Magnetic Standards in Manufacturing
Steve Constantinides with Reinhold Strnat
SMMA Fall Technical Conference
November 9-11, 2010
St. Louis, MO
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Agenda
• Why have standards?
• Standards Organizations
• Types of Standards
• Magnetic Material Standards
• ASTM Standards
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Why have standards?
• Standards form the basis for discussion regarding
– Material properties
– Purchase agreements for raw materials, sub-assemblies and
finished product
– Acceptance or rejection of product by broadly accepted, proven
test methods
– Meaningful comparison of competitive materials or designs
• Standards are almost always in the form of a formal
document, recognized by standards organizations,
government and industry associations
– This differentiates it from custom, convention, company product
information and internal corporate standards
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Other Benefits of Standards
• Provide rationale for test or specification
• Education regarding material and tests
• Support information such as calculations
• Recommendations for applying the test or specification
• Caveats & pitfalls of the test or specification
• References
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Standards Organizations
with examples…
• International Standards Organizations (broad-based)
– ISO, ASTM, WSC (World Standards Cooperation)
• Regional Standards Organizations
– European Committee for Standardization (CEN), European
Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC),
Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC)
• National Standards Bodies (NSB’s)
– ANSI, BSI, DIN, JISC
• Standards Developing Organizations (SDO’s)
– IEEE, IEC, SAE, API, ITU
• Standard Setting Organizations (SSO’s)
– W3C, IETF
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Standards Organizations
International Organizations
ISO, IEC, ASTM
Regional Standards Developing
Organizations User Community Organizations (SDO’s)
IEEE, SAE
CEN, PASC
National Standards Standards Setting
Bodies (NSB’s) Organizations (SSO’s)
ANSI, BSI, DIN W3C, IETF
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Types of Standards
• Definitions
• Material specifications
• Test methods (measurement of raw material,
component or sub-assembly)
• Test methods (measurement of finished product)
• Operating Procedures
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Magnetic Standards in the USA
For the past 40+ years, there have been
three active organizations…
• MMPA, IMA (~1962 to 2006)
• IEC (1906 to present)
• ASTM (1898 to present)
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MMPA Standards and Guides
• Soft Ferrites: A User’s Guide, 1998
• Testing and Measurement of Permanent Magnets, 1975
• Permanent Magnet Guidelines, 1988
• Standard Specifications for Permanent Magnet Materials,
2000
The MMPA changed its name to IMA (International Magnetics Association) in
2001 and then became inactive in 2006. The website is still present and some
documents can still be viewed or downloaded (www.intl-magnetics.org)
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IEC Magnetics Activities
• WG1
– Classification, composition and properties of magnetic materials
• Joint WG: TC68 WG1 & ISO TC17 WG16
– Specifications of magnetic steels
• WG2
– Measuring methods
• Maintenance Team 3: jointly with TC51
– Terminology – maintenance
• WG4
– Magnetic alloys of iron-nickel, iron-cobalt, iron-aluminum, and iron-
aluminum-silicon
• WG5
– Hard magnetic alloys and ceramic materials
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IEC Magnetics Standards (23)
IEC 60404-1, Ed.2: 2000-08 Magnetic materials. Part 1: Classification.
IEC 60404-1-1, Ed.1: 2004-04 Magnetic materials - Part 1-1: Classification - Surface insulations of electrical steel sheet, strip and laminations
IEC 60404-2, Ed. 3:1 2008-6 Magnetic materials. Part 2: Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of electrical steel sheet and strip by means of an Epstein fr
IEC 60404-3, Ed. 2.2 2010-04 Magnetic materials. Part 3: Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of magnetic sheet and strip by means of a single sheet teste
IEC 60404-4, Ed. 2.2: 2008-11 Magnetic materials. Part 4: Methods of measurement of the d.c. magnetic properties of iron and steel.
IEC 60404-5, Ed 2: 2007-02 Magnetic materials. Part 5: Permanent magnet (magnetically hard) materials - Methods of measurement of magnetic properties.
IEC 60404-6, Ed. 2: 2003-06 Magnetic materials. Part 6: Methods of measurement of the magnetic properties of isotropic nickel-iron soft magnetic alloys, types E1, E3
IEC 60404-7, Ed. 1: 1982-01 Magnetic materials. Part 7: Methods of measurement of the coercivity of magnetic materials in an open magnetic circuit.
IEC 60404-8-1, Ed. 2.1: 2004-07 Magnetic materials. Part 8: Specifications for individual materials. Section One - Standard specifications for magnetically hard materials.
IEC 60404-8-3, Ed. 3: 2005-08 Magnetic materials. Part 8-3: Specifications for individual materials - Cold-rolled electrical non-alloyed and alloyed steel sheet and strip de
IEC 60404-8-4, Ed. 2: 1998-05 Magnetic materials. Part 8-4: Specifications for individual materials - Cold-rolled non-oriented electrical steel sheet and rip delivered in the
IEC 60404-8-5, Ed. 1: 1989-05 Magnetic materials. Part 8: Specifications for individual materials. Section Five - Specification for steel sheet and strip with specified mech
IEC 60404-8-6, Ed. 2.1:2007-06 Magnetic materials. Part 8-6: Specifications for individual materials - Soft magnetic metallic materials.
IEC 60404-8-7, Ed. 3: 2008-05 Magnetic materials. Part 8-7: Specifications for individual materials - Cold-rolled grain-oriented electrical steel sheet and strip delivered in
IEC 60404-8-8, Ed. 1:1991-09 Magnetic materials. Part 8: Specifications for individual materials. Section 8 - Specification for thin magnetic steel strip for use at medium
IEC 60404-8-9, Ed. 1:1994-08 Magnetic materials. Part 8: Specifications for individual materials. Section 9: Standard specification for sintered soft magnetic materials.
IEC 60404-8-10, Ed. 2: 2009-5 Magnetic materials. Part 8: Specifications for individual materials - Section 10: Specification for magnetic materials (iron and steel) for use
IEC 60404-9, Ed. 1: 1987-09 Magnetic materials. Part 9: Methods of determination of the geometrical characteristics of magnetic steel sheet and strip.
IEC 60404-10, Ed. 1: 1988-08 Magnetic materials. Part 10: Methods of measurement of magnetic properties of magnetic steel sheet and strip at medium frequencies.
IEC 60404-11, Ed 1.1: 1999-01 Magnetic materials. Part 11: Method of test for the determination of surface insulation resistance of magnetic sheet and strip.
IEC 60404-12, Ed. 1: 1992-11 Magnetic materials. Part 12: Guide to methods of assessment of temperature capability of interlaminar insulation coatings.
IEC 60404-13 Ed. 1: 1995-09 Magnetic materials - Part 13: Methods of measurement of density, resistivity and stacking factor of electrical steel sheet and strip.
IEC 60404-14 Ed. 1: 2002-06 Magnetic materials - Part 14: Methods of measurement of the magnetic dipole moment of a ferromagnetic material specimen by the withdr
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ASTM Magnetics Committees
• A06 – Main
– R. Strnat, Chairman, 43 participants
• A06.01 – Test Methods
– R. Strnat, Sub Chairman, 26 participants
• A06.02 – Material Specifications
– M. Masteller, Sub Chairman, 26 participants
• A06.92 – Terminology and Definitions
– S. Constantinides, Sub Chairman, 13 participants
• A06.93 – Precision and Bias
– T. Thomas, Sub Chairman, 11 participants
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ASTM Magnetic Standards
50 approved standards and two at the balloting stage
Support Documents A34: Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials
A340: Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
A342: Standard Test Methods for Permeability of Feebly Magnetic Materials
A664: Standard Practice for Identification of Electrical Steel
Type of Product Material Specification Test Method
Magnetically Soft A345, A677, A683, A726, A753, A801, DC A341, A773, A894
A811, A838, A839, A840, A848, A867, AC A343, A348, A598, A697, A772, A804, A889,
A876, A901, A904, A1009 A912, A927, A932, A1013, A1036
Semi-hard -- DC A596
AC --
Magnetically Hard A1054 DC A977
AC --
Resistivity, Resistance -- -- A712, A717, A937
Miscellaneous A976 -- A342, A698, A719, A720, A721, A893, A900,
A971
Current focus area – specs for Alnico, SmCo, Neo, and others
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How Standards are Evolving
• Newer test techniques
• Computerized control
• Material-specific testing requirements
• Improvements in reproducibility, precision and accuracy
Tesla
EXAMPLE
Hybrid and electric traction motors are
requiring new devices, new test methods
and new specifications.
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Participation in ASTM
• Soft and permanent magnetic materials
• New test methods
• Semi-annual meetings
• Web-based conference calls
• Join ASTM, contact ASTM directly or:
– Reinhold Strnat
– Richard Lyke
– Brian Durkin
– Tom Thomas
– Steve Constantinides
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References
1. International Standards Applied to Magnetic Alloys and Steels, Hugh J. Stanbury, IEEE Transactions on
Magnetics, Vol. 46, No. 2, February 2010
2. International Standards for Magnetic Materials and Components, John L. Dalke, IEEE Transaction on
Magnetics, September 1971
3. Permanent Magnets, Reinhold, Strnat, ASTM Standardization News, October 2006,
www.astm.org/SNEWS/OCTOBER_2006/strnat_oct06.html
4. ASTM website, www.astm.org
5. IEC website, www.iec.ch
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