Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Sta. Mesa, Manila

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

Presentation of Data

The main portion of Statistics is the display of summarized data. Data is initially collected from a given
source, whether they are experiments, surveys, or observation, and is presented in three methods:

Textual Method. The reader acquires information through reading the gathered data. The textual
presentation combines text and figures in a statistical report.

In the presentation of the text, the writer can emphasize the importance of some figures. This method of
data is not particularly effective because of some instances, like it takes dull reading and may not give a clear and
concise meaning of the quantitative relationship indicated in any particular report.

Tabular Method. Provides a more precise, systematic and orderly presentation of data in rows
or columns. Tabulation is the process of condensing classified data and arranging them in a table.

Tables are constructed to facilitate analysis of relationship and are made possible by the orderly arrangement
of numerical facts in columns and rows.

Major Functional Parts of Statistical Table

a. Table Number. Each table must be given a number. Table number helps in distinguishing one table
from other tables. Usually tables are numbered according to the order of their appearance in a chapter.
For example, the first table in the first chapter of a book should be given number 1.1 and second table
of the same chapter be given 1.2 Table number should be given at its top or towards the left of the
table.

b. Title of the Table. Every table should have a suitable title. It should be short & clear. Title should be
such that one can know the nature of the data contained in the table as well as where and when such
data were collected. It is either placed just below the table number or at its right. A title is the main
heading written in capital shown at the top of the table. It must explain the contents of the table and
throw light on the table as whole different parts of the heading can be separated by commas there are
no full stop be used in the little.

c. The Box Head (column captions). Caption refers to the headings of the columns. It consists of one or
more column heads. A caption should be brief, concise and self-explanatory, Column heading is
written in the middle of a column in small letters.

The heading of each column is called a column caption, while the section of a table that contains the
column captions, is referred to as box head.

The vertical heading and subheading of the column are called columns captions. The spaces were these
column headings are written is called box head. Only the first letter of the box head is in capital letters
and the remaining words must be written in small letters.

d. Stub (Row captions). Stub refers to the headings of rows. The horizontal headings and sub heading of
the row are called row captions and the space where these rows headings are written is called stub.

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

e. Body. This is the most important part of a table. It contains a number of cells. Cells are formed due to
the intersection of rows and column. Data are entered in these cells. It is the main part of the table
which contains the numerical information classified with respect to row and column captions.

f. Head Note. The head-note (or prefatory note) contains the unit of measurement of data. It is usually
placed just below the title or at the right hand top corner of the table. A statement given below the title
and enclosed in brackets usually describe the units of measurement is called prefatory notes.

g. Foot Note. A foot note is given at the bottom of a table. It helps in clarifying the point which is not
clear in the table. A foot note may be keyed to the title or to any column or to any row heading. It is
identified by symbols such as *, +, @, £ etc. It appears immediately below the body of the table
providing the further additional explanation.

h. Source Note. The source note shows the source of the data presented in the table. Reliability and
accuracy of data can be tested to some extent from the source note. It shows the name of the author,
title, volume, page, publisher’s name, year and place of publication of the book or journal from which
data are complied. The source notes is given at the end of the table indicating the source from when
information has been taken. It includes the information about compiling agency, publication etc.

----THE TITLE----
----Prefatory Notes----

----Box Head----
----Row Captions---- ----Column Captions----

----Stub Entries---- ----The Body----

Foot Notes…
Source Notes…

Graphical Method. The utilization of graphs is most effective method of visually presenting
statistical results or findings.

Types of Graphs

Example: The following are the size of radius of a water

tank that are available on the market with their
corresponding quantities. This table serves as the general
data used for the following graphs

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

 Pictograph
A pictograph uses an icon to represent a quantity of
data values in order to decrease the size of the graph. A key
must be used to explain the icon.

 Pie chart
A pie chart displays data as a percentage of the
whole. Each pie section should have a label and
percentage. A total data number should be included.

 Histogram
A histogram displays continuous data in ordered
columns. Categories are of continuous measure such as time,
inches, temperature, etc.

 Bar graph
A bar graph displays discrete data in separate columns.
A double bar graph can be used to compare two data sets.
Categories are considered unordered and can be rearranged
alphabetically, by size, etc

 Frequency Polygon

A frequency polygon can be made from a line graph by

shading in the area beneath the graph. It can be made from a
histogram by joining midpoints of each column.

 Scatter plot
A scatter plot displays the relationship between two
factors of the experiment. A trend line is used to determine
positive, negative, or no correlation.

Frequency Distribution

Frequency Distribution Table. It is a table that shows data arrangement into different classes and the
number of cases that fall into each class.

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

Example 1: Construct a frequency distribution table using the following entrance examination scores for College of
60 students using 10 classes (Desired Class Interval).

19 31 36 26 34 32
44 33 37 39 45 21
24 38 40 42 39 32
43 18 24 32 49 33
33 33 40 24 46 22
29 33 37 30 43 43
26 39 57 30 40 33
25 33 48 39 34 29
29 37 39 35 41 29
23 32 48 28 45 19

Solution:

1. Range. Is the difference between the highest value and lowest value, R=HV-LV.
R= 57-18 = 39
2. Decide on the number 𝑅of class
39
intervals which is appropriate to the given data. Get the class width or
Interval (4-12). 𝑖 = = = 3.9 𝑜𝑟 4
𝐷𝐶𝐼 10
3. Start with the lowest value as the lower limit of the lower class.

Complete Frequency Distribution Table. Has a class mark or midpoint (X), and class boundaries (C.B) of each
class.
𝑈𝐿+𝐿𝐿
Class Mark or Midpoint. The average of the upper limit and the lower limit 𝑋 =
2

Class Boundary or True Limit. Half a unit below the LL and half the unit above UL.

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

Table 2

Grouped Frequency Distribution on Entrance

Examination Scores of 60 Students

Class Interval Class Mark (X) Class Boundaries Frequency

18 – 21 19.5 17.5 – 21.5 4
22 – 25 23.5 21.5 – 25.5 6
26 – 29 27.5 25.5 – 29.5 7
30 – 33 31.5 29.5 – 33.5 14
34 – 37 35.5 33.5 – 37.5 7
38 – 41 39.5 37.5 – 41.5 10
42 – 45 43.5 41.5 – 45.5 7
46 – 49 47.5 45.5 – 49.5 4
50 – 53 51.5 49.5 – 53.5 0
54 – 57 55.5 53.5 – 57.5 1
i=4 n = 60

Cumulative Frequency Distribution. A

cumulative frequency distribution can be
obtained by adding the frequency starting
from the frequency of the lowest class
interval up to the frequency of the highest
class interval. It is also possible to do the
reverse, that is we start to cumulate in the
other direction.

Example 1: Prepare a cumulative frequency

distribution table for the given table below.

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

Cumulative Frequency Distribution on Entrance Examination

Scores of 60 Students

Class Interval Class Frequency <cf >cf

Boundaries
18 – 21 17.5 – 21.5 4 4 60
22 – 25 21.5 – 25.5 6 10 56
26 – 29 25.5 – 29.5 7 17 50
30 – 33 29.5 – 33.5 14 31 43
34 – 37 33.5 – 37.5 7 38 29
38 – 41 37.5 – 41.5 10 48 22
42 – 45 41.5 – 45.5 7 55 12
46 – 49 45.5 – 49.5 4 59 5
50 – 53 49.5 – 53.5 0 59 1
54 – 57 53.5 – 57.5 1 60 1
i=4 n = 60

Measures of Central Tendency

Central Tendency refers to the numerical value in the central region of a distribution of scores.

σ
Mean 𝑿ഥ. The mean or average of a set of numbers is the set of all numbers divided by n. 𝑋ത =
𝑓𝑥 𝑛

Median 𝑿෩. The median is the middle number in a set of data arranged in either ascending
𝑛
or
descending order. 𝑋෨ = 𝐿𝐵 + ൬2 ൰𝑖
𝑓

Mode 𝑿෡. The mode is the number that occurs most often in a set of
𝑓1+ 𝑓2
𝑋෠ = 𝐿𝐵 + ቀ ቁ𝑖
𝑓

Example 1: Given the data in the previous example. Find the mean, median, and mode.

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

Solution:
σ 𝑓𝑥 2,046
1. Mean: 𝑋ത = = = 34.1
𝑛 60 −<𝑐𝑓𝑏
2. Median: 𝑋෨ = 𝐿𝐵 + ൬𝑛 2
൰ 30−17
𝑖 = 29.5 + ቀ ቁ 4 = 33.21
𝑓
Mode: ෠
14
3. 𝑓1+𝑓2 7+7
𝑋 = 𝐿𝐵 + ቀ ቁ 𝑖 = 29.5 + ቀ ቁ 4 = 33.5
𝑓 14

Example 2: In the exam given to the top 30 Nursing students,

the following scores were obtained using 9 classes.

Example 1: Given the data in the previous example. Find the measures of variation..

Solution:

1. Range: 𝑅 = 𝐻𝑆 − 𝐿𝑆 = 57 − 18 =σ39 ത
𝑓/𝑋−𝑋 / 409.2
2. Mean Absolute Deviation: 𝑀𝐴𝐷 = = = 6.82
𝑛 60
σ(𝑓/𝑋−𝑋ത/)2 4,331.32
3. Standard Deviation: 𝜎 = √ =√ = 8.50
𝑛 60
σ(𝑓/𝑋−𝑋ത/)2 4,331.32
4. Variance: 𝜎2 = = = 72.19
𝑛 60

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (MMW)
Data Management Part 2

Activity 4: Data Management (Statistics)

Problem: The scores of 50 students who took statistics test are shown below. Using 10 classes. Show
your solution.

Activity 5: Graphical Presentation

Instruction: Choose one of the graphical presentations and create it based on the above data.

Prepared by: Ruzzel Joseph A. Animosa, LPT, MSME(CAR)