3D PRINTING 1

CONSTRUCTION 3D PRINTING

By Student’s Name

Course Name
Professor’s Name
University Name
City, State
Date of Submission
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................3

Aim and Purpose........................................................................................................................................3

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT..............................................................................................................3

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING.........................................................................................................................3

3D PRINTING IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.................................................................................3

EXAMPLES OF 3D PRINTING APPLICATION CONSTRUCTION PROJECT..................................4

DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................................5

TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 3D PRINTERS........................................................................................5

Contour Crafting (CC)...........................................................................................................................5

D-Shape..................................................................................................................................................6

Concrete Printing...................................................................................................................................6

BENEFITS OF CONSTRUCTION 3D PRINTING.................................................................................8

Minimize Injury.....................................................................................................................................9

Reducing the Costs of Materials..........................................................................................................10

Quick Construction Process.................................................................................................................10

Cheaper Cost of Construction Overall.................................................................................................10

New Markets ventures.........................................................................................................................10

Improves Building Durability..............................................................................................................11

Organization Brand Improvement.......................................................................................................11

COST EFFECTIVENESS OF 3D PRINTER..........................................................................................12

3D Printer Part Sizes............................................................................................................................12

3D Printer Assembly............................................................................................................................12

Complexity of 3D Printing in Construction.........................................................................................13

3D PRINTER SAFETY...........................................................................................................................13

Construction 3D Printers Hazards and Control...................................................................................14

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Specific Construction 3d Printer Rules................................................................................................16

APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTER IN CONSTRUCTION.....................................................................16

CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................19

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................20
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INTRODUCTION
Aim and Purpose
This report aims to determine t study and describe what is 3D printing in Construction Industry.
How the Printers are progressing in the construction sector and examples of some of the 3D
printing projects done globally. The report also provides the types of printers used for building
construction. The objective is to find out if the printers are beneficial to the construction
industry, also to know if the 3D printing building components and structure are safe, if so are
cheap or costly. The report's research aims to gain more knowledge and understand about 3D
printers and construction itself. In this report, the author will also discuss 3D safety and its
applications globally.

BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT.

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING

3D printing is sometimes known as additive manufacturing is referred to as computer-aided ways

of layering pars, sections, or material to provide a three-dimensional shaped product. It is
generally vital in prototyping and also for the development of complex components that are
geometrically (Campbell, Williams, Ivanova, and Garrett, 2011). The 3D printing method was
created in the early 1980s but during this period it was complicated, difficult, and considered
expensive operation hence had extremely few applications. It took almost two decades to
become relatively simple and also affordable for the application, thus in early 2000, it becomes
viable for a wide range of use consisting of metalworking, dental and medical applications,
product design, plastics, manufacture of tools, footwear, components, aerospace engineering, and
consumer electronics.

The sales of 3D printers have risen significantly since 2006, as the primary home usage of 3D
printers has become practical more and more as technological advances continue. 3 D printing
systems created purposely for the construction industry are known as construction 3D printers.
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Figure 1; Global 3D printing Construction Market.

3D PRINTING IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

A 3D digital model or a component is developed either by using a 3D scanner or a computer-

aided design. (CAD). The 3D printer will read the design and lay down layers in the successive
compartment of the printing medium, this could be in sheet, liquid, or powder form and material,
which are fused or joined together to form the item intended. This process could be slow but
ultimately it creates almost any shape commanded to develop. The author finds out that
depending on any method or technique adopted, the 3D printer can create multiple items
simultaneously, can utilize several materials, and can also use a wide range of colors.
Furthermore, according to Tay, et al. (2017), it can increase accuracy through a process of high
resolution subtractive that is meant to remove materials from items deemed to be oversized.
Other techniques applied include the use of material that is dissolvable and support overhanging
features during the process of fabrication. For materials such as metal can generally expensive to
print, therefore, it can be more cost-effective if a mold is printed then use to create the metal
items required.
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Figure 2. 3D printing process.

In the construction industry, 3D printing can be utilized to develop construction parts and
components or to print the whole building. Construction is best suited for 3D printing since most
of the information and data necessary to develop the item will be available as a result of the
design process and again the industry has advanced in computer-aided manufacturing. The recent
technological breakthrough of using Building Information Modeling is significant as may
facilitate greater utilization of 3D printing. Construction 3D printing may facilitate faster,
complex, and more accurate constructions (Tay, et al. 2017). Moreover, it will help to lower the
cost of labor and result in a project producing less waste. It can play an important role in
enabling construction to be undertaken in place with the extreme environmental condition that
may not be suitable for human labor for instance construction in space.

EXAMPLES OF 3D PRINTING APPLICATION CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

 Project Milestone in the Netherlands building the world first habitable concrete 3D
printed Homes.
 Apis Cor Building printing company in Russia building a single-story house within 24
hours.
 The world's first 3D-printed office was unveiled in Dubai.
 MX3D’s 3D-printed pedestrian bridge in the Netherlands.
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DISCUSSION
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 3D PRINTERS
Contour Crafting (CC)
The contour crafting (CC) printing technique was created to bring about the changes in
construction from the traditional methods to the layer by layer method as suggested by
Fernandes, and Feitosa, (2015). Contour crafting is referred to as a layer construction
technological advancement created by Dr. Behrokh Khoshnevis to introduce automation in
building construction of the structure of a house, this includes, installation, drywall, electrical
and plumbing fittings. Contour crafting will in the long run lower the cost of building
construction, increase the speed of construction, provide more flexibility to construction
participants such as architecture, and also creates a friendly and safe construction environment.

The cost of building construction can be dully estimated base on factors such as energy and time
spent by each tool, instruments, and the quantity of construction material used to build the
structure (Fernandes, and Feitosa, 2015). The total amount of time the construction process took
can be assessed once the structural component or model is converted into a Stereolithographic
STL document or files, where the tool path is mapped and identified.

Figure 3: Contour Crafting 3D Printer in Construction Operation.

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A tool path mapping of Contour crafting for any type of structure is ought to indicate position,
speed, direction, the rate of feeding of the nozzle for the entire construction period. The data
obtained are turned into series of tasks the machine relays to contour the crafting machine.
Hence, the path that is considered cost-effective is identified.

D-Shape
The D-shape construction printing is based on the procedure known as binder jetting which
constitutes the powder deposition that is hardened in the process by the binder (Leach, 2014).
Each particular layer of construction materials is placed to the thickness required and then
compacted, later the nozzle that is fitted to the frame is used to deposit the binder places where
the part is destined to solid. Once the formed part is completed, it is thoroughly cleaned to wipe
out any loose powder on the bed.

Figure 4; D-shaped 3D printed building.

Concrete Printing
In large-scale construction, concrete printing which is a cement-based 3D printer aims at
disposing of the needs for traditional methods of molding by placing precisely, solidification, the
specified volume of construction material in successive layers by computer-aided positioning
process. This 3D printing method consists of three main stages; i.e. Preparation of Data,
concrete, and printing component.
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Figure 5. Concrete 3D Printing

To generate information and critical path of construction, different methods are applied for
developing robotic building path. A conventional way is slicing the 3D-shaped structures into a
flat thin layer which provides a constant thickness that can be easily stacked upon each other. In
this approach, each layer has a contour line and pattern of filling which can replicate the
honeycomb structure of curves for space-filling. Another approach that can be utilized is
tangential continuity, 3 dimensional building path is developed with wall thickness that varies.
This approach ensures the creation of surfaces that are constantly in contact between two layers,
hence the common geometrical gap that is usually created between the two-layer which is a
limiting factor to 3D printing can be avoided at ease.

The stage of material preparation includes placing and mixing concrete into the printer's
container. After the fresh concrete has been placed into the designated container, it can be
delivered through a nozzle system- (pump pipe). The nozzle prints out the concrete filaments
which are self-compacting and build in a layer–by–layer structural constituents. In this 3D
printing process, stability and pumpability of the extrusion are deemed vital for mortar
application. The properties of mortar will differ depending on the device used for deposition, the
system of delivery, and the concrete mix design. These four main characteristics of wet concrete
3D printing specification include;
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 Printability: the reliability of material deposition using deposition device

 Buildability: the resistance of wet deposited material to bend or deform under the
subjection of load.
 Pumpability: the reliability of construction material to be conveyed through a delivery
system.
 Open time: the time the material used properties are consistent with the tolerance
acceptability.

To successfully execute the concrete printing, a control system is needed. The system can be
categorized into two; i.e. Robotic arm system and the gantry system.

The gantry system is designed to drives a manipulator fixed at the nozzle to precisely locate the
print material in XYZ Cartesian coordinates. On the other hand, the robotic arm provides an
extra degree of maneuverings of the nozzle hence allowing more accurately 3D printing art for
instance printing using a tangential continuity approach. The coordination between the material
flow from the printer and the travel speed of the nozzle is crucial to the overall outcome of the
filaments printed. In some scenarios, multiple robotic arm 3D printing designs can be
programmed to run simultaneously thus resulting in a reduced time in building construction.
Additionally, automated procedures for post-processing may be implemented in some cases
where structural support has to be removed.

BENEFITS OF CONSTRUCTION 3D PRINTING.

In the construction industry, the era of 3D printing is gaining momentum hence they have great
attention from both of private and public sectors. According to Transparency Market research,
the Market share of 3D printing in construction will grow from $25 million in 2020 to $ 350
million by 2030 (Park, and Park, 2013).
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Figure 6; 3D Printing Construction Market

For instance, the Singapore government through their initiative of the Singapore Center for 3D
Printing, they are investigating building house projects using 3D printers while the United Arab
Emirates is determining to double their 3D housing units in the campaign to become the number
one player in Construction 3D printing globally. Considering the increased competitive nature of
3D printing, the contractors are offering innovative manners to set themselves apart and unique
from their competitors.

Some of the benefits to be gained by implementing Construction 3D printers include;

Minimize Injury
One of the most crucial benefits that 3D printers create for the construction workforce in the
building construction industry, certainly, is the reduction of injury cases within the sector.
According to (El-Sayegh, Romdhane, and Manjikian, 2020), Normally, building with concrete is
tedious and difficult, furthermore, it poses a hazard to workers, hence minimization of injuries is
a welcomed advancement within the industry. This not only makes workers have neater time
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executing their tasks but also helps the employers to have a minimum compensation plan to go
through thanks to 3D printing.

Reducing the Costs of Materials

Another milestone that can be considered is the reduction of wastage of the Fabric. The
construction 3D printer uses the exact amount of materials such as concrete required for walling,
flooring, or any material the organization may want to develop (El-Sayegh, Romdhane, and
Manjikian, 2020). Therefore, the Construction team does not have to order in bulk since they
already know the precise proportion of Materials they need.

Quick Construction Process

This is the part where solid 3D printers show their prowess and outstanding performance and set
themselves apart from the traditional development technique. Where a project normally takes
weeks or months to its completion, 3D printers usually complete a project in just a matter of a
couple of hours or days. Perhaps z there has been the case where a whole house was constructed
in 24 hours. This aspect helps the contractors to maneuver onto different project sooner and
acquire more orders, hence this mean extra income for the construction firm.

Cheaper Cost of Construction Overall

Using a Construction 3D printer in building construction cost less in the long run when
compared to conventional construction methods and processes. The organization dealing with 3D
printer techniques experience decrease construction time and less cost of Materials are among
the sensational increment that the company is enjoying. Although, implementing this technique
will undoubtedly lead to laying off workers, however, others will remain since the installation of
these 3D printers will require people to put all the pieces together (El-Sayegh, Romdhane, and
Manjikian, 2020). By continuously learning and understanding technological advancement,
workers have the chance to safeguard their job security. They are likely to get a rise in income as
the corporate scale-up.

New Markets ventures

The introduction of the 3D printer has added the business sector in the construction industry
which was not available previously. Therefore, sprouting new companies in the industry since
3D printing brought new opportunities to venture into. Entering into the 3D printing business
likely to set some of the organizations apart from the companies that have been around for
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decades and immune to changes in the industry. Similarly, dominant and established companies
may need to embrace and implement the use of 3D printing to remain relevant and competitive in
the Newmarket. Construction 3D printers have usually used a method of entering a market that
needs replacement and also for an established organization to have their competitive edge.

Improves Building Durability

Construction 3D printing is considered to contribute to structural elements' sturdiness, although
testing concrete during the initial stages of building construction is necessary (El-Sayegh,
Romdhane, and Manjikian, 2020). This is usually affected by how the material is created and
assembled. Perhaps a more durable building construction will mean very few repairs has to be
mended, hence construction organization can comfortably shift their attention somewhere else to
ensure that the organization maximizes on the profits. Certainly, the clients, prefer building that
will be valuable for their investment by lasting longer.

Organization Brand Improvement

The most fundamental aspect of construction 3D printer impact and influential to the
construction is increasing organization brand awareness. The construction industry and
organization are typically considered to be wasteful as well as unsustainable in nature. Therefore,
reducing waste through 3D printing is considered the best method for an organization to enhance
their recent perception to other industries and parties that are concern about the environment that
concrete construction has an impact on the planet earth. There the use of 3D printers in
construction will significantly help the contractors in their company branding.
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COST EFFECTIVENESS OF 3D PRINTER

Figure 7; 3D Printer Components

In the construction industry, cost-effectiveness in building construction is considered essentials

for the overall projects. Any construction organization seeks profits, development and meets the
client's need at the end of the building project (Berman, B., 2012). Therefore, construction 3D
printers have been able to ensure the scope of building construction is cost-effective.

There are three key and important factor that can be taken into consideration when determining
cost-effectiveness to 3D printing, which includes;

3D Printer Part Sizes.

The size of 3D printers has a direct implication on the cost of the project construction. The
author noted that according to Sam 2019, the studies conducted over the range of the past years
indicate that as sizes of the 3D printers increase the cost of construction increases exponentially.

The prices of standard size 3D printers such as Contour crafting are places in a competitive
range. However, as the size of the 3D printer increased in size and complexity the cost
skyrockets.

3D Printer Assembly
The question to every contractor is whether the cost of assembling the 3D Printer is less than the
cost of printing a consolidated part. The author believes that the is a chance of disconnection
from reality when it comes to sections and parts consolidations. For instance, the customer
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wants a five-part compartment in construction to be printed as a single block. What the client
may overlook the cost of an individual part of blocks and assemble may still be very low. The
author went ahead to relate that the total cost of construction 3D printed part needs to be less
than the total amount it cost to assemble. Statistics show that consolidated assembling is deemed
more expensive to print versus assemble. Therefore, for cost-effectiveness, a 3D construction
printing firm should focus on ensuring that the cost of printing the building compartment is less
than the cost it uses for the Printer assembling.

The complexity of 3D Printing in Construction.

Do the parts of the 3D printing have complex feature like the nozzle for printing concrete in the
construction process? Understanding the complexity of the 3D printer is important in
determining the cost-effectiveness of the whole construction building project. Different
construction firms or companies prefer a different type of 3D printer, this will depend on the
amount of work and schedule the company will be handling. The more the project the more
complex the 3D printer may be required. Additionally, according to (Ghaffar, and Mullett, 2018,)
high value and quality of the tools used are the best fit because it produces high-quality finish,
reducing the cost maybe needed for post-processing and polishing finishes.

For example, multiple robot arms for concrete 3D printing form a complex tool in the
construction process. The author highlights that the multiple robot arms under computer-aided
and programmed will be able to handle multiple works, hence reducing the time to project
completion. Therefore, reducing the cost of the entire project overall thus cost-effective.

3D PRINTER SAFETY
The 3d printer is becoming popular since it can be used for rapid prototyping and also in small-
scale manufacturing processes. Therefore, the aspect of 3D printer safety is crucial and should be
highly considered (Randolph, S.A., 2018).
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Figure 8; Importance of safety.

Construction 3D Printers Hazards and Control

Installations, use needed, and general equipment.

 3D printer should be enclosed with a guard that interlocks all the parts
 An individual should be appointed and given the responsibility to ensure that the 3D
printers are maintained properly, control access, ensures that all the users are properly
trained to handle the equipment, and enforces the restriction.
 3D printers should be installed with a proper ventilation system and ought to be pre-
approved by EHS. The ventilation system may be based on the manufacturer's
specifications.
 Stipulated rules and procedures should be indicated at 3D printer and also the inclusion of
material to be used that are approved.

Biological Hazards- Some of the biological 3D printers may potentially expose aerosols created
in the process. Hence, the proper method of disinfection of the 3D printer between the print
interval is a major concerning issue.

Emission of Nanoparticles- Nanoparticle also referred to as ultrafine particles are one of the
main byproducts releases during the 3D printing process. Nanoparticles are a worrying factor
since they are extremely small particles that are considered to form large surface areas, hence can
easily interact with body systems such as the brain, skin, nerves, and lungs. This can be
prevented by putting on an air filtering mask while operating the 3D printers.

Chemical Vapor and Resin- The heating of a particular thermoplastic filament in the process of
printing creates a vapor which can be toxic and vapors with extremely volatile organic
compounds There are various printing materials available to be utilized by 3D printers, where
each of these components poses its hazards. The most commonly used materials for construction
3D printing include concrete, other finishes materials comprised of polylactic acid(PLA), and
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) (Randolph, S.A., 2018). For metal printing and
fabrications, metallic powders are commonly used. Therefore, it is important to review the
material safety Data Sheet to be conversant with the safety measures of the materials before
using it in a 3D printer.
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Figure 9; 3D printing with Chemical and Resin Safety.

Hot Surfaces- The 3D printer's head nozzle, as well as UV lamps, usually generate a lot of heat
in the process. Therefore, such surfaces must be protected and well labeled to warn users of the
imminent threat that they posed. This prevents the user from being careless or touching the
surface without protective gear.

Mechanical Hazards- Construction 3D printers constitutes of moving part in printing concrete,

placing insulation material, arranging tiles on the floor among other many activities. Therefore,
every moving part should be guarded well to prevent potential accidental contact These guarded
sections should not be bypassed, as it poses an inherent risk of causing harm to the user.

Ultraviolet Light (UV)- UV light contains a radiation hazard that can have effects on an
individual exposed as it can cause damage to skin and vision. It was advisable to avoid looking
directly at the lamp with naked eyes and ensure that the UV screen is intact before using it.
Continuous exposure of UV lights to 3D printer users could ultimately result in skin cancer and
other harm.

Electrical Hazard – Most 3D construction printers use electricity for their operations, hence
contact with these energized parts can cause electrocution that results in injuries or even death.
Before going ahead and use the 3D printer, it is important to inspect if there Is any damaged
wiring and ensure the printer is safeguarded. It is advisable not to use the printer if any fault or
damage is found. The author noted that it is vital for the user to make sure that the printer is
properly grounded firmly and connected to an outlet.
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Corrosive Bath- Some of the 3D printers used for construction printing require the use of a
corrosive bath to remove the extra amounting materials surrounding the 3D printer tool. The use
and utilization of corrosive bath ought to be reviewed accordingly and approved by EHS to
ensure proper ways of ventilation, procedures, methods, personal protective equipment,
emergency precautions, and training are provided.

Specific Construction 3d Printer Rules

 Trained and authorized personnel are the only those allowed to use the 3D printer.
 The 3D printer users should try as much as possible to avoid congregating around the 3D
printer while in operation to minimize the number of nanoparticles that could be created
by the printer and exposed to the user.
 Prohibition of any activities such as drinking, easting, handling of contact lenses,
chewing gums, and applying cosmetics. Moreover, after handling the printer the expert
user should thoroughly wash their hand.
 Cleaning of the working surface of construction 3D printer should be by wet method
since using dry method nay create airborne nanoparticles which could inhale by the user
hence posing hazard.
 Always review the product Safety Data Sheet (SDSs) for any construction material to be
used by the 3D printer.
 The user should never bypass the safeguards put in place.
 The user should not use the Printer if it has any fault or damage after inspection.
 Any faulty 3D printer should be reported for repair purposes and also accident or near
misses to the authorized personnel
 Only use the material approved.

APPLICATION OF 3D PRINTER IN CONSTRUCTION

These are an example of 3D printing applications;

Dubai municipality office building, UAE

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Figure 10; Dubai municipality office building, UAE

3D printing company Apis Cor announce to have completed the world largest individual 3D
printed building in December 2019 (Jung, and Awad, 2021). The office block, constructed in the
UAE is 9.5 meters in height covering a floor area of 640m2. Apis Cor's Construction printer was
guided and moved around the open-air construction site using cranes as it continues to build
different components and parts of the structure.

Office of the Future, UAE

Figure 11; Office of future, UAE

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The office of the future is another remarkable 3D-printed building situated in the UAE. The
building structure is unique and current the home of emirates Future Foundation (Katanbafnasab,
2010). This building structure was conducted offsite with all the building components and parts
built in 17 days and installation of the whole building taking just 48hrs.

3D printed houses by WinSun, China

Figure 12; 3D printed residential apartment by WinSun, China

Chinese Construction 3D printing firm was known as WinSun also uses the factory-based 3D
printer to construct a residential block. The company develops a variety of home designs made
up of small apartment blocks. The designer's user can cheaply and quickly print the part require
before installation on the site. The firm is recognized for setting up a five-story apartment block
costing a little amount of $16100 to print.

Steel node fabrication in Arup by the team of engineers

In 2014, At Arup, several engineers used 3D printing in fabricating a steel node purposely for a
lightweight structure. Salome Galliard who was the team leader was quick to mention that 3D
printing has a tremendous implication on reducing the overall cost, reducing the waste produced,
and ensure to provide quality and sophisticated design.
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Contour Crafting at the University of California.

At the University of California, professor Betroth Khoshnevis created a process that pertains to
contour crafting using concrete to develop small-scale components of internal and external walls
of a house. The author's studies further indicate that; the professor is in a process of testing a
giant transportable 3D printer that might be used to construct the wall of a house in less than
24hours. The robotic system needs a ground slab that is flat that has underground services in
place. There are rails installed on both sides of the footprint to support the gantry crane that is
spanning the whole length of the building. A nozzle is including is commanded and driven by a
computer-controlled crafter, it then transports layers of construction material such as concrete.
The layer constructs up to create an inner and outer oar of each wall leaving space to be filled
later either using concrete or insulation.

CONCLUSION
Conclusively, 3printing which is also referred to as additive manufacturing is a computer-aided
way of layering parts or material to develop the dimensional shaped item. In construction, it uses
material such as concrete to print a building. Construction 3D printing is associated with faster,
complex, and accurate construction. Additionally, it implies reducing waste on a project. The 3D
printing technological advancement has resulted in some exceptional construction projects such
as the Dubai Municipality office building UAE. Some of the types of 3D printers used in the
construction scope include Contour Crafting and, concrete printing.

Perhaps, construction 3D printing has significant benefits which include, reducing injuries,
Minimizing the cost of construction materials, enables faster construction, and improves the
building's durability. For construction feasibility, cost-effectiveness is the key. It imports to
consider factors such as 3D printer part sizes, cost of assembling of the Equipment, and
complexity of the printer. Having a cost-effective 3D printer will result in an overall reduced cost
of the project. The report has elaborated on 3D printer safety. Certainly, operational safety is
Paramount. The safety aspect in any construction project is very important since it safeguards the
users.
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Berman, B., 2012. 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution. Business Horizons, 55(2),
pp.155-162.

Buswell, R.A., De Silva, W.L., Jones, S.Z. and Dirrenberger, J., 2018. 3D printing using
concrete extrusion: A roadmap for research. Cement and Concrete Research, 112, pp.37-
49.

Campbell, T., Williams, C., Ivanova, O., and Garrett, B., 2011. Could 3D printing change the
world? Technologies, Potential, and Implications of Additive Manufacturing, Atlantic
Council, Washington, DC, 3.

El-Sayegh, S., Romdhane, L. and Manjikian, S., 2020. A critical review of 3D printing in
construction: benefits, challenges, and risks. Archives of Civil and Mechanical
Engineering, 20(2), pp.1-25.

Fernandes, G. and Feitosa, L., 2015. Impact of contour crafting on civil

engineering. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 4(8),
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Ghaffar, S. and Mullett, P., 2018, October. Commentary: 3D printing set to transform the
construction industry. In Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build (Vol. 171, pp. 737-738).

Jung, C. and Awad, J., 2021. The Improvement of Indoor Air Quality in Residential Buildings in
Dubai, UAE. Buildings, 11(6), p.250.

Katanbafnasab, M., 2010. Alternative Facades: Assessment of Building Integrated Photovoltaic

and Electrochromic Glazing—Energy Benefits and Future Potentials in Office Building
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Leach, N., 2014. 3D printing in space. Architectural Design, 84(6), pp.108-113.

Park, S. and Park, J., 2013. Industrial Trends of 3D Printing Technology. International Journal
of Advanced Culture Technology, 1(1), pp.19-22.
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Randolph, S.A., 2018. 3D printing: what are the hazards?. Workplace health & safety, 66(3),
pp.164-164.

Tay, Y.W.D., Panda, B., Paul, S.C., Noor Mohamed, N.A., Tan, M.J. and Leong, K.F., 2017. 3D
printing trends in building and construction industry: a review. Virtual and Physical
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