New Generation Network

New Generation Network: Beyond the Internet and NGN
Seminar Report
Submitted in partial IulIillment oI the requirements Ior the degree oI

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
From
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
Kerala

Submitted by
AMEERMUSTHAFA P.K
(CEAGECS003)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
MEA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PERINTHALMANNA
October 2009

E C L A R A T I O N

I hereby declare that the Seminar Report entitled " New Generation Network:
Beyond the Internet and NGN", which is being submitted to MEA Engineering College,
Perinthalmanna, in partial IulIillment oI the requirements Ior the award oI the Degree oI
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science & Engineering in the Department oI
Computer Science & Engineering, is a bonaIide report oI the seminar presented by me. The
material contained in this report has not been submitted to any University or Institution Ior
the award oI any degree.

AMEER MUSTHAFA P.K (CEAGECS003)
Department oI Computer Engineering

Place: VENGOOR
Date: 20/11/2009

EPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AN ENGINEERING
M.E.A ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PERINTHALMANNA - 679325

This is to certiIy that the Seminar Report entitled " New Generation Network: Beyond
the Internet and NGN " submitted by AMEER MUSTHAFA P.K (CEAGECS003), as the
record oI the seminar presented by him, is accepted as the Seminar Report submission in
partial IulIillment oI the requirements Ior the award oI the Degree oI Bachelor of
Technology in Computer Science & Engineering in the Department oI Computer
Engineering.

Seminar Coordinator Head oI the Department

CLk1IIICA1L

ACKNOWLEGMENTS

I take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to all
those people who made this seminar work with words oI encouragement, motivation,
discipline, and Iaith by oIIering diIIerent places to look to expand my ideas and helped me
towards the successIul completion oI this seminar work.

First and Ioremost, I express my deep gratitude to Mr. SREERAM.S (Head,
Department oI Computer Science & Engineering, MEA Engineering College, Perinthalmanna)
Ior his constant cooperation, support and Ior providing necessary Iacilities throughout the
B.Tech program.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my seminar coordinators Mr.
1I1U and Mr. HARISH BINU Ior their insightIul advice, motivating suggestions, invaluable
guidance, help and support in successIul completion oI this seminar.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my staII member Mr. SALEEM
Ior his valuable suggestions, help and support in successIul completion oI this project.

I take this opportunity to express my thanks to the teaching and non teaching
staII in Department oI Computer Science & Engineering, Ior their invaluable help and
support in these Iour years oI my study. I am also grateIul to all my classmates Ior their help,
encouragement and invaluable suggestions.

Finally, I would like to thank all those who directly and indirectly supported me
Ior completing my seminar in time.

Date:20/11/2009 AMEER MUSTHAFAP.K

ABSTRACT
This Seminar describes requirements and Iundamental technologies to enable the
provision oI a new generation network beyond the Internet and the next generation network,
both oI which are based on IP protocols. Although the Internet has grown into a social
inIrastructure and the NGN will replace legacy telephone networks and cellular phone
networks in the near Iuture, it is time to start R&D on revolutionary network technologies and
clean-slate designed architecture beyond the IP structure.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of acronyms...........................i
List of diagrams......................,,,...iii
list of table............................iii
INTROUCTION 1
1.1 Next Generation Network.................2
1.2 u-Japan......................3
2 NEW GENERATION NETWORK 3
2.1 AKAR project .........................
challenges ............................9
2.1.2 Study items .........................10
2.1.3 Design principles ......................11
2.1.4 ConIiguration oI the new architecture ..............12
2.2 Enabling technologies......................13
221 Optical technologie..................14
222 Wireless technologies 14
223 Sensor networks 14
2.31GN2plus 14
2.3.1 4k digital cinema....................15
2.4 New Paradigm Network ......................15
2.5 Green IT ................................15
2.6 Rest of the world .........................16
2.7 Challenges for the AKARI project ..............17
2.8 Opportunities for bilateral collaboration ............17

CONCLUSION 18
BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................19

l

LIST OF ACRONYM

NOTATION ESCRIPTION
ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
B2B Business to Business
B2C Business to Customer
CATV Cable TV
DoS Denial oI Service
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
FGCS FiIth Generation Computer Systems
FIND Future Internet Design
FMC Fixed Mobile Convergence
FP7 Seventh Framework Programme
FTTH Fiber to the Home
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
GENI Global Environment Ior Network Innovations
HDTV High DeIinition TV
IEEE Institute oI Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IP Internet Protocol
IPSec Internet Protocol Security
IP-TV Internet Protocol TV
IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4
IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
ISP Internet Service Provider
JGN Japan Gigabit Network
KTH Royal Institute oI Technology
METI Ministry oI Economy, Trade and Industry
ll

MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
NEDO New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization
NGI Next Generation Internet
NGN Next Generation Network
NICT National Institute oI InIormation and
Communications Technology
NNI Network to Network InterIace
NPN New Paradigm Network
NSF National Science Foundation
NTT Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Corp.
NW Network
NWGN New Generation Network
NXGN Next Generation Network
O-E-O Optical-to-Electrical-to-Optical
P2P Peer to Peer
PDMA Packet Division Multiple Access
QoS Quality oI Service
RFID Radio Frequency IdentiIication
S2M Satellite to Mobile
SDTV Standard DeIinition TV
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
u-Japan Ubiquitous Japan
UNI User to Network InterIace
UNS Ubiquitous Network Society

lll

LIST OF IAGRAMS

Figure1.1: NUMBER OF BROADBAND USER....................................................................2
Figure 1.2: INTERNET VS NGN .............................4
Figure 1.3: CONTENTS IN UBIQUITOUS SOCIETY.......................4
Figure 2.1: POSITIONING OF NGN&NWGN....................6
Figure 2.2: TIME PLAN FOR AKARI PROJECT...................9
Figure 2.3: STUDY ITEM FOR AKARI PROJECT....................10

LIST OF TABLE
TABLE 2.1 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NXGN AND NWGN...........7

1

CHAPTER 1
INTROUCTION
In late spring oI 200, the number oI FTTH service contracts in Japan exceeded the number
oI DSL and reached 13 million. The number is expected to reach 30 million by 2010, which
is more than 50 per cent oI the Japanese households. The growth oI FTTH also implies that
the number oI DSL contracts has been declining since 2006 (Figure 1). Furthermore, the
estimated volume oI data traIIic on the Internet today is around 1Tbit/s in Japan alone. That is
1 000 times increase over the past 10 years. In the year 2020, it is expected to have increased
another 1 000 times compared to today. Here it is noteworthy to remember that the origin oI
the Internet goes back almost 40 years to ARPANET and the transmission control protocol
(TCP, which was published in IEEE Transactions on Communications in 1974). TCP was
then separated into an internet layer protocol and a transport layer protocol in 197. At that
time nobody could probably have Ioreseen the enormous impact that ARPANET and TCP/IP
have had on our lives and society.

In the early seventies security and QoS (quality oI service) were not even considered.
Along with the introduction oI new applications and the explosion oI data transmission,
several extensions and modiIications have been made to the original TCP/IP in order to
accommodate new requirements. However, since 2000 there has been an increasing level oI
concern and discussion in the networking research community as to how long it will be
possible to do incremental changes to this patchwork. The perception is also that it has
become increasingly diIIicult to deal with the complexity oI the Internet and that it will
ultimately reach a point where the maintenance and error recovery will be exceedingly
diIIicult. Another quantitative argument is the limitation oI today`s Internet regarding the
enormous power consumption oI Internet routers in the Iuture.

2

Figur1.1:Number OI Broadband User
1.1 Next Generation Network

The standardization body ITU-T is establishing standards Ior Next Generation Network
(NGN), which is currently in a deployment phase. In Iact, during 200 NGN service has been
launched commercially in Japan by NTT. It is based on the IP network and is oIten
characterized with the transition Irom IPv4 to IPv6. In this report the term NXGN will be
used onwards Ior Next Generation Network in order to avoid ambiguity. This term is used by
NICT.
The Internet is based on a best eIIort bearer Iunction to interconnect multiple router based
networks. This means that no overall network planning and no clear responsibility and
control rule exist among networks. TCP/IP protocol is the only common rule and users have
the Ireedom to install any applications. On the contrary, NXGN is regarded as an eIIort to re-
establish QoS controlled bearer Iunctions to interconnect multiple networks with clear
responsibility, meaning: IP based network with network control Iunctions and with clear
responsibility Ior the control, QoS control and security Iunctions installed, and maintaining
the connection Iunction oI the Internet (Figure 2). Basically, the goals oI NXGN are IourIold:

1. Replace legacy telephone networks with state-oI-the-art IP-based networks.
3

2. Integrate various services over IP networks, such as triple-play services oI voice, data and
video, and quadruple play services adding cellular phone services to triple-play.
3. Solve the issues that the Internet is Iacing, namely: application-oriented QoS control,
mobility support Ior FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence), security weakness, etc.
4. Maintain saIety and reliability at the level oI telephone services to meet the requirements
Ior the social inIrastructure.
1.2 u-1apan

In order to solve the societal and economic challenges that Japan is Iacing, due to an ageing
population and increased international competition Irom China and South Korea especially
regarding the IT-industry, Japan has launched a strategy to create a ubiquitous network
society: u-Japan. The goal oI u-Japan is to create a society by 2010 where IT plays an integral
part, interconnecting everything and everyone seamlessly, everywhere and always. The
Japanese Ministry oI Internal AIIairs and Communications (MIC) has in connection with
their u-Japan strategy also launched a strategy Ior necessary R&D activities, which is called
UNS, Ubiquitous Network Society. It stands on three pillars: Universal Communications,
New Generation Network, and SaIety and Security. The main Iocus oI this report addresses
the second pillar, New Generation Network, which also involves the concept oI ubiquity.
In the ubiquitous network society that Japan Ioresees there will be a huge number o sensors
and appliances surrounding us. All oI these devices will transIer content in various ways,
Irom tiny sensors sending small amount oI data very Irequently to applications transmitting
and receiving massive amount oI data. An example is IP-TV, where large volume oI data is
accessed occasionally and another example is small RFID tags that only transmit small
amount oI data, but much more Irequently (Figure 3).
4

Figure 1.2:Internet VS NGN

Figure1.3:Contents in Ubiquitous Society
3

CHAPTER 2
NEW GENERATION NETWORK

On August 19, 2007, MIC (Ministry oI Internal AIIairs and Communications) announced that
Japan is aiming Ior a new generation network that will replace today`s Internet. It should be
able to handle the requirements set by the society in 2020 in terms oI communication speed,
capacity and security. The New Generation Network is abbreviated NWGN and the term is
used by NICT to distinguish it Irom NXGN. NWGN should also be distinguished Irom the
term Next Generation Internet (NGI), which oIten reIers to the migration Irom IPv4 to IPv6.
NXGN, as mentioned in previous chapter, is considered as a replacement oI legacy telephone
network using IP-based networks, while NWGN is being proposed as a clean slate network
architecture with main protocols that may not be IPbased (Figure 4). In Japan there is a clear
diIIerence between NWGN and NXGN. Ther seems to be a strong argument Ior a clean slate
network that is not constrained by the IPbase network. As mentioned in theintroduction,
today`s Internet has become very complex partly due to the patchwork oI extensions and
changes that have been introduced to accommodate all the traIIic and applications that the IP
based network were never intended Ior, not to mention the Iuture requirements. Adding more
Iunctions is already troublesome and it is diIIicult to ensure reliability Ior the entire complex
system. The advocates oI a clean slate network architecture argue that compatibility issues
with the current IP based network ought to be looked at only aIter the new network has been
designed. Further, NWGN is targeted Ior a range oI appliances, including ubiquitous
appliances that will exist in the 2020`s. It is intended to be designed Ilexible enough so that it
can develop continuously over 50 to 100 years. The diIIerences between NXGN and
NWGN are described in the Iollowing table.

6

Figure .2.1: positioning OI NGN&NWGN

7

Table 2.1diIIerences between NXGN and NWGN
8

The development oI NWGN and the coordination between industry, academia, and
government have been assigned to the National Institute oI InIormation and Communications
Technology (NICT). It is a national research institute in the inIormation and communications
Iield that conducts its own technical research and contributes to national policies in the Iield.
Thus, NICT has the central role regarding NWGN in Japan. It is also coordinating with
similar eIIorts in the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere (2.6). Moreover, NICT has created the
NWGN Promotion Forum in the second halI oI 2007. The Iorum has more than 250 members
today, representing Japanese industry, academia, and government. Already in 2006, NICT
launched the AKARI project (2.1), which encompasses NICT`s R&D activities on NWGN.
MIC is expecting that Japan becomes a leader in post-Internet technology and creates global
standards. NICT has created the NWGN Strategic Headquarters in order to meet MIC`s
expectations. The core oI the headquarters consists oI the AKARI project as well as the test
network JGN2plus (2.3). The NWGN headquarters has announced a vision Ior NWGN that
addresses Iive challenges: value creation, heterogeneity, energy, autonomicity, and
complexity. There are three major projects Ior unding the NWGN R&D activities in
academia, industry and at NICT. The projects are: Ubiquitous Networking PlatIorm, Photonic
Network Technology and NWGN Technology. The budget Ior these projects in 200 is 1.5
billion yen (about 130 million SEK)1, 3.6 billion yen (320 million SEK)1 and 2.1 billion yen
(190 million SEK)1, respectively
.
2.1 AKARI project

The primary goal oI the AKARI project is to design a network Ior the Iuture. It aims to build
technologies Ior NWGN by 2015, developing a network architecture and creating a network
design based on that architecture (Figure 5). The philosophy is to pursue an ideal solution by
researching new network architectures without being impeded by existing constraints. The
AKARI project, which started in 2006, consists oI researchers at NICT and proIessors Irom
academia. An AKARI workshop is held annually to disseminate and discuss the progress oI
the project.

NWGN is considered to become an evolution oI NXGN and today`s Internet. It means
introduction oI post-IP protocol or drastic changes to IP. In the AKARI project there is an
emphasis on a clean slate design Ior the NWGN network architecture, diIIerent Irom today`s
9

IP based network. NICT has made an impressive start and produced a very extensive
conceptual paper oI the AKARI project, which has been updated Irom the previous year and
is currently around 250 pages long. It describes a broad range oI component technologies,
anticipated needs and related design requirements to handle the Iorecasted network traIIic. It
discusses candidate network components, such as optical processing, radio access networks,
algorithms Ior transport, addressing, routing, security and QoS.

Figure 2.2. Time plan Ior AKARI project
2.1.1 ChaIIenges

The conceptual paper Iocuses on several areas, e.g. switch and transmission capacity, power
consumption, ubiquity, mobility support, connectivity Ior versatile appliances, security,
reliability and social saIety. In other words, the new network must be able to handle the
previously mentioned range oI tiny to huge terminals as well as the enormous amount oI data
traIIic in 2020. The data traIIic is estimated to about 1 000 times more than today. This would
mean that Ior instance the required switching capacity will be some Pbit/s (1 000 000 Gbit/s),
the link speed oI the core network will be in the range oI 10 Tbit/s (10 000 Gbit/s) and the
access network will have 10 Gbit/s links. These estimations are supported by high-deIinition
video transmissions and 4k digital cinema (2.3.1), which is currently under development.
Regarding the energy consumption oI such vast amount oI data traIIic, it would mean that
each Peta bit/s router would consume about 10 MW. Furthermore, according to this
10

projection an average ISP in the 2020`s is expected to consume as much power as a nuclear
power plant, which is obviously not sustainable.
2.1.2 Study items

NWGN has been divided into Iour study items in the AKARI project: application layer,
overlay network, common network (IPa or post-IP) and underlay network (Figure 6). The
latter encompasses photonic, mobile, sensor networks etc. The common network will be
developed to replace today`s IP network. The overlay network will provide a Ilexible,
customizable layer on which applications will run. The application layer will have universal
access. The cross-layer control mechanism will operate across the layers to enable them to
cooperate and provide users with services in the appropriate layers. The control mechanism
oI the cross-layer is considered as one oI the most challenging technologies in the study. The
study items on NWGN architecture have been chosen with an evolutionary goal Irom current
connectionless datagram architecture to a hybrid architecture oI packet and circuit switching.
Most oI the research resources are currently invested into this hybrid switch architecture with
packet and path switching.

Figure 2.3. Study Item Ior AKARI Project

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2.1.3 esign principles

The AKARI conceptual paper Iocuses on three core design principles Ior the creation oI the
new generation network architecture. These three design principles are: 1) simple and smart,
2) reality connection, and 3) sustainable and evolutionary. Basically, it is important Ior the
network to have a simple structure that can evolve and develop in response to changing
requirements. The intention is that NWGN should be designed in such way that it can be
developing continuously over 50 to 100 years, not just two or three decades, as it will
constitute the inIormation inIrastructure in our society. The new architecture must avoid the
same dangers that conIront today`s Internet. The three design principles are described as
Iollows:

Simple and smart principle (Irequently called KISS 'Keep it Simple, Stupid or lately'Keep it
Simple and Smart by AKARI):

When choosing among technologies and integrating them, simpliIication is considered most
important in order to reduce complexity.
Maintaining independence oI each layer and letting the network layer be the common layer.
Hence, other layers do not need the Iunctions that are implemented in the common layer
A network should not be constructed based on speciIic applications.
Reality connection principle:
Separation oI physical and logical addressing, so that entities in space on the network are
not disassociated Irom the real world (currently a problem on the Internet, since it was not
designed Ior mobility).
The network should be designed so that bidirectional authentication is always possible. The
authentication inIormation must also be located under control oI the particular individual or
entity.
Individuals or entities must be traceable to reduce attacks on the network and it should be a
principle when designing addressing and routing as well as transport over them.
Sustainable and evolutionary principle:
A selI organizing network, which must be designed sustainable and adaptive, so that it can
be developed continuously. Individual entities within the network must be designed so that
they can operate in a selI distributed manner.
12

SelI organizing controls or autonomous actions at each node to suIIiciently scale controls in
large scale or topologically varying networks.
Robust large scale network designed to handle simultaneous or serious Iailures that may
occur.
Controls Ior a topologically Iluctuating network are necessary Ior mobility, e.g. Ior Iinding
resources on demand.
Controls based on real time traIIic measurement are required to avoid Iailures when the
scale oI the network increases.
Openness should be provided to users Iacilitating the creation oI new applications.

2.1.4 Configuration of the new architecture
The design principles described in the previous section have resulted in the Iollowing component
technologies, which constitute the basic conIiguration oI the new network architecture:

Optical packet switching and optical paths

Packet switching technologies make use oI the broadband nature oI optical technology and provide
possible methods required Ior the integration oI switching principles having diIIerent requirements Ior
various service provisions.
Optical access
New generation FTTH concepts providing higher speed and are more suitable Ior various services
than existing concepts.
Wireless access
New generation wireless communication technologies and wireless network conIigurations that will
exist in the environment. For example, users will be surrounded by various sensors and personal
communication devices in the ubiquitous network society.
PMA
Packet Division Multiple Access (PDMA) is a paradigm Ior mobile wireless communication that
adapts to the communication characteristics oI a packet network, where cell design and channel
assignment are redundant.
Transport layer control
The prospect Ior universal support, migration scenarios and Iairness oI transport layer control is
another important component in the new architecture. A selI-organizing control type TCP is also
introduced.
Network architecture with separate structure for identification and location
13

Another important research Iocus is to introduce a separate structure Ior identiIication and location. It
is considered necessary to adopt an architecture where identiIier and locater ar separated, in order to
construct a scalable network, simpliIy mobile communication, and multi-homing, as well as
protecting privacy.
Layering
Introduction oI a cross-layer architecture Ior exchanging control inIormation between layers that are
not limited to adjacent layers.
Security
Security conIiguration that consists oI distributed security management.
QoS routing
The new network should also address the importance oI routing Irom the user perspective, hence
scalable QoS routing is proposed to achieve optimization
Network model
The network model is deIined by openness, in order to make network Iunctions available
Ior users to create diverse services.
Robustness control
A selI organizing approach is proposed Ior implementing scalability and adaptability Ior variations
and Iailures in the communication environment.
Layer degeneracy
The new architecture should implement a policy Ior simpliIying the network and eliminating
duplicated Iunctions in multiple layers.
IP simplification
The network layers should be redesigned using a clean slate approach.

Overlay network
A virtualization technology Ior building a virtual network on an upper layer to conceal the diversity or
limitations oI lower layers, which enables diverse network services to be developed quickly in an
upper layer without taking the lower layers into account. It also enables new network architecture
experiments to be conducted without changing the underlying physical network.
Network virtualization
The necessity oI network virtualization technology has been proposed to enable diverse virtualization,
including parts closer to the core network, in order to promote research oI network architectures, i.e.
not only network services, which is done in the overlay network.

2.2 Enabling technologies
14

The document that describes the conceptual design oI AKARI presents several technologies that are
expected to enable the realization oI NWGN. Optical and wireless technologies are given special
attention. Technologies such as quantum communication and time synchronization are examples that
are taken into consideration as part oI basic technologies Ior Iuture networks.

2.2.1 Optical technologies

As previously mentioned, one major challenge Ior NWGN will be to reduce the power consumption
oI the network. Photonic technology is a powerIul tool to reduce the power consumption at each
network node as well as to increase the switching speed. Research areas within optical technologies
that are addressed are: optical transmission, new optical Iiber, wavelength and waveband conversion,
optical 3R, optical quality monitoring, optical switch and buIIer, as well as silicon photonics.

2.2.2 Wireless technologies

Since wireless access and mobility are important parts oI NWGN, research areas such as soItware
radio and cognitive radio are identiIied as enabling technologies. Various types oI sensors and
personal communication devices are connected wirelessly to the network and will conIigure personal
area networks, ad-hoc networks, and wireless multi-hop networks. These networks will in turn be
connected to each other and enable communication to the optical core network. On the wireless access
network side, base stations will be
nterconnected wirelessly, so that they can be placed more densely, increasing communication speed
and using less power.

2.2.3 Sensor networks

As described earlier, NWGN is intended to handle a huge amount oI terminals including wired and
wireless sensors. These sensors may oIten be minimal (e.g. 'smart dust), operating at minimal
external power and just generating tiny amounts oI data. In many oI
hese cases a more eIIicient protocol than IP is preIerred. There is a great interest in a sensor network
that is secure, but also enables inIormation to be Ireely obtained and processed by general users.
2.3 1GN2plus
nlC1 ls operaLlng Lhe 8u neLwork LesLbed !Cn2plus whlch sLarLed ln 2008 lL has evolved from Lhe
!Cnll and !Cn neLwork LesLbeds LhaL were operaLed ln 20042008 and 20002004respecLlvely
13

!Cn2plus ls a naLlonwlde neLwork ln operaLlon unLll 2011 when lL ls proposed Lo be succeeded by
an evolved LesLbed (llgure 3) lrom a research polnL of vlew !Cn2plus ls Lhe backbone for new 8u
acLlvlLles on neLwork Lechnology eg nWCn and a vehlcle for lnLernaLlonal collaboraLlon among
oLhers lL conslsLs of LhreeneLwork servlces layer 3 l connecLlon layer 2 LLherneL connecLlon (over
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1halland Slngapore Chlna and korea
2.3.1 4k digital cinema
One application that sets high requirements on the network is 4k digital cinema. It is currently being
used by NICT and NTT as a high capacity and high speed application. The hopes are that it will
Iollow the trend oI other long tail applications, such as Internet, WWW, search engines, etc., and
eventually become a major service within the near Iuture. It has a resolution oI 4096 x 2160 pixels,
which is roughly twice the resolution oI digital high deIinition TV. It provides movies in 24 Irames/s
progressive mode and the average bit rate is 7.6 Gbit/s. Two hour content has the size oI about 5 TB
in non-compressed Iorm. NTT developed the prototype system in 2001 and joint Iield trials have been
made between NTT, Warner Brothers, Sony Pictures and Paramount. There have been other trials to
Europe as well, Ior instance a 4k digital video live streaming Irom Kyoto to KTH, Stockholm, oI the
Kyoto Prize ceremony.

2.4 New Paradigm Network

NTT has been and is very active in the area oI NXGN, which has been commercially launched in
Japan in 200. NXGN is based on IP network and is oIten characterized with the transition Irom IPv4
to IPv6. In order to position itselI strategically Ior the Iuture, NTT is also working actively on
NWGN, supporting NICT. NTT has included the operator perspective to NWGN and reIers to it by
the name New Paradigm Network (NPN). This includes network operation and customer support.

2.5 Green IT

Aside Irom the green aspect oI AKARI, there are also other eIIorts in Japan regarding reduction oI the
power consumption oI the IT inIrastructure. NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology
Development Organization) has launched several projects in the Iield oI electronics and IT. One
example is the project 'Development oI Next-generation High-eIIiciency Network Device
Technology, which is running Irom 20072011 and aiming at developing optical/electronics device
technology and related technologies Ior the purpose oI establishing Iundamental next-generation high-
16

eIIiciency networks. The budget Ior 2007 and 200 was 1.16 billion yen (100 million SEK)1 and 1.04
billion yen (90 million SEK)1, respectively. Furthermore, METI (Ministry oI Economy, Trade and
Industry) has launched a Green IT project this year that aims at making data centers, displays, routers
and servers more energy eIIicient, while MIC with NWGN is covering the energy consumption oI the
network itselI.

2.6 Rest of the world

There are activities similar to NWGN that have recently begun in other parts oI the world. For
instance, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has launched the GENI and FIND projects in the
US. NICT`s collaboration with the US and the NSF is tight. The EU has some related activities within
FP7. Japan`s advanced communication inIrastructure and high-speed Internet may give Japan
advantages in the competition with other countries in terms oI developing NWGN.
From an international point oI view, NICT is in a rather unique situation being a Iunding organization
with its own research laboratory. Japan`s leading position in a number oI technology areas related to
NWGN can pave the way Ior Japan to becoming a Iuture leader in creating services and applications.

2.7 Challenges for the AKARI project

AKARI is deIinitely an ambitious project with its aim to create a new generation network that will be
able to handle the requirements in the 2020`s and be Ilexible enough to develop over 50 to 100 years.
The greatest challenge is said to probably be the resistance oI those who continue to push Ior
evolutionary changes oI the current IP based network. The AKARI project team has made an
impressive start by generating the comprehensive document which explains the conceptual design oI
AKARI. Some concerns have been raised at an early stage that reIers back to the FiIth Generation
Computer Systems (FGCS) project in the eighties. BeIore FGCS, Japanese R&D teams had oIten
shown that they could be eIIective and productive in reaching common targets in an orchestrated
eIIort, as long as the goal and direction are clearly deIined. It is argued that the FGCS project got too
Iocused too soon. Instead it has been proposed that this kind oI large scale projects should have
multiple competing groups, open standards, open platIorms and mostly open source soItware results.
This would allow Iocus on demonstrating key architectural principles and delivering enabling system
components. It has been recommended that the AKARI team should Iocus on a tentative direction,
stay alert, be attentive and observe emerging enabling technologies and how they may have an impact
on the candidate architectures, and be open to other research groups both in Japan and internationally.
17

Intellectual property matters and technology transIer are examples oI other issues that have been
brought to attention at an early stage. With these challenges and recommendations being pointed out
at an early stage combined with the rather unique position oI NICT and an ambitious start oI the
project, the AKARI project has deIinitely been equipped with promising initial conditions.

2.8 Opportunities for bilateral collaboration

Both NICT and NTT have shown positive interest in a possible collaboration with Sweden. The area
oI mobile/wireless network Ior Iuture Internet has been mentioned as a potential area Ior research
collaboration, since Sweden is especially recognized Ior its strength in the mobile/wireless Iield. As
previously mentioned there has already been collaboration between NTT, NICT and KTH regarding a
Iield trial transmission oI 4k digital video Irom the Kyoto Prize ceremony. This could also be a
prospective starting point Ior a bilateral collaboration.

18

CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION

Next Generation Network (NXGN) has been launched in Japan during 200. It is
characterized by the transition Irom IPv4 to IPv6. However, there is an increasing level oI
concern and discussion in the networking research community as to how long it will be
possible to do incremental changes and extensions to the IP-based network oI today. It has
become increasingly diIIicult to deal with the complexity oI the Internet and it is
suggestedthat it will ultimately reach a point where the maintenance and error recovery will
be exceedingly diIIicult. Another argument is Ior example the limitation oI today`s Internet
regarding the drastically increasing power consumption oI Internet routers with the current
technology development.
Hence, Japan is aiming Ior a new generation network that will replace today`s Internet and be
able to handle the requirements set by the society in 2020 in terms oI communication speed,
capacity and security. The New Generation Network (NWGN) is being proposed as a clean
slate network architecture with main protocols that may be dramatically diIIerent Irom
today`s IP-based protocols. The intention is also that NWGN should be designed in such way
that it can be developing constantly over 50 to 100 years, not just two or three decades as it
will constitute the inIormation inIrastructure in our society.
MIC is expecting that Japan becomes a leader in post-Internet technology and creates global
standards. Japan`s leading position in a number oI technology areas related to NWGN can
pave the way Ior Japan to becoming a Iuture leader in creating services and applications.
The work on NWGN is still at an early stage, basically at a study level. However, both NICT
and NTT are very positive to a possible collaboration with Sweden in the Iield. NICT has
expressed an interest in getting in contact with Swedish experts in the Iield oI mobile/wireless
networks Ior Iuture Internet. NICT and NTT have done a Iield trial 4k digital video
transmission Irom Kyoto to KTH earlier and that has been suggested as a possible starting
point Ior a potential Swedish-Japanese collaboration on NWGN.

19

BIBLIOGRAPHY
|1| http://www.soumu.go.jp/s-news/2007/ 'Deployment oI NTT Group`s Next Generation
Network |Last visited : 12/10/2009|
|2|; http:// www.geni.net/ Global Environment Ior Network Innovations
|Last visited : 12/10/2009|
|3| NSF NeTS FIND Initiative; http://www.nets-Iind.net / NSF NeTS FIND Initiative;
|4| http://cordis.europa.eu/ Ip7/ Seventh Framework Program
|5 http://Iorum.nwgn.jp/gaiyo.html (in Japanese) NWGN Forum
|6| http://akariproject. nict.go.jp/eng/conceptdesign.htm/ AKARI Architecture Conceptual
Design; |Last visited : 24/09/2009|
|7| http://www.planet-lab.org/ PlanetLab |Last visited : 10/10/2009|
|| http://www.ntt.co.jp/news/news05e/ NTT Group 0510/051011.html

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New Generation Network: Beyond the Internet and NGN

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