Q. What is input and output in computer programm 22 Input In computer programming, the process of providing data to the program is known as input, The input is mostly given by the keyboard. The input given to the computer through keyboard is known as standard input. Output In computer programming, the process of displaying the result of the program is known as output. The output is mostly displayed on the monitor. The output displayed on the monitor is known as standard output, Q. How are input and output operations performed in C language? C language performs the input and output operations using the library functions. It provides two functions for standard input and output called printf() and seanf(). The printf() function is used to display output on the screen. The scanf() function is used to get input from user. These functions are defined in the header file stdio.h, This header file must be included in the program to use printf() or seanf() functions Q. What is the use of "printf function? Describe its syntax with example. printf Function The printf is a built-in function in C language to display output on the screen. Its name comes from "print formatted” that is used to print formatted output on screen, it can display text, constants or values of variables, It is the most commonly used function to display output in C language. The function printf is defined in the header file stdio.h. This header file must be included in the program to use this function. Syntax ‘The syntax of printf function is as follows printf(Format String, argument list); Format String The format string is given in double quotes. Itis also called control string, It may consist of the following: Text Itis the message to be displayed on the screenFormat specifiers It specifies the format according to which the value is displayed Escape sequences It is the special characters that modify the format of output, Argument List The argument list may consist of constants, variables or expressions to be printed on the screen, Each argument in the list is separated by comma, The value of the argument is printed according to the corresponding format specifier given in the format string. Different format specifiers are used for different types of values. The use of argument list is optional. Example 1 printf{"Hello World"), The above example displays a simple message using printf function: Hello World Example 2 int n= 30; printf("n = %d", n); The above example uses the format specifier %d in printf function for the integer variable n. It displays the output as follows: n=30 Q. What is format specifier? examples. Format Specifier Format specifier is used to specify the format of data during input and output operations. A format specifier starts with the symbol %, Format specifiers can be used with variables, constants and expressions. Different format specifiers are used for different data types as follows Datatype Format Specifier int %d or %i float E char %e ‘Table: Format specifier for input/output 1. Format Specifier for int The format specifiers %ad or %i are used to read or print integer values. Example 1 int m= 100; printf("Your marks are %d", m); The above example uses the format specifier %d in printf function for the integer variable m, It displays the output as follows ‘Your marks are 100 Example 2 printi("The result of 10xS = %d", 10*5); ‘The above example uses the format specifier %d in printf function for the arithmetic expression 105. It displays the output as follows, The result of 10x5 = 50 “USS ferent format specifiers in C language with 2, Format Specifier for floatThe format specifier %f is used to read or print floating-point values. It displays 6 igts after the decimal point by default. Example float avg = 70.55; printf("Your average is %f", avg); The above example uses the format specifier %f in printf function for the float variable avg. It displays the output as follows Your average is 70.550000 3. Format Specifier for char The format specifier %c is used to read or print the character values. Example char grade = 'A' printf("Your grade is %c", grade), The above example uses the format specifier %c in variable grade. It displays the output as follows: Your grade is A Program 2.1 Write a program that displays a message and the values of integer and character variables, Hinclude void main() int n= 10; char ch ="*'; printf("Testing output printf("%d", n); printt("%e", ch); Output: Testing output...10* Explanation The above program declares and initializes two variables n and ch. It displays a message "Testing output..." on the screen. It then displays the values of variables n and ch. The ‘output appears on the same line, The output of the second statement starts where the output of the first statement ends, Program 2.2 Write a program that stores the height and age of a student in two variables and displays them on the screen, #include void main() t int age = 22; float height = 6.1; printf("Student age is %d and height is %f, age, height),3 Output: Student age is 22 and height is 6.100000 Q How can we specify the number of digits after decimal point in a floating-point value? The format specifier "%f" is used to display floating-point values in printf function It displays 6 digits after the decimal point by default. For example, the value 75.5 ofa variable avg will appear as 75.500000 using %f. The user can specify the number of digits after decimal point for floating-point numbers, It can be specified as %,nf where the letter n indicates the number of digits after the decimal point. Example 1 float a = 90.5; printf("%.2f", a); The above example uses the format specifier %. variable a. It will display 90.50. Example 2 float m= 65,92; printf("%.3¢", m); The above example uses the format specifier %,3f in printf function for the float variable m. It will display 65.920. Example 3 float n = 75.337, printf("%.2P", n); The above example uses the format specifier %.2f in printf function for the float variable n. It will display 75.34. The second digit of the fractional partis increased by | as the third digit of the fractional part is more than 5. in printf function for the float Q. Define and explain "scant" function with examples. seanf Function The scanf function is used to get input from the user. The input is stored in a variable in a specified form using format specifier. For example, the format specifier %d or %i must be used in scanf function to input integer data Syntax The syntax of scanf function is as follows scanf{format string, Svariablel , &variable2, &variable’ ...); Format String The format string is given in double quotes. It may consist of different format specifiers that indicate the format according to which values will be entered Variables The variables are used to store the value entered by the user through keyboard, Each variable refers to a memory location. The symbol & indicates the memory location of the variable in which the input is stored. Itis called address operator. Getting Single InputSome examples to input a single value are as follows: Example 1 The following example inputs a single integer value, The value entered by the user will be stored in a variable n. scanf{"%d", &n); Example 2 The following example inputs a single character value. The value entered by the user will be stored in a variable g scani(%ec", &g); Getting Multiple Inputs scanf function can be used to input many values at the same time. In this case, the user needs to enter a space or press Enter key after each input. The user must press Enter key after giving all the inputs. Example The following example inputs two integer values and one float value. The integer values will be stored in the variables x and y. The float value will be stored in the variable z. scani("%d%d%P”, Bex, &y, 82); Program 2.3 Write a program to input a number between 0 and 10 and display #include void main() { int num; print"Enter a number between 0-10: "); seanf(“%d", &num); printf{"You entered the number %d", num); ) Outpu Enter a number between 0-10: 9 You entered the number 9 Explain "getch()" function. getch() Function, The word geteh stands for get character. The getch function is used to input single character from the user. When this function is executed, it waits for any key to be pressed The character entered by the user is not displayed on the screen. The function geteh() is defined in the header file conio.h, This header file must be included in the program to use this function, The geteh() function is commonly used at the end of the program to hold the ‘output on the screen for the user Syntax The syntax of getch function is as follows: getch(); Another way to use this funetion is as follows variable = getch();,variable It indicates the variable in which the character is stored. The use of variable is optional Example 1 The following example uses getch() at the end of the program to hold it until the user presses any key: include void main() { printf("Press any key to exit..."); getch(); Example 2 ¢ following example uses getch() to input a character from the user. It stores the input in a variable ch and displays its value. include include void main() { char ch; printf"Enter any key: \n"); ch = getch(); printf("You entered %c", ch), Output: Enter any key. You entered a The output shows that the user entered the key a, The value does not appear on screen when the user inputs. The printf function is used in the last statement to display it on the screen Q. What is the use of statement term ator in C programs? Statement Terminator The semicoton is used as a statement terminator in C programs. It indicates the end. ofa statement, Every statement in C program is terminated with a semicolon (;). The compiler generates a syntax error iffa statement is not terminated by semicolon. An example of using statement terminator is as follows int n= 50; Q. What are escape sequences? Discuss different escape sequences in C. Escape SequencesEscape sequences are special characters used to modify the format of output. They are used in format string of printf function. These characters are not displayed in the output. They change the normal working of printf function to display the output Forma n of eseape sequence Escape sequence consists of two characters. The first character is always the backslash (\). The backslash is called eseape character. The second character varies according to the desired functionality. It is used to control the output as required. Some commonly used escape sequences in C language are as follows: Escape Sequence Purpose \n New line \t Tab y Single quote Sy Double quote \ Backslash \b Backspace \ Alert Table: Escape sequences and their purpose ‘The \n escape sequence moves the cursor to the start of the next line. It is used to display the output in multiple lines Example printf ("Hello\nWorld”); The above example will display the output as follows Hello World \t The \t escape sequence is used to move the cursor to the next tab stop. A tab typically consists of 8 spaces. Example printf ("Hello\tWorld"), The above example will display the output as follows Hello. World © The escape sequence is used to display single quotes in the output. Example printf ("V'Hello World\""), The above example will display the output as follows: ‘Hello World! The \" escape sequence is used to display double quotes in the output. Example printf ("\"Hello World\""), ‘The above example will display the output as follows“Hello World” wv The \\ escape sequence is used to display backslash in the output. Example printf ("C.\N"); ‘The above example will display the output as follows: cx \b The \b escape sequence is used to insert backspace in the output Example printf (“Hello \bWorld"), The above example will display the output as follows HelloWorld \a This escape sequence is used to play beep during the execution. Example printf ("Hello\a World"), ‘The above example will display Hello, play a beep and then display World as follows: Hello World Program 2.4 Write a program to display the following output using single printf statement. #include void main t printf("An**\n***\nt#*"), 4 Program 2.5 Write a program to show following output using one printf statement: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jude void main() { printf("1\t2\t3 \t4 W5\n6\t 7 8 Mt 9\t 10"); }Program 2.6 Write a program that displays the following output using single printf statement: Name: Ali Frame: Raza Marks: 455 Hinclude void main() { printf("Name:\t Ali \n Fname: \t Raza \n Marks: \t 455"); Program 2.7 Write a program that prints a text of 4 lines consisting of characters, integer values and floating point values. #include void main() { int marks = 786, float avg = 89.75; char grad printf("I am Usman Khalil. \n"); printf("My total marks are %d \n" , marks), printi("My average is %.2f\n", avg); printf("My grade is %c", grade), Output: Tam Usman Khalil My total marks are 786 My average is 89.75 My grade is A Q. What are operators? List different types of operators in C. Operators are the symbols that are used to perform different operations on data. Some basic types of operators in C are as follows. * Assignment Operators * Arithmetic Operators * Rotational Operators * Logical Operators Q. What is an expression? Give some examples. Expression.An expression is a combination of constants, variables and operators. It returns a single value when it is executed. The variables and constants in an expression are called operands. An operator is a symbol that performs some operation on operands Examples Some examples of expressions are as follows. A+B; m/n, x +100; In the expression A + B, + is the operator. A and B are variables used as operands in the expression. Q. Explain the use of assignment operator. Assignment Operator ‘An operator used to assign a value to a variable is called assignment operator. C Janguage uses the equal sign = as assignment operator. The name of variable is written on the left side of the assignment operator and the value is written on the right side of assignment operator. The value can be a constant, variable or expression. Syntax The syntax of using an assignment operator is as follows: variable = expression; variable It is the name of variable to which the value is assigned = Itis the assignment operator used to assign the value to the variable. Expression _ It is the expression whose value is assigned to the variable; It can be a constant, variable or an arithmetic expression Examples Some examples of using assignment operator are as follows: A= 100; C=A+B; X=C-D+10; Program 2.8 Write a program that swaps the values of two integer variables. #include void main) t int a=2, b=3, temp; printf("Values before swapping: \n"), printf("a =%d, b= %d \n", a, b); temp =a; = b= temp; printf("Values after swapping: \n"); printf("a =%d, b = %d \n", a, b);Output: Values before swapping: a=2,b=3 Values after swapping a=3,b=2 Q. What is an arithmetic operator? Discuss different arithmetic operators in C with examples. Arithmetic Operator Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on data. C language provides different arithmetic operators as follows: Operator Name + Addition operator - Subtraction operator 2 Multiplication operator ! Division operator % Modulus operator rithmetic operators in C language Addition Operator The addition operator is used to add two values. Example intn=5+ 10; The variable n contains the value 15 after executing the above statement, Subtraction Operator ‘The subtraction operator is used to subtract the value on the right side from the value on the left side. Example int n= 75 - 25; The variable n contains the value 50 after executing the above statement, Multiplication Operator The multiplication operator is used to multiply two values. Example intn=5 * 7; The variable n contains the value 35 after executing the above statement. Division Operator The division operator is used to divide the value on the left side by the value on the right side. The result of the division operation is int if both values are int. The remainder is truncated to give the integer result Example int n= 33/6; ‘The variable n contains the value 5 after executing the above statement.The result of the division operation is float if any operand is float. It gives more accurate results. Example float n= 33 / 6.0; The variable n contains the value 5.5 after executing the above statement. Modulus Operator The modulus operator gives the remainder of division of two integers, Itis also called remainder operator. It only works with integer values, Example int n= 33 % 6, The variable n contains the value 3 after executing the above statement. Program 2.9 Write a program that takes marks of two subjects from the user and displays the sum of marks on the console. Hinclude void main() int math, science, sum; printf("Enter marks of math: "), scanf("%od", &math); printf("Enter marks of science: "), scanf("%ed", &science); sum = math + science; printf{"Sum of marks: %d", sum); Output: Enter marks of math: 75 Enter marks of science: 63 Sum of marks: 138 Program 2.10 Write a program that takes as input the length and width of a rectangle. ‘The program calculates and displays the area of rectangle on screen. #include void main() t float len, wid, area; printf("Enter length of rectangle: "); scanf(""%6t", &len); printf("Enter width of rectangle: "); scanf("%t", &wid), area = len * wid; printf(" Area of rectangle: %.2f", area);} Output: Enter length of rectangle: 6.5 Enter width of rectangle: 3.2 Area of rectangle: 20.80 Note: The format specifier .2f in printf statement is used to display the output rounded to 2 decimal places. Program 2.11 Write a program that takes as input the price of a box of chocolates and the total number of chocolates in the box. The program finds and displays the price of one chocolate. Hinclude void main() { float box_price, unit_price, num; printf("Enter the price of box: "); scanf(""%t", &box_price); printf("Enter the number of chocolates in a box: ");, scanf(""t”, &num); unit_price = box price / num; printf("The price of single chocolate is %.2£", unit_price); } Output: Enter the price of box: 25 Enter the number of chocolates in a box: 50 The price of single chocolate is 0.50 Program 2.12 Write a program that finds sum, product and average of five numbers. #include void main() { int a, b, ¢, d, ¢, sum, product; float avg; printi("Enter S numbers: ") scanf("%ed %d %d %ed %d", &a, &b, &c, &d, &e); bictdte, product=a*b*c*d*e; avg =sum/5; printf("Sum: %d \n", sum); printf("Product: %d \n", product); printi(" Average: %.2f", avg); sum=} Output: Enter 5 numbers: 123.45 Sum: 15 Product: 120 Average: 3.00 Program 2.13 Write a program that inputs the radius of a cube and finds its volume. #include void main() t float s, vol; printf("Enter side of the cube: "); scanf("%f”, &s); vol=s*s*s, printf("Volume of the cube: %.2F", vol); Outpu Enter side of the cube: 4 Volume of the cube: 64.00 Program 2.14 Write a program that finds the volume of a cylinder. #include void main() float radius, height, vol; printf("Enter the radius of cylinder: "); scanf(""%t”, &radius); printf("Enter the height of cylinder: "), scanf("%f", &height); vol = 3.141 * radius * radius * height; printf("The volume of cylinder is %.2f", vol); 7 Output: Enter the radius of cylinder: 2 Enter the height of cylinder: 3 The volume of cylinder is 37.69 Program 2.15 Write a program that inputs radius of sphere and calculates its volume using the formulas vol = 4/377R? where 7=3.141.Jude void main) t float r, vol; printf("Enter radius: “); seanf("%t", &r); vol = (4.0 /3.0)*3.141°r8r% printf("Volume of sphere: %.2f”, vol); } Output: Enter radius: 5 Volume of sphere: 523.50 Program 2.16 Write a program that inputs the sides of a triangle and finds its area. Hinclude #include void main() float a, b,c, s, area; printf("Enter size of three sides of triangle: "); scanf("%f %f %f", &a, &b, &c), area = sqri(s * (s-a) *(s-b) * (s-c)); printf" The area of triangle %.2f", area); ) Output: Enter size of three sides of triangle: 6 78 The area of triangle is 20.33 Program 2.17 Write a program that inputs the base and height of a parallelogram and finds area. Jude void main) ( float base, height, area; printf("EEnter the base: "); scani("%f”, &base); printf(“Enter the height: “); scanf("%f", &height); area = base * height; printf("The area of triangle is %.2f", area),Output: Enter the base: 12 Enter the height: 10 The area of parallelogram is 120.00 Program 2.18 Write a program that finds and displays the right most digit of an input number. #include void main() { int num, digit; printf("Enter a number: "); seanf("%d", &num); digit = num % 10; printf("The right most digit of the number is: % 4", digit); Output: Enter a number: $71 ‘The right most digit of the number is: 1 Program 2.19 Write a program that inputs temperature in Fahrenheit and converts it into Celsius. include void main() float celsius, fahrenheit; printf("Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: "): scanf(""f”, & fahrenheit): celsius = (fahrenheit - 32) * 5.0/9.0; printf("*6f Fahrenheit = %.2f Celsius”, fahrenheit , celsius), Output: Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: 7 75.000000 Fahrenheit = 23.89 Celsius Q. What is the use of increment and decrement operator in C language? Increment Operator The increment operator is used to increase the value of a variable by I. It is denoted by the symbol ++. It can be used before or after the variable name. For example, the statement xt+s or +435 can be used to increase the value of x by 1, Both statements are equivalent to x xtThe increment operator cannot increase the value of constant or expression. The statements at+; and ++x; are valid but the statements 10++; and (@+b)++; are invalid, Decrement Operator The decrement operator is used to decrease the value of a variable by 1. It is denoted by the symbol -- It can be used before or after the variable name, For example, the statement or =x; can be used to decrease the value of x by 1, Both statements are equivalent to x = x-1; The decrement operator cannot decrease the value of constant or expression. The statements a--; and -x; are valid but the statements 10--; and (a+b)-~; are invalid. Q. Define relational operators. How many relational operators are provided in C Tanguage? Relational Operators The relational operators compare two values to determine the relationship between these values. They identify either the values are equal, not equal, greater than or less than one another. The relational operators in C language can be used on numeric and character data types. The relational operators perform operations on two operands and produce the result as, Boolean expression, Boolean expression is an expression that is either true or false. The true value is represented by 1 and the false value is represented by 0. C language provides the following six basic relational operators: Operator Description > Greater than operator returns true ifthe value on left side of >is greater than the value on the right side. Otherwise returns false. Less than operator returns true if the value on left side of < is less than the value on right side. Otherwise returns false Equal to operator returns true if the values on both sides of Otherwise returns false. Greater than or equal to operator returns true if value on left side of >= is greater than or equal to the value on right side, Otherwise returns false Less than or equal to operator returns true if the value on left side of < less than or equal to the value on right side. Otherwise returns false. ir ‘The not equal to operator. Returns true if the value on the left side of = is not equal to the value on the right. Otherwise returns false. re equal Table: Relational Operators Examples. Suppose the value of A = 10 and the value of B = 5. Different relational expressions will be evaluated according to the given table: Relation Expression Meaning Result A>B Is A greater than B? True A5 && 50< 100 9/is greater than 5 AND 50 is less than 100? True 10= 10 && 30> 50 10 is equal to 10 AND 30 is greater than 50? False 25 <= 50||7>=10 25 is less than or equal to 50 OR 7 True is greater than or equal to 10? 1(100 > 50) NOT 100 is greater than 50? False 3> 1 &&1(2< 11) 3 is greater than 1 AND NOT 2s less True than 11? Table: Examples of logical operators Q. What is meant by short-circuit evaluation of logical operators in C? Short-Cireuit Evaluation Short-circuit evaluation is a technique that gives the result of expression without computing the whole expression. Both AND and OR operators perform short-circuit evaluation. Short-Circuit Evaluation in AND If the expression on the left side of AND operator is false, the expression on the right, side is not checked. The reason is that the result is false if any expression is false. So it does not need to check the expression on right side. Short-Circuit Evaluation in OR Ifthe expression on the left side of OR operator is true, the expression on the right side is not checked. The reason is that the result is true if any expression is true. So it does not need to check the expression on right side Q. Differentiate between unary and binary operators. The operators that work with single operand are called unary operator whereas the operators that work with two operands are called binary operator. Some unary operators include -, ++, - - and ! (NOT). Some binary operators include +, -,*, /,%, && and | Some examples of unary operators are as followsxez Some examples of binary operators are as follows: x=ytz, cma-b; x=m*n, Q. Explain operator precedence with example. Operator Precedence The order in which different types of operators in an expression are evaluated is known, as operator precedence. It is also known as hierarehy of operators. Different operators have different precedence. If an expression has different types of operators, the operators with higher precedence are evaluated before the operators with lower precedence, In case of equal precedence, the operator at the left side is evaluated before the operator at the right side. Any expression written in parenthesis () is always evaluated first Operator Precedence ! 1 1% 2 +: 3 <—>>= 4 5 6 fi = 8 ‘Table: Operator Precedence Example ‘The expression 10 * (24 /(5-2)) + 13 is evaluated in the following order: 1. First of all, the expression 5-2 will be evaluated. It gives a value 3 2. Secondly, 24 will be divided by the result of last fine ie. 24/3 giving value 8 3. Thirdly, 10 will be multiplied by 8 i.e. giving a result 80. 4, Finally, 80 will be added in 13 and the last result will be 93 10%(24/(5-2))+13 10*(24/3)+13 10*8 +13 80 +13, 8 Figure: Operator precedence rin 86@gmail om vist heli. comt