GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

-
is the subdiscipline of civil engineering that involves natural materials

found close to the surface of the earth.

-Itincludes the application the

of
principles of soil mechanics and rock

mechanics to the design of foundations, retaining structures, and earth

structures.

Soil mechanics
-
is the branch of science that deals with the study of the physical
properties of soil and the behavior of soil masses subjected to various

types of forces.

Soil
-
is defined as the uncemented aggregate of mineral grains and decayed

organic matter (solid particles) with liquid and gas in the empty spaces
between the solid particles.
-
It is used as a construction material in various civil engineering projects,
and it supports structural foundations.

-Thus, civil engineers must study the properties of

soil, such as its origin,

grain-size distribution, ability to drain water, compressibility, shear

strength,
and load-bearing capacity.

Soil-particle size
-
soils generally are calledgravel, sand, silt, or clay, depending on the

predominant size of particles within the soil.

Classes of soils
> coarse soils -

gravel and sand

> Finer soils -

silt, clay, mud, and colloidal material

Juanday
Mechanical analysis of soil:
-
is the determination of the size range particles present
of in a soil,

expressed as a percentage of the total dry weight.

- in
> Sieve Analysis for particles (0.075mm

-
Hydrometer Analysis
-

for particles (0.075mm in

Sieve analysis
-

consisting of shaking the soil sample through a set of sieves that

have progressively smaller openings

Juanday
To conduct a sieve analysis:
1) must first the soil break lumps into
One
over-dry and then all

small particles.
soil of sieves with of
2)The is then shaken through a stack
openings
decreasing size from top to bottom

3)After the soil is shaken, the mass of soil retained on each sieve is

determined. The total mass of the soil is determined.

4)Determine the cumulative mass of the soil retained above each sieve

and the mass of soil passing the sieve.

Mass of Soil Passing the Sieve = total mass - cumulative mass retained
5)The percent of soil passing the sieve (or percentfiner) is solved.

Percent finer = Mass of Soil Passing the Sieve / total mass

the percent finer for each sieve is calculated, the calculations are
6)
Once

plottedon semi-logarithmic graph paper with percentfiner as the

ordinate (arithmetic scale) and sieve opening size as the abscissa

Clogarithmic scale). This plot is referred to as the particle-size

distribution curve.

Mass retained Cumulative Mass of soil Percent passing

Sieve no. Diameter (mm) mass retained
(grams) above each sieve passing the sieve (percent finer)
4 4.75 5 5 190 94.34%

8 2.36 45 50 745 95,71%

10 2 65 115 680 85.53%

20 0.85 92 707 580 72.94%

48 0.425 152 354 436 54.84%

68 0.25 15 474 321 40.38%

80 0.18 212 486 109 13.71%

100 0.15 63 449 44 5.79%

200 0.075 32 781 14 1.76%

PAN 14 495 8 0%

TOTAL 495

Juanday
Particle-size distribution curve

for given soil.

-can be used to determine the following four parameters a

>Effective size (D10)

This parameter is the diameter in the particle

-

size distribution

curve corresponding to 10% finer. The effective size of a

granular soil

is a good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity and

drainage through the soil.

> Uniformity coefficient ((n)

note:Doo is the diameter

Cu
Dco
=

DIO corresponding to 60% finer

Juanday
 > coefficient of Gradation (CC)

Do
20
=

DGo X Dio

>Sorting coefficient (So (

measure of uniformity and is encountered in

-another generally

geologic works

D75
So
=

D25

The particle-size distribution curve shows not only the range of

particle sizes presentin a soil, butalso the type ofdistribution of

various-size particles.

> Poorly graded soil

-
most of the soil grains are the same size.

Well graded soil

-

particle sizes are distributed over a wide range.

for for
-

has a Cu>4 gravels, (n)

sands, and KC>3 for

gravels and sands.

<Gap graded soil

-characterized by two or more humps in the grading curve.

Juanday
Determine the percentages of GRAVEL, SAND, SILT, AND CLAY
using:
USDA.
MIT, USCS, AASHTO, and

SIEVE SIZE (mm) % PASSING Answer:

4.75
100;
MIT USDA AASHTO USCS
85.5%
Gravel
2
14.5% 14.5% 14.5% 0%

0.42 64.2'
Sand 80.17 . 85.5% 74. 111 88. 61%

0.18 50.5%
Silt
Z
0% 11.39%
i 11.39%
0.15 30.2'
Clay 0% 0% 0%

0.04 5.33%

PAN 0%

M1T
*

>Gravel (<2.00mm) 100

= -
85.5:14.5%

>Sand (2.00mm-0.06mm) 85.5-5.33 =

80.17%
=

> Silt (0,04mm-0.002 mm) 5.33% =

-
0 5.33%
=

> Clay (<0.002 mm) 0%

=

USDA
*

>Gravel (<2.00mm) 100

= -
85.5:14.5%

>Sand (2.00mm-0.05mm) 85.5-0 85.5% =

=

> Silt (0.05mm-0.002 mm) 0%

=

> Clay (<0.002 mm) 0%

=

AASHTO
*

>Gravel (74.2mm -2.00mm) 100

= -
85.5:14.5%

>Sand (2.00mm-0.075mm) 85.5-11.39 =

74.11%
=

< Silt (0.075mm-0.002 mm) 11.39-0

=

11.39%
=

> Clay (<0.002 mm) 0%

=

USCS
*

>Gravel (74.2mm -
4.75mm) 100-100
=
=

0%

(4.75mm-0.075mm) 100 11.39 88.41%

=

>Sand = -

Silt and Clay (<0.075mm) 11.39-0 11.39%

=
=

>

Juanday
Weight-volume relationships

water
soil- solid particles and voids
air

Vi Vs Vw va
= + +

Wi Ws
=
+
Ww

Vi Vs Vv
=
+

"s Vol. of solids voids

=

W vol
=

of

Vw vol.
=
of water Ws=weightof soil solids

Va vol.
=

of air Ww-weightof water

Volume relationships

Void
* Ratio (e) Degree
* of Saturation

e
E
=

S =

100%
x

Porosity (n)
*

n
1
=

Void ratio and porosity

e
4
=

vE(E):
=

e
=

in e =

Juanday
Weight relationships

*Moisture Content (w) *

Dry unitweight (fa)

20
= Sa =
Unit
*
Weight(U) Density
*

8 Y
=

P y =
=

relationships among unit weight, void ratio,

moisture content, and specific gravity

V 1
=

e
+

8y GxSx
=

os:
w

Weightof
* Soil Solids *Volume of Water saturated
*
(unitweight)

8w

re
Gs

ww =
Ws
=

"w=
Ww 20 Ws w
6, Sw
= =

U nit
*
weight Un 2
= Os

We unitweightofsolid in

out
*

85 Gs 8N =

I 6
=

Sw
Degree of
* saturation

6 8d(1 w)
I =
weight of water using
+
=

*
S
=

Unit
Dry
*
weight Moisture Content

Ga =

o
=

= S
ws
=

Ww Ws W
=

WGs
Sw
Se =

e -
=

Ww Gs =
Sw W e
W6s, if
=
S 1
=

Juanday
 Examples:
Given the following data from an undisturbed soil sample:6:2.69, e =

0.65,

w
10%. Determine
=

the saturated unit

weight, dry unit weightand degree of

saturation.

8,at e)
=
Sw
Ja =

i
ow add -

8d kN/m3
(65)
(9.81) 15.99
=

Sat
=

1 0.65
:69)
+

3: 100%
x

Sat 19.84 kN
= /m3

S 41.38%
=

In its natural state, a moist soil has a volume of 9.34x10'3m and weighs
117.4 x 10-3 kN. The oven-dried weightof the soil is 153.6 x10-3kN. If 65 2.67,
=

calculate

a)Moisture content (1) d)void ratio

b)Moist weight
unit (kN/m3) e.) Porosity

c) Dry unit weight (kN/m3) f.) Degree saturation

of
(1.)

2
Nwx100%-153.6x10-
=

x100

W 15,625%.
=
is =

e
=Y" n e
=

Sm= x
=

vs 5.84 =
x 10-3 m
n
=

a
0.37
Vr 9.34 x10-3 x10-3 n
=

= -

5,86
Sm 19.01 kN/m3
=

Since
Vr 3.48 = 10
x "3m>

6d WS Y Fixes
the
=
=

2:

kN /m3
5d 16,45 e 0.59
= =

S 40.4%
=

Juanday
Relative density
-

is used to indicate the denseness or looseness of soil. It is

defined as:

Dr=relative
*
density, usually percentage
e
* void ratio of soil
emax e
=
-

Dr =

emax-emin emax:
* void ratio at loosest state

emin=
* void ratio at denseststate

The for
relationship relative density can be also be defined in

terms of porosity.

<1 -

hmax) (Umax
-

n)
Dr
(nmax-nmin)
=

(1 -

n)

>Relative density in terms of maximum 8d & minimum Sd.

Samin-
breathin]] samax]
Sd
Dr or
I I
-

Samin Sdmax

Description of granular deposits

DR (%) DESCRIPTION OF SOIL DEPOSITS

0 -

15 very Loose

15 -

50 Loose

50 70 Medium
-

40 -

85 Dense

85-100 very Dense

Relative density Examples:

In a construction project, the field, moistunitweight was 18.08

kN/m3 z
at 8%. If
=

the Samax Samin

and were 14.93 kN/m3 and 14,44

kN/m3 respectively, whatwas the field relative density?

solution:

Sm 18.08 kN /m I I
=

W 8% Samin 8d
=

Dr =
x 100
Sdmax 16.93 kN /mS =
I
-
I

Sdmin 14.46
=

kN/m3 Samin Sdmax

Dr =
? I I
-

14.44 16.74
Dr = x 100
Sm 8d(1 w) =
+

I I
-

18.08 5d(1 8%)

=
+

14.44 16.93

Sd 14,74 kN /m3 Dr 93.36%

=

very dense
=
-

of moistsoil from is
The mass as excavated a hole
894g with a

of 422 After its 775g of the

volume cu.cm.
drying, mass was only
dried
soil, only 410g was pouredinto a vessel in a loose state,
very
and its volume was determinedto be 274 cn.cm. That same 4109 dried
soil was then vibrated and tamped to a volume of 215 cu.cm. Determine

the 8dmax (kN/m3), Sdmin(kN/m) & Dr(%).

Solution:

in
8949 =
=

Edmax W
v 422cm3
=

m/s2))(em)")rl
C
(9.81
Ms 7759
=

odmax=
"109
Loose state: 215cm5

Sdmax 18.74 kN/m3

=

Ms 410g
=

v 274
=

m3

Sdmax=? note:
Samin=? Dense-
Sdmax, emin
Dr ?
Loose Samin,
=

emax
-

Juanday
Atterberg limits

LIQUID STATE
M -
Liquid Limit, LL
water
PLASTIC STATE
content >Plastic Limit, PL

SEMISOLID STATE
increase
-Shrinkage Limit, SL
STATE
SOLID

Ww Wwet -Wory
W 100
I
= x

WS wary

Formulas:

Plastic Index (P1) -Shrinkage Index (S1)

P1 LL
=
-

PL S1 PL
=
-
SL

>consistency Index (C1) >

Liquid Index (L1)

22 w
PL
-

w
-

C1 =

L1 =

LL- PL LL-PL

>Shrinkage Limit (SL)

Mwet-Mary Vwet-Vary
S2 = -

Pw
mary mary

>Plastic Limit (PL) >Liquid Limit (22)

I w 22 W25
=

PL =

R -water content after blows

25

Casagrande method

LL 25
=
blows

Juanday
CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTIC INDEX

PI DESCRIPTION
0 Non plastic
1 -
5 slightly plastic
5- 10 Low plasticity
10 -
20 Medium Plasticity
20 -
40
High Plasticity
>40 Very High Plasticity

Example

Determine the liquid limit, plastic limit, plastic index(%), liquidindex,

and consistency index.

using graph: using calter (mode-3-4)

50 -

x (N) Y (20)

-
45-

35 32.09
40 -

E
LL 36%
=

21 37.5
35 -

30 +

10 20
1
so
25
to 25% 35.45
=

Number of blows
LL 35.65%
=

18. 46 20.08
+

35.45

*
PL =
-

37.88
2
c = -

35.65 -

19.27
PL 19.27%=

C1 0.14
=

P1 =

22 -

PL 35.45 =
-
19.27

P1 16.38%
=

note:
36.9 38.85
+

W =
2
37.88%
=

213 I liquid state

W -
PL 37.88-19.27 0 <L1 < 1 >plastic state
-
21 =

22 -
PL 35.45-19.27 LI 0 > brittle solid

21 1.14
=

Juanday
Cone penetration method

LL w
=
atd 20mm
=

Example

Determine the liquid limit.

using graph: using calter (mode -

3-4)

60 - .

X(d)
Y
(w)
52.5%
22 =

17.5 47.5
50 -

22.8 58. I

- ⑳

40 -

E 20y 52.85
=

22 52.85%
=

30
I
20
so
40
so ido
10

Penetration

Juanday
Classification of soil
Two
major categories which
into the classification systems
developed in the past can be grouped

1)The textural classification is based on the particle

-

size distribution

of the percent of sand, silt, and clay-size fractions present in

a
given soil.

2)
The other major category is based on the
engineering behavior

of soil and takes into consideration the particle

-

size distribution

and the plasticity (i.e., LL and PI).

Two
major classification systems that are in extensive use now:

a)
AASHTO

b)USOS

Textural classification

divided soils clay categories

Table 2.3 into
gravel, sand, silt, and

on the basis of particle size. In mostcases, natural soils are mixtures

of particles from several size groups. In the textural classification

system, the soils are named after their principal components, such as

sandy clay, silty clay, and so forth.

Juanday
Us department of agriculture (usda) textural
classification system

, sand size:2.00 -

0.05 mm

> Siltsize:0.05-0.002 mm

<Clay Size:<0.002 mm

Examples:

Soil A Soil B

> Sand 34% > Gravel 35%

=
=

> Silt 40%

=

>Sand =
15%

>Clay 24% =

>Silt 30% =

>Clay 20%
=

⑳
15 &
Modified sand= =23.08%
100 -

35

30
Modified 1. Silt= 44,
=

15%
100 35
-

20 Soil A Loam
=

modified J. Clay= 30.77%

=

100 35 Clay Loam

Gravelly
Soil B:
-

Juanday
SOLUTIONS TO MIDTERM NO. 1
QUIZ

2.42kN is removed from testpit. 1.33kN

1)A sample of soil
weighing a

of water will justfill the pit. Asoil sample weighing 112.4

grams is

dried in the oven and its weightafter drying is 103.6 grams. Assume

the specific gravity of the solid soils is 2.67. Maximum attainable

unitweight of soil is 18.47kN/m3 and minimum attainable unit weight

is 14.35kN/m3. Determine the unit
wet
weight, dry unit weight, and

relative density of the soil sample.

oiven:

Ws 2.42
=

kN (removed from the pit) Sdmax 18.47

=

kN/m3

Nw 1.33 kN (will fill the pit) Sdmin 14.35 kN/m3

=
=

3 ?
112.49
=
m =

Sd ?
103.69
=
m
=

65 2.67
=

Dr ? =

solution:
I I
Vs Vw =

Ws Ww Samin Sd
= Dr =
1 00
x

85 Sw I
-
I

2.42 1.33 Samin Sdmax

=

9.81 I I
85 -

14.35 17.812
85 19.325 = kN/m3 Dr = x 100
I I
-

w] 18.47
S Sd ( = 1 +
16.35

W-Ws Ms
M
-

W =
=
Dr 71.51% =

WS Mis

5d(1+ I
112.4-103.4
19.325 =

10 3.4

Sd 17.812 kN
=

/m3

Juanday
2)
Asample of sand above the water table was found to have a

natural moisture contentof 15% and unitweightof 1201b/ft.

Laboratory tests
on a dried sample indicated values of emin 0.50
=

and for the

emax=0.85 and
densest looseststate respectively.
Determine the void ratio, degree of saturation, and relative density.

Given:

W 15%
=

G 2,65 =

8 =

1201b/f+2 e ?
=

Emin 0.58 = S ?
=

emax 0.85
=
Dr =?

solution:

Gs Sw(1 W) emax e
-
+

8 =
Dr = x 100
1 e +

emax-emin

2.65(62.4) (1 0.15)
+
0.85 -

0.585
120 Dr
=
108
=

1 e
+

0.85 -0.50

e 0.585
=

Dr 75.71%
=

Se =
Gs w

S(0.585) 2.45
=

(0.15)

S 0.679
=

maximum void ratios

3)For a
given sandy soil, the and minimum are

0.72 and 0.44, respectively. If G 2.68 and w

11), is
what the
=
=

mostunit weight compaction

of in (kN/m3) in the field of Dr 82%
=

Given: solution:

[max 0.72
=

emax
-
e
6sSw(I +N)
Dr =

1 00
X
8 =

Emin 0.44
=

emax-emin 1 e +

65 2,48 0.72-e 2.48(9.81)(1 0.11)

+

82= X 100 8 =

W 11%
= 0.72-0.44 1 0.5068
+

Dr 82%
=

e 0.5048
=

8 19.37kN
=

/m3

8 =?

Juanday
4) In a construction project, the field moist unit weight was 21.08kN/m3

at a moisture content of 9%. If the maximum and minimum dry unit

weight were 19.55kN/m3 and 17.12

kN/m3, respectively, whatwas the

relative density?Indicate the description of the soil deposit.

oiven:

8 21.08
=

kN /m3 Samin=17,12 kN / mS
W 9% Dr ?
=

Sdmax 19.55 kN /m3 =

solution:

8 Sd(1 w)
= +
I
-
I

21.08 =
5d(1 0.09) + 17.12 19.339
Dr = x 100

Sd 19.339 =
kN /m I
-
I

I I 17.12 19.55
-

Samin 8d
108 Dr 92.31% (very densel
=

Dr =
x
I I
-

Samin Sdmax

Juanday
Vertical stresses
I Groundwater cable

(Sw),
WATER "

Total stress:0 28h =

Swh,+8,at he
=

SOK (8cat) ne
Pore Water Pressure:M 2 Swh=Swh,+Swhe
=

A. / Effective stress:O'=0 -u

Examples:

1)Asoil profile is shown in the figure. Calculate the total stress, pore water

pressure
& effective stress at
points A, B, and C.

A
⑧
I

POINT A:POINT
C
B Sary B:

⑧
/
5 0
=

0
Sdry(h)
=

16.5(G) 99kN/m2
= =

13 Ssat u 0
=
u = 0

C = =
/ O
0 0 0 99kN/m3
2 CLAt
POINT Ci
/

14.5 kN /mS 0 16.5(G) 19.25[B3) 349.25kN/m2

Sdry +
= =
=

8 Sat 19.25
= kN/m3 u 9.81(13)
=
127.5
=
kN /m2

=
0 349.25-127,5 221.75kN/m2
=

How
2) high should the water table rise so that the effective stress at1 is

190kN/m?. Assume Ssatto be the same for both layer.

A
⑧
I

C
Sary 5 Sdry (G -h) 8sat (B3 th)
=
+

/
B
⑧
in
n 8w(13 h)
=
+

Ssat
13 190 =
[16.5(G -

n) 19.25(13
+

h)]
+
-

9.81(13 4)
-

C
/ O n 4.49m
=

2 CLAt
/

Juanday
Effective stress in the zone of capillary rise

CAPILLARY ACTION

is the a liquid flowing in narrow space withoutthe

process a
-
of

assistance of, or even in opposition to, any external forces like gravity.
capillary action can be defined as the ascension of
liquids through slim
-

tube, cylinder or
permeable substance due adhesive
to and cohesive forces

interacting between the liquid and the surface.

CAPILLARY RISE IN SOILS

The continuous void spaces in soils can behave as bundles of capillary tubes

of variable cross section. Because of surface tension force, water may rise above

the phreatic surface.

Haten (1930) gave a formula for the approximation of the heightof capillary
rise in the form.

c
n =

iC heDio =

e D10

where:

Pio:effective size (mm)

e =
void ratio

c =
constantthatvaries from 10 50 mm2
to

EFFECTIVE STRESS IN THE ZONE CAPILLARY

OF RISE

-
The general relationship
among
total
stress, effective stress, and pore water

pressure:

=
0 0 M
-

pointin layer of soil of

The pore water pressure m at a in the zone
-

rise:
capillary

If FULLY SAMRATED, If PARTIAL SAMRAED,

M
=
-
Swh n
-
=

8wn(fo)

Juanday
Examples:
Asoil
1) profile shown is figure. Given:H,:Loft, H2 3ft, Hy lft.
= =

plot the variation

o, u, 0'

6,w 2.71(0.42) 1.1382

=
=

c
=

(6s + e)8w (2.2 1.1382)(62.4)

+

53at
=

Ite 1 1.1382
+

Ssat:112.3016) f+3

0sSw 2.45(62.4)
8d =
=

1 e
+
1 0.5
+

Sd 110.24 1b
=

(ft3
Se)Sr
8m
(0s
=
+
(2.45 0.5(0.5)) (42.4)
=
+

1 + e 1 0.5
+

Sm 120.44 (b/f+3
=

Juanday
& POINT A:
6
I >
0 0
=

↳
u 0 =
8

0 0 =
3ft
⑧

& POINTB: aft

2
110.24/4) G41.44(b)f+
8
0
=

W
=

u 0
=

62.4(3)(-8) M
=
-
u
I >

93.4
=
-
u -
a3. ↳
⑧
2
o
=C21.44 1b /ft
= 3ft
0 G41.44
=
-
( -

93.4) 755,04/b/f+2
=

aft
& POINT 2:
374.4
·

W
0 110.24(r) (20.44(3)
=
+

0 1023,34(b)f+
=
2

u 0
5
=

=
1023,34(b/f+3 I >
0
↳
&

& POINT D:
3ft
5 110.24(u)
=

+ 120.44(3) 112.3(G)
+

aft
0 =

1697.14(b) ft2
W
42.4(4) 374.4(b)f+
2 &

n
=

0
=
1497.14-58.84 1458,3(b) ft2 =

2.)

8 d:(6sYw) 8 sat (8s+e) Sw e WOS

=
=

It t 1 + e 1.1 0.4GS
=

8d:2.65(9.81) fat:(2-68 0.52)(9.81)

+
65 2.75
=

1 0.0
+

1 0.52+

8sat:(2.75 11) (9.81) +

8d:14.25 kNIm Osat 20.45

=
If 1.1

8Sat:17.99 KNIm"

Juanday
& Point B & PointD

6: 14.25(4):65 6:124.95 +
17.99(1.5) 153.94
=

n:0 M:9.81(3) 9.81(1.5) = 44.15

+

61:b5 6':109.79 kNIm

& Point C

6: 16.25(4) + 20-65(3) 126.95

=

M:9.81(3):29.43
61 97.52
=

example:
2.) A dense silt
layer has the following properties:
e 0.40 =

capillary constant 0.20sq.cm =

Dio = IOMm
Free ground water level is 8.0m below the ground surface.
a) Find the height of capillary rise in the silt

Ground surface
~

I
3m -> B.
3m 50% saturation
5m
silt
~

8m &
zone of
5m
Rise
Capillary
↓ Ground water
↑ V

silt

C he=

D16
micrometer
0.20cm),0m h(0.40)((10mm)(1,000,000mm)
=

h 5m
=

b.) Find the vertical effective stress 5m

at depth. Assume 8soi =
24.5 kNms

and the soil above capillaryaction rise and ground surface is partially
saturated at 56%
0.50(0.40))(9.81)
8m (2.70
=
+

Sm (6s + Se) Sw
=
1 0.40
+

1 +t
8 m 20.321kNIm2
=

8
b
=

0
8sat (0s e)fw (2.70
=

0.4)(9.8)
=

+ =
+

21.722
=

It e 1 0.4
+

Juanday
2.) Find the vertical effective stress at10m depth. Assume 8s =24.5 kNm3

the soil and

and above capillaryaction rise ground surfact

Ground surface
~

I
3m B.
-
3m 50% saturation
5m
silt
~

8m &
zone of
5m
Rise
Capillary
X Ground water
↑ V

2m silt
->

610 20.321(3)
=
21.722(5) 21.722/2)
+
+
213.017
=

u 9.81(2)
=

19.62
=

0.0: 213.017 19.42 193.40

=
-

Permeability of soil
Soils
* are permeable due to the existence of interconnected voids through
which water can flow from points of
high energy to points of low energy.

parameters of of
One of the
major physical soil thatcontrols the rate
*
a

seepage through is
it
hydraulic conductivity, otherwise known as the coefficient

of permeability.

Aydraulic conductivity
* is generally expressed in cm/sec or m/sec in SI units.

The hydraulic conductivity

of soils depends on several factors:fluid viscosity,

pire-size distribution, grain-size distribution, void ratio, roughness of mineral

particles, and degree of soil saturation.

Juanday
 correction
-> temperature

Juanday
 in height
~difference/change
>
length

Juanday
Darcy law

If the quantity water flowing through

of the soil in the unit time is 9,

9 vA AvVs
=
=

Vs seepage
=

velocity
Ar-area of void in the cross section

However,
A Av + AS
=

As:
area
of soil solids

combine the formulas:

9 v(Av As)
=
+

AvVs
=

VCAvtAs)
vs

Av
I
vSIAsSL=vUH

()) v(t) =
1 t
Vs =

v =

vs
=

constant head test

a Avt A(kiSt
= =

&
= volume

9 flow
:

rate

Juanday
 his constant

Falling head test(Fine soil)

and proces
the heigh
Decor
and
⑧
- time

Record the height

when t 0 0 hi
=

Juanday
Example:

x 0=

350cm (30cm)
~constant
QL
-
i
k
=
=

Re
Ant
A
nt ix(50)/5min)Ymir)) ah
-
10910
3 At
2.303
-

k 3.955x10
=

m/stC =

1
2.3037109,0/ni)
=

1 2.303
=

in00, 10910/2in) K 5.459inle

=

Juanday
 &Flow rate; a

8.
I D
I go

I
>
7

considera ..
COS

COS 8' sin

E) Sin

COS

9 kiA
=

Area mustbe perpendicular

i
n;headsee Formulas
=

A HCOSE
=

S S
L =

COS 18'=
L cos &

S
L =

COS8:

Sh Stan 8: =

S
L=
COS8:

i Stan
=
8

i
=
A (320s8)(1)
=

~to change to minu

m/see(-8)(3(0S8((1)) (3400)
-

(5.5 x 10
=

9 0.0789
= m/hr/m

Juanday
 *
/
h
I -sat,

(2.44 0.41)(9.81)
6sSw 2,64(9.81)
+

Sa, Ssat,
=

Ite 0.61 1 0.21

+

1 +

Sat, 19.92 kN /m
Sd, kN /m3
:

16.21

& POINT C:
(6s + e) Sw
Ssat =

1 e
+

0 16.21(4 -h) 19.92(h) 20.88(5)

=
+
+

(2.47 0.48) +
9.81
Sat -
m
=

9.81(h) 9.81(5)
+

1 +
0.48

111
[14.21(4 -h)
= 19.92h
+

20.88(53]
+
-

8,at 20.88
= kN/m3
[9.814 9.81/53]
+

& POINT B:

0 14.21(4) 64.84kN/m2
=
=
n 1.51m
=

u 0
=
kN/m2
=
0 44.84kN/m2

a) POINT C

0 14.21(4)
=
20.88(5)
+

0 169.24
=
kN/m2
n 9.81(5) 49.05kN/m2
=
=

0
=149.24-49,05 120.19 =

kN/m2
Juanday
 (2.47) (9.817
Sdz =
=17.7 kN/m3
1 0.48
+

I
r 14.C)(4) 17.2(2) 20.88(3)
=
+
+

2m
/
X 0 162.88kN/m2
=

u 9.81(3) 29.43kN/m2
=
=

0
=
142.88-29.43 = 133.45kN /m2

10
=
133.45-120.19 13.24 kN /m2 =

O 0 19.92(4) 20.88(5)
=
+
184.08 kN/m"
=

9.81(9) 88.29kN/m2
=

0
=
184,08-88.29 95,49kN/m2
=

10 =95.79-120.19

so
=-
24.4 kN/m2

3m

/ 0 9.81(3) 19.92(4) 20.88(5)

=
+ +

0 213.51kN/m2
=

M 9.81(12) 117.72kN/m2
=
=

0 213.51 -117.72=
=
95.79

so
=
95.79-120.19
=
so
-

24.4 kN /m2

Juanday
A

2.49(9.81)
Sd 1 0.47 =
17.95kN/m3
=

&POITC:
+

(2.73 0.4(0.48)) (9.81)

+
r 17.95(3.05) 17.53(2.437 97.35kN/m2
=
+
=

Sm =

M 0
=

1 0.48
+

Sm 17,53
=
kN / m3 0
=
97.35kN/m2

12.7 0.89)(9.81)
+
& POINT D:

Ssat= r 17.95/3.05) 17.53(2.43)

=
+ + 18.43(4.88)
1 0.89
+

0
=

188.24kN/m2
Sat 18,43 kN /m3
=

9.81(4.88) 47.87kN/m2
=

m
=

& POINT A: 0
=
188,24 -47.87 40.39 =
RN/m2
0 0
=

u 0
=
8
50 00 ipo
0=0
-

& POINT B:
-
-

0 17,9573.05) 54.45kN/m2
= =

- M50100 150
-

u 0
=

n
=
-

9,01(2.43)() ↑
-

9.54kN/m2 ~'50
=
u
10 158
-

-
S

t
54.75kN/m2
=

0
. . .

0 54.75 -

( 9.54)
-

44.29kN/m2
=

o - -

Juanday
Juanday
JUANDAY, JUAISA M. BSCE-4B 12/22/23

b 2.303
=

109(n) 0.0402 2.303

=

/inro,m(ur]
97(500)
109,
I
k 2.303 =

I 1000 (coming (in)] 10910(it) h 234.92mm

=

12 0.0402mm/sec
=

(ion)
R 4.02 cm/sec
-

18
=

i =

9x =
=[nc) (H,cosa x1) 0.025x10-2m/s[2.75cos14]72c0s1]
=

9 1.29
=
10-4 m/sec/m
x

Juanday
i

E
=

9 kiA
=

k(-)(H,cosx
=

x 1)

9 0.075x10-
=

2/27530140]/2m20s14
1.29
= x10-4 m/sec/m
9

Juanday
Juanday
Juanday
 1:2:4

0.00 (0.1)

Feti Powder
Replacementof fine aggregates by

After identifying the particle size distribution of fire

aggre-
- -

the 015mm-fine be replaced by Feti Powder

gales, aggregates will

by 10%, 20%, 20%, and 40% of weightusing this equation;

Replacement:mass of 015mm fine aggregates x Feti percentage

Juanday
Juanday
Juanday
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Juanday