PAKISTAN CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY.

Internship Report EED.

Mutahir Rafiq.

Bahria University-Karachi Campus.

Batch-2016.

Duration: Four Weeks.

Mutahir Rafiq
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I have the pleasure to express my gratitude to Almighty Allah for giving me the opportunity to
complete my internship program and finally to prepare this report. I would like to express my sincere thanks
and gratitude to Internship coordinator and Assistant Director Yousaf Bhatti for giving me permission for
internship and providing various guidelines about the report. During the period of my internship work, I have
received generous help from many quarters, which I like to put on record here with deep gratitude and great
pleasure. I am grateful to my Incharge, Raza Muhammad, and instructor, Masood Alam of Winding Section.
Incharge, Shakil Ahmed, and instructor, Abdul Mutahir of VHF/UHF Section. Incharge, Sohail Ahmed of HF
Section. Incharge, Majid Ali Khan, and instructor, Irfan Ahmed and Muhammad Zahid of Radar Central
Workshop. Incharge, Raza Muhammad and instructor, Hassam Ali Khan of Telecom Section. Incharge,
Mubashir Hussain of Navigational-Aids. Incharge, Yousaf Bhatti, and instructor, Adnan Ali of General
electronics.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

CHAPTER 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………………..........................7

1.1 Overview of the Organization……………………………………………………………………………….......7

1.1.1 Brief History………………………………………………………………………………………………..7

1.1.2 Nature of the Organization……………………………………………………………………………….7

1.1.3 Product Lines………………………………………………………………………………………………7

1.1.4 Customers of the Company………………………………………………………………………………7

1.2 Organizational Structure………………………………………………………………………………………...7

1.2.1 Main Office…………………………………………………………………………………………………7

1.2.2 Organizational Structure………………………………………………………………………………….8

1.2.3 Scope of work being carried out in the organization……………………………………………………8

1.3 Overview of EED……………………………………………………………………………………………..…..9

1.3.1 Structure of EED………………………………………………………………………………………..…9

1.3.2 Functions and Operation of EED………………………………………………………………………...9

1.3.3 Skill level of Employees working in the department……………………………………………………9

CHAPTER 2: Winding Section…………………………………………………………………………………..10

2.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10

2.2 Types of UPS……………………………………………………………………………………………………10

2.4 Battery Charger…………………………………………………………………………………………………11

2.5 Battery Load Tester…………………………………………………………………………………………….11

CHAPTER 3: VHF/UHF Section…………………………………………………………………………..……..12

3.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………...12

3.2 VHF and UHF…………………………………………………………………………………………………...12

3.3 AM and FM………………………………………………………………………………………………………12

3.4 VHF AM Voice Communication Band………………………………………………………………………...13

3.5 VHF FM Voice Communication Band…………………………………………………………………………13

3.6 Walkie Talkies…………………………………………………………………………………………………..13

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3.7 Mobile Transceiver……………………………………………………………………………………………..13

3.8 Block Diagram of Receiver…………………………………………………………………………………….14

3.9 Block Diagram of Transmitter………………………………………………………………………………….14

3.10 Radio Communication Tester………………………………………………………………………………..15

3.11 Troubleshooting……………………………………………………………………………………………….15

3.12 JOTRON TR-810……………………………………………………………………………………………...15

3.13 Rohde & Schwarz R&S®Series4200………………………………………………………………………..16

CHAPTER 4: HF (High Frequency) Section…………………………………………………………………...17

4.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………...17

4.2 Codan RF Unit…………………………………………………………………………………………………..17

4.3 Codan 3020 transceiver supply……………………………………………………………………………….17

4.4 In-line power meter……………………………………………………………………………………………..18

CHAPTER 5: Radar Central Workshop………………………………………………………………………..19

5.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………...19

5.2 Types of Radar………………………………………………………………………………………………….19

5.2.1 Primary Surveillance Radar…………………………………………………………………………….19

5.2.2 Secondary Surveillance Radar………………………………………………………………………...20

5.3 Testing Equipment’s……………………………………………………………………………………………21

CHAPTER 6: Telecom Section…………………………………………………………………………………..22

6.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………...22

6.2 Automatic Fire Detection System……………………………………………………………………………..22

6.3 Exchanger……………………………………………………………………………………………………….23

6.4 CISCO Catalyst 2960-X Series Switch……………………………………………………………………….23

CHAPTER 7: Navigational-aids………………………………………………………………………………....24

7.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………...24

7.2 En-route Navigation…………………………………………………………………………………………….24

7.2.1 NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) ………………………………………………………………………..24

7.2.2 VOR (VHF Omni Directional Range) ………………………………………………………………….24

7.2.2.1 DVOR (Doppler VHF Omni Directional Range) …………………………………………….25

7.2.2.2 CVOR (Conventional VHF Omni Directional Range) ……………………………………...25

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7.3 DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) ………………………………………………………………………26

7.4 Terminal Navigation……………………………………………………………………………………………26

7.5 Components of ILS……………………………………………………………………………………………..27

7.5.1 Glide Scope……………………………………………………………………………………………...27

7.5.2 Localizer………………………………………………………………………………………………….28

7.5.3 TDME…………………………………………………………………………………………………….29

7.5.4 Marker Beacons…………………………………………………………………………………………29

CHAPTER 8: General Electronics Section…………………………………………………………………….30

8.1 Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………...30

8.2 DVLS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….30

8.2.1 ASC MARATHON EVOLUTION ………………………………………………………………………30

8.3 PA systems……………………………………………………………………………………………………...31

8.4 FIDS: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………31

8.4.1 System Characteristics…………………………………………………………………………………32

8.5 DC Power Supply………………………………………………………………………………………………33

8.6 Soldering / Desoldering………………………………………………………………………………………..33

8.7 Components Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………….33

References and Sources Used……………………………………………………………………………………34

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.2.2 Organizational Structure………………………………………………………………………………8

Figure 2.3 AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator)………………………………………………………………….10

Figure 2.4 Battery Charger…………………………………………………………………………………………11

Figure 2.5 Battery Load Tester…………………………………………………………………………………….11

Figure 3.6 Walkie Talkies…………………………………………………………………………………………..13

Figure 3.7 Mobile Transceiver……………………………………………………………………………………..13

Figure 3.8 Block Diagram of Receiver…………………………………………………………………………….14

Figure 3.9 Block Diagram of Transmitter………………………………………………………………………….14

Figure 3.10 Radio Communication Tester………………………………………………………………………..15

Figure 3.12 JOTRON TR-810……………………………………………………………………………………...15

Figure 3.13 Rohde & Schwarz R&S®Series4200………………………………………………………………..16

Figure 4.2 Codan RF Unit…………………………………………………………………………………………..17

Figure 4.3 Codan 3020 transceiver supply……………………………………………………………………….17

Figure 4.4 In-line power meter……………………………………………………………………………………..18

Figure 5.2.1 Primary Surveillance Radar…………………………………………………………………………19

Figure 5.2.2 Secondary Surveillance Radar……………………………………………………………………...20

Figure 6.2 Automatic Fire Detection System……………………………………………………………………..22

Figure 6.3 Echanger………………………………………………………………………………………………..23

Figure 6.4 CISCO Catalyst 2960-X Series Switch……………………………………………………………….23

Figure 7.2.1 NDB (Non-Directional Beacon) …………………………………………………………………….24

Figure 7.2.2.1 DVOR (Doppler VHF Omni Directional Range) …………………………………………………25

Figure 7.2.2.2 CVOR (Conventional VHF Omni Directional Range) …………………………………………..25

Figure 7.3 DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) ……………………………………………………………...26

Figure 7.5.1 Glide Scope…………………………………………………………………………………………...27

Figure 7.5.2 Localizer………………………………………………………………………………………………28

Figure 7.5.4 Marker Beacons………………………………………………………………………………………29

Figure 8.2 DVLS…………………………………………………………………………………………………….30

Figure 8.3 PA systems……………………………………………………………………………………………...31

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Figure 8.4 FIDS..……………………………………………………………………………………………………32

Figure 8.5 DC Power Supply………………………………………………………………………………………33

Figure 8.6 Soldering / Desoldering………………………...………………………………………………….….33

LIST OF TABLES

2.2 Types of UPS…………………………………………………………………………………………………...10

3.1 Overview (Range of Frequencies) ……………………………………………………………………………12

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.

1.1 Overview of the Organization

1.1.1 Brief History:

Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is a public sector organization which is working under the Federal
Government of Pakistan through Aviation Division Cabinet Secretariat. CAA was established on 7th
December, 1982.

1.1.2 Nature of the Organization:

Pakistan's Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) is a regulatory authority, whose responsibility is to oversee and
regulate all aspects of civil aviation in Pakistan. Nearly all civilian airports and aviation facilities in Pakistan
are owned and operated by the CAA. The purpose of establishing CAA is to provide for the promotion and
regulations of Civil Aviation activities and to develop an infrastructure for safe, efficient, adequate,
economical and properly coordinated Civil Air Transport Service in Pakistan.

1.1.3 Product Lines:

The CAA not only serves as a regulatory body on behalf of the Government of Pakistan, its functions include
provision of services such as facilitation, air space management, Air Traffic Control, surveillance monitoring,
route verification and Fire Fighting Services. The Authority is also responsible for the planning, development
and maintenance of all civil aviation infrastructures in the country. For the fulfillment of its function as a
regulatory body, the CAA ensures conformity to the standards laid down by the International Civil Aviation
Organization(ICAO), regard to flight safety, aircraft maintenance and medical fitness of pilots, air traffic
controllers and engineers. It is also responsible for negotiating of air services agreements with other
countries. The institution also offers licensing, flight inspection and publication services.

1.1.4 Customers of The Company:

Approximately more than 11 lakhs per year international passengers travel to/from Pakistan. Pakistan has
Air Services Agreements with 97 Countries. Major airlines like Emirates and Qatar have commenced code
share with other airlines to Pakistan, all of which are facilitated by the PCAA. Multinational companies have
air cargo deals made with PCAA. One of its other earning resources is the training programs it offers like
aviation training, design, manufacture or repair of aircraft components training, in which hundreds of
freshers apply to.

1.2 Organizational Structure

1.2.1 Main Offices:

Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority consist of following divisions:

• Airworthiness.
• Air Transport.
• Directorate of Airspace and aerodrome regulation.
• Flight Standards.
• Flight Inspection Unit.
• Personal Licensing.
• Aero Medical.
• Air Navigation Services.
• Airport Services.

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 • Safety Investigation Board-SIB.
• Security Directorate.
• Support Functions.
• CATI – Hyderabad.

1.2.2 Organizational Structure:

Figure 1.2.2 Organizational Structure

1.2.3 Scope of Work Being Carried out in Organization:

CAA not only plays the role of the aviation regulator of the country but at the same time performs the
service provider functions of Air Navigation Services and Airport Services. The core functions of CAA are
therefore, ‘Regulatory’, ‘Air Navigation Services’ and ‘Airport Services’. These core functions are fully
supported by various corporate functions of the organization. The Headquarters of CAA is located at
Karachi.

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1.3 Overview of EED

1.3.1 Structure of EED:

Electronics engineering depot (EED) in Karachi is the central and the biggest facility of CAA all over
Pakistan with respect to electronics engineering services provided by the authority

1.3.2 Function and Operation of EED:

EED covers all the electronic equipment’s which provide aviation services all over Pakistan. The function
of EED is:

• Testing.
• Repairing.
• Installation.

Of all the equipment’s related to Civil Aviation Authority.

1.3.3 Skill Level of employees Working In the Department:

In Electronics Engineering Depot. Employees are very skillful and they are expert in testing, repairing and
installation of the electronic components and equipment’s.

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CHAPTER 2: WINDING SECTION.
Instructor: Masood Alam.

Incharge: Raza Muhammad.

2.1 Overview:
This section deals with UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) system. It is used as an stand by when the
power is lost in EED.

2.2 Types of UPS:

There are three types of UPS:

• Offline UPS.
• Online UPS.
• Line Interactive.

UPS Practical Voltage Cost per VA Efficiency Inverter

Power Conditioning Always
Rang(kVA) Operating
Offline 0-0.5 Low Low Very High No
Line 0.5-5 Design Medium Very High Design
Interactive Dependent Dependent
On-line Hybrid 0.5-5 High High Low Partially
Table 2.2 Types of UPS

2.3 AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator):

The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is a device designed to regulate voltage automatically. that is, to
take a fluctuating voltage level and turn it into a constant voltage level.

Figure 2.3 AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator)

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2.4 Battery Charger:
A battery charger, or recharger, is a device used to put energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery
by forcing an electric current through it.

Figure 2.4 Battery Charger

2.5 Battery Load Tester:

A battery tester is an electronic device for testing an electric battery, going from a simple device for testing
the charge actually present in the cells or its voltage output, to more comprehensive testing of the battery's
condition, namely its capacity for accumulating charge and any possible flaws affecting the battery's
performance.

Figure 2.5 Battery Load Tester:

Conclusion:
In Winding Section, we saw different types of batteries, Automatic Voltage Regulator, Battery Charger,
Battery Load Tester and many other components. Distribution of backup power to EED and repairing,
testing, installation is done by this section. From this section we have learned how to check the life of the
battery through the Battery load tester, when voltages fluctuate we use AVR to maintain voltages and get
familiar with different components.

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CHAPTER 3: VHF/UHF SECTION.
Instructor: Abdul Mutahir.

Incharge: Shakil Ahmed.

3.1 Overview:
This section deals with all the equipment’s of VHF/UHF used for the communication between Air traffic
Control to the plane or in other words ground to air communication

The testing, repairing and installation of all the VHF/UHF equipment’s from all over Pakistan comes under
this department.

The general range of Frequencies used in CAA is from 118MHZ to 136 MHz Frequencies used by Civil
Aviation Authority for different kind of Purposes are:

COMMUNICATORS MAIN(MHz) STANDBY (MHZ)

Tower controller 118.3 118.8

Ground controller 121.6 118.4
Surface frequency 121.8 123.0
Approach frequency 125.5 121.3
Radar frequency 123.3 127.3
VHF extended range 128.3 133.2
VHF emergency frequency 121.5 -
Table 3.1 Range of Frequencies

3.2 VHF AND UHF:

VHF stands for Very High Frequency. It’s Radio Frequency (RF) electromagnetic waves from 30 MHz to
300 MHz. Satellite communication and broadcasting is done by VHF. UHF stands for Ultra High Frequency.
It’s Radio Frequency in the rang 300 MHz to 3,000 MHz.

• Uses:
o Air Traffic Control Communication.
o Air Navigation systems.
o FM Radio Broadcasting.
o Two-way land mobile radio systems
o Television Broadcasting.

3.3 AM AND FM:

AM stands for Amplitude Modulation. The modulation of wave by varying its amplitude is called Amplitude
Modulation (AM). FM stands for Frequency Modulation. The modulation of a radio by varying its frequency
is called frequency Modulation (FM). It is also known as Metropolitan High Frequency Bandwidth.

• Uses:
o AM is used for VHF aircraft Radio, potable two-ways radio.
o FM is used for FM radio Broadcasting, Radar, telemetry.

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3.4 VHF AM Voice Communication Band:
VHF AM Voice communication band extends to 118 MHz to 136 MHz with different allocations
of Civil Aviation Band.

3.5 VHF FM Voice Communication Band:

VHF FM Voice communication band extends to 137 MHz to 174 MHz with different allocations
of Civil Aviation Band.

3.6 Walkie Talkies:

Walkie-talkies are handheld, portable radios. They communicate wirelessly (using radio wave)
on a single, shared frequency band. It is a two-way radio. A two-way radio (transceiver) allows the operator
to transmit and receive to other similar radios operating on the same radio frequency (channel). A push-
to-talk or press to Transmit button activates the transmitter; when it is released the receiver is active. This
mode is called Half Duplex.

• Uses:
o Emergency services (Police, Fire, Public works).
o Data (telemetry).

Figure 3.6 Walkie Talkie

3.7 Mobile Transceivers:
Mobile transceivers are wireless communication systems and devices which are based on Radio
Frequencies commonly used VHF or UHF frequencies. It’s impossible to receive signals while transmitting.
This mode is called Half Duplex. But some transceivers are design to allow reception of signals during
transmission, this is known as Full Duplex.

• Uses:
o Radio Communication

Figure 3.7 Mobile Transceiver

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3.8 Block Diagram of Receiver:

Figure 3.8 Block Diagram of Receiver

3.9 Block Diagram of transmitter:

Figure 3.9 Block Diagram of transmitter

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3.10 Radio Communication Tester:
Radio Communication tester is used to perform fast and accurate measurements of different
mobile radio like Mobile Transceivers.

• Uses:
o Lab Testing Equipment’s.

Figure 3.10 Radio Communication Tester

3.11 Troubleshooting:
Troubleshooting is a systematic approach to problem solving that is often used to find and correct
issues with complex machines, electronics, computers and software systems.

• Verify that a problem actually exists.

• Isolate the cause of the problem.
• Correct the cause of the problem.
• Verify that the problem has been corrected.
• Follow up to prevent future problems.

Latest VHF/UHF Equipment’s used by CAA are:

3.12 JOTRON TR-810

• Multipurpose VHF/AM Transceiver.

• 10W output power.
• Detachable front panel.
• Automatic muting facility.
• Output for voice-recording.
• Frequency range: 118-137 MHz
• DC voltage range from 10 to 28V.
• 25kHz/8.33kHz channel separation(selectable).
• Front or rear connection for microphone input.
• A bright and clear graphical display for easy readout. Figure 3.12 Jotron TR-810
• Fast recall of 3 present channels via dedicated buttons.
• Built-in loudspeaker with possibilities for an external loudspeaker.

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3.13 Rohde & Schwarz R&S®Series4200(Software Defined VHF & UHF Radios)

• VHF frequency range from 112 MHz to 156 MHz

• UHF frequency range from 225 MHz to 400 MHz
• Output power of 50 W for VHF and UHF
• 8.33/25 kHz channel spacing for VHF
• 8.33/12.5/25 kHz channel spacing for UHF
• Serial interface for controlling automatic filters
• Automatic main/standby operation
• USB service port for configuration and software downloads
• Remote control and remote monitoring via Ethernet interface
• Best signal selection in the receiver
• Suitable for data transmission in line with VDL mode 2 standard
• In-band signaling for push-to-talk (PTT) and squelch (SQ) with the capability to set different tones

Figure 3.13 Rohde & Schwarz R&S®Series4200

Conclusion:
In VHF/UHF Section, all the various types of equipment’s, related to the ground to air communication with
the limitation of VHF/UHF which are being used by the Civil Aviation Authority came under for testing,
repairing and installation of equipment’s to this section. We have learned how the communication occurs
through transceivers and receivers, how to trace a fault and how to resolve it.

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CHAPTER 4: HF (HIGH FREQUENCY) SECTION.
Instructor: Sohail Ahmed.

Incharge: Sohail Ahmed.

4.1 Overview:
HF section deals with the equipment of direct communication in Long Range, providing maintenance
repairing and upgrading of HF communication equipment’s, for four purposes:

• Ground to Air Domestic

• Ground to Ground Domestic
• Ground to Air International
• Ground to Ground International

4.2 Codan RF Unit:

It is a transceiver used to communicate with different channels and frequency bands.

Figure 4.2 Codan RF Unit

4.3 Codan 3020 transceiver supply:

3020 transceivers supply is used for voice communication. It operates over a wide range of
mains supply voltages between 100 to 240 V nominal.

Figure 4.3 Codan 3020 transceiver supply

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4.4 In-line power meter:

In-line RF power meters: These RF power meters take a sample of the power flowing along
a feed-line and use this to indicate the power level. These inline RF power meters are used on live systems,
such as radio transmitters as a check of the outgoing power. They are normally directional and can be used
to check the power travelling in either direction.

Figure 4.4 In-line power meter

Conclusion:
In HF Section, repairing, testing and maintenance of a long-range communication equipment’s like RF unit
is being used. In-line power meter is used for testing a power flowing of a system.

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CHAPTER 5: RADAR CENTRAL WORKSHOP.
Instructor: Irfan Ahmed/Muhammad Zahid.

Incharge: Majid Ali Khan.

5.1 Overview:
In civil aviation radars are used to monitor and control commercial air traffic. A radar can provide following
information about a target which helps in managing the air traffic.

• Target range
• Target angles (azimuth & elevation)
• Target size (radar cross section)
• Target speed (Doppler)
• Target features (imaging)

5.2 Types of Radar:

As far as civil aviation is concerned, the radars used can be divided into two main types:

• Primary Surveillance Radar.

• Secondary Surveillance Radar.

5.2.1 Primary Surveillance Radar:

Primary Surveillance Radar; radiates an EM wave and receive the echo reflected from any aircraft
detecting the presence, distance and azimuth. These radars are totally independent from the identity
of the target aircraft. A phenomena of signals correlation has been used widely in primary radars, a
radio pulse is sent through the antenna, which provides the bearing of the aircraft from the ground
station. Time taken for the pulse to reach the target and return provides a measure of the distance of
the target from the ground station. This measured distance now displayed on the screen or meters of
ATC air traffic controllers. This is a normal exercise that the altitude of targeted aircrafts are not the
major concerns of the ATC to be measured from first information (for which primary radars has been
used).

Parameters of PSR System:

• Range in diversity mode = 98NM (1NM=1852 meters) at height of 30,000ft

• Peak power (per transmitting pulse) = 1.25 M watts
• Average power (output) = 4 k watts
• Pulse repetition time = 1.5 milliseconds
• Pulse repetition frequency = 666Hz
• Operating frequency range = 2700 MHz – 2900 MHz
• Pulse width = 1.7 ms
• Antenna rotation speed high = 10 rpm
• Antenna rotation speed low = 5 rpm.

Figure 5.2.1 Primary Surveillance Radar

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5.2.2 Secondary Surveillance Radar:
Secondary Surveillance Radar; is cooperative because it requires the transponder on board the aircraft.
The secondary radar gives 3 coordinates of the plane, distance from the ground station, azimuth with
respect to a reference direction and quote obtained from a dedicated altimeter. The secondary radar system
is capable of detecting the presence of aircraft that are equipped with a special unit (Transponder) to
respond to the solicitation that come from the ground. The need of this radar system was the proper
identification; SSR based on the military identification friend or foe (IFF) technology. One of the brightest
fence of this radar is this system having capability of sending or receiving additional information. This
additional information flavors are dependent of the interrogation mode which pilot choose in aircraft or the
transponder installed in aircraft capable of which mode. Most SSR systems rely on Mode C transponders,
which report the aircraft pressure altitude, another mode which commonly used is mode A in which aircraft’s
transponder provides positive aircraft identification by transmitting a four-digit code to the ground station.
The code system is octal; that is, each of the code digits may be any of the number 0-7, thus there are 4096
possible four digits codes. In remaining of the modes are B, S and D which can be distinguish by the pulse
spacing in between.

Parameters of SSR Systems:

• Range = 200 NM
• Interrogation frequency = 1030 MHz
• Reply from transponder = 1090 MHz
• Pulse width = 0.8 microsecond.
• Power consumption = 600 watts.
• Processing capacity = 300 aircrafts.
• Operating band = L-Band.
• Transmitter output power = 1.5 K Watts.
• Frequent common interrogation mode = alpha (identity) & Charlie (altitude)

Figure 5.2.2 Secondary Surveillance Radar

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5.3 Testing Equipment’s:
1. AFIT-1500 in circuit digital IC tester.
2. Tracker “Huntron 5100DS”.
3. Frequency counter “Model HP-5385A”.
4. Synthesizer/Level generator “Model HP-3336C”.
5. System power Supply “Model HP-6038A”
6. Curve Tracer. Tektronix-571.
7. Chip Master Compact (Digital IC Tester).
8. Component analyzer (up to 3-pins Component Tester).
9. Relative Humidity & Temperature tester.
10. Robin Microwave leakage tester.
11. BK Precision Auto Ranging Capacitance Meter, Model 830A.
12. BK Precision Inductance Meters, Model # 875B.
13. Fluke Scope meter, Mode # 199C.
14. Fluke Multimeters, Model # 187
15. Toolkit Xcelite TC-100ST.
16. Soldering Station “Waller”.
17. Huntron Pro-track-model 20.
18. DATAMAN “Model 48-UXP” EPROM Programmer.
19. De-Soldering Station “Waller”
20. Huntron Scanner-I (part of tracker).
21. Agilent Digital Colour LCD Oscilloscope.
22. 6-GHz Spectrum Analyzer Model FSL6.
23. Battery Load Tester (200A).
24. ERSA Infra-red rework station “Model IR-550A & PL-550A.
25. ERSA Fume Extractor.

Conclusion:
In Radar Central Workshop, we learned types of Radars and their function. We get familiar with all testing
equipment’s which are being used in this section for testing, repairing and maintenance of the equipment’s.

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CHAPTER 6: TELECOM SECTION.
Instructor: Hassam Ali Khan

Incharge: Raza Muhammad.

6.1 Overview:
Telecom section was originally developed to look after and maintain the intercom system within CAA but
now it is replaced by the modern PBX system. PBX stands for private branch exchange. It is a network of
telephones within an organization and is also extended to the public telephone system or PSTN.
Organizations that have more than a few phones usually have an internal switching mechanism that
connects the internal phones to each other and to the outside world. A PBX is like a miniature Central Office
switching system designed for a private institution. A PBX usually has a console station that greets outside
callers and connects them to internal extensions.

6.2 Automatic Fire Detection System:

A system which detect an occurrence of smoke by smoke sensors and alert the control panel to take an
action immediately.

Figure 6.2 Automatic Fire Detection System

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6.3 Exchanger:
A large number of telephone lines are interconnected with each other through exchange. Telephone
exchange is used up-to 850 lines in Karachi Airport.

Figure 6.3 Exchanger

6.4 CISCO Catalyst 2960-X Series Switch:

These Switches are used to provide power to the Ethernet Cables.

Figure 6.4 CISCO Catalyst 2960-X Series Switch

Conclusion:
In Telecom Section, we get familiar with the Automatic fire detection system that how many components
are used in these systems and how it works, what is telephone exchange and how to test and its function.

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7: NAVIGATIONAL-AIDS.
Instructor: Mubashir Hussain.

Incharge: Mubashir Hussain.

7.1 Overview:

The department of Navigational aids deals with equipment used in en-route navigation and terminal
navigation.

7.2 En-route Navigation:

When airplane is in air after takeoff then navigational aid guide aircraft to its destination known as En-route
Navigation. It has following equipment’s:

• NDB (Non-Directional Beacons)

• VOR (VHF Omni directional Range)
• DME (Distance measuring equipment)

7.2.1 NDB (Non-Directional Beacon):

An NDB or Non-Directional Beacon is a ground-based, low frequency radio
transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore
platforms. The NDB transmits an omni-directional signal that is received by
the ADF or Automatic Direction Finder, a standard instrument onboard
aircraft. The pilot uses the ADF to determine the direction to the NDB relative
to the aircraft. To navigate using the ADF, the pilot enters the frequency of
the NDB and the compass card (or arrow) on the ADF will indicate the
heading to the station. the frequency range is typically from 190 kHz to 550
kHz. Typically, NDBs have output power from 25 to 500 watts.

Figure 7.2.1 NDB (Non-Directional Beacon)

7.2.2 VOR (VHF Omni Directional Range):

It is used as a navigation system. A pilot can navigate from point A to point B. VOR station is identified
by Morse Code. VOR is actually a radio aid that provide info about, Azimuth that It is clockwise angle
between magnetic north and line connecting the VOR and aircraft, course that VOR provide center line
to pilot., It tells whether an aircraft is approach to or moving away from VOR station. It operates in VHF
band range from 108 to 118 MHz
VOR facility transmitted two 30Hz signals at the same time.

• Reference Signal
• Variable Signal

VOR has two types:

• CVOR (Conventional VOR)
• DVOR (Doppler VOR)

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7.2.2.1 DVOR (Doppler VHF Omni Directional Range):
Doppler VOR beacons are inherently more accurate than Conventional VORs because they are more
immune to reflections from hills and buildings. The variable signal, in a DVOR, is the 30Hz FM signal.

Figure 7.2.2.1 DVOR (Doppler VHF Omni Directional Range)

7.2.2.2 CVOR (Conventional VHF Omni Directional Range):

In a CVOR it is the 30Hz AM signal. If the AM signal from a CVOR beacon, bounces off a building or hill,
the aircraft will see a phase that appears to be at the phase center of the main signal and the reflected
signal, and this phase center will move as the beam rotates.

Figure 7.2.2.2 CVOR (Conventional VHF Omni Directional Range)

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7.3 DME (Distance Measuring Equipment):
It is transponder-based radio navigation technology. It measures Distance from aircraft to ground
beacons. It provides indication of slant range (in NM) of an aircraft from a ground DME facility. It is
identified by Morse Code.
It has two components:

• One is installed in aircraft and it is Interrogator

• Second is ground based Transponder Operation.

Figure 7.3 DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)

7.4 Terminal Navigation:

The navigation techniques used to help the aircraft in landing is known as terminal navigation. The whole
set of equipment used in the process is known as Instrument Landing System (ILS).

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7.5 Components of ILS
An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision
guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals. These
information’s are:

• Guidance information: the localizer and glide slope.

• Range information: the outer marker (CM) and the middle marker (MM) beacons. Visual
information (high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing) PAPI approach lights,
touchdown and centerline lights, runway lights

7.5.1 Glide Scope:

It is installed at the approach end of the runway and provide “Glide Path Angle” info to pilot. The glide
path angle is adjusted to project an angle of 2’ or 4’ above horizon. Its transmitting frequency in UHF
band ranging b/w 328 to 332 MHz. Glide scope frequency is paired with specific localizer frequency.
Upper side of the course is modulated at 90Hz and lower side modulated at 150Hz.

Figure 7.5.1 Glide Scope

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7.5.2 Localizer:
It provides center line info to pilot and it consists of 14-log periodic dipole antennas and installed at the
stop end of runway. It can cover 25or 10 NM and have transmitting frequency in VHF band (108 to 112
MHz). It is identified by its Morse code like for Karachi is IKC.

Figure 7.5.2 Localizer

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7.5.3 TDME:
Terminal Distance Measuring Equipment (TDME) gives the information of distance from touch down point.
Terminal DME, referred to as a TDME in navigational charts, is a DME that is designed to provide a 0
reading at the threshold point of the runway, regardless of the physical location of the equipment. It is
typically associated with Glide Slope.

7.5.4 Marker Beacons:

Marker beacons are used to alert the pilot by audio and visual cues. It gives the distance from threshold
point on the extended center line of the runway, at a particular height. ILS contains three marker beacons:
inner, middle and outer. The inner marker is used only for Category II operations. The marker beacons are
located at specified intervals on the extended center line. All marker beacons operate on a frequency of 75
MHz

Figure 7.5.4 Marker Beacons

Conclusion:
In Nav-aids, we learned the importance of navigation and how it works through the equipment’s which are
installed in various places. All the test benches were introduced that how they trace the fault and repair that
fault if its repairable.

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CHAPTER 8: GENERAL ELECTRONICS SECTION.
Instructor: Adnan Ali.

Incharge: Yousaf Bhatti.

8.1 Overview:
This section deals with all the rest of the equipment that comes into use of CAA. However, the major
equipment comes from the following departments

• DVLS (digital voice logging systems)

• PA (public addressing) systems
• FIDS (flight information display systems)

8.2 DVLS:
Formerly VLS was used for recording all types of conversations, works on the analog principle of magnetic
tape recording. The VLS tape can record a day‘s recording and has to be replaced the other day. The
system is being replaced by the DVLS. It is the most important and major equipment with which GE deals.
This is the Latest machine use for the recording all types of conversation. recording stuff is reserved for 30
days in DVD-RAM . The model of DVLS used by CAA is Marathon Evolution.

Figure 8.2 DVLS

8.2.1 ASC MARATHON EVOLUTION

• World‘s First Linux-based communications recorder

• Multimedia recording from, Traditional telephony and radio, VoIP (Voice over IP), Trunked radio
• Fax data, Screen data

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 • The system can be configured to record, live monitor and archive communications at one location
and to provide
• Search and replay facilities locally or via LAN / WAN, Intranet or Internet.
• Analog inputs: 4 ... 192 channels
• Digital inputs: 4 ... 120 channels or mixed configuration of analog / digital / VoIP
• VoIP: 4 ... 32 channels (active) 4 ... 120 channels (passive)

8.3 PA systems:
A public address system (PA system) is an electronic amplification system with a microphone, preamplifiers
and/or signal routers mixer, which allows variation in sound levels, amplifier to increase the sound and
loudspeakers placed in convenient locations around the broadcasting area, used to reinforce a sound
source. The user speaks into a microphone, and the sound is transmitted through connected cables to the
area surrounding the speakers.

Figure 8.3 PA systems

8.4 FIDS:
Flight Information Display Systems (FIDS) help improve communications and keep passengers constantly
informed of travel information. To manage the heavy and ever increasing passenger traffic, an airport in the
Middle-East needed terminal-wide FIDS that broadcasted information from a constantly updated database
to numerous multimedia displays placed strategically throughout passenger facilities. These indoor displays
needed to supply timely information regarding flight arrivals/departures, gate assignments, waiting hall
locations, baggage area assignments, and weather forecasts—as well as entertainment and advertising
content. Considering the airport handles millions of passengers per year, a reliable mission-critical solution

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was needed. Any potential onsite technical problems could cause serious consequences that might disrupt
the operation of the airport.

8.4.1 System Characteristics

1) Diversification of contents and formats: multiple media formats, including images, texts, Flash, MPEG
video, etc.

2) Diversification of page display: pages for flight and public information are displayed alternately. The latter
is displayed in shorter time.

3) Strictly obey the rules of display according to the time order of flights.

4) Continuity of display: when the video public information and flight information are displayed on the same
page, the existing video display will not be interrupted due to the page refresh caused by dynamic
modification of flight information.

5) Public information display is to demonstrate the information related to airport operating issues including
lost notice, urgent notice, change of boarding gates and delay of flight.

Figure 8.4 FIDS

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8.5 DC Power Supply:
DC power is widely used in low voltage applications such as charging batteries, automotive applications,
aircraft applications and other low voltage, low current applications.

Figure 8.5 DC Power Supply:

8.6 Soldering / Desoldering:

We have done soldering and desoldering of the components with the help of iron rod and solder sucker to
remove solder from a printed circuit board.

Figure 8.6 Soldering / Desoldering

8.7 Components Analysis:

There were many components shown by the instructor which were used in electronic devices like DC Power
supply. Some of the components are:

• Optocoupler.
• Transistor.
• Resistor.
• Capacitor.
• Ceramic Capacitor.
• Diodes.
• Transformers.

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Conclusion:
In General Electronics Section, the basic purpose is testing, repairing and maintaining of the equipment’s
without any circuit diagram given. We learned how to trace fault and how to resolve it, also we have done
soldering and desoldering of the components. They also introduced systems which are being used in CAA
like DVLS, FIDS and PA systems. We also get familiar with the components which are being used is power
supply’s and other electronic equipment’s.

References and Sources Used:

None.

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