Java

WHY Java ?

• 1. Platform or architecture independent (Write once run anywhere!)

• 2. Simple & robust
• 3. Secure
• 4. Automatic memory management.
• 5. Inherent Multi threaded support
• 6. Object Oriented support -- Encapsulation, Inheritance & polymorphism ,
abstraction
• 7. Excellent I/O support
• 8. Inherent networking support for TCP/IP , UDP/IP programming & for URLs
• 9. Adds functional programming support.
Development & Execution of java application.
Language Basics
• Keywords
• Variables
• Conditional Statements
• Loops
• Data Types
• Operators
• Coding Conventions
 Java Keywords

abstract boolean break byte case catch

char class const continue default do

double else extends final finally float

for goto if implements import instanceof

int interface long native new package

private protected public return short static

strictfp super switch synchronized this throw

throws transient try void volatile while

true false null

 Data types In Java

Primitive Data Types Reference Types

Class types
Boolean type
Interface types
Numeric type
Array types

boolean Integral Floating

Type type
Charactyer
Integer
Type
Type

char
byte short int long float double
Data Types
• Integral Type
▪ byte 8 bits
▪ short 16 bits
▪ int 32 bits
▪ long 64 bits

• Textual Type
▪ char 16 bits, UNICODE Character
▪ String
 Data Types
• Floating Point Type
▪ float 32 bits
▪ double 64 bits

• Boolean Type 1 bit

▪ true
▪ false
Variables

• A variable is a name given memory location. That memory

is associated to a data type and can be assigned a value.

• int n;
• float f1;
• char ch;
• double d;
Variables conti…

• Assigning a value to a variable

• Initialization of a variable with a primary value

1. int n1;
2. n1 =21 ; // assignment
3. int i2 = 18; // initialization
4. char ch = ‘S’; // initialization
5. double d = 21.8; // initialization
6. d = n1; // assignment
7. float f1 = 16.13F;
Naming conventions

• class , interfaces , enum names- 1st letter of 1st word must start with upper case
& then follow camel case notation.
eg : HelloWorld
• data members/methods(functions) -- 1st must start with lower case & then
follow camel case notation
eg : performanceIndex
public double calculateSalary(....) {...}

• constants -- all uppercase.

eg : PI
Rules on Identifiers

• 1. Identifiers must start with a letter, a currency character ($), or a

connecting character such as the underscore ( _ ), cannot start with a
number!
• 2. Can't use a Java keyword as an identifier.
• 3. Are Case sensitive
Access specifiers

• private
• default(package private) --no access modifier
• protected
• public

• Legal class level access specifiers -

• 1. default(scope=current package only)
• 2. public (scope=accessible from any where)
Basic rules

1. Java compiler doesn't allow accessing of un initialized data members.

2. Files with no public classes(default scoped) can have a name that does not match
with any of the classes in the file .
3. A file can have more than one non public class.
4. There can be only one public class per source code file.
5. If there is a public class in a file, the name of the file must match the name
of the public class. For example, a class declared as public class Example {....}
must be in a source code file named Example.java.
6. Java compiler doesn't allow accessing of un-inited vars.
eg : int n;
sop(n);//error
Conversions regarding primitive types

Automatic conversions(widening ) ---Automatic promotions

byte--->short--->int---> long--->float--->double
char ---> int
eg : char ch='a';

long --->float ---is considered automatic type of conversion(since float

data type can hold larger range of values than long data type)
Rules ---

• src & dest - must be compatible, typically dest data type must be able
to store larger magnitude of values than that of src data type.

• 1. Any arithmetic operation involving byte,short --- automatically

promoted to --int
• 2. int & long ---> long
• 3. long & float ---> float
• 4. byte,short......& float & double----> double
Narrowing conversion --- forced
conversion(type-casting)
eg ---
double ---> int
float --> long
double ---> float
 Basic Java Syntax
Operators
Control Statements
Primitive Types and Variables
• boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double etc.
• These basic (or primitive) types are the only types that are
not objects (due to performance issues).
• This means that you don’t use the new operator to create a
primitive variable.
• Declaring primitive variables:
float initVal;
int retVal, index = 2;
double gamma = 1.2, brightness;
boolean valueOk = false;
Declarations
int data= 1.2; // compiler error
boolean flag= 1; // compiler error
double fract= 5 / 4; // no error!
float ratio = 5.8f; // correct
double fracto= 5.0 / 4.0; // correct

• 1.2f is a float value accurate to 7 decimal places.

• 1.2 is a double value accurate to 15 decimal places.
Assignment
• All Java assignments are right associative
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 5;
a = b = c;
System.out.print(“a= “ + a + “b= “ + b + “c= “ + c);

• What is the value of a, b & c

• Done right to left: a = (b = c);
Basic Mathematical Operators
• * / % + - are the mathematical operators
• * / % have a higher precedence than + or –

double myVal = a + b % d – c * d / b;
• Is the same as:
double myVal = (a + (b % d)) – ((c * d) / b);
Relational Operators
== Equal (careful)
!= Not equal
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
> Greater than
< Less than
Statements & Blocks
• A simple statement is a command terminated by a
semi-colon:
name = “CDAC”;

• A block is a compound statement enclosed in curly

brackets:
{
name1 = “DAC”; name2 = “Java”;
}
• Blocks may contain other blocks
Flow of Control
• Java executes one statement after the other in the order they are
written
• Many Java statements are flow control statements:
Conditional Stmt: if, if else, switch
Looping: for, while, do while
Escapes: break, continue, return
if Statement – different syntax options
if
(expression)
statement; A single statement.
if
(expression)
{ A block of statements.
statements;
}
if
(expression) Single statement in the if and a
statement;
else single statement in the else.
statement;

if
(expression)
statement; A single statement in the if and a block
else of statements in the else.
{
statements;
}
Conditional Operator
• The operator “ ? : ” is the only operator that takes three
operands, each of which is an expression.

• The value of the whole expression equals the value of expr2 if

expr1 is true, or equals the value of expr3 if expr1 is false.

• Syntax:

expr1 ? expr2 : expr3

switch Statement
• The nested if can become complicated and unreadable.
• The switch statement is an alternative to the nested if.
• Syntax: switch(expression)
{
case constant expr:
statement(s);
[break;]
case constant expr:
statement(s);
[break;]
case constant expr:
statement(s);
[break;]
default :
statement(s);
[break;]
}

• Usually, but not always, the last statement of a case is break.

• default case is optional.
Loops
• Loops break the serial execution of the program.
• A group of statements is executed a number of times.

There are three kinds of loops :

• while
• for
• do … while
While – Loop
• Syntax:
while (expression) or while (expression)
Statement; {Statements;}

• The loop continues to iterate as long as the value of expression is true (expression
differs from zero).

• Expression is evaluated each time before the loop body is executed.

• The braces { } are used to group declarations and statements together into a
compound statement or block, so they are syntactically equivalent to a single
statement.
for - Loop
• Syntax:
for (expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3)
statement;

or
for (expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3)
{
statements;
}
• Is equivalent to:
expr1;
while (expr2)
{
{statements;}
expr3;
}
do while Loop
• Syntax:
do
{
Statements;
}while (expression);

• The condition expression for looping is evaluated only after the loop body had
executed.
break Statement
• We have seen how to use the break statement within the switch
statement.

• A break statement causes an exit from the innermost containing

while, do, for or switch statement.
continue Statement
• In some situations, you might want to skip to the next iteration of a
loop without finishing the current iteration.

• The continue statement allows you to do that.

• When encountered, continue skips over the remaining statements

of the loop, but continues to the next iteration of the loop.
What is Scanner ?

• A class (java.util.Scanner) that represents text based parser(has

inherent small ~ 1K buffer)
• It can parse text data from any source --Console input,Text file ,
socket, string
e.g. Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
String name = input.next ();
System.out.println(“Your name is " + name);
input.close();