VECTOR

Dr Nur Farhana Diyana Mohd Yunos

Email: farhanadiyana@unimap.edu.my
Google Classroom Class Code
Khan Academy Class Code

J8CHUSN9
or
https://www.khanacademy.org/join/J8CHUSN9
 Introduction
VECTOR is a mathematical quantity that has both
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION
▪ VECTOR: represented by arrow where the direction of
arrow indicates the DIRECTION of the vector & the
length of arrow indicates the MAGNITUDE of the vector.
▪ Eg: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, etc

SCALAR is a mathematical quantity that has MAGNITUDE only

▪ Scalar: represented by a single letter such as, k.
▪ Eg: temperature, mass, length area, etc
A vector in the plane is a directed line segment that
has initial point A and terminal point B, denoted by,
; its length is denoted by .
Terminal Point, B

Initial Point, A Length:

Definition : Magnitude / Length

▪ the magnitude of the vector is:
 Introduction
Two vectors, and are said to be EQUAL if and only if they have the same
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION.

▪ If v is a 3-D vector equal to the vector with initial v3

point at the origin and the terminal point ,
then the component form of v is defined by:
y
O v2
v1
x
 Introduction
Example 1
(1) Find :
(a) component form and
(b) length of the vector with initial point P(-3,4,1) and terminal point Q(-5,2,2)
Introduction
 Vector Algebra Operations
Vector Addition and Multiplication by a Scalar
Let and be vectors with a scalar, k.
ADDITION
Addition
Scalar
Multiplication
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
 Addition of Vectors
The Triangle Law The Parallelogram Law
2 vectors u and v represented by the The sum, called the resultant vector
line segment can be added by is the diagonal of the parallelogram.
joining the initial point of vector v
to the terminal point of u.
Terminal point
of u u v u
Initial point of v/ u+v
Terminal point of u
v
Initial point of u
 Subtraction of Vectors
The subtraction of 2 vectors, u and v The subtraction of 2 vectors, u and v is
is defined by: defined by:

If and
then, u-v u
u+v
-v v
 The Sum Number of Vector
The sum of all vectors is given by the Example 3
single vector joining the initial of the Given vectors u, v, w, x, y and z as in
1st vector to the terminal of the last diagram below, find;
vector.
b (i) z in terms of three vectors
a
c (ii) w – y – x + v
C
e d z
y
x
w
A B
u v
O
 Scalar Multiplication of Vector

Definition :
Let k be a scalar and u represent a vector, the scalar
multiplication ku is:

i) A vector whose length |k| time of the length u

and
ii) A vector whose direction is:
i) The same as u if k>0 and
ii) The opposite direction from u if k<0
 Scalar Multiplication of Vector

Example 4
Let and .
Find:
 Parallel Vectors
If two vectors, u and v have
the same OR opposite PROPERTIES OF VECTOR
direction, whether their OPERATIONS
magnitudes are same or not, Let u, v, w be vectors and a,b be scalars:
they are said to be parallel.

To be parallel vectors, one

should a scalar multiple of
another.
 Unit Vector
If u is a vector, then the unit
vector in the direction of u is
defined as:

A vector which have length equal

to 1 is called a unit vector.
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 Direction of angles and direction of cosines
z
- Are the angles that the
vector OP makes with
P
positive axis
- Known as the direction
angles of vector
DIRECTION OP
OF COSINES

O y

x
 Direction of angles and direction of cosines
Example 7
Find the direction cosines
and direction angles of:
Dot Product
• Also known as inner product or Properties of Dot Product
scalar product
• The result is a SCALAR
• If and
then:
Dot Product
Dot Product Perpendicular (Orthogonal)
Angle Between 2 Vectors Vectors
Two vectors are perpendicular or
orthogonal if the angle between them is

Definition
Vectors u and v are perpendicular
(orthogonal) if and only if u.v =0.
If the vectors lies on the same line or
parallel to each other, then
Dot Product
 Cross Product
The result is a vector The vector is orthogonal to both u
If and then: and v also known as the normal vector,
n.
 Cross Product
Properties of Cross Product
Cross Product
 Application of Vectors
Equation of Planes Therefore the parametric equation for L :
Parametric Equations
EQUATION OF PLANE

Normal
vector n :

From the properties of Dot Product

 Application of Vectors
Lines & Line Segment in Space Therefore the parametric equation for L :
Parametric Equations
z P (x ,y ,z )
0 0 0 0 L
P(x,y,z)

v
y Parametric
Equation
x
Line L is the set of all points
P(x,y,z) for which parallel
to :
Cartesian equation:
 Application of Vectors
Distance from a Point to the Plane

n D

P0

Equation
of plane
 Application of Vectors
Example 11
Find parametric and Cartesian equation for the line passes through Q(-2,0,4)
and parallel to
 Application of Vectors
Example 12
Find the parametric equation for the line passes through P(-3,2,-3) and Q(1,-1,4)
 Application of Vectors
Example 13
Find the distance from the point S(1,1,5) to the line
Application of Vectors
 Application of Vectors
Example 15
Find equation of plane through 3 points:
A (0,0,1) B (2,0,0) C (0,3,0)
Application of Vectors Lines of Intersection
Parallel Planes 2 planes that are not parallel, intersect in a
line. Normal vector for
2 planes parallel if and only if their normal plane M and N
planes are parallel

Line of
intersection

From the properties of cross product, the result

between vector product is a vector. Therefore,
whenever two vectors crossing with each other,
new vector will be produced.
Application of Vectors
Example 16:
Find a vector parallel to the line of intersection
of the planes
Application of Vectors
Example 17 :
Find the point where the line

Intersects the plane

Answer:
Find t

Therefore, point of intersection is

Application of Vectors
Application of Vectors
Thank You