Practical -1
Familiarize with Unix/Linux Log In/Log Out and various other commands &vi editor
Linux Log In/Log Out
1. Local Login:
login:
• The login command initiates a new login session on the local system.
• It prompts for a username and password.
• Once logged in, it provides access to the system's resources.
Command for Remote Login
$ login
2. Remote Login:
ssh (Secure Shell):
• The ssh command is used to log in to a remote system securely.
• It requires the username and hostname (or IP address) of the remote system.
• SSH encrypts the data during transmission, providing security.
Command for Remote Login
$ ssh username@hostname
3. Logout:
exit:
•The exit command is used to terminate a shell session.
•It closes the current shell or logs out of a remote session initiated via SSH.
Command for Logout
$ logout
Various other basic Commands:
Command Meaning Example
ls List directory contents ls
cd Change directory cd /path/to/directory
pwd Print working directory pwd
mkdir Make directory mkdir new_directory
rm Remove files or directories rm file.txt or rm -r directory
cp Copy files or directories cp file.txt new_file.txt
mv Move (rename) files or directories mv file.txt new_location/
cat Concatenate and display file content cat file.txt
head Display the beginning of a file head file.txt
tail Display the end of a file tail file.txt
Grep Search for patterns in files grep pattern file.txt
Chmod Change file permissions chmod 755 file.txt
Chown Change file owner and group chown user:group file.txt
Ps Display information about processes ps aux
Kill Terminate processes kill PID or killall process_name
Ssh Secure Shell - Remote login ssh username@hostname
vi or vim Text editor vi filename or vim filename
Login Start a new local session login
Exit Terminate the current shell session exit
Logout Log out of the current shell session logout
Ctrl + D Send EOF (End-of-File) signal <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>D</kbd>
Vi Editor Basic Commands:
1. Opening and Saving Files:
• Opening a File: To open a file in Vi, type vi followed by the filename:
vi filename
• Saving Changes and Quitting:
• Press Esc to ensure you're in command mode.
• Type :w to save changes without quitting.
• Type :wq to save changes and quit.
• Type :q! to quit without saving changes.
2. Navigating within a File:
• Moving the Cursor:
• Use arrow keys or h, j, k, l for left, down, up, and right respectively.
• Moving to Specific Locations:
• 0 (zero): Move to the beginning of the current line.
• $: Move to the end of the current line.
• gg: Move to the first line of the file.
• G: Move to the last line of the file.
• <line_number>G: Move to a specific line number.
3. Editing Text:
• Inserting Text:
• Press i to enter insert mode before the cursor.
• Press a to enter insert mode after the cursor.
• Press o to open a new line below the current line and enter insert mode.
• Deleting Text:
• Press x to delete the character under the cursor.
• Press dd to delete the entire line.
• Press d$ to delete from the cursor to the end of the line.
• Press dw to delete a word.
4. Exiting Insert Mode:
• Press Esc to exit insert mode and return to command mode.
5. Searching:
• Searching for Text:
• Press / followed by the text you want to search for, then press Enter.
• Use n to find the next occurrence and N to find the previous occurrence.
6. Other Useful Commands:
• Undoing Changes:
• Press u to undo the last change.
• Redoing Changes:
• Press Ctrl + r to redo changes that were undone.
• Copying and Pasting:
• Position the cursor where you want to start copying.
• Press v to enter visual mode.
• Move the cursor to select the text.
• Press y to copy (yank) the selected text.
• Move the cursor to where you want to paste.
• Press p to paste the copied text after the cursor.
Output of Some basic commands on terminal:
Vi Editor -
Practical -2
Develop simple shell programs using Bash or any other shell in Linux.
• Simple testing program in vi editor using Bash
vi abc.sh
chmod +x abc.sh
~$ ls -l
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 0 Apr 21 15:39 2024-04-21-terminal-1.term
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 0 Apr 21 15:39 2024-04-21-terminal-2.term
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 20 Apr 21 14:31 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user user 57 Apr 21 15:44 abc.sh
-rw-r--r ~$
~$ ./abc.sh
Linux Shell Testing
Welcome in linux Shell
• Sum of two numbers using bash
#!/bin/bash
# Prompt the user to enter the first number
echo "Enter the first number:"
read num1
# Prompt the user to enter the second number
echo "Enter the second number:"
read num2
# Perform the addition
sum=$((num1 + num2))
# Display the result
echo "The sum of $num1 and $num2 is: $sum"
Output:
~$ vi sum.sh
~$ ls -l
total 5
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 0 Apr 21 15:39 2024-04-21-terminal-1.term
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 0 Apr 21 15:39 2024-04-21-terminal-2.term
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 20 Apr 21 14:31 abc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user user 57 Apr 21 15:44 abc.sh
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 57 Apr 21 15:44 apiit.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 294 Apr 21 15:54 sum.sh
~$ chmod +x sum.sh
~$ ./sum.sh
Enter the first number:
20
Enter the second number:
30
The sum of 20 and 30 is: 50
Program-3
Develop advanced shell programs using grep, fgrep & egrep
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter the pattern to search for:"
read pattern
echo "Enter the filename:"
read filename
echo "Results for pattern '$pattern' in file '$filename':"
grep "$pattern" "$filename"
Output :
vi grep1.sh
~$ chmod +x grep1.sh
~$ ./grep1.sh
Enter the pattern to search for:
first
Enter the filename:
sum.sh
Results for pattern 'first' in file 'sum.sh':
# Prompt the user to enter the first number
echo "Enter the first number:"
4.Using fgrep for fixed string matching:
#!/bin/bash
# Define the pattern to search for
pattern="APIIT"
# Iterate over all files in the current directory
for file in *; do
# Check if the current item is a file
if [ -f "$file" ]; then
# Use fgrep to search for the pattern in the current file
if fgrep -q "$pattern" "$file"; then
echo "Pattern '$pattern' found in file: $file"
else
echo "Pattern '$pattern' not found in file: $file"
fi
fi
done
Output:
$ cat>file
my name is vishav. i am doing BTECCH FROM APIIT.
APIIT ENG AND MANAGEMENT COLLEGE.
Ctrl+d
5. Count the occurrences of a pattern in a file:
#!/bin/bash
echo "Enter the pattern to count:"
read pattern
echo "Enter the filename:"
read filename
count=$(grep -o "$pattern" "$filename" | wc -l)
echo "Number of occurrences of '$pattern' in '$filename': $count"
6. Program using awk command with database.txt
File database.txt
Name Age Gender Occupation
John 30 Male Engineer
Alice 25 Female Doctor
Bob 40 Male Teacher
Program:
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
# Print specific columns (Name and Gender)
print $1, $3
# Filter based on condition (Gender is "Male")
$3 == "Male"
# Calculate statistics (Average age)
NR > 1 {
total += $2
# Customized output (Greeting the first person)
NR == 1 {
print "Welcome " $1 ", you are a " $4 ". How can I assist you?"
# End of script
END {
if (NR > 1) {
print "Average age:", total/(NR-1)
Output:
