S22 answers

Q.1

(a) What do you mean by MVC architecture? Explain its role in modern applications with its
advantages. 03

**Model-View-Controller (MVC) Architecture** is a design pattern used in software development to

separate the application into three interconnected components: Model, View, and Controller.

- **Role in Modern Applications**:

- **Model**: Represents the data and business logic of the application.

- **View**: Represents the presentation layer, responsible for rendering the user interface.

- **Controller**: Acts as an intermediary between the Model and View, handling user input,
processing requests, and updating the Model accordingly.

**Advantages**:

- **Separation of Concerns**: MVC separates the application into distinct components, making it
easier to manage and maintain code.

- **Modularity**: Each component (Model, View, Controller) can be developed, tested, and
modified independently, promoting code reusability and scalability.

- **Support for Multiple Interfaces**: MVC allows for the development of multiple views for the
same data, facilitating the creation of web, mobile, and desktop applications.

(b) What is Servlet? Explain the life cycle methods of it. 04

**Servlet** is a Java class used to extend the capabilities of servers that host applications accessible
via HTTP. It handles requests from clients, such as web browsers, and generates responses.

**Lifecycle Methods**:

- **init()**: Called by the container to initialize the servlet. It is called only once during the lifecycle
of a servlet.

@Override

public void init() throws ServletException {

 // Initialization code

- **service()**: Invoked by the container to process requests. It is called for each request and
delegates the request to the appropriate method (GET, POST, etc.).

@Override

protected void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws

ServletException, IOException {

// Request handling code

- **destroy()**: Called by the container to indicate that the servlet is being taken out of service. It
performs cleanup tasks before the servlet is destroyed.

@Override

public void destroy() {

// Cleanup code

(c) Explain the use of PreparedStatement with appropriate example.

**PreparedStatement** is a Java interface used to execute parameterized SQL queries against a

database. It extends the functionality of Statement by allowing precompiled SQL statements with
placeholders for parameters.

**Example**:

```java

import java.sql.*;

// Establish database connection

Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mydatabase",

"username", "password");

// Define SQL query with placeholders

String sql = "INSERT INTO users (username, email) VALUES (?, ?)";

// Create PreparedStatement object

PreparedStatement preparedStatement = connection.prepareStatement(sql);

// Set parameter values

preparedStatement.setString(1, "JohnDoe");

preparedStatement.setString(2, "johndoe@example.com");

// Execute the query

int rowsAffected = preparedStatement.executeUpdate();

// Close resources

preparedStatement.close();

connection.close();

```

In this example, a PreparedStatement is created to insert a new user into the "users" table.
Placeholders (?) are used for parameters, which are set using setter methods. This approach
prevents SQL injection attacks and improves performance by reusing compiled statements.

Q.2

(a) Compare Socket with ServerSocket. 03

**Comparison between Socket and ServerSocket**:

(b) Compare the types of JDBC drivers? 04

**Comparison between Types of JDBC Drivers**:

(c) Explain JSP inbuilt objects with their use in application. 07

**Explanation of JSP Inbuilt Objects with Their Use**:

1. **request**: Represents the client's HTTP request. It provides methods to access request
parameters, headers, cookies, etc.

2. **response**: Represents the server's HTTP response to the client. It provides methods to set
response headers, cookies, and content.
3. **session**: Represents a user session. It allows for session management, such as storing and
retrieving session attributes.

4. **application**: Represents the servlet context. It provides access to application-wide resources

and parameters.

5. **out**: Provides a PrintWriter object for sending output to the client's browser.

6. **config**: Represents the servlet configuration. It provides access to initialization parameters

specified in the deployment descriptor.

7. **page**: Represents the current JSP page. It allows for importing other classes and setting page-
specific directives.

These inbuilt objects are automatically available in JSP pages and can be used to interact with the
servlet environment, handle HTTP requests and responses, manage sessions, and access application-
wide resources.

Or

(c) Write a java program where client sends a string as a message and sever counts the characters
in the received message from client. Server sends this value back to the client. Server should be
able to serve multiple clients simultaneously.

Here's a Java program demonstrating a server-client application where the client sends a string
message to the server, and the server counts the characters in the received message and sends this
count back to the client. The server is designed to handle multiple clients simultaneously using
multithreading:

Server.java:

```java

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

public class Server {

private static final int PORT = 12345;

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(PORT);

System.out.println("Server started. Listening on port " + PORT);

// Create a thread pool for handling multiple clients

ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();

while (true) {

Socket clientSocket = serverSocket.accept();

System.out.println("New client connected: " + clientSocket);

// Start a new thread to handle the client

executor.execute(new ClientHandler(clientSocket));

} catch (IOException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

static class ClientHandler implements Runnable {

private final Socket clientSocket;

 public ClientHandler(Socket clientSocket) {

this.clientSocket = clientSocket;

@Override

public void run() {

try {

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(clientSocket.getInputStream()));

PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(clientSocket.getOutputStream(), true);

// Read message from client

String message = in.readLine();

System.out.println("Received message from client: " + message);

// Count characters in the message

int charCount = message.length();

// Send character count back to client

out.println(charCount);

// Close resources

in.close();

out.close();

clientSocket.close();

} catch (IOException e) {

e.printStackTrace();
 }

```

Client.java:

```java

import java.io.*;

import java.net.*;

public class Client {

private static final String SERVER_ADDRESS = "localhost";

private static final int SERVER_PORT = 12345;

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

Socket socket = new Socket(SERVER_ADDRESS, SERVER_PORT);

BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(), true);

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));

// Get input from user

System.out.print("Enter a message: ");

String message = reader.readLine();

// Send message to server

 out.println(message);

// Receive character count from server

int charCount = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());

System.out.println("Character count received from server: " + charCount);

// Close resources

in.close();

out.close();

reader.close();

socket.close();

} catch (IOException e) {

e.printStackTrace();

```

This program creates a server that listens on port 12345 for incoming client connections. Each client
connection is handled by a separate thread to enable handling multiple clients simultaneously.
When a client sends a message to the server, the server counts the characters in the message and
sends the character count back to the client. The client displays the character count received from
the server.

I'll provide a response combining the strengths of Response A and Response B, addressing
their shortcomings, and incorporating insights from the ratings:
 Q.3 (a) What is a session? List out various session management techniques.
Session

In web applications, a session refers to a series of interactions between a user and a server
over a period of time. It allows the server to maintain information about the user's activity
(like shopping cart contents or login status) across multiple HTTP requests, which are
typically stateless.

Session Management Techniques

There are several ways to manage sessions in servlets:

1. HttpSession:
o The most common technique, provided by the Java Servlet API.
o Creates an HttpSession object on the server for each user session.
o Attributes (key-value pairs) can be stored in this object to hold user-specific data.
o Session data is typically stored on the server-side, often using memory or a database.
o Sessions have a timeout period after which they are invalidated.
2. Cookies:
o Small pieces of data stored on the user's browser.
o Can be used to store session identifiers or other user-related information.
o Have limitations:
 Size constraints (usually 4 KB).
 Security concerns (data is exposed on the client-side).
 Can be disabled by users.
3. URL Rewriting:
o Appends session ID or other information to the URL in each request.
o Less secure as data is visible in the URL.
o Can become cumbersome for long URLs or complex data.
4. Hidden Form Fields:
o Embeds session data as hidden form fields in web pages.
o Similar security concerns as URL rewriting.
o Can clutter forms and make them less user-friendly.

The choice of technique depends on factors like:

 Security requirements
 Data size
 Performance considerations


Q.3 (b) Explain the purpose of RequestDispatcher using the methods forward() and
include().
RequestDispatcher
RequestDispatcher is an interface in the Java Servlet API that facilitates forwarding or including
resources within a servlet container. It helps manage the flow of requests and responses
within your web application.
1. forward():
o Forwards the request to another servlet or JSP page, but the original request object,
attributes, and session are maintained.
o The user's browser remains unaware of the forwarding, as the URL in the address bar stays
the same.
o Use forward() for tasks like:
 Completing a form submission and displaying a confirmation page.
 Executing business logic in a separate servlet and then forwarding to a JSP for presentation.
2. include():
o Includes the content of another servlet or JSP page at a specified location within the current
response.
o The included content is merged into the current response, often used for creating reusable
components like headers, footers, or navigation menus.
o The user's browser might see a slight flicker or change in the URL (depending on
implementation) as the included content is fetched and merged.

Here's a table summarizing the key differences:

Feature forward() include()

Purpose Forward request to another resource Include content from another resource

Request State Preserved Not preserved (new request)

 URL in May change (depending on
No change
Browser implementation)

Business logic separation, confirmation Reusable components (headers,

Typical Use
pages footers)

Q.3 (c) What are cookies? Demonstrate the use of cookies in a servlet.
Cookies

Cookies are small text files containing data (usually key-value pairs) that a web server stores
on a user's browser. They are often used to:

 Maintain session state

 Personalize user experience (e.g., remembering language preferences)
 Track user behavior (e.g., for analytics)

Cookies have limitations:

 Size constraints (usually 4 KB)

 Security concerns (data exposed on client-side)
 Can be disabled by users
Using Cookies in a Servlet

Here's an example servlet demonstrating how to create and access cookies:

Java
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.IOException;

public class CookieServlet extends HttpServlet {

@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {

// Create a cookie (if it doesn't exist yet)

Cookie userNameCookie = new Cookie("userName", "John”);
// Check if the cookie already exists
Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies();
 if (cookies != null) {
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
if (cookie.getName().equals("userName")) {
// Cookie already exists, retrieve its value
String userName = cookie.getValue();
response.getWriter().println("Welcome back, " + userName);
return; // Exit if cookie is found
}
}
}

// Add the cookie to the response

response.addCookie(userNameCookie);
response.getWriter().println("Hello, new user! A cookie has been set to remember your name.");
}
}
Explanation:
1. Create a Cookie:
o Cookie userNameCookie = new Cookie("userName", "John Doe"); creates a cookie named
"userName" with the value "John Doe".
2. Check for Existing Cookie:
o Cookie[] cookies = request.getCookies(); retrieves an array of all cookies sent by the browser.
o The code iterates through the cookies to see if one named "userName" already exists.
3. If Cookie Exists:
o If the cookie is found, its value ("John Doe" in this case) is retrieved and displayed as a
greeting message.
4. If Cookie Doesn't Exist:
o The cookie is added to the response using response.addCookie(userNameCookie).
o A message is displayed indicating a new cookie has been set.

Or

Q.3 (a) Which action tags are used to access the JavaBeans from a JSP page? (3 marks)

In JSP, you primarily use three action tags to access and manipulate JavaBeans from a JSP
page:

1. jsp:useBean:
o Declares or retrieves a JavaBean instance within the JSP page.
o Syntax: <jsp:useBean id="beanName" class="beanClassName" scope="scopeName" />
 id: Unique identifier for the bean within the JSP page (required).
 class: Fully qualified class name of the JavaBean (required).
 scope: Scope in which the bean resides (optional, defaults to "page"). Valid options are
"page", "request", "session", "application".
2. jsp:setProperty:
o Sets a property value on a previously declared or retrieved JavaBean.
o Syntax: <jsp:setProperty name="beanName" property="propertyName" value="value" />
 beanName: ID of the bean you want to modify (matches id in jsp:useBean).
 property: The property name you want to set within the bean.
 value: The value you want to assign to the property (can be an expression).
3. jsp:getProperty:
o Retrieves the value of a property from a previously declared or retrieved JavaBean.
o Syntax: <jsp:getProperty name="beanName" property="propertyName" />
 beanName: ID of the bean you want to access (matches id in jsp:useBean).
 property: The property name whose value you want to get.

Example:
Java
<%@ page import="com.example.MyBean" %>

<jsp:useBean id="myBean" class="com.example.MyBean" scope="request"/>

<jsp:setProperty name="myBean" property="name" value="John Doe" />

<p>Hello, <jsp:getProperty name="myBean" property="name" /></p>

Q.3 (b) What is Expression Language EL in JSP explain with a suitable example program? (4
marks)

The Expression Language (EL) is a powerful feature introduced in JSP 2.0 that simplifies
accessing data from various sources within JSP pages. It provides a concise syntax for:

 Accessing JavaBeans properties using dot notation (e.g., ${bean.property}).

 Employing implicit objects like request, session, application, pageContext, and out.
 Performing arithmetic and logical operations.
 Utilizing conditional expressions (e.g., ${condition ? valueIfTrue : valueIfFalse}).
 Iterating over collections (e.g., <c:forEach var="item" items="${collection}">...</c:forEach>).
 Example Program:
Java
<p>Hello, <jsp:getProperty name="myBean" property="name" /></p>

<p>Your favorite color is: ${param.color}</p>

<c:if test="${sessionScope.isLoggedIn == true}">

<p>Welcome back, logged-in user!</p>
</c:if>

Q.3 (c) What is a session? Demonstrate the use of Session in JSP. (7 marks)

In web applications, a session represents a series of interactions between a user and the
server over a defined period. It allows the server to maintain user-specific information (like
shopping cart contents or login status) across multiple HTTP requests, which are typically
stateless.

Using Session in JSP

1. Retrieving the HttpSession Object:
Java
<% HttpSession session = request.getSession(); %>
2. Storing Data in Session:
o Use session.setAttribute(attributeName, attributeValue) to store data under a specific key in the
session. This data can be accessed from any JSP page within the same session.
Java
<% session.setAttribute("userName", "Alice"); %>
3. Accessing Data from Session:
o Use session.getAttribute(attributeName) to retrieve data previously stored using the key.
Java
Welcome back, <%= session.getAttribute("userName") %>!
4. Removing Data from Session:
o Use session.removeAttribute(attributeName) to remove a specific attribute from the session.
Java
<% session.removeAttribute("userName"); %>
5. Invalidate Session:
o Use session.invalidate() to terminate the entire session, removing all associated attributes.
Example Program:
Java
<%
 HttpSession session = request.getSession();
String userName = (String) session.getAttribute("userName");

if (userName == null) {
userName = "Guest";
session.setAttribute("userName", userName); // Store for first visit
}
%>

Welcome back, <%= userName %>!

<p>Click <a href="logout.jsp">here</a> to log out.</p>

<%
HttpSession session = request.getSession();
session.invalidate(); // Invalidate session on logout
response.sendRedirect("index.jsp"); // Redirect to homepage
%>

I'll provide a comprehensive response to the prompt, combining the best aspects of
previous responses and incorporating insights from the ratings:

Q.4 (a) What is JSF? List and explain its features. (3 marks)
JSF (JavaServer Faces) is a powerful framework for building user interfaces (UIs) for web
applications using Java. It simplifies UI development by:
 Declarative approach: Uses XML files to define the UI components and their properties.
 Component-based: Utilizes reusable UI components with event handling and data binding.
 Managed beans: Provides server-side objects (managed beans) to handle application logic
and data manipulation.
 Lifecycle management: Automatically handles the state of UI components throughout the
request-response cycle.
Key Features of JSF:
 Declarative UI Definition:
o JSF uses facelet (XHTML-like) pages to define the UI layout and component structure.
o This separates UI presentation from business logic, improving maintainability.
 Component-Based Development:
o Provides a rich set of reusable UI components (e.g., buttons, input fields, panels) that
encapsulate presentation and behavior.
o Allows for customization and creation of custom components.
 Event Handling:
o Enables handling user interactions (clicks, selections, etc.) through component events.
o Events are mapped to methods in managed beans for handling user actions.
 Data Binding:
o Simplifies binding data from Java objects (managed beans) to UI components for display and
modification.
o Reduces the need for code in JSP pages.
 Validation:
o Offers built-in validation capabilities for user input, ensuring data integrity.
o Validation messages can be displayed to the user.
 Internationalization (i18n) and Localization (l10n):
o Supports building UIs that can be displayed in different languages and cultural formats.
 Lifecycle Management:
o JSF automatically manages the lifecycle of UI components, including state restoration,
validation, and rendering. This reduces development complexity.

Q.4 (b) What is JSTL? Explain the core tags of the SQL tag library. (4 marks)
JSTL (Java Server Pages Standard Tag Library) is a collection of custom tags that extend the
capabilities of JSP pages. It provides a standardized way to perform common tasks like
iteration, conditional logic, formatting, and database access.
Core Tags of the JSTL SQL Tag Library:
 <sql:setDataSource>: Initializes a DataSource object for connecting to a database.
 <sql:query var="resultSetName">: Executes an SQL query and stores the result set in a
named variable (resultSetName).
 <sql:update>: Executes an update statement (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) against the
database.
 <sql:param>: Binds a parameter value to a named placeholder in the SQL query. Use this to
prevent SQL injection vulnerabilities.
 <c:forEach var="item" items="${resultSetName}">: Iterates over the result set stored in
resultSetName and exposes individual rows as objects named item in each iteration.
 <c:out value="${item.columnName}">: Retrieves and displays the value of a specific
column (columnName) from the current row object (item) within the loop.
Example:
Java
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/core" prefix="c" %>
<%@ taglib uri="http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/sql" prefix="sql" %>

<sql:setDataSource var="dataSource" driver="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"

url="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/your_database"
user="your_username" password="your_password" />

<sql:query var="employees" dataSource="${dataSource}">

SELECT * FROM employees
</sql:query>

<ul>
<c:forEach var="employee" items="${employees}">
<li>Name: ${employee.name}</li>
<li>Department: ${employee.department}</li>
</c:forEach>
</ul>

Q.4 (c) Discuss various stages of JSP Life Cycle. (7 marks)

JSP Life Cycle

The JSP life cycle manages the creation, translation, execution, and destruction of a JSP page
throughout a server request-response cycle. It ensures the proper setup and execution of
various components within the page.

The major stages are:

1. **Translation** (happens once when the JSP page is modified):

- The JSP page is translated into a servlet class by the JSP container.
- The container parses the JSP page, identifies and processes custom JSP tags, and generates the
corresponding Java code.
- This generated servlet class encapsulates the logic for rendering the JSP page.

2. **Class Loading** (happens on the first request to the JSP page):

- The generated servlet class is loaded into the JVM (Java Virtual Machine) by the class loader.
- This class represents the executable version of the JSP page.

3. **Instantiation** (happens on the first request to the JSP page):

- An instance of the generated servlet class is created.
- This instance holds the state and behavior specific to the JSP page request.

4. **jspInit()** (happens on the first request to the JSP page):

- The `jspInit()` method of the generated servlet is invoked.
- This method is typically used for initialization tasks like establishing database connections or loading
resources.
- It's called only once per JSP page instance during the first request.

5. **_jspService()** (happens on every request to the JSP page):

 - The `_jspService()` method of the generated servlet is invoked for each request to the JSP page.
- This method handles the actual processing of the request and response.
- It interacts with the implicit objects (like `request`, `session`, `response`, `out`), retrieves data,
executes business logic (often delegated to JavaBeans), and generates the final HTML output.

6. **jspDestroy()** (happens when the JSP page is unloaded or the web application is stopped):
- The `jspDestroy()` method of the generated servlet is invoked before the instance is destroyed.
- This method allows for cleanup tasks like closing database connections or releasing resources.

**Additional Notes:**

- The JSP container manages the lifecycle stages automatically, reducing development complexity for
basic JSP pages.
- You can override the generated methods (`jspInit()` and `jspDestroy()`) in your custom JSP page class to
perform specific initialization or cleanup actions.

By understanding these stages, you can effectively develop, debug, and maintain JSP pages within your
web applications.

Or
Q.4 (a) What is a custom tag? Explain the life cycle of a tag handler. (3 marks)
Custom Tag in JSP

A custom tag is a reusable component in a JSP page that extends the functionality of
standard JSP tags. It allows you to create your own tags for encapsulating frequently used UI
elements, complex logic, or database interactions.

Life Cycle of a Tag Handler

Custom tags are implemented using tag handlers, which have a specific lifecycle managed
by the JSP container:

1. Tag Class Creation:

o You define a Java class that extends the javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.Tag or
javax.servlet.jsp.tagext.SimpleTag class.
o This class implements the logic for handling the custom tag's behavior.
2. Tag Library Descriptor (TLDD):
o You create a deployment descriptor file (typically named taglib.tld) that defines the custom
tag library.
o The TLDD specifies information like the tag library URI, tag names, attributes, and associated
tag handler classes.
3. Tag Library Registration:
o You register the tag library with the JSP container using deployment descriptors (e.g.,
web.xml) or annotations in the tag handler class.
o This makes the custom tags available for use in JSP pages.
4. Tag Encounter:
o When the JSP container encounters a custom tag in a JSP page, it locates the corresponding
tag handler class based on the tag library information.
5. Tag Start Processing:
o The doStartTag() method of the tag handler class is invoked.
o This method is responsible for initializing the tag's state, potentially handling attributes, and
potentially generating initial output (for non-empty tags).
6. Tag Body Processing
o If the tag has a body (content between the opening and closing tags in JSP), the container
iteratively invokes the doAfterBody() method of the tag handler for each element within the
body.
o This allows the tag handler to process the body content.
7. Tag End Processing:
o When the closing tag is encountered, the doEndTag() method of the tag handler is invoked.
o This method performs any necessary cleanup, final output generation, and returns a value
indicating how the JSP container should proceed (e.g., EVAL_PAGE to continue processing the
JSP page).
o

Q.4 (b) What is a filter? Explain the configuration of a filter using a deployment descriptor.
(4 marks)
Filter in Servlet API

A filter in the Java Servlet API acts as an interceptor in the request-response processing
pipeline of a web application. It allows you to perform common tasks like:

 Request processing: Modify request parameters, headers, or content.

 Response manipulation: Alter the response content, headers, or status code.
 Security: Implement authentication, authorization, or input validation.
 Logging and auditing: Track requests, responses, and user activity.
Filter Configuration with Deployment Descriptor (web.xml)
 To configure a filter in your web application, you include entries in the web.xml deployment
descriptor file:
1. Filter Definition:
o Define a <filter> element within the <web-app> element of web.xml.
o Specify the filter class (filter-class) that implements the filtering logic.
2. Filter Mapping:
o Define a <filter-mapping> element to map the filter to specific URLs or URL patterns.
o You can use url-pattern, <servlet-name>, or a combination of both to define the filter's scope.
o For example, a mapping like:

XML
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>loggingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
o will apply the loggingFilter to all requests in the application.
3. Filter Initialization Parameters (Optional):
o You can optionally define init-param elements within the <filter> element to provide
configuration parameters to the filter class.
o These parameters are retrieved using the getInitParameter() method in the filter class.
Example web.xml (Simplified):
XML
<web-app>
<filter>
<filter-name>loggingFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>com.example.filter.LoggingFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>loggingFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>
</web-app>

Q.4 (c) Discuss JSF Life Cycle Phases (7 marks)

The JSF life cycle manages the processing of a JSF page from request to response, ensuring
that UI components are properly initialized, updated, and rendered. It consists of six main
phases:
1. Restore View (if applicable):
o If a user returns to a previously visited JSF page within the same session, this phase
attempts to restore the view state (component state and application data) from a hidden
form field or server-side storage.
2. Apply Request Values:
o The request parameters and values submitted by the user from the previous page are
processed and mapped to corresponding UI components.
3. Process Validations:
o If validation rules are defined for any UI components, this phase executes those validations
on the submitted data. Validation errors are stored for potential display during rendering.
4. Update Model Values:
o If validations pass, the submitted data is used to update the state of the managed beans
associated with the UI components.
5. Invoke Application:
o This phase is responsible for executing any application logic or business rules defined in
managed beans or other event listeners. The application logic might involve data processing,
database access, or interacting with external systems.
6. Render Response:
o The JSF view is rendered into a final HTML response. UI components are traversed based on
the component tree, and their corresponding output is generated using JavaServer Faces
Expression Language (EL) and Facelets templates. Validation errors (if any) might be
displayed during this phase.

Q.5 (a) What is Hibernate? What are the benefits of using it? (3 marks)
Hibernate is an Object-Relational Mapper (ORM) framework for Java that simplifies the
interaction between Java applications and relational databases. It acts as a bridge, mapping
Java objects (entities) to database tables and vice versa.
Benefits of Using Hibernate:
 Reduced Development Time: Hibernate eliminates the need for writing raw SQL
statements, reducing boilerplate code and development time.
 Improved Maintainability: Using object-oriented concepts improves code readability and
maintainability.
 Database Independence: Hibernate handles the underlying database differences, allowing
you to switch databases without major code changes.
 Increased Developer Productivity: Features like object-level caching and automatic
transaction management streamline development.
 Data Validation: Hibernate can validate data types and constraints defined in your objects,
ensuring data integrity.
 Object-Oriented Data Access: You can work with Java objects instead of raw database
tables, simplifying data manipulation.

Q.5 (b) What is HQL? How does it differ from SQL? List its advantages. (4 marks)
HQL (Hibernate Query Language) is a query language specifically designed for querying data
using Hibernate. It resembles SQL syntax but operates on Java objects (entities) instead of
database tables and columns.
Differences Between HQL and SQL:
 Focus: HQL focuses on object-oriented data manipulation, while SQL focuses on relational
database operations.
 Portability: HQL code is often more portable across different databases compared to SQL
due to Hibernate's abstraction layer.
 Type Safety: HQL provides type safety by associating queries with entity classes, reducing
runtime errors.
 Security: HQL offers some protection against SQL injection vulnerabilities compared to raw
SQL.
Advantages of HQL:
 Readability: HQL syntax can be easier to read and understand for developers familiar with
object-oriented programming.
 Maintainability: HQL can enhance code maintainability as it's tied to your object model.
 Safety: HQL reduces the risk of SQL injection attacks as it doesn't allow direct manipulation
of database-specific syntax.
 Portability: HQL code can be more portable across different databases due to Hibernate's
abstraction layer.

Q.5 (c) Explain the Spring Web MVC framework controllers. (7 marks)
Spring Web MVC Controllers are the core components handling user requests and
responses in a Spring web application. They act as the entry points for processing incoming
HTTP requests, performing business logic, and generating a response model.
Key Characteristics of Spring Web MVC Controllers:
 Annotated with @Controller: This annotation marks a class as a controller, enabling Spring
to manage it.
 Handle User Requests: Methods within controllers are typically annotated with
@RequestMapping or similar annotations to map specific URLs or request methods (GET,
POST, PUT, DELETE) to those methods.
 Process Business Logic: Controllers often interact with services, repositories, or other
components to extract data, perform calculations, or manipulate application state.
 Model Preparation: Controllers typically populate a model object with data (often retrieved
from services) that will be used to render the view.
 View Resolution: Controllers don't directly generate the final HTML response. They delegate
view resolution to the Spring MVC dispatcher, which typically uses technologies like JSP or
Thymeleaf.
 Response Generation: The dispatcher utilizes the chosen view technology and the model
object to generate the final HTML response that is sent back to the user's browser.
Benefits of Using Controllers:
 Separation of Concerns: Controllers separate presentation logic (UI) from business logic,
leading to better-organized and maintainable code.
 Flexibility: Controllers can handle various request methods (GET, POST, etc.) and respond
with different content types (HTML, JSON, XML).
 Testability: Controllers are typically easier to unit test in isolation compared to components
tightly coupled to the view technology.
 Reusability: Controller methods can be reused across different URLs or views if they handle
generic functionality.
Additional Notes:
 Spring MVC controllers can leverage various annotations like @RequestParam, @PathVariable,
@ModelAttribute to handle request parameters, path variables, and model attribute binding.
 Exception handling within controllers allows for graceful error management and user-
friendly error messages.
By understanding Spring Web MVC controllers, you can effectively design web applications
that are modular, maintainable, and testable.

Or

Q.5 (a) What are the different bean scopes in Spring? (3 marks)

Spring provides several bean scopes to control the lifecycle and lifetime of beans in your
application. These scopes determine how many instances of a bean are created and for how
long they exist within the Spring container.

Here are the common bean scopes:

1. Singleton Scope (default):

o Only one instance of the bean is created for the entire Spring application context.
o This is suitable for beans that hold application-wide data or provide shared services (e.g.,
configuration objects, utility classes).
2. Prototype Scope:
o A new instance of the bean is created for each request (HTTP request in web applications).
o This is useful for beans that hold user-specific data or require isolated state (e.g., shopping
carts, command objects).
3. Request Scope:
o Available only in web applications. A new instance is created for each HTTP request and
destroyed at the end of the request.
o Use this for beans that are strictly tied to a single user request (e.g., temporary data
holders).
4. Session Scope:
o Available only in web applications. A new instance is created for each user session and
destroyed when the session expires or terminates.
o This is suitable for beans that need to persist data across multiple requests within the same
user session (e.g., user preferences).
5. Global Session Scope:
o Less commonly used. Similar to Session Scope, but the bean instance is shared across all
web applications within the same web container (e.g., application-wide user counters).
6. Custom Scopes:
o You can also define custom scopes to manage bean lifecycles in specific ways, but this is less
common in typical applications.
Choosing the Right Scope:
 The default scope is Singleton, but choosing the appropriate scope depends on the bean's
purpose and how its state should be managed within your application.

Q.5 (b) What is a Spring Bean? How can you create beans in Spring Boot? (4 marks)
Spring Bean

A Spring bean is any object managed by the Spring Framework. These beans can represent
various components:

 Services that encapsulate business logic

 Repositories for accessing data
 Configuration objects
 Utility classes

By defining beans, you centralize their creation, configuration, and lifecycle management.

Creating Spring Beans in Spring Boot

There are two main ways to create Spring beans in Spring Boot applications:

1. Annotations:
o Spring Boot heavily leverages annotations like @Component, @Service, @Repository,
@Controller, etc., on your Java classes. These annotations automatically register the class as a
bean in the Spring application context.
2. Configuration Classes:
o You can define beans explicitly within Java classes annotated with @Configuration. These
classes can use methods annotated with @Bean to return instances of the bean objects.
Example Using Annotations:
Java
@Service
public class MyService {
public String getMessage() {
return "Hello from Spring Boot!";
}
}
Example Using Configuration Class:
Java
@Configuration
public class AppConfig {

@Bean
public MyService myService() {
return new MyService();
}
}

Spring Boot automatically scans for annotated classes and creates beans accordingly,
simplifying bean definition.

Q.5 (c) What is OR Mapping? Explain the components of hibernate.cfg.xml file.

Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)

ORM is a programming technique that simplifies the interaction between object-oriented

programming languages (like Java) and relational databases. It allows you to work with data
using objects that represent your entities (database tables) and their properties (database
columns).

Hibernate is a popular ORM framework that provides functionalities like:

 Mapping Java classes to database tables
 Performing CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on data using object-oriented
syntax
 Managing relationships between entities
 Handling database transactions and connections
Components of hibernate.cfg.xml:
The hibernate.cfg.xml file is a configuration file used by Hibernate to set up its connection to
the database and define mapping information for your entities. Here's a breakdown of its
components:
1. Database Connection Properties:
o Specifies details about the database connection, including driver class, URL, username, and
password.
2. Dialect:
Defines the specific dialect for the database you're using (e.g.,
org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect). This allows Hibernate to generate appropriate SQL
statements for that database platform.
3. Mapping Resources:
o Specifies how your Java classes are mapped to database tables. This can be done through
annotations on your classes (@Entity, @Table, etc.) or by defining XML mapping files.
4. Session Factory Configuration (Optional):
o Advanced configuration options for creating and managing the Hibernate SessionFactory,
which is responsible for interactions with the database.
5. Caching Configuration (Optional):
o Defines settings for caching entities and queries to improve performance by reducing
database calls.