THE FIVE KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Characteristics

Monera: All single-celled prokaryotes (no membrane bound nucleus) with no internal membranes. Lack nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast. Are anaerobes, and aerobes. Contain one circular chromosome. Examples: bacteria, blue-green algae Viruses are placed here for want of better place. Archaea are included in this kingdom if they are not included as a separate kingdom. Protista: Includes the widest variety of organisms, but all are eukaryotes (have a membrane bound nucleus). Includes organisms that do not fit into the fungi or plant kingdoms, such as seaweed and slime molds. Consist of single and primitive multicelled organisms. Includes heterotrophs and autotrophs. Amoebas and paramecium are heterotrophs. Euglena are primarily autotrophic with red eyespot and chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis. Protozoans like amoeba and paramecium are classified how they move. Mobility by varied methods: amoebapseudopods; paramecium- cilia; euglena- flagella. (most unicellular, some multicellular) Fungi: All are heterotrophs and eukaryotes. Secretes hydrolytic enzymes outside where extracellular digestion occurs, then the building blocks of the nutrients are absorbed into the body of the fungus by diffusion. Are important in the ecosystem as decomposers. Cell walls are composed of chitin, not cellulose. Examples: yeast mold, mushrooms, the fungus that causes athletes foot. Some unicellular, most are multicellular) Plants: All are autotrophic (make own food by photosynthesis) eukaryotes (cells have a nucleus). Some plants have vascular tissue (Tracheophyes), some do not have any vasucular tissue (Bryophytes). Examples: mosses are Bryophytes, ferns, cone bearing, and flowering plants are Tracheophytes. Vascular tissue is conducting tissue- Xylem conducts water up the tree, phloem conducts or translocates food from the source to the sink. All are multicellular. Animals: All are heterotrophic (cannot make own food and must obtain organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products), multicellular eukaryotes. Are grouped in 35 phyla; the 9 main ones are: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematodes, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata. Most animals reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid stage. In most species, a small, flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg. The animal kingdom

is monophylectic, meaning all animal lineages can be traced back to one common ancestor. Traditionally classified based on primarily on anatomical features (homologous structures) and embryonic development. They are multicellular.

Nine Common Animal Phyla

Porifera The Sponges No symmetry Have no nerves or muscles; are sessile, they do not move Filter nutrients from water drawn into a central cavity called a spongocoel Consist of two layers only: Ecotoderm and Endoderm connected by non cellular mesoglea. Have no true tissues or organs but have different types of cells: Choanocytes, collar cells, line in the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water. Spicules for support- sponges are classified by the material that makes up the spicules. Ameobocytes are cells that move on their own and perform numerous functions: reproduction, carrying food in particles to nonfeeding cells, and secretion of material that forms spicules. Evolved from colonial organisms; if a sponge is squeezed through fine cheesecloth, it will separate into individual cells that will spontaneously reaggregate into a sponge. Reproduce asexually by fragementation as well as sexually; are hermaphrodites. Cnidarians- Hydra and Jellyfish Radial symmetry Body plan is the polyp (vase shaped) or the medusa (upside down bowl shaped) Life cycle- some go through a planula larva ( free swimming) stage tgen go through two reproductive stages; asexually reproducing (polyp) and sexually reproducing (medusa) Two layer cells: ectoderms and endoderm connected by noncellular mesoglea. Have a gastrovascular cavity where extracellular digestion occurs. Also carry out intracellular digestion inside the body cells, carried out in lysosomes. All members have stinging cells; cnidocytes or nematocysts. Platyhelminthes- Flatworms including Tapeworms Simplest animals with bilateral symmetry, an anterior end, and three distinct cell layers. Have true tissues and organs

Digestive cavity has only one opening for both ingestion and egestion so food cannot be processed continuously. Flatworms are acoelomate, they have no coelom; they have a solid body with no room for true digestive of respiratory systems to circulate food molecules or oxygen; have solved this problem in two ways: The body is very flat, which keeps the body cells in direct contact with oxygen in the environment. The digestive cavity is branched so that food can be spread to all regions of the body.

Nematoda- Roundworms Unsegmented worms with bilateral symmetry but little sensory apparatus Protosome coelomates Pseudocoelom transports nutrients, but there is inadequate room for circulatory system Many are parasitic, Trichinella causes trichinosis acquired from uncooked pork. The cysts in undercooked meat release larvae which burrow in the intestinal wall and develop into adults. Hookworm larvae in the soil burrow through a persons feet. The larvae migrate through the body and mature in the intestines. Pinworms (most common roundworm parasite of humans in the United States) live in the lower intestine, at night the females migrate out of the intestine to lay eggs on the skin around the anus. When the infected person scratches during sleep, the eggs get picked up by the persons hands and spread to anything the person touches. It does not cause serious disease. After being transmitted by the hands to other objects, the eggs may be ingested. Then they hatch in the intestine, where the worms mature. One species, Caenorhabditis elegans, is widely used as a model in studying the link between genes and development. Annelida- Segmented Worms: Earthworms, Leeches Protosome coelomated with bilateral symmetry but little sensory apparatus. Digestive tract is a tube within a tube consisting of crop, gizzard, and intestine Nephridia for excretion of nitrogenous waste, urea Closed circulatory system (a system in which blood is contained within vessels as in the human circulatory system) heart consists of five pairs of aortic arches Blood contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen They respire by the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through moist skin

Are hermaphroditic (have both male and female sex structures), but the animal does not self fertilize. Circular and longitudinal muscles line the interior of the body wall. Contraction of the circular muscles increases the pressure of the coelomic fluid in those segments. This increased pressure elongates the animal and pushes the anterior end forward. Setae in the anterior segments then grip the ground as the longitudinal muscles contract, pulling the posterior segments forward. This method of locomotion in earthworms is an example of the king of movement make possible by segmentation.

Mollusca- Squids, Octupuses, Slugs, Clams, and Snails Protosome coelomates Have a soft body often protected by a hard calcium-containing shell Have bilateral symmetry with three distinct body zones: Head-foot, which contains both sensory and motor organs. Visceral mass, which contains the organs of digestion, egestion, and reproduction. Mantle, a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell. Radula, a movable, tooth bearing structure, acts like a tongue. Open circulatory system (a system in which the circulatory fluid is not contained entirely within vessels) with blood filled spaces called hemocoels; most have gills and nephridia. Arthropoda- Insects (grasshoppers), Crustaceans (shrimp, crabs), and Arachnids (spiders) Protosome coelomates Jointed appendages Segemented: head, thorax, abdomen Having more sensory apparatus than the annelids gives them more and freedom of movement. Chitinous exoskeleton protects the animals and aids in movement. Open circulatory with a tubular heart and hemocoels. Malpighian tubles for removal of nitrogenous wastes, uric acid. Air ducts called trachea bring air from the environment into hemcoels. Some have book lungs of book gills. Echinodermata- Sea Stars (starfish) and Sea Urchins Deuterostome colelomates Most are sessile or slow moving Bilateral symmetry as an embryo but reverts to the primitive radial symmetry as an adult; radial anatomy is an adaptation to the sedentary lifestyle.

Water vascular system, which is a modified coelem, creates hydrostatic support for tube feet, the locomotive structures. Reproduces by sexual reproduction where fertilization is external Also reproduces by fragmentation and regeneration; any piece of a sea star that contains part of the central canal will form an entirely new organism. Sea stars have an endoskeleton consisting of calcium plates.

Chordata- Fishes (Probably evolved in fresh water environment) Amphibians (must go back to water to reproduce), Reptiles (have amniote egg), Birds, and Mammals. Deuterostome coelomates Have a notochord- a rod that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord. Tails aids in movement and balance- the coccyx bone in human sis a vestige of a tail. Birds and mammals are homeotherms- maintain a consistent body temperature; all others are poikilotherms (cold-blooded), although some reptiles are endotherms ( heat from within) and can raise their body temparature. Characteristics of Mammals: Mothers nourish their babies with milk Have hair or fur, both made of keratin (keratin is a protein found in nails , feathers, reptile scales and mammal hair) Are homeotherms (maintain constant body temperature) Placental mammals (eutherians) are born and the embryo develops internally in a uterus connected to the mother by a placenta, where nutrients diffuse from mother to embryo Monotremes, egg-laying mammals, like the duck billed platypus and the spiny anteater, derive nutrients from a shelled egg. The ancestors of mammals first appeared on Earth more than 300 million years ago. At that time, a major evolutionary split occurred in the terrestrial vertebrates producing two groups of animals. The first group gave rise to dinosaurs, birds and all living reptiles. The second group is known as synapsids. Synapsids called therapsids gave rise to mammals. Mammals are the only surviving synapsids. Synapsids have a skull with one opening behind the eye socket. The greatest radiation of mammals occurred in the Paleozoic era.

TAXON Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

TAXONONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF THREE MAMMALS HUMAN LION DOG Animalia Animalia Animalia Chordata Chordata Chordata Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Primates Carnivora Carnivora Hominidae Felidae Canidae Homo Panthera Canus sapiens leo familiaris

Characteristics of Primates: Primates descended from insectivores, probably from small, tree-dwelling mammals. Primates have dexterous hands and opposable thumbs, which allow them to do fine motor tasks. Claws have been replaced by nails, and hands and fingers contain many nerve endings and are sensitive. The eyes of a primate are front facing and set close together. The overlapping fields of vision, stemming from closely set eyes, enhance depth perception and hand eye coordination. Although mammals devote much energy to parenting young, primates engage in the most intense parenting of any mammal. Primates usually have single births and nurture their young for a long time. The primates include humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, and the old-world and new-world monkeys. General Characteristics of Nine Common Phyla: Phylum: Porifera Sample Animal: Sponge Protostome: X Acoelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: None Number of Germ Cell Layers: 2 Phylum: Cnidaria Sample Animal: hydra Protostome: X Acoelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Radial Number of Germ Cell Layers: 2 Phylum: Platyhelminthes Sample Animal: Planaria Protostome: X Acoelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Bilateral Number of Germ Cell Layers: 3

Phylum: Nematoda Sample Animal: Roundworm, pinworm Protostome: X Pseudocoelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Bilateral Number of Germ Cell Layers: 3 Phylum: Annelida Sample Animal: Earthworm Protostome: X Coelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Bilateral Number of Germ Cell Layers: 3 Phylum: Mollusca Sample Animal: Slug, clam Protostome: X Coelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Bilateral Number of Germ Cell Layers: 3 Phylum: Arthropoda Sample Animal: Insect, spider Protostome: X Coelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Bilateral Number of Germ Cell Layers: 3 Phylum: Enchinodermata Sample Animal: Starfish, sea urchin Deuterostome: X Coelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Bilateral Number of Germ Cell Layers: 3 Phylum: Chordata Sample Animal: Dog, human Deuterostome: X Coelomate: X Symmetry of Embryo: Bilateral Number of Germ Cell Layers: 3

Symmetry- pattern of structure- simplest animals (the sponge) have no symmetry. Radial symmetry-These organisms have a bottom side and a top side, but no front and back end or right or left end. Similar parts branch out in all directions from a central line. (like a pie) Ex. Cnidarians, hydra, jellyfishes, adult starfish. Dorsal- top Ventral-bottom Anterior-head Posterior-tail end. Bilateral symmetry- Have two similar halves on either side of a central plane. They exhibit Cephalization- concentration of sensory and brain structures in the anterior end of the animal or head region. As a cephalized animal swims, burrows, walks, or flies through its environment, the head precedes the rest of the body, sensing danger, prey or a potential mate. Segmentation- The body of these animals is composed of repeating similar units. Some invertebrates such as annelids and all vertebrates are segmented. Segmentation allows for greater flexibility. Fertilization and early development in animals Fertilization starts with the union of the eggs (haploid) and sperm (haploid) to produce the zygote (diploid) Once the zygote forms, replication of DNA begins and the first cell division soon follows. The divisions of the zygote following fertilization are called cleavage. As cleavage progresses, the number of cells increases but the cells do not grow in size. The divisions of cleavage yield smaller and smaller individual cells. Cleavage increases the surface-area-to-volume ratio of each cell, which enhances gas exchange and other environmental interactions. As the number of divisions increases the mass becomes a hollow ball of cells called a blastula. The central cavity of a blastula is called the blastocoel. Then an area of the blastula begins to collapse inward. This infolded region of the blastula is called the blastopore. A fundamental reorganization of the cells of the hollow blastula begins with the formation of the blastopore. This process, called gastrulation , transforms the blastula into a multilayered embryo, called the gastrula. The embryo now has a deep cavity called the archenteron. This cavity will function as the gut. Forming the outer layer of the gastrula is the outer germ layer, the ectoderm (forms the outer layer of the skin, the hair, nails, and the nervous system). The inner germ layer is the endoderm (the archenteron, which is surrounded by the endoderm, forms the throat passage, including gills or lungs, and the gut and its associated organs, such as the pancreas and liver). Phyla that have only these two layers are dipoblastic. Most phyla also develop a third layer, the mesoderm (forms a multitude of body parts, including the skeleton, muscles, inner layer of the skin, the circulatory

system and the lining of the body cavity) that forms between the endoderm and the ectoderm. Phyla that have these three layers are tripoblastic. Organogenesis is the process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from the three embryonic germ layers. Three kinds of morphogenetic changes-folds, splits, and dense clustering (condensation) -are evidence or organ building. Once all the organ systems have been developed, the embryo increases in size. Homeotic, homeobox, or Hox genes are master genes that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. A body cavity completely lined by mesoderm is called a coelom. A coelom has many functions. Its fluid cushions the suspended organs, helping to prevent internal injury. In soft-bodied coelomates, such as earthworms, the coelom contains noncompressible fluid that acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work. The cavity also enables the internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall. If it were not for the coelom, every beat of your heart or ripple of your intestine could warp your bodys surface. If blastopore develops into the mouth the organism is a protostome first mouth. They have spiral cleavage in which the cell divide in a spiral arrangement. Each cell in the blastula nestles between two cells of the adjacent row. Protostomes have determinate cleavage in which the path of each cell is determined early in development. The mesoderm forms by schizocoely cells located at the junction of the endoderm and ectoderm split away toward the interior of the gastrula. Rapid division of these cells in the blastocoel forms the mesoderm. In embryos of chordates and echinoderms the blastopore develops into the anus, and the second opening in the embryo becomes the mouth. These organisms are called deuterostomes second mouth and they undergo radial cleavage. In spiral cleavage the cell divisions are parallel to or at right angles to the axis from one pole of the blastula to the other. They have indeterminate cleavage-the fate of the cells is determined a bit later. The mesoderm formation is called enterocoely the cells lining the dorsal or top of the archenteron (primitive gut) begin to divide rapidly. These rapidly dividing cells roll outward into the blastocoel, forming the mesoderm.