Notes of CC Unit - 02 : -

Q. 1) Explain Utility computing in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

Utility computing is a model where computing resources (such as processing power,

storage, and applications) are provided to users on demand similar to traditional
utilities (electricity, water, etc.).

Users pay only for the resources they use, rather than investing in and maintaining
their own hardware and software infrastructure.

Examples : - Amazon Web Services (AWS) for Web Hosting, Microsoft Azure for Machine
Learning, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) for Data Storage and Backup etc.

Key Characteristics / features of Utility Computing : -

1) Pay-per-Use Pricing : - Users are charged based on their consumption of

resources. This can include compute hours, storage space, bandwidth, or application
usage.

2) Service Providers : - Companies that offer utility computing services maintain

vast data centers with servers, storage, and networking capabilities.

3) Customer Needs : - Businesses or individual users assess their computing

requirements, such as server space, processing power, or storage capacity.

4) On-Demand Access : - Customers can then access these resources online, usually
through a web-based interface or application programming interface (API).

5) Usage Monitoring : - The provider tracks the resources you use, often in real
time. This could be measured in data storage, processing power, bandwidth, or a
combination.

6) Billing : - At the end of a billing cycle, the customer is charged based on

their actual usage. This avoids the cost of purchasing and maintaining in-house
hardware.

7) Maintenance : - The service provider takes care of all the backend maintenance
tasks, such as software updates, security patches, and hardware upkeep, freeing you
to focus on your core business.

Q. 2) Explain Elastic Computing in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

Elastic computing is defined as the ability of a cloud service provider to softly

measure the usage of resources such as storage, infrastructure, CPU memory, RAM,
I/O bandwidth etc., up and down to meet workload requirements dynamically.

Elastic computing is a part of cloud computing that entails dynamically managing

the cloud server.

Elastic computing will notify you when you need more resources and also allows you
to release them when you no longer require the extra capacity.
Example : - Amazon Web Services (AWS) Auto Scaling, Microsoft Azure Virtual Machine
Scale Sets, Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Autoscaler etc.

Key Components / features of Elastic Computing : -

1) Operating system support : -

Under elastic computing, cloud service providers support a list of ever-growing

multiple operating systems (OS) to provide organizations with as many choices as
possible, such as Oracle Enterprise, Linux, Microsoft Windows servers, and many
more.

2) Instances : -

An elastic cloud computing instance is a virtual server or virtual computing

environment that includes several components such as operating system, CPU, memory,
disks, and network configurations. All of these different types of instances have
their particular specifications.

3) Storage options : -

Elastic cloud service providers offer additional storage space to suit

organizational needs and their workload requirements. Elastic cloud computing
offers unlimited storage capacity and can hold and store as much as data we want.

4) Security : -

Security is one of the biggest concerns when it comes to elastic computing. Even
the biggest organizations in the world are not fully secured against security
breaches and serious attacks that happen over the internet.

5) Resource Management : -

The core benefit of elastic computing lies in the cloud service provider’s ability
to offer organizations additional resources to manage their workload dynamically.

6) Backup & Recovery : -

Setting a process of backing up and recovering data is important for various

reasons. Different cloud service providers offer flexible and reliable backup and
recovery solutions for you to choose from.

7) Use cases : -

Elastic computing is used in various fields such as Ecommerce applications, Ticket

Booking applications, Streaming Services and Data Backups of organizations.

Q. 3) Explain AJAX: asynchronous 'rich' interface in cloud computing .

Ans. : -

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a web development technique that allows
web applications to update parts of a web page asynchronously, without reloading
the entire page.

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is a combination of web application

development technologies that make web applications more responsive to user
interaction.

AJAX is a powerful technique for creating asynchronous, rich interfaces in web

applications, including those hosted in the cloud.

By enabling dynamic and partial updates to web pages, AJAX enhances user
interactivity, reduces load times, and improves the overall user experience.

Examples : - Web-Based Email Clients, Online Document Editors, Dashboards and

Analytics Tools etc.

How AJAX Works : -

1) User Action: The user performs an action that triggers an AJAX call, such as
clicking a button or selecting a menu item.

2) AJAX Call: JavaScript sends an XMLHttpRequest to the server, requesting data or

sending data to be processed.

3) Server Processing: The server processes the request and returns the necessary
data, often in JSON or XML format.

4) Update Page: JavaScript processes the server's response and updates the relevant
parts of the web page without reloading the entire page.

Q. 4) Explain Mashups User Interface in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

A mashup user interface in cloud computing is a web application that integrates

content, data, and functionalities from multiple sources into a single, unified
interface.

This approach supports various APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) and web
services to combine and display data from different systems and provide users with
a connection and experience.

Mashups supports APIs and modern web technologies to offer customizable, efficient,
and user-friendly solutions, making them a valuable tool for a wide range of
applications in the cloud.

Examples : - Google Map Mashups, Financial Dashboards, Travel Aggregators and

Social Media Dashboards etc.

Key Characteristics of Mashup User Interfaces : -

1) Integration of Multiple Data Sources : - Mashups pull data from various external
sources, such as other web applications, databases, or cloud services, to create a
comprehensive view.

2) Dynamic Content : - The content displayed in a mashup interface is often dynamic

and can be updated in real-time, ensuring that users have access to the latest
information.

3) Use of APIs and Web Services : - Mashups rely heavily on APIs to fetch data from
other applications or services. This allows for the easy integration of third-party
functionalities.
4) Customizability : - Users can often personalize the mashup interface to meet
their specific needs, selecting which data sources to display and how to display
them.

5) Enhanced User Experience : - By combining multiple services into one interface,

mashups provide users with a more efficient and streamlined experience.

6) Improved Productivity : - Users can access and manipulate data from multiple
sources without having to switch between different applications, which can save
time and improve workflow efficiency.

Q. 5) Explain Service Virtualization Technology and their application in

enterprises in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

Service Virtualization Technology in cloud computing is a method that can copies

the behavior of components in a software application, such as APIs, databases,
networks, and other backend services.

This allows developers and testers to create and test applications in a controlled
environment without needing access to the actual live services.

Service virtualization enables efficient development and testing processes,

especially when real services are unavailable, costly to use, or difficult to
configure.

Service virtualization technology is a powerful tool in cloud computing that

enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of software development and testing.

Example : CA Service Virtualization, IBM Rational Test Virtualization Server,

SmartBear ServiceV Pro etc.

Virtualization Applications in enterprises are : -

1) API Development and Testing : - Simulating APIs that are either under
development or provided by third parties to test their integration and
functionality.

2) Integration Testing : - Test how different components of an application interact

with each other without needing all real services to be up and running.

3) Performance Testing : - Simulate services to understand how an application

performs under different load conditions and to identify restrictions.

4) Training and Educations : - Providing training environments that simulate real-

world scenarios using virtual services.

5) Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity : - Using virtual services to test

disaster recovery plans and ensure business continuity without affecting live
services.

6) Development and Testing Environments : - Creating virtual versions of services

that are not yet developed, unavailable, or expensive to use in development and
testing phases.
Q. 6) Explain multi-entity support in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

Multi-entity support in cloud computing refers to the capability of a cloud-based

system to efficiently and securely manage data and operations for multiple distinct
entities (such as companies, departments, or organizational units) within a single
software instance.

This approach allows these entities to share the same infrastructure while
maintaining separation and customization as needed.

Multi-entity support is particularly useful for organizations that need to serve

multiple clients or internal divisions from a unified platform.

Example : - Salesforce, Microsoft Dynamics 365, Google Workspace etc.

Key Concepts of Multi-Entity Support : -

1) Data Isolation : - Ensures that each entity's data is kept separate from others,
preventing data leakage and unauthorized access.

2) Resource Sharing : - Allows multiple entities to share the same physical

infrastructure, optimizing resource utilization and reducing costs.

3) Customization : - Enables each entity to have its own customized settings,

configurations, and
workflows within the shared environment.

4) Scalability : - Supports the growth of the system to accommodate more entities

without significant architectural changes.

5) Cost Efficiency : - By sharing infrastructure and resources, organizations can

significantly reduce operational and maintenance costs.

Q. 7) Explain Multi-schema approach in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

The multi-schema approach in cloud computing is a database architecture strategy

that allows multiple tenants (customers, clients, or organizational units) to share
a single database instance while maintaining logical separation of their data.

Each tenant has its own schema, which contains all the tables and structures
necessary for that tenant's data. Each tenant's data is stored in a separate schema
within the database, ensuring isolation and security while optimizing resource
utilization.

This approach is commonly used in multi-tenant environments where multiple

organizations share the same application but require data isolation and
customization.

Examples : - PostgreSQL, Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server etc.

Key Concepts of the Multi-Schema Approach : -

1) Schemas: A schema in a database is a collection of database objects, such as
tables, views, and procedures. In the multi-schema approach, each tenant has a
unique schema that contains all the objects related to that tenant's data.

2) Data Isolation : - Logical separation of data ensures that tenants cannot access
each other's data, enhancing security and privacy.

3) Simplified Management : - Centralized management of a single database instance

simplifies administrative tasks, such as backups, updates, and monitoring.

4) Customization : - Each schema can be customized to meet the specific needs of

the tenant, such as custom tables, indexes, and procedures.

5) Scalability : - The system can scale to accommodate additional tenants by simply

creating new schemas, without requiring new database instances.

6) Cost Efficiency : - By sharing the same database instance, operational and

infrastructure costs are significantly reduced compared to managing separate
databases for each tenant.

Q. 8) Explain Multi-tenancy using cloud data stores in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

Multi-tenancy using cloud data stores in cloud computing refers to the

architectural approach where a single instance of a software application serves
multiple tenants (organizations, departments, or users).

Each tenant's data is logically separated and secure while sharing the same
physical infrastructure and database resources. It means that multiple customers of
cloud vendors are using the same computing resources.

It is a very important concept of Cloud Computing. This approach maximizes resource

efficiency, reduces costs, and simplifies management.

The example of multitenancy is the same as working of Bank. Multiple people can
store money in the same Bank. But every customer asset is different. One customer
cannot access the other customer's money and account, and different customers are
not aware of each other's account balance and details, etc.

Examples : - Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service), Google Cloud Spanner, Azure
SQL Database etc.

Key Concepts of Multi-Tenancy in Cloud Data Stores : -

1) Tenant Isolation : - Ensures each tenant's data and configurations are isolated
from others to maintain privacy and security.

2) Resource Sharing : - Multiple tenants share the same physical infrastructure and
database resources, which optimizes resource utilization and reduces costs.

3) Logical Separation : - Each tenant's data is logically separated within the

shared database, achieved through various methods like using unique schemas,
tables, or row-level data tagging.

4) Scalability : - Multi-tenant architectures can easily scale to satisfies the

additional tenants without significant changes to the basic infrastructure.

5) Simplified Management : - Centralized management simplifies administrative tasks

like updates, backups, and monitoring.

6) Cost Efficiency : - Sharing infrastructure and database resources among multiple

tenants significantly reduces operational costs.

7) Resource Utilization : - Efficient use of hardware and software resources

ensures optimal performance and cost-effectiveness.

Q. 9) Explain Pitfalls of virtualization multitenant software in cloud computing.

Ans. : -

1) Security Risks : - Insufficient isolation between tenants can lead to data

leakage and unauthorized access.

2) Performance Interference : - Multiple tenants competing for the same physical

resources can lead to performance degradation.

3) Complex Management and Monitoring : - Managing a multitenant environment is

naturally more complex than managing a single-tenant environment.

4) Data Privacy and permission : - Ensuring data privacy and permission in a shared
environment can be challenging. Ensuring complete separation of data between
tenants to maintain privacy.

5) Scalability Issues : - Scaling a multitenant architecture efficiently can be

more challenging compared to single-tenant systems.

6) Cost Management : - Managing costs in a multitenant environment can be complex

and lead to unexpected charges.