SAT
Day1：Text Structure and Purpose
Question 1
The mimosa tree evolved in East Asia, where the beetle Bruchidius terrenus preys on
its seeds. In 1785, mimosa trees were introduced to North America, far from any B.
terrenus. But evolutionary links between predators and their prey can persist across
centuries and continents. Around 2001, B. terrenus was introduced in southeastern
North America near where botanist Shu-Mei Chang and colleagues had been
monitoring mimosa trees. Within a year, 93 percent of the trees had been attacked by
the beetles.
Which choice best describes the function of the third sentence in the overall structure
of the text?
A. It states the hypothesis that Chang and colleagues had set out to investigate using
mimosa trees and B. terrenus.
B. It presents a generalization that is exemplified by the discussion of the mimosa
trees and B. terrenus.
C. It offers an alternative explanation for the findings of Chang and colleagues.
D. It provides context that clarifies why the species mentioned spread to new
locations.
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Question 2
The following text is from the 1924 poem “Cycle” by D’Arcy McNickle, who was a
citizen of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes.
There shall be new roads wending,
A new beating of the drum—
Men’s eyes shall have fresh seeing,
Grey lives reprise their span—
But under the new sun’s being,
Completing what night began,
There’ll be the same backs bending,
The same sad feet shall drum—
When this night finds its ending
And day shall have come.....
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To consider how the repetitiveness inherent in human life can be both rewarding
and challenging
B. To question whether activities completed at one time of day are more memorable
than those completed at another time of day
C. To refute the idea that joy is a more commonly experienced emotion than sadness
is
D. To demonstrate how the experiences of individuals relate to the experiences of
their communities
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Question 3
The following text is adapted from Indian Boyhood, a 1902 memoir by Ohiyesa
(Charles A. Eastman), a Santee Dakota writer. In the text, Ohiyesa recalls how the
women in his tribe harvested maple syrup during his childhood.
Now the women began to test the trees—moving leisurely among them, axe in
hand, and striking a single quick blow, to see if the sap would appear. The trees,
like people, have their individual characters; some were ready to yield up their
life-blood, while others were more reluctant. Now one of the birchen basins was
set under each tree, and a hardwood chip driven deep into the cut which the axe
had made. From the corners of this chip—at first drop by drop, then more
freely—the sap trickled into the little dishes.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a
whole?
A. It portrays the range of personality traits displayed by the women as they work.
B. It foregrounds the beneficial relationship between humans and maple trees.
C. It demonstrates how human behavior can be influenced by the natural environment.
D. It elaborates on an aspect of the maple trees that the women evaluate.
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Question 4
The following text is from Charlotte Brontë’s 1847 novel Jane Eyre. Jane, the narrator,
works as a governess at Thornfield Hall.
I went on with my day’s business tranquilly; but ever and anon vague suggestions
kept wandering across my brain of reasons why I should quit Thornfield; and I
kept involuntarily framing advertisements and pondering conjectures about new
situations: these thoughts I did not think to check; they might germinate and bear
fruit if they could.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To convey a contrast between Jane’s outward calmness and internal restlessness
B. To emphasize Jane’s loyalty to the people she works for at Thornfield Hall
C. To demonstrate that Jane finds her situation both challenging and deeply fulfilling
D. To describe Jane’s determination to secure employment outside of Thornfield Hall
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Question 5
According to historian Vicki L. Ruiz, Mexican American women made crucial
contributions to the labor movement during World War II. At the time, food
processing companies entered into contracts to supply United States armed forces
with canned goods. Increased production quotas conferred greater bargaining power
on the companies’ employees, many of whom were Mexican American women:
employees insisted on more favorable benefits, and employers, who were anxious to
fulfill the contracts, complied. Thus, labor activism became a platform for Mexican
American women to assert their agency.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a
whole?
A) It elaborates on a claim about labor relations in a particular industry made earlier
in the text.
B) It offers an example of a trend in the World War II–era economy discussed earlier
in the text.
C) It notes a possible exception to the historical narrative of labor activism sketched
earlier in the text.
D) It provides further details about the identities of the workers discussed earlier in
the text.
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Question 6
Some studies have suggested that posture can influence cognition, but we should not
overstate this phenomenon. A case in point: In a 2014 study, Megan O’Brien and Alaa
Ahmed had subjects stand or sit while making risky simulated economic decisions.
Standing is more physically unstable and cognitively demanding than sitting;
accordingly, O’Brien and Ahmed hypothesized that standing subjects would display
more risk aversion during the decision-making tasks than sitting subjects did, since
they would want to avoid further feelings of discomfort and complicated risk
evaluations. But O’Brien and Ahmed actually found no difference in the groups’
performance.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A) It presents the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to critique the methods and results
reported in previous studies of the effects of posture on cognition.
B) It argues that research findings about the effects of posture on cognition are often
misunderstood, as in the case of O’Brien and Ahmed’s study.
C) It explains a significant problem in the emerging understanding of posture’s effects
on cognition and how O’Brien and Ahmed tried to solve that problem.
D) It discusses the study by O’Brien and Ahmed to illustrate why caution is needed
when making claims about the effects of posture on cognition.
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Question 7
Archeological excavation of Market Street Chinatown, a nineteenth-century Chinese
American community in San Jose, California, provided the first evidence that Asian
food products were imported to the United States in the 1800s: bones from a
freshwater fish species native to Southeast Asia. Jinshanzhuang—Hong Kong-based
import/export firms—likely coordinated the fish's transport from Chinese-operated
fisheries in Vietnam and Malaysia to North American markets. This route reveals the
(often overlooked) multinational dimensions of the trade networks linking Chinese
diaspora communities.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a
whole?
A. It explains why efforts to determine the country of origin of the items mentioned in
the previous sentence remain inconclusive.
B. It provides information that helps support a claim about a discovery's significance
that is presented in the following sentence.
C. It traces the steps that were taken to locate and recover the objects that are
described in the previous sentence.
D. It outlines a hypothesis that additional evidence discussed in the following
sentence casts some doubt on.
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Question 8
Works of moral philosophy, such as Plato's Republic or Aristotle's Nicomachean
Ethics, are partly concerned with how to live a morally good life. But philosopher
Jonathan Barnes argues that works that present a method of living such a life without
also supplying a motive are inherently useful only to those already wishing to be
morally good—those with no desire for moral goodness will not choose to follow
their rules. However, some works of moral philosophy attempt to describe what
constitutes a morally good life while also proposing reasons for living one.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It provides a characterization about a field of thought by noting two works in it and
then details a way in which some works in that field are more comprehensive than
others.
B. It mentions two renowned works and then claims that despite their popularity it is
impossible for these works to serve the purpose their authors intended.
C. It summarizes the history of a field of thought by discussing two works and then
proposes a topic of further research for specialists in that field.
D. It describes two influential works and then explains why one is more widely read
than the other.
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Question 9
The following text is from Lucy Maud Montgomery's 1908 novel Anne of Green
Gables. Anne, an eleven-year-old girl, has come to live on a farm with a woman
named Manila in Nova Scotia, Canada.
Anne reveled in the world of color about her.
"Oh, Manila," she exclaimed one Saturday morning, coming dancing in with her
arms full of gorgeous boughs, I’m so glad I live in a world where there are
Octobers. It would be terrible if we just skipped from September to November,
wouldn't it? Look at these maple branches. Don't they give you a thrill—several
thrills? I'm going to decorate my room with them."
"Messy things," said Manila, whose aesthetic sense was not noticeably developed.
"You clutter up your room entirely too much with out-of-doors stuff, Anne.
Bedrooms were made to sleep in."
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To demonstrate that Anne has a newly developed appreciation of nature
B. To describe an argument that Anne and Manila often have
C. To emphasize Marilla's disapproval of how Anne has decorated her room
D. To show that Anne and Manila have very different personalities
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Question 10
Michelene Pesantubbee, a historian and citizen of the Choctaw Nation, has identified
a dilemma inherent to research on the status of women in her tribe during the 1600s
and 1700s: the primary sources from that era, travel narratives and other accounts by
male European colonizers, underestimate the degree of power conferred on Choctaw
women by their traditional roles in political, civic, and ceremonial life. Pesantubbee
argues that the Choctaw oral tradition and findings from archaeological sites in the
tribe's homeland supplement the written record by providing crucial insights into
those roles.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It details the shortcomings of certain historical sources, then argues that research
should avoid those sources altogether.
B. It describes a problem that arises in research on a particular topic, then sketches a
historian's approach to addressing that problem.
C. It lists the advantages of a particular research method, then acknowledges a
historian's criticism of that method.
D. It characterizes a particular topic as especially challenging to research, then
suggests a related topic for historians to pursue instead.
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Question 11
Studying late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century artifacts from an agricultural
and domestic site in Texas, archaeologist Ayana O. Flewellen found that Black women
employed as farm workers utilized hook-and-eye closures to fasten their clothes at the
waist, giving themselves a silhouette similar to the one that was popular in
contemporary fashion and typically achieved through more restrictive garments such
as corsets. Flewellen argues that this sartorial practice shows that these women
balanced hegemonic ideals of femininity with the requirements of their physically
demanding occupation.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To describe an unexpected discovery that altered a researcher's view of how
rapidly fashions among Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century Texas changed during the period
B. To discuss research that investigated the ways in which Black female farmworkers
in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Texas used fashion practices to resist
traditional gender ideals
C. To evaluate a scholarly work that offers explanations for the impact of urban
fashion ideals on Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century Texas
D. To summarize the findings of a study that explored factors influencing a fashion
practice among Black female farmworkers in late nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century Texas
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Question 12
The following text is adapted from Herman Melville's 1857 novel The
Confidence-Man. Humphry Davy was a prominent British chemist and inventor.
Years ago, a grave American savant, being in London, observed at an evening
party there, a certain coxcombical fellow, as he thought, an absurd ribbon in his
lapel, and full of smart [banter], whisking about to the admiration of as many as
were disposed to admire. Great was the savant’s disdain; but, chancing ere long to
find himself in a corner with the jackanapes, got into conversation with him,
when he was somewhat ill-prepared for the good sense of the jackanapes, but was
altogether thrown aback, upon subsequently being [informed that he was] no less
a personage than Sir Humphry Davy.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. It portrays the thoughts of a character who is embarrassed about his own behavior.
B. It presents an account of a misunderstanding.
C. It offers a short history of how a person came to be famous.
D. It explains why one character dislikes another.
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Question 13
The 1967 release of Harold Cruse's book The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual isolated
him from almost all other scholars and activists of the American Civil Rights
Movement—though many of those thinkers disagreed with each other, he nonetheless
found ways to disagree with them all. He thought that activists who believed that
Black people such as himself should culturally assimilate were naive. But he also
sharply criticized Black nationalists such as Marcus Garvey who wanted to establish
independent, self-contained Black economies and societies, even though Cruse
himself identified as a Black nationalist.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a
whole?
A. It describes a direction that Cruse felt the Civil Rights Movement ought to take.
B. It indicates that Cruse's reputation as a persistent antagonist of other scholars is
undeserved.
C. It describes a controversy that Cruse's work caused within the Black nationalist
movement.
D. It helps explain Cruse's position with respect to the community of civil rights
thinkers.
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Question 14
Biologists have predicted that birds’ feather structures vary with habitat temperature,
but this hadn't been tested in mountain environments. Ornithologist Sahas Barve
studied feathers from 249 songbird species inhabiting different elevations—and thus
experiencing different temperatures—in the Himalaya Mountains. He found that
feathers of high- elevation species not only have a greater proportion of warming
downy sections to flat and smooth sections than do feathers of low-elevation species,
but high-elevation species’ feathers also tend to be longer, providing a thicker layer of
insulation.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Barve's investigation shows that some species of Himalayan songbirds have
evolved feathers that better regulate body temperature than do the feathers of other
species, contradicting previous predictions.
B. Barve found an association between habitat temperature and feather structure
among Himalayan songbirds, lending new support to a general prediction.
C. Barve discovered that songbirds have adapted to their environment by growing
feathers without flat and smooth sections, complicating an earlier hypothesis.
D. The results of Barve's study suggest that the ability of birds to withstand cold
temperatures is determined more strongly by feather length than feather structure,
challenging an established belief.
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Question 15
The following text is from Joseph Conrad's 1907 novel The Secret Agent: A Simple
Tale. Mr. Verloc is navigating the London streets on his way to a meeting.
Before reaching Knightsbridge, Mr. Verloc took a turn to the left out of the busy
main thoroughfare, uproarious with the traffic of swaying omnibuses and trotting
vans, in the almost silent, swift flow of hansoms [horse-drawn carriages]. Under
his hat, worn with a slight backward tilt, his hair had been carefully brushed into
respectful sleekness; for his business was with an Embassy. And Mr. Verloc,
steady like a rock—a soft kind of rock—marched now along a street which could
with every propriety be described as private.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined phrase in the text as a
whole?
A. It qualifies an earlier description of Mr. Verloc.
B. It emphasizes an internal struggle Mr. Verloc experiences.
C. It contrasts Mr. Verloc with his surroundings.
D. It reveals a private opinion Mr. Verloc holds.
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Question 16
The following text is adapted from Charlotte Bronte’s 1847 novel Jane Eyre. The
narrator, Jane, is reflecting on an incident with Mrs. Reed, her aunt and guardian.
A child cannot quarrel with its elders, as I had done; cannot give its furious
feelings uncontrolled play, as I had given mine, without experiencing afterwards
the pang of remorse and the chill of reaction. Something of vengeance I had
tasted for the first time; as aromatic wine it seemed, on swallowing, warm and
racy: its after-flavour, metallic and corroding, gave me a sensation as if I had
been poisoned. Willingly would I now have gone and asked Mrs. Reed’s pardon;
but I knew that was the way to make her repulse me with double scorn, thereby
re-exciting every turbulent impulse of my nature.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To show Jane's regret after her outburst against Mrs. Reed
B. To portray Jane as a rebellious and angry child who deserves punishment
C. To explore Jane's complex feelings of love and hate towards Mrs. Reed
D. To reveal the source of Jane's resentment toward Mrs. Reed
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Question 17
The beaver is a keystone species in North America, where it evolved in symbiosis
with the aspen tree. Beavers were introduced to Patagonia (a region encompassing the
southernmost tip of South America) in 1946, where they encountered an abundance of
Nothofagus trees, a type of southern beech. From this, it was discovered that the
evolutionary symbiosis that the beaver has with the aspen tree does not preclude it
from forming new relationships with different tree species. Within a few years, the
beavers had changed the ecosystem in Patagonia by utilizing Nothofagus trees much
in the same way they interact with Aspens in North America.
Which choice best describes the function of the third sentence in the overall structure
of the text?
A. It contrasts the beaver’s relationship with the aspen tree to the beaver’s relationship
with the Nothofagus tree.
B. It states a generalization that is exemplified by the discussion of the beavers and
Nothofagus trees.
C. It describes how the beaver was first introduced to Patagonia.
D. It provides context that clarifies why the beaver evolved to form symbiotic
relationships with different tree species.
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Question 18
In Jane Austen's novel Mansfield Park, an almost imperceptible smile from potential
suitor Henry Crawford causes the protagonist Fanny Price to blush: her
embarrassment grows when she suspects that he is aware of it. This moment—in
which Fanny not only infers Henry's mental state through his gestures, but also infers
that he is drawing inferences about her mental state—illustrates what literary scholar
George Butte calls "deep intersubjectivity," a technique for representing interactions
between consciousnesses through which Austen's novels derive much of their social
and psychological drama.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a
whole?
A. It states a claim about Austen's skill at representing psychological complexity that
is reinforced by an example presented in the following sentence.
B. It advances an interpretation of an Austen protagonist who is contrasted with
protagonists from other Austen novels cited in the following sentence.
C. It describes a recurring theme in Austen's novels that is the focus of a literary
scholar's analysis summarized in the following sentence.
D. It provides a synopsis of an interaction in an Austen novel that illustrates a literary
concept discussed in the following sentence.
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Question 19
Raymond Antrobus, an accomplished poet and writer of prose, recently released his
debut spoken word poetry album, The First Time I Wore Hearing Aids, in
collaboration with producer Ian Brennan. The album contains both autobiographical
and reflective pieces combining Antrobus's spoken words with Brennan's fragmented
audio elements and pieces of music to convey how people who are deaf may
experience sound, both its presence and absence. Some critics suggest that the album
questions the function of sound in the world, highlighting that the experience of sound
is multifaceted.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It introduces a collaborative spoken word poetry project details the approach taken
to produce the work, and then provides an example of critique the album received
upon release.
B. It mentions a collection of spoken word poems, distinguishes one poem as being an
exemplar on the album, and then offers a summary of the subject matter of the whole
collection.
C. It summarizes the efforts to produce a collection of spoken word poems, presents
biographies of two people who worked on the album, and speculates about the
meaning behind the poetry.
D. It connects two artists to the same spoken word poetry project explains the extent
of their collaboration on each poem, and then provides an overview of the technique
used to produce the work.
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Question 20
Mathematician Claude Shannon is widely regarded as a foundational figure in
information theory. His most important paper, "A Mathematical Theory of
Communication," published in 1948 when he was employed at Bell Labs, utilized a
concept called a "binary digit" (shortened to "bit") to measure the amount of
information in any signal and determine the fastest rate at which information could be
transmitted while still being reliably decipherable. Robert Gallagher, one of Shannon's
colleagues, said that the bit was "[Shannon's] discovery, and from it the whole
communications revolution has sprung."
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It presents a theoretical concept illustrates how the name of the concept has
changed, and shows how the name has entered common usage.
B. It introduces a respected researcher, describes an aspect of his work, and suggests
why the work is historically significant
C. It names the company where an important mathematician worked, details the
mathematician's career at the company, and provides an example of the recognition he
received there.
D. It mentions a paper, offers a summary of the paper's findings, and presents a
researcher's commentary on the paper.
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答案
1-5：B A D A A
6-10：D B A D B
11-15：D B D B A
16-20：A B D A B
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