PHP

EMY HARYATMI
 WHAT IS PHP?

• PHP is an acronym for "PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor"

• PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
• PHP scripts are executed on the server (server side scripting)
• PHP is free to download and use
PHP IS AN AMAZING AND POPULAR
LANGUAGE!
• It is powerful enough to be at the core of the biggest blogging system on the web
(WordPress)!
• It is deep enough to run the largest social network (Facebook)!
• It is also easy enough to be a beginner's first server side language!
WHAT IS A PHP FILE?

• PHP files can contain text, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP code
• PHP code are executed on the server, and the result is returned to the browser as plain
HTML
• PHP files have extension ".php"
WHAT CAN PHP DO?

• PHP can generate dynamic page content

• PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server
• PHP can collect form data
• PHP can send and receive cookies
• PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database
• PHP can be used to control user-access
• PHP can encrypt data

With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images, PDF files, and even Flash movies. You can also output any
text, such as XHTML and XML.
WHY PHP?

• PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)

• PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
• PHP supports a wide range of databases
• PHP is free. Download it from the official PHP resource: www.php.net
• PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
WHAT DO I NEED?

To start using PHP, you can:

• Find a web host with PHP and MySQL support
• Install a web server on your own PC, and then install PHP and MySQL
SET UP PHP ON YOUR OWN PC

• However, if your server does not support PHP, you must:

• install a web server
• install PHP
• install a database, such as MySQL

The official PHP website (PHP.net) has installation instructions for

PHP: http://php.net/manual/en/install.php
A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent back to the browser.
 BASIC PHP SYNTAX

• A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.

• A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon (;)

 COMMENT IN PHP

• You can use : // , #, /* … */

 PHP CASE SENSITIVITY

• In PHP, all keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-defined functions are
NOT case-sensitive.
• In the example below, all three echo statements below are legal (and equal):

However; all variable names are case-sensitive

• In the example below, only the first statement will display the value of the $color variable
(this is because $color, $COLOR, and $coLOR are treated as three different variables):
PHP VARIABLES

• A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume).
• Rules for PHP variables:
• A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
• A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
• A variable name cannot start with a number
• A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
• Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables)

Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!

OUTPUT VARIABLES

• The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen.
PHP IS A LOOSELY TYPED LANGUAGE

• In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the
variable is.
• PHP automatically converts the variable to the correct data type, depending on its value.
• In other languages such as C, C++, and Java, the programmer must declare the name and
type of the variable before using it.
PHP VARIABLES SCOPE

• In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.

• The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be
referenced/used.
• PHP has three different variable scopes:
• local
• global
• static
GLOBAL SCOPE

• A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be accessed
outside a function:
LOCAL SCOPE

• A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed
within that function:

You can have local variables with the

same name in different functions,
because local variables are only
recognized by the function in which
they are declared.
 PHP THE GLOBAL KEYWORD

• The global keyword is used

to access a global variable
from within a function.
• To do this, use
the global keyword before
the variables (inside the
function):
• PHP also stores all global
variables in an array called
$GLOBALS[index].
The index holds the name of
the variable. This array is also
accessible from within functions
and can be used to update
global variables directly.
 PHP THE STATIC KEYWORD

• Normally, when a function is

completed/executed, all of its
variables are deleted. However,
sometimes we want a local
variable NOT to be deleted. We
Then, each time the function is
need it for a further job.
called, that variable will still
• To do this, use the static keyword have the information it
contained from the last time the
when you first declare the function was called.
variable:
PHP ECHO AND PRINT STATEMENTS

• echo and print are more or less the same. They are both used to output data to the
screen.
• The differences are small: echo has no return value while print has a return value of 1
so it can be used in expressions. echo can take multiple parameters (although such usage
is rare) while print can take one argument. echo is marginally faster than print.
THE PHP ECHO STATEMENT

• The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses: echo or echo().
• Display Text
• Display Variable
THE PHP PRINT STATEMENT

• The print statement can be used with or without parentheses: print or print().
• Display Text
• Display Variable
PHP DATA TYPES

• Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do different things.
• PHP supports the following data types:
• String
• Integer
• Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
• Boolean
• Array
• Object
• NULL
• Resource
PHP STRING

• A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".

• A string can be any text inside quotes.You can use single or double quotes:
 PHP INTEGER

• An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and 2,147,483,647.

• Rules for integers:
• An integer must have at least one digit
• An integer must not have a decimal point
• An integer can be either positive or negative
• Integers can be specified in three formats: decimal (10-based), hexadecimal (16-based - prefixed
with 0x) or octal (8-based - prefixed with 0)
• In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data
type and value:
PHP FLOAT

• A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a number in

exponential form.
• In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data type
and value:
PHP BOOLEAN

• A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

PHP ARRAY

• An array stores multiple values in one single variable.

• In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump() function returns the data
type and value:
 PHP OBJECT

• An object is a data type which stores

data and information on how to process
that data.
• In PHP, an object must be explicitly
declared.
• First we must declare a class of object.
For this, we use the class keyword. A class
is a structure that can contain properties
and methods:
 PHP NULL VALUE

• Null is a special data type which can have only

one value: NULL.
• A variable of data type NULL is a variable that
has no value assigned to it.
• Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is
automatically assigned a value of NULL.
• Variables can also be emptied by setting the
value to NULL:
PHP RESOURCE

• The special resource type is not an actual data type. It is the storing of a reference to
functions and resources external to PHP.
• A common example of using the resource data type is a database call.
PHP STRING FUNCTION

• The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string.

• The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a string.
• The PHP strrev() function reverses a string.
• The PHP strpos() function searches for a specific text within a string.
• The PHP str_replace() function replaces some characters with some other characters in
a string.
PHP CONSTANTS

• A constant is an identifier (name) for a simple value. The value cannot be changed during
the script.
• A valid constant name starts with a letter or underscore (no $ sign before the constant
name).
• Note: Unlike variables, constants are automatically global across the entire script.
• Constants are like variables except that once they are defined they cannot be changed or
undefined.
 CREATE A PHP CONSTANT

• To create a constant, use the define() function.

• Parameters:
• name: Specifies the name of the constant
• value: Specifies the value of the constant
• case-insensitive: Specifies whether the constant name should
be case-insensitive. Default is false
CONSTANTS ARE GLOBAL

• Constants are automatically global and can be used across the entire script.
PHP OPERATORS

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Increment/Decrement operators
• Logical operators
• String operators
• Array operators
PHP ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
PHP ASSIGNMENT OPERATORS
PHP COMPARISON OPERATORS
PHP INCREMENT/DECREMENT OPERATORS
PHP LOGICAL OPERATORS
PHP STRING OPERATORS
PHP ARRAY OPERATORS
PHP CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS

Very often when you write code, you want to perform different actions for different
conditions.You can use conditional statements in your code to do this.
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:
• if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
• if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another code if that
condition is false
• if...elseif....else statement - executes different codes for more than two conditions
• switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed
• If Statement

• If … else statement

• If … elseif … else statement

 • Switch statement

This is how it works: First we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is
evaluated once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case
in the structure. If there is a match, the block of code associated with that case is
executed. Use break to prevent the code from running into the next case automatically.
The default statement is used if no match is found.