously; they even created a mood board when they Stefan nearly bored us to death when he told us all
were deciding on colours. about crimping the lugs on his electircal cables!
rendering /ˈrendərɪŋ/ noun circuit breaker /ˈsɜː(r)kɪt breɪkə(r)/ noun
a rendering is a work of art, such as a performance a circuit breaker is a device which automatically
or a painting switches off an electrical current for safety reasons if
Tharushi’s rendering of that song was really original; there is a fault
much slower and sadder than the way people usually Sheila tripped the circuit breaker when she was using
sing it. her electric drill last night.
prep /ˈprep/ verb faceplate /ˈfeɪspleɪt/ noun
if you prep something, you prepare it a faceplate is a cover for an electric switch or socket
Prepping the vegetables in advance will make it I like the modern-looking metal faceplates in your
quicker to cook this stew kitchen.
skirting board /ˈskɜː(r)tɪŋ bɔːrd/ noun learning curve /ˈlɜː(r)nɪŋ kɜː(r)v/ noun
a skirting board is a narrow board, usually made of a learning curve is how quickly someone learns a
wood, at the bottom of an indoor wall new skill, but it is often used to mean simply that you
Elif painted the skirting boards the same colour as learned new things very quickly
the walls, but a darker shade. Becoming a parent for the first time is a massive
chipped /tʃɪpt/ adjective learning curve.
something that is chipped has one or more small
pieces broken off of it
Naftali’s teeth were all yellow and chipped.

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PAGE 78
accommodate your conversation
/əˈkɒmədeɪt jə(r) ˌkɒnvəˈseɪʃən/ phrase
if you accommodate your conversation or
language, you adjust what you are saying to suit the
person you are talking to
Alvaro isn’t very good at talking to his children, is he?
He doesn’t seem to accommodate his conversation to
them at all.
tedious /ˈtiː.di.əs/ adjective
something that is tedious is boring, especially for
something that goes on for a long time or is often
repeated
Anali enjoyed watching children’s TV and going to
the local park with her kids at first, but five years on
it had become rather tedious.

PAGE 79
PP bottles and Tetra Paks
/piːpiː ˈbɒtlz ən ˈtetrə pæks/ nouns
PP bottles and Tetra Paks are types of packaging
for food and drink
PP bottles and Tetra Paks are convenient for the
consumer, and they can be recyled, but the recycling
uses a lot of energy.

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7 Same but different

PAGE 87 ramble on /ˈræmbl ɒn/ phrasal verb
if you ramble on about something, what you are
restless /ˈrestləs/ adjective saying is unclear and incoherent
someone who is restless is bored, wanting a change; The president’s speech rambled on for two hours.
a restless person is someone who likes frequent
change in their life
Linda has lived in that house for two years now, so
PAGE 91
she’s feeling restless. quick-witted /ˌkwɪk ˈwɪtɪd/ adjective
someone who is quick-witted is intelligent and can
PAGE 88 think and react quickly, often giving funny and clever
responses
infuse /ɪnˈfjuːz/ verb Venetia is hilarious! She always has a smart, quick-
if you infuse something, such as a speech, a piece witted reply to everything.
of writing, a painting, with something else, you fill it
with a particular emotion or quality
This writer’s work is infused with the refugee’s
PAGE 93
sorrow at the loss of her country and culture. implementation /ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃn/ noun
mimic /ˈmɪmɪk/ verb implementation is when you put a new plan or
if you mimic someone, you copy the way they do system into practice
something, often in order to make other people The government keeps talking about their
laugh programme for reducing carbon emissions, but we
Joey was annoyed because his little sister kept have yet to see its implementation.
mimicking him. prohibitively expensive
roll your 'r's /rəʊl jə(r)ː ɑː(r)z/ phrase /prəˈhɪbɪtɪvli ɪksˈpɛnsɪv/ phrase
if you say someone rolls their ‘r’s, you are describing if you say an object or action is prohibitively
the way they pronounce the /r/ sound; this is expensive, you mean that it costs so much that
common in many languages, such as Spanish, Greek people can’t afford to buy it or do it
and Scots English Alfy was hoping to live in the city centre, but
It can be difficult for some English people to roll apartments there are prohibitively expensive.
their ‘r’s. stimulate the economy
/ˈstɪmjʊleɪt ði iˈkɒnəmi/ phrase
PAGE 89 stimulate the economy means make it grow or
become more active
at the top of your voice Some poliiticians argue that reducing taxes would
/ət ðə tɒp əv jɔː(r) vɔɪs/ phrase stimulate the economy.
if you speak or shout at the top of your voice, you
are speaking as loudly as you can validity /vəˈlɪdəti/ noun
It was so noisy in the playground! All the children if an argument or opinion has validity, it is logical
seemed to be shouting at the top of their voices. and true
Your view that he wasn’t guilty has no validity
whatsoever.

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8 Nature
PAGE 95 allegedly /əˈledʒɪdli/ adverb
if something is allegedly the case, many people
rehabilitate /ˌriːəˈbɪlɪteɪt/ verb believe it to be true but there is no real proof of it
if you rehabilitate someone or something, you help The prince allegedly gave the man millions of dollars
them to return to a normal or natural way of living to buy his silence.
Prison serves little purpose if we do not rehabilitate
instantaneously /ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəsli/ adverb
prisoners while they are there.
if something happens instantaneously, it happens
dependent preposition immediately or very, very quickly
/dɪˈpendənt ˌprepəˈzɪʃən/ noun The invention of the telephone meant people in
a dependent preposition is a preposition that different places could communicate with each other
always or nearly always follows a particular word or almost intantaneously for the first time.
phrase, e.g. good at, linked with, object to, etc.
staple /ˈsteɪpl/ adjective
Mistakes with dependent prepositions are often
present in the language of even the most advanced something that is a staple is the main, major or very
students. important part of something
Rice is the staple food in half the world.
coexist /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪst/ verb
if two things coexist, they live together in the same quest /kwest/ noun
place, often in harmony a quest is a long and difficult search for something
Numerous different species co-exist even in a small Has the world abandonned the quest for peace?
garden pond. nutritious /njuˈtrɪʃəs/ adjective
bias /ˈbaɪəs/ noun something that is nutritious is good for you because
a bias is a tendency to make judgements or favour it contains substances your body requires
someone/something on the basis of personal opinion Chips and ice-cream may be very tasty, but they are
and emotion not nutritious.
Concealing gender and racial identity in job
applications helps to eliminate recruiters’ biases from PAGE 98
the employment process.
grandmaster /ˌɡrændˈmɑːstə(r)/ noun
PAGE 96 a grandmaster is a person who plays chess at the
highest level
plant breeding /plɑːnt ˈbriːdɪŋ/ noun In 2021, at the the age of twelve years and five
plant breeding is the selection and development of months, Abhimanyu Mishra became the youngest
plants with particular characteristics to create crops chess grandmaster ever.
that meet certain needs innate /ɪˈneɪt/ adjective
Most of the fruit and vegetables we eat today are the something that is innate is a quality or skill you were
result of generations of plant breeding. born with
yield /jiːld/ noun Do some people have an innate tendency to be
yield is the total amount of something that is dishonest?
produced, e.g. crops, profits
These tomatatoes don’t have quite such a high yield
as the ones we grew last year, but they are much
tastier.

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in the genes /ɪn ðə ʤiːnz/ phrase herd /hɜːrd/ noun

if we say a quality is in the genes, we mean it is a herd is group of mammals of the same species that
inherited, not learned or acquired live together as a group
Elvira never takes any exercise; being slim and agile On the far side of the plain was a herd of elephants.
must just be in her genes. give birth /gɪv ˈbɜː(r)θ/ phrase
stem from /ˈstem frɒm/ phrasal verb if a woman or female animal gives birth, she
if something stems from something else, it produces a baby from her body
originates from it or is the result of it Audra gave birth to beautiful twin boys this morning.
Murat’s fear of fire stems from a scary incident when crystal-clear /ˌkrɪstl ˈklɪə(r)/ adjective
he was a child.
something that is crystal-clear is completely
transparent and clean
PAGE 100 Scuba diving in those crystal clear waters was
absolutely glorious.
vast /vɑːst/(BrE.Eng), /væst/ (AmE.Eng) adjective
something that is vast is very, very large grip /grɪp/ verb
From the west coast of Ireland you see the vast if you grip something, you hold onto it very tightly
expanse of the Atlantic Ocean. Fatima felt nervous about thieves in the crowded
streets and gripped her bag tightly to her side.
bat /bæt/ noun
a bat is a small flying mammal that looks like mice torrent /ˈtɒrənt/ noun
with leather wings a torrent is a large, fast moving body of water
We often see bats flying round the garden catching After the heavy rainfall, the normally tranquil river
insects in the late evening. became a raging torrent.
bonfire /ˈbɑnˌfɑɪə(r)/ noun pluck up courage /plʌk ʌp ˈkʌrɪʤ/ phrase
a bonfire is an outdoor fire built and burned by if you pluck up courage, you make yourself do
people for cooking, warmth or entertainment something you are afraid of
In the evening, they built a small bonfire on the After a few weeks, Guang plucked up the courage to
beach to cook the fish they’d caught during the day. speak in class.

PAGE 101 PAGE 102

kelp /kelp/ noun deviate /ˈdiːvieɪt/ verb
kelp is a type of large brown seaweed if you deviate from something, you do something or
The children didn’t enjoy swimming with the kelp behave in way which is not expected or usual
wrapping around their legs. The road was closed so we had to deviate from the
route we’d planned.
lush /lʌʃ/ adjective
somewhere that is lush has a lot of healthy passive-aggressive /ˌpæsɪv əˈɡresɪv/ adjective
vegetation someone who is passive-aggressive doesn’t show
The local footpaths are surrounded by lush green their anger openly
trees and bushes. There was something rather passive-agrressive about
the way Olga always tidied up after everybody else
picturesque /ˌpɪktʃəˈresk/ adjective
without asking for help.
somewhere that is picturesque is very pretty, often
in an old-fashioned way tiptoe around /ˈtɪptəʊ əˈraʊnd/ phrasal verb
Cecil lives in a picturesque white cottage with roses if you tiptoe around something/someone, you
round the door. behave carefully in order to avoid a confronation
After a few years, Nadia was tired of tiptoeing
around her ill-tempered friend and decided to not to
see him again.

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PAGE 104
profound /prəˈfaʊnd/ adjective
something that is profound is deep and serious
Mr Idowu’s death had a very profound effect on the
whole family.
detrimental /ˌdetrɪˈmentl/ adjective
something that is detrimental causes damage or
harm to something else
Eating snacks all day and taking no exercise is very
detrimental to your health.
compassion /kəmˈpæʃn/ noun
compassion is the feeling of sympathy for the
suffering of other people or animals
Why do some people feel so little compassion for the
victims of war and poverty?
devastating /ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/ adjective
something that is devastating causes a huge
amount of harm and damage
Years of international sanctions against the country
have had a devastating effect on people’s quality
of life.

PAGE 105
megacity /ˈmeɡəsɪti/ noun
a megacity is a very large city, with a population of
over 10 million
With a population of 21 million, Lagos is Africa’s
largest megacity in 2022.
harness the power /ˈhɑː(r)nɪs ðə ˈpaʊə(r)/ phrase
if you harness the power of something, you bring it
under your control so that you can use it
Alternative energy means harnessing the power of
wind, water and sun to produce electricity.
cumulative /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/ adjective
something that is cumulative has an effect that
increases each time it happens
The cumulative effects of divorce, stress and
overwork led to Nik’s breakdown.

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9 Fashion and trends

PAGE 107 PAGE 110
trustworthiness /ˈtrʌstwɜː(r)ðinəs/ noun khaki /ˈkɑːki/ adjective, noun
trustworthiness is the quality of being honest, khaki is the brownish or greenish colour typically
truthful and reliable so that people feel they can trust used for military clothing
you The rebels’ khaki clothing made it easier for them to
Voters consider trustworthiness one of the most move around undetected in the forest.
important qualities in a politician. versatility /ˌvɜːsəˈtɪləti/ noun
stand the test of time versatility is the ability to change easily, do many
/stænd ðə test əv taɪm/ phrase different things or be used in different ways
if something stands the test of time, it continues to The actor is famous for his versatility; he has played
be popular and work well over a long period numerous different characters.
Lily and Mina met when they were were five years harsh /hɑː(r)ʃ/ adjective
old, so their friendship has certainly stood the test of
lights or colours that are harsh are unpleasantly
time.
bright and strong
The midday sun was very harsh, so we sat in the
PAGE 108 shade.
motor skills /ˈməʊtə(r) skɪlz/ noun nude /nj:ud/ adjective
motor skills are the muscular movements that colours that are nude are skin-like colours
enable us to perform functions like walking, talking, The house was decorated in cream and nude colours
lifting and writing throughout.
Allowing children to feed themselves may be a bit burgundy /ˈbɜː(r)ɡəndi/ noun
messy, but it will help to develop their fine motor burgundy is a dark red colour
skills.
Nigel was wearing a burgundy suit.

PAGE 109
PAGE 111
skip /ˈskɪpɪŋ/ noun
flares /fleə(r)z/ noun
if you skip, you repeatedly jump lightly over a rope
flares are trousers with legs that are wider at the
as it is twirled (spun) in circular movements over your
bottom than the top
head and under your feet
People in the 1960s typically had long hair and wore
The rope twirled faster and faster throughout the
brightly coloured T-shirts and very wide flares.
skipping game.
flattering /ˈflætərɪŋ/ adjective
derive /dɪˈraɪv/ verb
something that is flattering makes you look more
if you derive something, you gain or obtain it
attractive
Roshan derives enormous pleasure from growing his
Sam’s graduation photo was so unflattering he threw
own food.
it away.

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 ADVANCED UNIT 9 Wordlist

PAGE 112 competent /ˈkɒmpɪtənt/ adjective

someone who is competent is able to do something
catch on /kæʧ ˈɒn/ phrasal verb well and efficiently
if something catches on, it becomes popular Sadly, recent events have shown that Sara is not
Veganism is beginning to catch on as people become competent to lead this company through a crisis.
more aware of the environmental cost of meat and
transparent /trænsˈpærənt/ adjective
dairy.
a person or organisation who/that is transparent is
open and honest and does not keep secrets or hide
PAGE 113 their motivations
acceleration /əkˌseləˈreɪʃn/ noun If the management were more transparent about the
reasons they wanted to make these changes, perhaps
acceleration is when something speeds up
the workers would be more cooperative.
There has been an acceleration in the demand for fair
trade products in recent years.
decarbonize /ˌdiːˈkɑːrbənaɪz/ verb
if you decarbonize something, you remove fossil
fuels from a process or system
If governments are serious about addresssing
climate change, they should force big business to
decarbonize.
in it for me /ɪn ɪt fɔː miː/ phrase
if you ask what is in it for me, you are asking what
advantage you will get from it
I don’t understand why Hunter’s going to that party
when he can’t stand any of the other guests. What’s
in it for him?

PAGE 114
credibility /ˌkredəˈbɪləti/ noun
credibility is how much someone is believed and
taken seriously in what they say or the role they play
The man increased his credibility when people
learned about his previous experience.

PAGE 115
enhance /ɪnhɑːns/ verb
if you enhance something, you improve its quality,
size, value or strength
The university wants staff to publish more papers to
enhance its research reputation.
vulnerable /ˈvʌlnərəbl/ adjective
someone or something who/that is vulnerable can
easily be hurt or damaged
A society can be judged by the way it treats its most
vulnerable members.

22 © Cengαge Leαrning, Inc.

 ADVANCED UNIT 10 Wordlist

10 Time
PAGE 119 PAGE 125
synthesize information hold the floor /həʊld ðə flɔː(r)/ phrase
/ˈsɪnθɪˌsaɪz ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən/ phrase if you say you hold the floor in a group, you mean
if you synthesize information, you bring together that you are the main speaker and everybody is
facts and ideas from various sources and present listening to you
them together in one piece of work Josie’s story was so interesting that she held the floor
Each group should discuss their ideas, then select a for about twenty minutes telling everyone about her
spokesperson to sythesize the information for the experiences.
rest of the class.
procrastinate /prəˈkræstɪneɪt/ verb PAGE 129
if you procrastinate, you put off doing things you
need to do, often because you don’t really want to unwavering /ʌnˈweɪvərɪŋ/ adjective
do it something that is unwavering is constant; never
changing or becoming weaker – usually describing
What infuriated Ziad was the way his parents
someone’s belief in, or commitment to, something
procrastinated over every decision while the house
was slowly falling into disrepair. The boss thanked the staff for their unwavering
commitment to the company throughout the
hardwired /ˌhɑːrdˈwaɪərd/ adjective pandemic.
a skill or emotion that is hardwired in you is one
which is innate, not learned from experience wanderlust /ˈwɑːndə(r)lʌst/ noun
someone who has wanderlust has a very strong
A fear of falling is hardwired in human babies.
desire to travel and see other parts of the world
Ramzy’s wanderlust took him to countless different
PAGE 121 countries. He never settled anywhere for more than
two years.
clackety-clack /ˌklækɪtiˈklæk/ noun
clackety-clack is an onomatopoeic expression which
represents the noise of a train or other clacking
things, such as typewriters, high heels or horses’
hooves
Before the advent of computers, office buildings
were filled with the clackety-clack of typewriters.

PAGE 124
punctuality /ˌpʌŋktʃuˈæləti/ noun
punctuality is when you arrive at the expected time
for something, such as an appointment, a meeting or
a class
Professor Verenich is very strict about punctuality.
Students aren’t allowed into the class after his
lectures have started.

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