Module 5- Working with Windows, Graphics, and Text

Working with Graphics

 The AWT supports a rich assortment of graphics methods.
 All graphics are drawn relative to a window.
 This can be the main window of an applet, a child window of an applet,
or a stand-alone application window.
 The origin of each window is at the top-left corner and is 0,0.
 Coordinates are specified in pixels.
 All output to a window takes place through a graphics context.
 A graphics context is encapsulated by the Graphics class and is obtained
in two ways:
 It is passed to an applet when one of its various methods,
such as paint( ) or update( ), is called.
 It is returned by the getGraphics( ) method of Component.

 The Graphics class defines a number of drawing functions.

 Each shape can be drawn edge-only or filled.
 Objects are drawn and filled in the currently selected graphics color,
which is black by default.
 When a graphics object is drawn that exceeds the dimensions of the
window, output is automatically clipped.

Drawing Lines
 Lines are drawn by means of the drawLine( ) method, shown here:
void drawLine(int startX, int startY, int endX, int endY)

 drawLine( ) displays a line in the current drawing color that begins

at startX,startY and ends at endX,endY.
Example:
g.drawLine(40, 25, 250, 180);

Drawing Rectangles
 The drawRect( ) and fillRect( ) methods display an outlined and filled
rectangle, respectively.
 They are shown here:
void drawRect(int top, int left, int width, int height)
void fillRect(int top, int left, int width, int height)
  The upper-left corner of the rectangle is at top,left.
 The dimensions of the rectangle are specified by width and height.

 To draw a rounded rectangle, use drawRoundRect( ) or

fillRoundRect( ), both shown here:
void drawRoundRect(int top, int left, int width, int height, int
xDiam, int yDiam)
void fillRoundRect(int top, int left, int width, int height, int
xDiam, int yDiam)
 A rounded rectangle has rounded corners.
 The upper-left corner of the rectangle is at top,left.
 The dimensions of the rectangle are specified by width and height.
 The diameter of the rounding arc along the X axis is specified by
xDiam.
 The diameter of the rounding arc along the Y axis is specified by
yDiam.
Example:
g.drawRect(10, 10, 60, 50);
g.fillRect(100, 10, 60, 50);
g.drawRoundRect(190, 10, 60, 50, 15, 15);
g.fillRoundRect(70, 90, 140, 100, 30, 40);

Drawing Ellipses and Circles

 To draw an ellipse, use drawOval( ). To fill an ellipse, use fillOval( ).
These methods are shown here:
void drawOval(int top, int left, int width, int height)
void fillOval(int top, int left, int width, int height)
 The ellipse is drawn within a bounding rectangle whose upper-left corner
is specified by top,left and whose width and height are specified by width
and height.
 To draw a circle, specify a square as the bounding rectangle.

Example:
g.drawOval(10, 10, 50, 50);
g.fillOval(100, 10, 75, 50);

Drawing Arcs
 Arcs can be drawn with drawArc( ) and fillArc( ), shown here:

void drawArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int startAngle, int
sweepAngle)
void fillArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int startAngle, int
sweepAngle)

 The arc is bounded by the rectangle whose upper-left corner is specified

by top,left and whose width and height are specified by width and height.
 The arc is drawn from startAngle through the angular distance specified
by sweepAngle.
 Angles are specified in degrees.
 Zero degrees is on the horizontal, at the three o’clock position.
 The arc is drawn counterclockwise if sweepAngle is positive, and
clockwise if sweepAngle is negative.
 Therefore, to draw an arc from twelve o’clock to six o’clock, the start
angle would be 90 and the sweep angle 180.

Example:
g.drawArc(10, 40, 70, 70, 0, 75);
g.fillArc(100, 40, 70, 70, 0, 75);

Drawing Polygons
 It is possible to draw arbitrarily shaped figures using drawPolygon( ) and
fillPolygon( ), shown here:
 void drawPolygon(int x[ ], int y[ ], int numPoints)
 void fillPolygon(int x[ ], int y[ ], int numPoints)
 The polygon’s endpoints are specified by the coordinate pairs contained
within the x and y arrays.
 The number of points defined by x and y is specified by numPoints.
 There are alternative forms of these methods in which the polygon is
specified by a Polygon object.

Example:
int xpoints[] = {30, 200, 30, 200, 30};
int ypoints[] = {30, 30, 200, 200, 30};
int num = 5;
g.drawPolygon(xpoints, ypoints, num);

Sizing Graphics
 Often, you will want to size a graphics object to fit the current size of the
window in which it is drawn.
 To do so, first obtain the current dimensions of the window by calling
getSize( ) on the window object.
 It returns the dimensions of the window encapsulated within a Dimension
object.
 Once you have the current size of the window, you can scale your
graphical output accordingly.

Working with Color

 Java supports color in a portable, device-independent fashion.
 The AWT color system allows you to specify any color you want.
 Color is encapsulated by the Color class.
 Color defines several constants (for example, Color.black) to specify a
number of common colors.
 You can also create your own colors, using one of the color constructors.
 The most commonly used forms are shown here:
1. Color(int red, int green, int blue)
2. Color(int rgbValue)
3. Color(float red, float green, float blue)

 The first constructor takes three integers that specify the color as a mix of
red, green, and blue.
 These values must be between 0 and 255, as in this example:
 new Color(255, 100, 100); // light red.

 The second color constructor takes a single integer that contains the mix
of red, green, and blue packed into an integer.
 The integer is organized with red in bits 16 to 23, green in bits 8 to 15,
and blue in bits 0 to 7.
 Here is an example of this constructor:
int newRed = (0xff000000 | (0xc0 << 16) | (0x00 << 8) | 0x00);
Color darkRed = new Color(newRed);

 The final constructor, Color(float, float, float), takes three float values
(between 0.0 and 1.0) that specify the relative mix of red, green, and blue.

 Once you have created a color, you can use it to set the foreground and/or
background color by using the setForeground( ) and setBackground( )
methods.
 You can also select it as the current drawing color.

Color Methods
The Color class defines several methods that help manipulate colors.

Using Hue, Saturation, and Brightness

 The hue-saturation-brightness (HSB) color model is an alternative to red-
green-blue (RGB) for specifying particular colors.
 Figuratively, hue is a wheel of color.
 The hue is specified with a number between 0.0 and 1.0 (the colors are
approximately: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet).
 Saturation is another scale ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, representing light
pastels to intense hues.
 Brightness values also range from 0.0 to 1.0, where 1 is bright white and
0 is black.
 Color supplies two methods that let you convert between RGB and HSB.
 They are shown here:
static int HSBtoRGB(float hue, float saturation, float brightness)
static float[ ] RGBtoHSB(int red, int green, int blue, float
values[ ])

 HSBtoRGB( ) returns a packed RGB value compatible with the

Color(int) constructor.
 RGBtoHSB( ) returns a float array of HSB values corresponding to RGB
integers.
  If values is not null, then this array is given the HSB values and returned.
 Otherwise, a new array is created and the HSB values are returned in it.
 In either case, the array contains the hue at index 0, saturation at index 1,
and brightness at index 2.

getRed( ), getGreen( ), getBlue( )

 You can obtain the red, green, and blue components of a color
independently using getRed( ), getGreen( ), and getBlue( ), shown here:

int getRed( )
int getGreen( )
int getBlue( )
 Each of these methods returns the RGB color component found in the
invoking Color object in the lower 8 bits of an integer.

getRGB( )

 To obtain a packed, RGB representation of a color, use getRGB( ),

shown here:
int getRGB( )
 The return value is organized as described earlier.

Setting the Current Graphics Color

 By default, graphics objects are drawn in the current foreground color.
 You can change this color by calling the Graphics method setColor( ):
void setColor(Color newColor)

 Here, newColor specifies the new drawing color.

 You can obtain the current color by calling getColor( ), shown here:
Color getColor( )
Demonstration Applet
The following applet constructs several colors and draws various objects using
these colors:
// Demonstrate color.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="ColorDemo" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class ColorDemo extends Applet {
// draw lines
public void paint(Graphics g) {
Color c1 = new Color(255, 100, 100);
Color c2 = new Color(100, 255, 100);
Color c3 = new Color(100, 100, 255);

g.setColor(c1);
g.drawLine(0, 0, 100, 100);
g.drawLine(0, 100, 100, 0);
g.setColor(c2);
g.drawLine(40, 25, 250, 180);
g.drawLine(75, 90, 400, 400);
g.setColor(c3);
g.drawLine(20, 150, 400, 40);
g.drawLine(5, 290, 80, 19);
g.setColor(Color.red);
g.drawOval(10, 10, 50, 50);
g.fillOval(70, 90, 140, 100);
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.drawOval(190, 10, 90, 30);
g.drawRect(10, 10, 60, 50);
g.setColor(Color.cyan);
g.fillRect(100, 10, 60, 50);
g.drawRoundRect(190, 10, 60, 50, 15, 15);
}
}