HAMZAM.

ALI
-- ~ A~ ~-~ ~ cl«{d,Lo~t.
(lI
 PAGE 1

May/June 2007
1 (a) Study the map of the Hunza Valley, Fig. 1.

t
A
o~ 5 10
Ian

(i) Name the range of mountains in which this valley is situated. [1]

Karakoram Mts.

(ii) Name the town A. [1]

(iii) Name the highway which follows this valley north to China. [1]

Karakoram Highway.

(iv) Name the Federally Administered, Area in which this valley is situated. [1]
FANA (i.e, federally administered Northern Areas), also commonly known as 'Northern Areas'.

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(b) (i) What is a snowfield? [1]

Snowfield is an area of perpetual snow found in mountains at high altitude above snow line where large
glaciers exist and snow lies all year.

(ii) Explain why a large part of the area in Fig. 1 is covered with snowfields. [2]
A large part of area shown in the map is covered with perpetual snow (soo field) because ofaltitude which
is over 3000 meters above sea-level. Below freezing tempera re (-SoC) prevails during the long winter
season when precipitation is in the form of snowfal).

[1]

[4J
seasonally between the low
movement is to take advantage of
scmli-rlorrladit: way of life. During winter
feeding. They may take

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(d) Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Misgar

mean monthly rainfalll

temperature SIlOWfaII
(·el 30 (mm)

25

.20

15

10

-10

(i) With reference to Fig. 2, explain why the Hunza River increases in volume in the summer
months. [2]
Hunza River is joined by many small tributaries which join it from both sides and add to the volume of
Hunza River. As the temperature rises in April and May, the ice in snowfields starts melting. Rainfall in
April and May plus the melting snow add to the volume of Hunza River.

(ii) Explain how topography and climate affect the lives of the people in mountain areas. Use
your knowledge of mountain areas and information from Fig. 2 to help you. [6]
Mountainous topography and long severe winters have great influence on the economic life of people.
Agriculture is on a limited Scale in narrow valleys and on narrow terraced hillsides. Grow in season is short.
From May temperature begins to rise and reaches upto 20°C which makes crop growing possible. Wheat,
barley and maize are grown. Re Communication is also hindered by topography. Metalled roads and bridges
are abse t, and trade activities are limited. Livestock are kept using the summer alpine pastures. Landslides
and snowfall block the roads in winter. During the long severe winters people stay in their homes and are
engaged in cottage industries such as making carpets, rugs, shawls and woodwork. These items are valued
by tourists during summer months. Illiteracy and poverty prevails. Per capita income is low. Life is harsh
and difficult because of inhospitable climate. Tourism is a source of income because of beautiful mountain
scenery. There is lack of development because of inaccessibility.

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(e) The water of the Hunza and other rivers from the Northern Areas is used to irrigate
farmland in the Punjab. Explain how the flow of water is controlled. [5J
Hunza river joins R. Gilgit which further joins R. Indus. River Indus flows towards north-west, makes a
sharp tum and then flowing southwards enters Punjab near Attock. Water ofR. Indus is of great importance
for irrigation in the Punjab (and also in Sindh). Tarbela Dam is a large storage of water. ThaI Barrage,
Chashma Barrage, Taunsa Barrage and Panjnad Headworks have been 1:iuilton R. Indus in Runjab province
under the Indus Water Treaty. In the barrages gates and sluices are used to control the rate of flow of water
in the canals during the year. The ThaI Canal irrigates a large ~rea' Sjn Sagar Doab where a large part
ofthe former Thai Desert has been changed into green farmland. From Taunsa Barrage (near D.G. Khan)
canals have been taken out on both sides of the river. Chaslifns,Sarr.sge is' ortant beeause the water of
R. Indus is diverted to R. Chenab and R. Sutlej through link canals. ffiis way,tl{e water of R. Indus is
controlled and used for irrigation in Punjab province.

2 (a) Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 3

Arabian See

(i) Name the two main fruit crops grown in area:A. [2J
Apples and apricots.
(ii) Why are fruit crops grown in mountain va,lIeys? [3J
In Northern Mountains the valley are warmer than the upper mountain slopes. In the valley some levelland
is available and the soil is a so better than the upper hill slopes. Valleys are also protected from severe snow
storms. Sp'ring and early summer rainfall and summer sunshine help the fruit growing. Therefore fruit
orchards are found in the valley in the Northern Mountains area.

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(iii) Name one of the main fruit crops grown in area B. [1]

Area B covers a large area in lower and western Sindh. Dates are common, but mangoes and bananas are
also important.

(iv) Why are fruit crops grown in this area? [2]

(b) (i) Describe the climate of area ~, shown on Fig. 3. [3]

Area C covers south-western Baluchistan excluding the narrow Makran coast. It is an arid region. Summer
season is very hot and long, average temperature being over 350C. Winters are short, mild and just cool.
Average January temperature is JO-JSoC. Rainfall is less than 125mm annually because this part of
Baluchistan is out of the main track of both Monsoon Winds . uring summ r). However, some rain occurs
during winter months because of the influence of Western Depressions. Daily range of temperature is high.
The climate is marked by hot, dry and dusty winds in summer and cold nights during winter.

(ii) Explain how karez irrigation helps date palms to grow in the oases of area C. [3]
Karezirrigation is special and limited to Baluchistan. Karezare underground tunnels reaching the
ground water table on the side of hill. The tunnel is marked by a number of vertical shafts which
are necessary for repair and maintenance. Being a covered thannel there is no loss of water
through evaporation. Flow of water from the mouth of a Karez is continuous. The water is
diverted to farms and orchards in the valley. Date palm groves receive water especially during
the period of early growth. A large variety of dates are grown in area C. Dates are also exported
after proper drying, grading and packing.

(iii) Name one other type of crop grown in oases. [1]

Other crops grown in the oasis with the help of Karez are wheat and maize. However, vegetables, millet
(jawar, baj a) and pulses are also grown.

(iv) How is crop growth improved by the date palms nearby? [2]

Dates palms are often planted surrounded the fields growing crops. The trees act as wind break and offer
protection to the crops from strong winds and storms. They also provide shade in case of multiple or double
cropping. They reduce evapotranspiration.

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(c) (i) Name two animals that are reared by nomads in area C. [2J
Sheep and goats are teared in area C. Cattle and camels are also kept.

(ii) Explain the importance of livestock to the nomads. [2J

--
[3J

3 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert),which

Photograph A for Question

[2J
Photogrg h shows that trees are planted in rows and are equally spaced. All trees belonged to the same
species which shows that it is a planted and irrigated forest. Trees are mainly ofthe same height which that
they were planted at the same time.

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(ii) What is used to line the canals, and why is this necessary? [2]

The canal is lined with bricks and cement work in order to check the loss of water through seepage. Because
the seepage of water from unlined canals raises the ground water table which in the long run creates salinity
and waterlogging problem. Trees do not grow in waterlogged area.

(iii) Why is the plantation being irrigated? [2]

which is not enough to encourage natural

onths
arr'dsteady growth of trees,

[1]

(b) (i) State two domestic uses of wood. [2]

Two domestic uses of wood are:

1. Use for fuel wood or firewood.
2. Use for house building i.e. doors, windows and ordinary furniture. In mountains area wood is the
main construction material for houses.

(ii) Explain how wood is used in ind stry and transpon. [4]

Wood is used as a raw material in furniture making, paper making, matches, pencils and sports
goods industry. Bats, hockey sticks and rackets are made. In transport wood is used for making
truck bodies, railway carriages and railway sleepers. Animal drawn carts are made of wood. In
farming wood is used for implements, gates fences.

(c) (i) What is sustainable forestry ? [3]

Sustainable means renewable resource or able to be continued without damage to the environment.
'Sustainable forestry' means that forests are utilized in such a way that they may remain productive
for a long time. When mature trees are cut, new saplings are planted. If this is not done forests will
be depleted exposing for the soil for soil erosion. Therefore re-afforestation is necessary for
sustainable forestry. This will ensure supplies of wood will be available for a long time in future.

(ii) Why does Pakistan need to increase the area of irrigated plantations? [3]

In Pakistan forests cover less than 5% of the area of the country, whereas 20 - 25% area of a
country should be under forests to make the country self-sufficient in wood products. There is a
great shortage of wood in Pakistan. Also to have cleaner environment, the area under irrigated
plantations needs to be increased. Increased population needs more wood for industry and house
building etc. Tourism may also get encouragement if there is an increase in area of irrigated
plantations.

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(d) (i) Why is afforestation called 'a long-term investment'? [2]

'Afforestation' means planting new forests. An uncultivated and undeveloped area may be planted
with trees. Trees take 10 to 20 or more years to reach maturity to become of economic value.
Therefore, afforestation is called a 'long term investment'.
(ii) What are the advantages and disadvantages oIdeveloping a forest area for,tourism? [4]

4 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the gas pipelines in Pakistan.

internatIMai
boundary
gasp~!ne
gas tIeIi:I

[1]

Sui Gas field.

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(ii) Name the cities B, C and D at the ends of the gas pipelines. [3]

Ans. B: Peshawar

C: Islamabad

D: Sialkot.

Natural gas can be transported in special t

by pipeline.

Fig••

(i) State the largest use of natural gas. [1]

Largest use of nature gas is in power sector where it is used to generate thermal electricity.

(ii) Name a use in the 'other.' sector. [1]

Natural gas is used for commercial purposes in hotels and restaurant for cooking and heating
purposes. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is used in transport. Many cars, vans and buses are
running on CNG. The use ofCNG for vehicles is being encouraged because it produces much less
air pollution than petrol and helps to reduce the import of oil.

(iii) What is natural gas used for in homes and why is this fuel chosen? [3]

In homes and houses natural gas is mainly used for cooking purposes and for heating during winter.
Gas is much cheaper than firewood or oil and is very convenient to use. It is easier to transport and
is cleaner than wood, cool or oil.

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(iv) Why is natural gas called 'non-renewable'? [1]

Natural gas is 'non-renewable' because a gas field will be exhausted after some years. Like all
other minerals, natural gas is also non-renewable. It cannot be regenerated or recycled.

(c) (t) Name two raw materials, apart from natural gas, which are used to make fertilizer. [2]
Besides natural gas, gypsum, sulphate, phosphate ana potassium are used for making fertilizer.

cost.

[3]
•
Manures are essential to increase crop productio . Natur l:rlaanure (C()lW dung and compost) are
not available in large quantities. Soil in Pakistan is deficien in nitrogenous matter. Therefore use
of chemical fertilizer becomes essential. Also high-yielding varieties of seeds need large doses of
fertilizer. Imported fertilizer is costly and a drain 0 country's foreign exchange. Fertilizer
industries help to improve the balance of payment. Also ·t is necessary to grow more food for a
fast growing population. Therefore it has been necessary to develop. fertilizer industry in Pakistan.

(d) What environmental damage can occur w en a new fertilizer factory is built in a rural
area? [4]
When a fertilizer factory is buil in a rural area the im ertant environment damage is that a large
tract of fannjand goes out of cultivation. Emission of pungent gas from factory causes air pollution
'4£---.-,~hi)ch may cause respiratory and eye diseases in the area. Toxic waste and effluent from the factory
can pollute the nearby river or canal if is not treated in a treatment plant. Dumping of waste in
earby land could be hazardous. Movement of heavy vehicles which bring raw material or carry
the finished product may produce noise pollution and traffic €ongestion.

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5 (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows the imports and exports of Pakistan.
value of trade
(million rupees)
1200000 ,

1000000

81)0000 '

(i) State the increase in the value of imports from 2000 to 2005. [1]
The value of imports has doubled between 2000 and 2005. It has increased from Rs. 540,000 million in the
year 2000 to Rs. 1100,000 in 2005. The increase has been specially marked and rapid between 2003 and
2005.

(ii) How has the value of exports changed compared with imports? [2]

Both have increased. The value of exports has also increased from Rs. 440,000 million in 2000 to Rs.
780,000 million in 2005. Imports have increased more than exports. Imports have increased more than
rapidly than exports especially after 2003.

(iii) How will this atTect the balance of trade? [1]

The 'balance of payment' has been negative as usual, i.e. the value of imports exceed the value of exports.
The outstanding feature of the negative balance of trade is that the trade deficit has increased sharply
between 2003 and 2005. In 2005 the trade deficit was nearly five times greater than that of2003.

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~ PAGE 12

"
Ia

~
j'I (b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the goods exported from Pakistan in 1975and 2000.

a
I
~

F ~7

(i) How have the propontions of primary and manufactured goods changed from 1975 to
2000? [2]
There has been significant and marked change in the proportion oLprimary and manufactured goods during
1975 and 2000. In 1975 the primary goods (agriculture raw material and products such as cotton wool, rice
fish) accounted for nearly 50% of export. Its share was re uced to 20% in 2000.
In 1975 the manufactured goods accounted for 40% of exports which increased to about 75% in 2000.

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(ii) How have these changes affected earnings from exports? [2J
Increase in percentage of exports of manufactured goods has a positive effect on earing from exports. The
reason is that usually the primary products carry low value while manufactured goods carry high value.
Also value added goods increase earning from exports.

(iii) Explain how cotton can be exported as a ~rimary, a processed and a manufactured
product. [3J

(c) Name two dry ports and explain ho

trade.

Lahore and Faisalabad are two important dry ~0rtS. Dry ports el in foreign trade (export and
imports). Export goods are delivered at dry ports after which it is[ the responsibility of the
government to transport the goods by rail to Karachi and arrangement for shipment abroad.

Container facility is available and transport to Karachi is easier and cheaper. Checking of material,
payment of duties and much paper work is completed at drx ports. Same procedure is adopted for
import of goods. It reduces burden on ports and has greatly
~ facilitated foreign trade. Quicker
processing avoids delay and congestion at Karachi and Port Qasim.

(d) (i) State two methods of telecommunication. [2]

Telephones (including cell phones) and e-mails on computers are two methods of
telecommunication.

(ii) Explain how telecommunication can be used to improve the supply of goods, and increase
trade in Pakistan and abroad. [6J
Telecommunication can be used in many in trade and supply of goods. Orders can be placed by e-
mail or fax. Traders and goods. Businessmen are making increased use of cell phones for their
trading operations. Communication is easier and faster. Orders can be placed, bills can be sent and
received through e-mail. On- line banking has made payments very easy. Internet can be used for
advertising products. In short, telecommunication brings buyers and suppliers in easy contact with
each other. New In market opportunities and news about market trends can be obtained instantly.
Radio, 'PV, internet, websites help in advertising products in the Country as well as internationally.
The operation is more efficient and saves time and money.

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 v'

PAGE 14

Oct/N ov 2007

1 (a) Study Fig. 1 and Photograph A (Insert).

Photograph A for Question 1

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 15
.~
IIIiiiii
~
'CI
"
~

N !
I
t a
I
:t

Arabian Sea

o 400
km

F18·1
(i) Name the deserts X and Y. [2]

X: Tharparkar Desert

Y: Thai Desert.

(ii) Describe the scene in Photograph A. [4]

The scene in photograph A is that ofa desert. It is part of the Tharparkar Desert. It is vast expanse
of flat sandy plain. Low bushes and clumps of grass at a good distance apart are seen in the
photograph. There is no sign of settlement or habitation. A herd of camel show that it is a desert
region. The camels are coming out to graze in the area or are returning to their camp after grazing.
The sky is cloudless and clear and the sun will beat hard on the desert sand.

(b) (i) Explain why desert X has very low rainfall. [3]

Desert ¥is Tharparkar Desert which comprises the eastern and southern part of Sindh province.
It receives a low rainfall. Total annual rainfall is 125mm. The reason is that this region is out of
the track of Bay of Bengal branch of summer Monsoon winds which usually bring rain to the
Punjab. The Arabian Sea branch of monsoon winds do not cause rainfall because of inversion of
temperature. There is a layer of warm air in the upper atmosphere. Any winds rising up did not

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 PAGE 16

cool down and no condensation can take place which might cause rainfall. The region X is out of
track of Western Depressions of winter season. Therefore region X receives a low rainfall.

(ii) Describe simple methods that can be used to irrigate small areas of desert X. [4]

Simple method which can be used to irrigate small areas of desert X are with the help of wells,
tubewells, and canals.

At places where the ground water is sweet well irrigation can be nractised. Persian wheel is the
common method. But charsa and shaduf can also be used. Same applies to tubewells which are
successful if ground water is not brackish. The perennial Nara canal which is taken out of Sukkur
Barrage asses through the western part of the desert. Areas 'IN ere canal water can reaep have been
irrigated and turned into green farmland. But laces where canal water has not reached are sandy
deserts.

(iii) Explain how some parts of desert Y ea be irrigafed y large-scale schemes. You should
refer to Fig. 1 and use your own knowledge. [4]

Desert Y is the Thai Desert. The Thai Barrage 0 Jinnah Barrage) was built in 1950s and Thai
Canal was taken out. It irrigated a large area of7Thal Desert in the districts of Mianwali, Bhakkar,
Khushab and Muzaffargarh. Two large dams, Tasbela Dam on R. Indus and Mangla Dam on R.
Jhelurn store water for irrigation. These dams have provided more water for irrigation in area Y.
As a result a large part of ThaI Desert has been transfoTIR~ into green farmlands. New viJIages
and towns have been settled and many roads have been built. The places where canal water has
not reached are still sandy desert with small sand dunes. Dhashma Barrage and Taunsa Barrage
were built during 1970s making more water available for ·rrigation.

(c) (i) Why do problems of waterlogging and salinity occur in some irrigated areas? [3]

Ans. The problem of salinity and waterlogging are the result of perennial canal irrigation. Canals
in our country are not lined. Water continually seeps down from the bed and bank of canals and it
makes the ground watsr table to rise. When the water table comes close to the land surface, the
moisture rises up through capillary action and evaporates and salt particles are deposited on the
land surface. Thus gradually a layer of salt collects on the land surface which is called salinity. It
~---=
makes the land unfit for cultivation.

When the water table further rises and reaches the land.surface the land gets fully soaked with
wate is is called water logging which makes the nd unfit for cultivation. A large tract of land
in Punjab and Sindh has been affected by salinity and waterlogging.

(ii) How can these problems be overcome? [5]

The best cure of the problem of salinity and waterlogging is to install tubewells which pump out
water from underground and the water table.is pushed down. Once the water table is pushed down
the land is reclaimed-and becomes fit for crop growing. Salinity and waterlogging can be avoided
by lining of canals so that seepage may not take place. Canal closure, planting eucalyptus trees
and making surface drains are other methods.

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2 (a) Study Fig. 2, which shows the climate of Multan.

temperature 40 80 rainfall
rC) (mm)

(i) Explain why cotton is grown i this pan of the Punjab. Refer to Fig. 2 in your
answer. [5]
Fig. 2 shows the climate of Mullan. Summer season is very long and hot. Average
monthly temperature in June, July;and August is 35°C. Summer season lasts from
March till October. Winter season is short and lasts from November to February,
temperature is between 12 ° -20°C in winter months. Annual rainfall is about 200 mm
which is low. Average monthly
Multan district is an important cotton growing area. Cotton needs high temperature
hroughout the growing season. Ideal temperature for cotton growing is 25°C to 35 °C.
Cotton is a summer crop. It is sown in May / June. Picking starts from September
October when day temperature of over 25°C is best with dry sunny days. Multan region
receives negligible rain during Sep, Oct and Nov. Warm, dry weather is ideal for
picking cotton. Cotton needs a moderate supply of water. In Multan region cotton is
grown with the help of canal irrigation. The soil is sandy loam or clayey loam which is

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fertile and suits cotton cultivation. High summer temperature keeps the pests under
control.
(b) (i) Explain how climatic hazards may destroy or reduce the yield of cotton on farms.
[4]
Climate hazards which may affect cotton crop are eavy rainfall, floods or dust storms. Heavy
rainfall and cloudiness may increase the number of pests. Hea.vyrainfall at sowing time or picking
time spoils the crop. Dust storms at picking time will badly, ffecU}ieyield. Floods can destroy the
entire crop.

Another factor which may affect the produetion of cotton is competition from other crops. Crop of
sugarcane gives more income to the farme '. S~garcane is also a summer crop. Therefore farmers
may prefer to grow sugarcane instead of cotton hich may affect the production of cotton.

(c) (i) List the following in order of prod [3]

Raw cotton; cotton yam; cloth; Readymade garments.

(ii) From your answer to 2(c)(i), state one product of:

(A) a processing industry,

,...--,Cotton yam (manufactured in a spinning mill) is a processing industry.
[2]

Weaving mills manufacture cloth, and garment making factories are examples of manufacturing
industry.

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(iii) Explain why Lahore is an important centre of the textile industry. You should use your
answers to 2(c)(i) and (ii) and your own knowledge. [7J

~
international
------- boUndary
__ _ __ disputed
international
boundary
Arabian Sea ______ provincial
bou!ldary
o 400
4 rock sail
kII'i extraction
D limestone
extraction

Fig. 3

[i] Describe the distribution of limestone extraction in Pakistan. [3]

Limestone is widely distributed in Pakistan. It is found in abundance in all four provinces. In
Punjab limestone is found in Potwar Plateau and Salt Range mainly near Khewra, Dandot,
Dandkhel, Rawalpindi and D. G. Khan. In KPK. limestone is found near Nowshera, Kohat and
Pezu. In Baluchistan it is found in Hamai. In Sindh limestone is found at Kot Deji Hills near Rohri
in an upper Sindh, at Ganjo Takar Hills near Hyderabad, at Mangopir and Murli Hills near Karachi.

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PAGE 20

(ii) Limestone and rock salt are both called 'bulky goods'. What is the cheapest form of
transport for these goods? [1]

Cheapest form of transport for bulky goods such as limestone and rock salt is by rail transport. But
trucks are used when the limestone is transported from quarries to cement factories because railway
track does not exist everywhere.

(Hi)Why is the supply of limestone to mos a as ikely:to be cbeaper tban ock salt? [1]

[1]

---.
[2]

manufacture of different kinds of sod

(c) Study Photograph B (Insert), showing ulamullah, in Thatta

district.

--
--
---

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(i) Describe the scene in the photograph. [4]

The scene in photograph B is that of a cement factory. The region is an undulating plain with small
ups and downs. There is a low hill in the background. It is a limestone hill which provides the most
important raw material oflimestone to the factory. The factory is reached by a wide road which is
necessary for transport of limestone and other raw- ma erial as well as for the cement which is
manufactured at the plant. Very near the facto t ere are butldings which may be residential
>

accommodation provided for the labour and orkers in he factorx. The chimney a d the tower
indicate that it is a large plant.
[3]

(iii) Explain the importance of three human inputs at a cement factory and the difficu ty of
providing them at this site. You should re,fer to~hot, g ph B and use your own
knowledge. [6]
Human inputs needed for the cement factory at Thatta are roads, la15o11r, machinery and power.
Capital and managerial skill are other imlJortant human inputs. A good road is needed for the
transport of limestone and other ra material and to carry manufactured cement to the market.
Road is all the more important because Thatta is not served by a railway line. Machinery is very
important·because the processes of'J1lixing,baking and gsinding cannot be done without proper
heavy machinery. Heavy machinery 's obtained from Taxila Steel domplex while sophisticated
machinery is imported. This involves heavy expenditure. lectric power is required for the factory.
There is no large thermal power plant in Thatta. Long transmission lines bring power to the plant.
Capital is the foremost requirement to establish a large scale manufacturing industry. Capital is
needed for the purchase of land, machinery, raw material and to pay for power and labour. Loan
from banks can be arranged to set up large industrial units. Managerial skill is another essential
requirement without w ich no large scale manufacturing industry can be run. In Pakistan it is not
easy to find highly skilled and efficient engineers to set up and nma large industrial unit.
(d) Why is there a large demand for cement in Pakista ? [4]
There is a large demand for cement in Pakistan because Pakistan is a developing country. A large
number of big development projects are in hand. Cement is needed for building factories, dams,
barrages and bridges. Cement is needed for construction industry for building houses, flats, hotels,
p-Iazas,shopping centres, schools and hospitals.
Cement is also needed for lining of canals and for building roads, highways and motorways. Since
Pakistan is short of wood, cement is needed to make railway sleepers. Therefore there is a large
demand for cement in Pakistan. Fortunately Pakistan is self-sufficient in cement.

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~ PAGE 22

I
I
'I
i:t 4 (a) Read the extract below and study Photograph C (Insert).

a
i
~

Photograph

--
--

--

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 PAGE 23

(i) State three features that can be seen in Photograph C and agree with what is said in the
extract. [3]

Quetta is on the main road which leads to Kandhar i AfgHanis an through the Khojak pass. Quetta
is on the ancient trade route which co ected Afghanistan with the s b-continent. Much of
Afghanistan trade passes through Quetta. Quetta is also at the head of the Bolan Pass which
connects it to Sibi and onwards to Punjab and Sindh by rail and road. Quetta is the capital of
Balochistan province. It is an administrative centre, an important educational and cultural centre
and has a large population. Quetta is a big market, a big commercial and industrial centre.
Industries' of food processing antl packing, fruit paeking, edible oil, engineering works,
pharmaceuticals and handicrafts are important. Roads and-milwaysconnect Quetta with other parts
of the province. A road and railway line goes to Zahidait in Iran. Quetta is an important airport
also. Being a meeting place of routes and a big collecting and distributing centre Quetta has grown
into an important commercial and trading city.
(b) (i) State two types of infrastructure shown in Photograph C. [2]

Two types of infrastructure shown.in the photograph are:

1. A good road for transport of goods and people,
2. Electricity and telephone lines.
(ii) Explain why these and other types of infrastructure are important to a center such as
Quetta. [5]
Quetta is a thriving trading centre with many processing and small scale industries. A network of
roads and railway, water, gas and electric supply facilities are important items of infrastructure
which make Quetta an important trading centre. Rail, road and air service are essential for transport
of goods and people. Water, gas, electric supply and telephone facilities are very important for
industrial and commercial activity as well as for the public. A large thermal power station provides
electricity. A large population makes skilled and unskilled labour available and also provides a
ready market for goods.

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PAGE 24

(c) (i) State three types of tertiary employment that may be taking place in the street shown
in Photograph C. [3]

Three types of tertiary employment that may be present in this busy street are banks, hotels and
transport companies, Banks are needed for transfer of money to trading firms and service to public.
Hotels are needed for businessman and tourists who co e to u tta. Transport companies provide
transport to people by bus service and transport g ods by trucks and trailers.

[2]

--

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 PAGE 2S

(i) Describe the scene in Photograph D. [3]

Photograph D shoes a flat slightly undulating region which is devoid of any vegetative cover.
There are small houses mostly resembling huts built for temporary residences. These are temporary
shelters with one or two rooms with thatch roof. There is no planning and houses are scattered in
the area. There is no trace of any utility service like water, electricity or gas. No school, mosque
or hospital is seen in the photograph.

and services?

5 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows some pop,ulation indicators in Pakistan in 1995 and 2002.

Population indicator
2002
Birth rate per thousand 41 28
Death rate per thoosand 11 8
Infant mortality rate per thousand 97 85
59 64

Fig. 4

(i) Which indicator shows that population growth may be slowing down? [1]

Birth rate per thousand shows that the rate of population growth is slowing down. In 1995 the birth
rate was 41 per thousand, while in 2002 it declined to 28 per thousand. In fact the natural growth
rate in 1995 was 41-11 =30 per thousand or 3%. In 2002 it was 28-8=20 per thousand or 2%.
Therefore the rate of growth has declined from 3% in 1995 to 2% in 2002.

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 PAGE 26

(ii) Which indicator shows that there could be more children in the future? [1]

Infant mortality rate shows that there may be more children in future. This rate has declined from
97 per thousand in 1995 to 85 in 2002. It shows that more children would be surviving in future
and they will be more in number.

(iii) Why do the statistics show that there could be more people aged over 50 i the future?
[2]

(b) (i) With reference to your answers in

is changing.

(ii) What problems will this cause? [5]

'--
Increase in life expectancy from 59 to 64 xe 'S and a lar r percenta of people over 65 years
may cause some problems. This group is of r tired peep e who are said to be non-earning and
dependent population. They re to be looked fter b)l eir close relatives. In old age medical
expenses increase and disability in any form ay ari . Therefore t ey become a burden on the
earning population. Although the g vernment has introduced pension and old age benefit schemes,
yet all aged people do not enjoy this facility. We e is no system oficharitable houses or old homes
in Pakistan. This problem needs tte tion of the overnment and t e civil society.

(c) (i) Explain the causes ofru ai-urban migration. [4]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 27

(ii) What problems are caused in rural areas by migration to urban areas? [4]

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 PAGE 28

May/June 2008

The Environment of Pakistan

1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert) showing sugar cane cultivation.

Photograph A for Question 1

(i) Describe the scene. [4]

-
The picture shows a large area of sugar cane plantation. 0 ng sugar ca e can be seen on the ground. It
is a flat land. Manual labour is being used. The· armer is using a woden plough along with pair of
bullocks. In the background a village can be seen where a few small mud-built houses are seen. There
are trees in the background as well.

(ii) What are the advantages and dl advantages of using tractors instead of animals for
work on a farm? [6]

The advantages of using a tractor are that the work is done with speed and efficiency. The land is
ploughed properly. Fields are prepared well. Few wor rs are needed. It saves the cost of keeping
animals and feeding them.

The disadvantages are that it will increase unemployment of rural work force. Machinery is costly in
Pakistan and beyond the reach of a normal farmer. Diesel is also costly. Repair is expensive. Tractors
cannot be used in small farms due to small area.

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 PAGE 29

(b) Yields from crops vary from year to year. Explain the reasons for this. [4]

There is a possibility of poor weather and climate which may affect the crop. Limited rainfall and
shortage of irrigation can be a reason as well. Floods, dust storms and heavy rainfall can also effect the
production. Attack of pests and diseases if not controlled can also damage the crop.

other than that shown in the

[3]

[5]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 30

2 (a) Study Fig. 1, a map of natural hazards in Pakistan.

N _._._ ""'-;.. \

t
,J"., c-

~J,~ljr~'r".,~.-:.:.
n'"ll.,....f,;,:~:---

'\',.
\ .••.. _._.-
\
'",.,
Balochistan
I
i:.I
_.J
".,J

[3]

seen on the boundary of Sindh.

••....,••..•••
"'ering south western Balochistan
_,i11lttyu(,) thern side of Balochistan too.

[3]

[3]

(iv) [4]
r1t.SIloI"ta~t.e checked by afforestation. La be protected by planting grass. Overgrazing
should duced. Irrigation facilities should be provided. Terracing of hill sides and contour ploughing
are other effective methods to check soil erosion.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 31

(b) Study Fig. 1 again.

(i) Which area is affected by tropical cyclones? [1]

Coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan are affected by tropical cyclones.

(ii) Describe the physical effects of tropical cyclone in-this rea. [5]

the

domestic purposes.

The disadvantage can be that power sUPRI~might break down and indust ies may stop working. In case
of very heavy rainfall factories, warehou ses and store may be flooded with water spoiling the goods and
machinery. Supply and movements '1'ight be hal ed. Labo r will remain idle and lose their wages.
Shipping and air flights might get cancelle •

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 "

PAGE 32

3 (a) Study Fig. 2, a map of population density distribution in Sindh province.

N
Punjab

t Balochistan

,
,
,
r

.
,,
,.
,

\,
..
.
,
,

A: Karachi

B: Hyderabad

C: Khairpur (Sukkar)

(ii)flame the desert D.

[5]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 33

(b) (i) Explain the physical reasons for a high density of population in area Y. [4]
Area Y is the productive region of Sindh Province. Land is level and flat. It has fertile soil. Due to flat land
irrigation and machinery can be used easily. River Indus provides water for irrigation. High productivity
and availability of water attracts high population. Industrial activities provide good opportunities for
employment. Flatness of land has led to building of road and railw8V on both sides of river Indus.

(ii) Explain the low population density in area ~.

[2]

The site was chosen because it has sheltere and safe harbor. There is cHeapand flat land nearby which
provides space for future industrial development. the area is connected by road and rail to the Karachi-
Lahore railway line and the super highway.

(ii) Name the other port in Shidh to the west of city A. [1]

Keamari (Karachi port)

(d) Iron ore, oil, and machinery are imported in large quantities at Port Qasim.
(i) Give one large-scale use of each of these three. [3]

Iron-Ore is used in Pakistan Steel Mill which produces iron sheets.

Oil is used in transport, power generation and industries.

Machinery is imported for industrial development of the country. It includes vehicles, power plants and
agriculture machinery.

(ii) Another large import is wheat. Name one country from which it is imported. [1]
Wheat is imported mainly from USA,but also Australia and USSR.

(iii) Explain why Pakistan will need to continue to import wheat. [2]

Wheat is imported to overcome to food shortage in the country. Local consumption and demand for
wheat is increasing because of increase in population. Competition with other crops limited the
production. The growers do not find wheat growing profitable enough because of high cost of
fertilizers.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 34

(e) Name one dry port in Pakistan and explain why dry ports are needed to reduce the
burden on sea ports. [4]

Lahore is an important dry port in Pakistan. Dry ports have been established in inland cities to
promote foreign trade. Checking of goods, payment of customs duties and obtaining clearance
from customs authorities is carried out at dry ports. It helps overnment in collection of revenue
for the government. In.this way the burden on sea 0 s has been reduced.

4 (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast 0 [2]

Gwadar and Pasni

[2]

(Hi) Describe subsistence fishing methods. [3]

- .

own use and family. Fishes are kept in sm

the coast.

(iv) Explain how these methods can [4]

(b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed [3]

• houses have been built. Fishes are then
Fish are mostly kept in ice. Refrigeration facilities and ware
sorted, cleaned, gutted, frozen and canned. They are also dried and exported.

(ii) Why is fish processing called 'v lue-adde '? [1]

Fish procession is called value add

make development of the fishing

[4]
Fishing industry could not be developed in Balochistan coast because of poor infrastructure. Road
transpo are very poor along with railway. Electric powe is not Rrovided. Clean water is also an issue
,
over there. lack of education and literacy is nother problem for fishin industrv.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE3S

(c) Study Fig. 3, a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in
Pakistan.

400

300
fish catch
(1000 IDelric tonnes)
200
Inland

100

1980 2000
year

Fig. 3

(i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. [3]

The diagram shows marine and fish catches from 1960 to 200Q. Both marine and inland fishing has
increase. Marine fish catch is much larger than inland catches, and the rate of increase in much faster.
Inland fishing has showed a little increase till early 1970s after which slow and steady increase has taken
place.

(ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3]
More people are employed in inland fisheries because it is wide spread in Sindh, Punjab and NWFP.
Fresh water fish are caught in lakes of Sindh provinces. Demand for inland fishes are more as compared
to marine fishing. Many fish farms have been developed in Sindh and Punjab.

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PAGE 36

Question 5

(a) Most hydro-electric power (hydel) schemes are in Northern Pakistan.

(i) Name two large dams and the river on which each is built. [2]
Mangla Dam on River Jhelum and Tarbela dam on River Indus.

(ii) Why do the reservoirs of these dams hold very large quantities of water? [3]

Reservoirs hold large amount of water as they are multi-purpose projects. The main purpose if these
dams is flood control and storing water for HEP. The important purpose is power generation which
needs continued flow of water. High rainfall and melting of glaciers provide large amount of water.

(b) Study Fig. 4, a diagram showing how hydro-electric power is made.

dam and reservoir transmission grid

Fig .•

Name the machine A, and explain how it uses the flow of water to make electricity. [2]

The machine A is turbine, through tunnels the water falls in the turbine with great force and the
turbines rotates at the fast speed. The turbine moves the generator which creates electricity.
 PAGE 37

(c) Study Fig. 5, a pie chart showing the different users of electricity in Pakistan.

Industry

Fig.•

.
(i) Which sector uses the largest percentage of electricitY?
. [1]

Domestic Sector

(ii) State two more large users of electricitj; shown on the chart and explain what they use it
for. [4]
Other two large users are Industry and farming, All machines In Industry need power. It is also used in
lighting and air conditioning,

In farming sector it is used to run tube wells and water pumps. Tube wells provide water for irrigation as
well as to control water logging and salinity.

(iii) What problems are caused when the electricity supply to factories breaks down?
[4]
When electric supply to factories break down all machines stop working and production stops. Quality
cannot be maintained. Targets cannot be met. Orders will get delayed and customers might get
dissatisfy. Exports might decline as well. Cost of production will rise if the generators are being used.

(d) (i) Name two environmentally-friendly ways of making electricity other than hydro-
electric p-ower. [2]
Solar, Wind, Tidal and Bio gas.

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 "

PAGE3S

(ii) Explain why each ofthe two ways you have named could be used in Pakistan. [2J

In Pakistan solar energy can be used because Pakistan has a dry climate with long hours of sun shine and
many clear and sunny days during the year.

Wind power can be used in coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan ue to Arabian Sea the wind velocity
is high.

(Hi) Why is it important that more rene ab

You may use your answers to part (c) and l'

electricity as cheap rate. These are environm

stations using fossil fuels cause pollution and

Wind and solar energy are high and current is

expensive.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 39

Oct 2008
The Environment of Pakistan
1 (a) Study Fig. 1, a map of North West Frontier Province.

(i) Name area A,

(ii) Name the country B, Afghanistan
(iii) Name the river C, River Mastuj
(iv) Name the range of mountains D, Safed Koh
v) Name the major pass through these mountains E. Khyber Pass [5]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
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PAGE 40

(b) Study Fig. 2, a bar chart showing precipitation for Peshawar.

100

80

80

Precipitation
(mm)

40

20

[3]

From June to September Peshawar receive a ve low rainf II i.e about 135mm only. The rainfall
is fluctuating. The highest rainfall is in Aug st 68mm whereas the lowest rainfall is in June
8mm.

(ii) Explain how this precipitatio y the monsoon winds in these months. [3]

The summer monsoon wi ds st from Bay 0 Bengal becaus of low pressure over Northern
India and Pakistan. These wind ave lost most of their moisture on their long journey before
reaching NWFP.

(iii) Describe the precipitation in the onths from October to April. [2]

During the five months from Oct to April Peshawar receives a low rainfall of about 250mm. The
rainfall is increasing from Oct to 'arch. From arch to April it has decreased. The rainfall
further rises in February 42m and M ch 78mm.

(iv) Which weather systems bring this precipit f [2]

Western Depression and Thunder Storms.

(v) Why does snow fall instead of rain in the winter? [2]

Due to low temperature the water is converted into Snow. Due to high altitude the temperature
reduce 0 below freezing point and it causes snowfall instead of rainfall.

..
E I. ,

PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 41

(c) Study Fig. 1 again.

A a rich businessman?
B the delivery of gas cylinders?
C the transport of wool and hides?
[3]

(iii) Explain the problems of maintaining infrastructure and communication in these areas
all through the year. [4]
There are many problems such as Natural factors which
creates problem are relief and climate. Many areas are inaccessible due to ruggedness and steep
slopes of mountains. Very low temperature and severe winters hinder communication. Floods
after heavy rains may cause difficulties.
The cost of building and maintenance of roads are very high. Lack of funds and investment and
lack of proper machinery create difficulties in proper maintenan e of roads.

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 ·'

PAGE 42

2 (a) Study Fig. 3, a map of environmental damage in Pakistan.

N _N __ ,_ - '-'-,.J'\ "'-

~
......
r··~....,t~

t """-_ ''Tr,'~} .~"l,~

oI
400
I
tfm

. ~.....

A"tbian Slta

[2]

[3]

The causes of deforestation ar

farming. T-hey are also done due
cutting of trees are done to obtai

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 .'

PAGE 43

.,- -

(b) Study Photograph A (Insert).

Photograph A for Question 2(b)

(i) Describe the scene. [4]

The area is treeless.

- [4]

(c) Study Fig. 3 again.

(i) Locate one area of

A unsafe drinking water,

Deserts ofNara, Tharparkar and Cholistsn are areas where ground water is salt ish and unsafe.

B marine pollution. I [2]

Manine pollution is found along the River I dus Delta close to Karachi.

-
r---

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 .'

PAGE 44

(ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. [4]
Untreated toxic chemicals from industries can pollute the water. Excess fertilizers are being
dumped into the rivers and sea water. On many occasions oil seepage from ships specially oil
tankers near sea can pollute the water. Sewage water is another cause of water pollution which
pollutes river. Acid rain cause by the smoke and carb dioxi e also make river and sea water
polluted.

(iii) Explain how this pollution affects fa

Fish do not thrive well in polluted water be~fl,I~~~

flourish in polluted water. Mangroves provo
be difficult for fish to survive. Fish catch il

Toxic chemicals enter the food chain an~Imr;cJ~)Js es and reservoirs may
get polluted. It can affect wild life spe(;iaJf~~ ands. Oil spills may kill
sea birds.

3 (a) Study Fig. 4, a bar chart sho

province.

50

40

30

Fig."

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 45

(i) Which province has the highest percentage of urban population? [1]

Sindh province.
(ii) Name two cities in this province.
Karachi and Hyderabad.

In urban areas medical facilities are available ,which provides job and further people are attracted
to urban areas.
Many facilities are available such as electricity, gas and clean water providing better living
conditions that attract people in cities.
Cities also provide cultural and political freedom as well as security of life. Many entertainment
facilities are also available sue as clubs and cinemas which are not available in rural areas.
(b) (i) Why do many people who move to cities have difficulty in finding a job? [3]
Many people find difficulty in finding jobs are number of jobs are less as compared to people.
The growth of industries is limited so lessjobs are available as competition is very high.
Secondly most the people are uneducated and unskilled. The competition is very high and they
are unable to find a job.
Thirdly IJeople from rural areas most work in cities on seasonal basis. They have to return to
villages so they cannot take a permanent job in the cities.
(ii) What is meant by the phrase 'the informal sector of employment'? [3]

Informal sector of employment means people who are self-employed in privately owned small
industries, business or services. For example carpet making, shoe-making, embroidery, tailoring
and garment making are included in informal sector. This sector is hot registered with the
government nor do they pay regular taxes. Workers have irregular working hours, uncertain
wages and without job security. There is no legal protection of workers. A large number of
unskilled people who migrate from rural areas on temporary basis work in the informal sector.
Women and child labour also falls in this category.

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 .'

PAGE 46

(iii) Using examples, explain the advantages and disadvantages of informal employment to
people living in cities. [5]

(c) Study Fig. 4 again.

(i) Which province has the lowest piijf""eHii [1]

NWFP has lowest percentage of urban

[1]

Peshawar.

(iii) Explain why there is less rbt [5]

There is less urban development in NWFP b cause t number of towns and cities is small.
Physical constraints are that the province comprises e sive hilly d mountainous areas which
are rugged and barren and climate is severely cold in winter se on, Both communication and
cultivation is difficult. Population' concentrate in small plains and valleys such as Peshawar -
Mardan plain, Dera Ismail Khan ain, Swat va ley and Kohat valley, Chief towns and cities are
located in these areas, Tnfras ture for industrial development is lacking. Road, rail
communication, water and power upply is inadequate. facilities are absent. Job opportunities in
urban ate re limited. Government interest and inve tment is lacking. Therefore slow economic
progress has resulted in less urban de elopment in NWFP.

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 PAGE 47

Question 04
4 (a) Study Fig. 5, a pie chart showing rice production in Pakistan by province.

0%

[1]

A- Punjab

B-Sindh
(ii) What percentage oftotal rice production comes from these two provinces? [1]
Punjab and Sindh produce about 88% of country's rice production.

(iii) Name a variety that has doubled rice production. [1]

IRRI-PAK.

(b) (i) Explain why the cultivation of rice is labour-intensive. Refer in your answer to the
work'CIonefrom planting the seeds to harvest. [5]
Rice cultivation is labour intensive because much manual labour is employed for preparation of
Jand by deep ploughing, growing of seedlings in a nursery. Specially the transplanting of rice
seedlings by hand in well prepared and flooded rice fields needs much labour, Female labour is
employed in large number who sow rice seedling in ankle deep water. Weeding and harvesting is
also done manually, Rice crop needs several waterings and manual labour is required for
irrigation as well as for draining water. Using fertiliser for good growth and pesticides for killing
insects also needs manual labour.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 48

(ii) Name a type of machine that can be used for rice cultivation instead of human labour.
[1]

Rice transplanter is a machine which can be used to transplant rice instead of employing human
labour.

[4]

(c) Study the list below:

SOIL FERTIUSER

SUNSHINE PESTICIDES

(i) ove. Explain how these can increase

[6]

Soil and rain are two important physical inputs. Riee needs fertile soil retentive of moisture.
Clayey soil or clay loam is needed so that rice fields may be flo ded with water. Under natural
conditions 750 to 1000 mm of moderately good ainfall during the growing period is required for
rice. Good showers of rain at regular intervals ill produce a good crop. Rainfall affects in other
ways also. Rainfall increases the flow of water. in rivers which feed the canals and the water is
used for irrigation. No rain is needed at harvest time. Rain also increases ground water resources.
It can be used for watering the TOpSwith he help of bewells.

(ii) Choose two human inputs from the list abo e. Explain how these can improve
rice yields. [6]

Seeds and fertilizers are two important hu an inputs which cat increase the yield of rice. Good
seeds of high yielding variety ar Specialy very effective to improve the production. HYV seeds
these good amount of ferilizer and good amount of water to increase production. Selection of
HYV is to be done with care according the nt. nature of soil and water availability. Seeds should
be scienti treated before sowing. Good seeds grow aster and are pest resistal Fertilizers should
be used in adequate amount according to the ne and per of the soil and crop requirement. It needs
proper 'know aper experience. Chemical fertiliser is better than dung and proviac nutrients.

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 PAGE 49

Question 05
5 (a) (i) What is the main raw material used in
A footballs?
B cricket bats? [2]

A: Leather and plastic for football

B: Willow wood for cricket bat

Sialkot.
(iii) Why have small-scale industries, such as ~ports goods, developed in this area? [4]
A large proportion of sports goods produce at Sialkot is exported in order to earn foreign
exchange. Sports products are. in great demand abroad on account of high quality and good
standard..Cost of production is not very high and the goods can compete easily in the foreign
markets. Dry port facilities have made export easier. A ~ ew airport (Sambrial airport) has been
built to help exporters.
(b) Study Fig. 6, a graph showing the value ofspoFts goods exports.

15000

Value
(milan As) 10000

5000

o
1990 1995 2000 2005
Year

Fla·I

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(i) What was the value of sports goods exports in 2005? [1]

In 2005 the value of export was Rs 18,000 million,

(ii) By how much did the value of sports goods exports increase from 1995 to 2005? [1]

In 1995 the value of export was Rs 8,000 million from 1995 to 2005 the increase was of Rs
10,000 million,

(Hi) Why is a large proportion of the pro exported?

A large proportion of sports goods p oduced at SIaI\S:otis e ortedzfn orde,r to earn foreign
exchange. Sports products are in great emand abroad on ace unt of hi· Ii quality and good
standard. Cost of production is not very hig a the oods can compet asily in the foreign
markets. Dry port facilities have made expo easier. knew airport (Sambrial airport) h been
built to help exporters.

(iv) How can Pakistan maintain and increase its exports ofsports goods? [6]

Several steps can be taken to maintain d increase the export of sports goods. Credit facilities
should be provided to manufacturers an exporters. Quality of goods should be improved by
enforcing quality control methods. Prope training and producing skjlled labour will help in
production of high quality goods. Regular and reliable supply of goods should be ensured. Tax
concession in import of machinery and raw material and reduction in export duties will
encourage production and export. Manufacturers should be encouraged to take part in trade fairs
in foreign countries to exhibit their products. Proper marketing and advertising will increase the
exports.

(c) Sports and other manufactured goods are transported by air, sea and road both in
Pakistan and across the world.

Name two methods of transport used for the export of sports goods from Pakistan. For
each method, explain its advantages and disadvantages. [6]

Sports goods which are bulky and heavy are exported by sea to the Middle East, Europe and
America.
Sports goods which are lighter in weignt Such as footballs are exported by is by air to Europe
and America.Export of sports goods to India, Afghanistan and China can be made road because
road link exists between Pakistan and these countries Advantage of sea transport 1s that transport
cost is low. Disadvantage that it takes a long time for the goods to reach the destination and
deliver may be delayed.
Advantage of air transport is that it is fast and safe. Disadvantage is that freight charges of air
cargo are high. Only high value goods, small in weight and volume can bear the cost of air
transport. Advantage of road transport .is that it is easily accessible, is fast and reliable.
Disadvantage is that transport by road is expensive and risk of road accidents cannot be ruled
out. Road transport is limited to Pakistan only.

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PAGE 51

May/June 2009

1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert) showing the Hanna Dam.

[3]

(a) (i) The Hanna Dam has been buil in a mountai ous region. Very steepcliff-like rocks are seen on both
sides of the dam. It is a narrow dee lley where the dam has been built. Bare and barren rocks dominate

-
send the site of the dam.
(ii) hat evidence shows that the water level in the reservoir is low? [1]
Dry sandy banks at the far end of the dam on the edge of the reservoir show that the present water level is
10w-in the lake.

"
-

.r_

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===
~ PAGE 52

1
~
i'I Study Photograph B (Insert) showing the Balloki Barrage.

I:
=i
:t

(b) Compare the barrage shown in Photograph B with the dam i Photograph A. [3]

Hanna dam is a small dam much shorter in length, but i igher than the Balloki barrage. The Balloki
barrage is much longer because it is in a plain area and has water on both sides. Both have railings along
the top. For the supply of water the Han a dam depends upon rainfall in the surrounding area. Whereas the
Balloki barrage receives water from a link canal.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGES3

(c) Study Fig. 1, a graph showing the amount of water stored in the reservoir of the Hanna
Dam.

1..
1.5

1.4

1.3, .j

"" .....,1

I
1.2 I

million
1.1
gallons

1.0

0.9,

0.8

0.7

0.6
1914 1984 1994 2004 2014
(predicted)

F19·1

(i) By how much did the amount of water decrease from 1974 to 2004? [1]
Amount of water decreased by 0.45 million gallons (1.43-0.98 million gallons)

(ii) Suggest why the amount of water stored in the reservoir is decreasing. [2]

The amount of water is decreasing on account of siltation, which is the result of soil erosion caused by
deforestation and overgrazing in the surrounding region. On account of global warming the temperature
has risen causing a decrease in rainfall and greater evaporation.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 ,
....\ ~
i
.
'....
i ,."
~

PAGE S4

(iii) What can be done to stop the amount of water in the reservoir from reducing further?

[3]

In order to increase the amount of water in the reservoir silt traps may be built in the streams which bring
water in the lake. Afforestation in the surrounding area and terracing of hill-sides will also be helpful to
stop the water from decreasing.

(d) (i) Why is HEP (hydel) a cheap source of electricity? [2]

In hydel projects the force of running water is used to move a turbine and generator to generate electric
current. HEP is a renewable source of energy because water (which is the raw material) is a free gift of
nature and rainfall in mountains provide a continuous flow ofwater ..Maintenance of the power station is
easy and the running cost is low. Therefore the electric current is cheap.

(ii) What problems occur when supplying electricity from reservoirs to areas of high
population? [3]
Hydroelectric power stations are built in hilly areas, which are at a good distance from large cities where
electric current is required. Therefore long transmission lines with high pylons are required to supply
electric current to large cities. Electric current is also lost during transmission.
The hilly terrain and high cost of wires and poles and loss during transmission are main problems.

(e) Photograph A shows a chair lift. This shows that tourists may visit the area.
(i) List some other tourist attractions in mountain areas. [2]

Swat valley, Kaghan valley and Hunza valley are places of tourist attraction in mountain areas. Polo
matches at Gilgit and Shandhur are good attractions. Chitral is famous for costume and dances of Kalash
people. The scenic beauty of mountains with snow-covered peaks, fast flowing streams, lakes, waterfalls,
forests and alpine meadows attract the tourists.

(ii) Explain how tourism could help to develop some mountain areas. You may use examples
in your answer. [5]
Tourism can develop the mountain areas in many ways. Infrastructure can be improved and expanded. All
weather roads, airports, hotels, rest houses, restaurants can be built to attract the tourists. Electricity, water,
gas and telecommunication facility can be provided. These developments will improve the economy of
mountain areas. Afforestation will make the region more attractive and will offer job opportunities to local
people. Development of handicraft and small scale industries will improve trade and services which will
raise the income and standard of living of the people.
Skill to earn from tourism will need more schools and vocational institutions. This will bring education and
awareness in mountain areas.
Therefore development of tourism would bring many advantages to the people of mountain areas.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 55

2 (a) There are four main processesof rice cultivation:

Harvesting planting preparation of fields growth

List these processesin the correct order. [1]

Preparation of fields; Planting; growth; harvesting.

rainfall
mm
120

80

40

F19·2

Explain how each of the processes named in (a) is linked to the rainfall in the Labore area
from June to October. [4]
A. light rainfall in June (70 rom) makes the land moist which is helpful in preparing the fields through
ploughing with the help of tractors. Fields should be level and soil pulverized. Slow Planting starts by the
end of June and in July when rainfall is higher and fields could be flooded with water. July, August and
September are rainy months (650 mm in 3 months) when the crop grows and needs more water. Rice crop
starts ripening by the end of September. October is a dry month with negligible rainfall (10 mm), which
assists in .roper ripening and harvesting of the rice crop.
(c) (i) Explain why many farmers use HYV (High Yield Varieties) of seed. [4]
HYV seeds are used to get a higher yield per acre as compared with the local indigenous varieties.
This increases farmer's income and profit.
Higher yield helps to increase food production, which is needed for the increasing population.
Help and encouragement by the government is also an important factor for the use of HYV seeds.
Mexipak wheat, Irripak rice and Nyab cotton are examples of good seeds.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 56

(ii) Study Fig. 2 again. In how many months is the rainfall less than 40 mm? [IJ
6 months.

(iii) Briefly explain four methods of providing water in times of low rainfall. [4J
In times of low rainfall water can be supplied from canals, tubewells, Persian wheels or Karez.
A well developed system of perennial canals exists in Punjab anatStl,1Gh.Perennial canals are taken
out from barrages and head works. Inundation anal re helpful onl when rivers are in floods. If
canal water is not sufficient; irrigation water is pro i ed by tubewells. Tubewells work on
electricity or diesel engines. Tubewells are successful if ground water is not brackish. Persian
wheels lift water from wells with the help 0 animal power.
Buckets on an endless chain moving on a large wheel lift the water. This method can irrigate a
small area. Karez is an underground tunnel in a mountain. This method is usedonly in Balochistan.

(d) (i) What is alluvial soil? [2J

Alluvial soil is the soil which is transported and deposited by the one rivers on their flood plains
and deltas mainly during floods. Alluvial 69190 soil is composed of silt, clay and fine sand
particles. It also contains nutrients and minerals.

(ii) Explain why alluvial soil is good for crop growth. [3J
Alluvial soil is good for crop growth because it is easily worked and ploughed. Alluvial soil is retentive of
moisture and helps proper growth of crops. Land can be easily levelled and making of irrigation channels
is easy. Normally alluvial soils are fertile because nutrients and mineral particles are present. Alluvial soil
is replaced after floods.

(e) Explain why there is a shortage of water for irrigation in the Indus Plains. [6J
There is shortage of water in the Indus plain because the climate is arid and semi-arid. Rainfall is low and
variable. Dams have become silted and their storage capacity is reduced. Canals are blocked by seltation
and carry less water. Shortage of water is felt because land under cultivation has increased. Ableitt Main
rivers flow into Pakistan from India-side Kashmir. India is robbing Pakistan of the waters of River Chenab
and River Jhelum by building dams on these rivers, which is a clear violation of Indus Water Treaty.
Tubewells supplement irrigation water. But due to excessive use the ground water level has gone down.
Tubewells are not successful in areas where the ground water is brackish.
Industrial and domestic use of water has been increasing with the increase in population.
It is also alleged that Punjab has more water and is causing shortage of water in Sindh. Farmers at the tail
end of canals always complain about the shortage of water.
Therefore shortage of irrigation water is felt in the Indus Plain.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGES7

3 (a) Study Fig. 3, a map showing three major cities and two major roads.

....-,_. _, e-,-"'...

~' '\
.:
N "
",

t
,
(
I
:
I
,.............
; !
..;r:.._.,,:~ :
I
I
I

.- .... -.... _ ....._._.- ..;

I I
I
I

""
I
" ,
,....,
i
/,//
"
-"

(
;
,,
I
I
I
I
I
I

(i) Name the cities A, Band C. [3]

A: Hyderabad
B: Lahore
C: Peshawar

(ii) Using the map, describe the route of the NS road, starting from Karachi. [3]
(ii) The road N5 runs from Karachi eastwards to Hyderabad. It crosses R. Indus near Hyderabad and runs
northwards along the east side ofR. Indus and passes through Nawabshah and Khairpur. The road
enters Punjab and running north-east and keeping parallel to R. Ravi reaches Lahore. From Lahore the road
runs northwards and crosses R. Ravi, R. Chenab and R. Jhelum to reach Rawalpindi. From
Rawalpindi the road turns westwards, crosses R. Indus near Attock and reaches Peshawar. The road
continues to Khyber Pass Pak-Afghan border.

(iii) Compare this to the route of the Indus Highway. [2]

The 'IndusHighway runs parallel to R. Indus along the west side of the River Indus, whereas N5 runs north-
eastwards along the east side ofR. Indus. The Indus Highway enters Punjab and passes through Dera Ghazi

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 58

Khan, Dera Ismail Khan and Kohat to reach Peshawar. The Indus Highway does not cross any major river,
where as N5 crosses R. Indus and all its tributaries. Both highways run parallel to
rivers as far as possible. The Indus Highway provides a shorter route from Karachi to Peshawar than N5.

(b) Study Fig. 4, a graph showing freight carried in a year by road and by railway in
Pakistan.

100

80

000 million tonnes

60
perkm

40

20

freight by railway ,

o
1997 2000 2003 2006

Fig. "

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE S9

Compare tbe amounts offreigbt carried by road and railway between 1997and 2006. 13]

, f

(c) (i) Wby are tbere very few major roads and railways in Balochistan? [4]
There are few major roads and railways in Balochistan because of rugged topography and very thin
population. Balochlstan is a lerse plateau with .. numben of ..,.en fan", and a rocky desert, Climate is
extreme. water hi scarce and working conditions ariC difficu t. Building OfifOlldli j, costly.
Balochistan is economically backward. Population is thin and scattered' average density being less than 20
persons per sq Ian. Towns are very few and very far apart. There has been no industrial development. Lack
of government investment and political instability are other important reasons for only a few roads and
railways in Balochistan.

(ii) Explain how better transport routes could help to increase development in Balochistan.
[6]
Better transport routes would certainly bring more development in Balochistan. It would encourage
. dustrialization and urban development. Faster travel and better movement of goods will help
development. Access to Gwadar and other ports will bring more development. Setting up of small scale
industries such as fruit packing and processing can be easily developed. Export Processing Zones and Dry
Ports will create employment and improve the economy. Better transport will encourage mineral
exploitation in which there are bright prospects.
Travel to Afghanistan and Iran via Quetta will be easier and tourism can also be developed.

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PAKISTAN-STUDIES
 ..

PAGE 60

4 Study Photographs C, D and E (Insert) showing the stockyard at Pakistan Steel Mills, Pipri.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'
'!!III
IIiiiii
.r __ PAGE 61
~
11
II

.-- ~
II
i
~

=I
:a:
--

--- (a) (i) Name three raw materials [3J

Coal, Iron 'ore, manganese

(ii) Why are most of the raw [2]

Pakistan lacks development fresources. Th efore i on-ore is not mined in Pakistan and is imported
from Australia and Brazil, akistan coal is of 10 9uality and is not suitable for smelting iron. Coal for the
steel mill is also imported from Aus Iia and South Africa.Manganes '1S also imported,

-- (iii) Name the two outputs fro • the steel mil shown on Photographs D and E. [2J

I.Steel sheets,
2. Slabs

(b) (i) Name two human inputs to the steel mills. [2J
Skilled labour

(ii) Explain how human inputs such as those named in (b) (i) can improve production.
[4J
Skilled labour is essential for any progressive industry. Skilled labour is efficient and can adopt latest
techniques easily. Production is fast and of required standard. Better transport system will ensure supply of
raw-material in increased amount. It will also help in transport of finished goods to markets and to meet
orders on time. Better communication between the mill and the dealers will improve production.
Telecommunication can help in speedy exchange of information about products, markets rates, online
banking, advertising and marketing as well as information about improved technology. All these aspects
can help in improvement of industrial production.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 62

(c) (i) What is an Export Processing Zone (EPZ)? [2)

An Export Processing Zone is an industrial estate where export oriented industries are set up. Export quality
goods are produced which are all exported. The government provides infrastructure (roads, power, water
and gas supply and sanitation) and also gives many incentives.

(ii) Explain how the building of industrial estates could help to increase industrial production
in Pakistan. [5]
In an industrial estate the infrastructure is provided by the government, which attracts investors. Since the
infrastructure (roads, reliable power supply, gas and water supply;-sanitation) is provided and the cost of
land is minimal, industrial estates have been very successful in increasing industrial production in the
country, The infrastructure helps to attract other industries in the gion; there od mod surplo is progress in
the field of industrialisation. It also offers opportunities of in odueing modem technology and leads to
modernisation.Mostly consumer goods are produced in an industrial estate for which a large ready market
exists in the country. SITE in Karachi and Kot Lakhpat in tal10re are good examples of industrial estates.
At present there are about 70 industrial estates working in the country.
Private sector industrial estate is working in Sialkot, which has brought much development in sports goods,
surgical instruments and other small scale industries.

(d) Describe the characteristics of an industry in the for-malsector of employment. [5]

All modem large scale manufacturing industries, big organisations, commercial firms, financial institutions
are included in formal sector of employment. Main characteristic offonnal sector is that a large work force
is employed. Salaries are fixed and paid regularly. Formal sector needs a proper and high level of education
and special skill is required. Usually workers are permanent residents of the town and hours of work are
defined.
The formal sector pays usual taxes to the government. The organization is housed in a proper building.
High quality and value added goods are produced and high standard of service is provided.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 63

5 (a) Study Fig. 5, a population pyramid for Pakistan in 1998.

(i) How many million children were there below the age of5 years? [1]

19 million

(ii) Why were there more child en in the age group 5 to 9 than 0 to 4 years? [1]
The diagram shows a slight decrease in births of both males and females of 0-4 age group because of use
of family planning methods and improvement in awareness and education,

(b) Study the sectors X, Y and Z on Fig. 5.

I (i) Which sector represents the group 'young dependents'? [1]
Sector X represents young dependents.

(ii) Which sector represents the group 'economically active'? [1]

Sector Y represents economically active.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 64

(iii) The numbers of people in sector Z are likely to have increased since 1998.Explain the
effects of this on the economy and development of Pakistan. [5]
Increase in the number of people in above 60 years age group is likely to have a bad effect on the economy
and development. The retired and elderly people are mostly dependent upon the people
of economically active sector Y. They become a burden on the earning population.

(c) (i) Explain the reasons for a high birth rate in Pakistan. [5]

There are many reasons for high birth rate in Pakistan. Eady:marriages is an important reason. Women are
married at an I early age especially in rural areas which gives a long-_Qroductiye span
for women. This results in large families. Illiteracy and p~)VeI;tY is another important reason. Normally
illiterate and poor parents have large families. Ontaccolmt ofpo~erty they need thing
more earning hands. Because of lack of education, especially in fe ales, population planning methods are'
not used. This results in large families.
Some religious minded people believe that children are a boon:.,ofQodand they take pride in having many
children.
Religion Islam permits polygamy. People who have more than one wife have large families.
In many cases the desire to have a son i.e., a male heir leads to a large number of births. It is believed that
a son would look after the parents in their old age, and will also manage the property of the father.

(ii) Explain some measures that could be taken to reduce the birth rate. [4]
To control the birth rate the government has launched ambitious family planning programmes. Clinics as
well as mobile teams are working to popularise the use of contraceptives. But more clinics and hospitals
are needed. Increase in literacy rate and especially the female education is the key to the problem. Normally
educated parents have small families. The electronic media (radio and TV) is trying to explain to the people
the need and benefits of small families.
Early marriages and polygamy should be strongly discouraged.

(d) (i) What are the effects of population movements from rural to urban areas within
Pakistan? [4]
Rural to urban migration causes overcrowding in cities. Overcrowd is observed in schools, hospitals,
transport. With the growth of urban population, shortage is felt in supply of
Water, electricity and gas. Rent of houses and cost ofland rises.
Unemployment and under-employment increases because job opportunities grow slowly. Squatter
settlements, slums, Katchi Abadies develop in the suburbs of the towns. Unrest, crimes and use of drugs
increase in.the urban areas. Rural to urban migration affects the rural areas as well. Shortage of
labour, special.1yof skilled labour, is felt in the rural areas. Agricultural PJ:oductionremains low. Rural areas
remain neglected and lack development.
When males migrate to cities in search of jobs and better income only elderly men, women and children
are left in the villages. This leads to social problems.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 65

(ii) Why do some people go to live in other countries? [3]

Very slow progress in industries and services has caused much unemployment in Pakistan.
People with good technical and professional education such as doctors, computer and fmance experts go to
other countries to seek better prospects, good jobs and quality of life and glamourous
life style in advanced countries also attracts to America,
Europe, Saudi Arabia and Gulf States, Japan
During 1980s and 1990s there was eCOInOlDl9
prices. There was a demand for skilled
the other side political insecurity,
emigrate.

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PAKISTAN-STUDIES
 PAGE 66

Oct 2009

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, a temperature graph for Lahore.

Temperature of Lahore

Fig. 1

(i) Describe the pattern of temperature through the year at Lahore. (3]

Lahore experiences mildly cool temperature of 13 °C or the month of January. The temperature
gradually rises to 16°C in February and 20 °C in M c after which summer season starts. April
is hot with 27°C mean temperature. May is hotter with 31°C while June is the hottest month with
34°C mean temperature. After June with the beginning ofMonsoo rains, the temperature declines
slowly to 32°C in July, 31°C in August and 25 °C in October. Winter season starts in November
when the mean temperature is 20°C and finally to 14 °C in December which is mildly warm.

(ii) Explain why heavy rain falls during the monsoon season. [3]

In Pakistan Monsoon rains are brought by moisture-laden summer Monsoon winds in July, August
and September. These winds- tart from Bay of Bengal entering Bangladesh and move through
northem India to enter Pakistan from south east side. how pressure in Pakistan attracts these winds.
Monsoon winds bring heavy rains in northern hilly regions of Pakistan where Murree to
Abbottabad region gets over 1000mm of rainfall during the Monsoon season. Upper half of Punjab
receives over 500 mm whereas southern Punjab gets about 250 mm of rainfall during this season.
(b) Study Fig. 2 (opposite page), rainfall charts for Chitral and Lahore.
Compare the amounts of rainfall for Cbitral and Eabore
A from January to May
B from June to September. [4]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 67

A: Lahore receives a low rainfall of about 135 mm ranging from 23 mm to 41 mm from January
to May, whereas Chitral receives about 330 mm of rainfall ranging from 35 mm to 106 mm during
the same period. March is the rainiest month for both the stations, whereas lowest rainfall comes
in January.

[3]

Western Depressions are low pressure s)jstems of temperate region. These low pressure systems
originate over the Atlantic Ocean and move eastwards across the Mediterranean Sea and southern
Europe. Pass- ing over Turkey, Iran d .«fghanistan the ,estern depressions enter Pakistan from
western side and cause rainfall fro December to arGli
, in N.W.F.P., northern Balochistan,
Murree Hills and northern Punjab.

(d) Explain how topography and drainage cause prob ems for farming in Balochistan.
[4J
Topography causes problems for farming in Balochistan. Balochistan is largely a plateau with an
average height of 1000 m (3000 ft). There are several ranges ich are barren. Soil is thin and
infertile. Level, fertile alluvial plains are absent. Agriculture is possible on a small scale and is
limited to narrow valleys (such as Quetta valley, Mastung valley, Zhob valley). Effect of drainage:-
Balochistan has three types of river systems. Firstly, R. Zhob flows northwards to R. Indus.
Secondly, there are small streams. flowing into dry lakes called 'hamuns'. Hamun-e Mashkhel is
the largest dry lake. Small streams flowing into the hamuns have low amount of water only when
there is some rainfall on the nearby hills. These streams do not have permanent flow of water and
are of little value for farm ing. Thirdly, there are streams flowing into the Arabian Sea. There are
R. Hab, R. Purali, R. Hingol and R. Dasht. There is some agriculture in the valleys of these rivers
which is supported by the water collected in small dams such as Hab Dam on R. Hab and Mirani
Dam on R. Dasht. Lack of water is the main problem for farming in Balochistan. Also there is loss
of water through evaporation.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
SSlon.l.S NV.l.SIJlVd
7SA37 0
1,I,IUl.
I"~
893!>"d
 .'

PAGE 69

Describe the irrigation methods that can be used by farmers in Balochistan and comment on
the success of such schemes for increasing farming output. [6]

2 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert

P ot~raph A for Question 2(a)

(i) Describe the appearance of this crop. [2]

Photograph A shows a good crop of sugarcane in its early growth. The leaves are long, slender and
not very broad. Plants are of medium height. The crop 100 s lush green, dense and thick in growth.
The farm covers large area and appears to be well irrigated.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 70

(ii) Explain how the growth can be improved by A irrigation B fertilisers. [4]
Sugarcane needs plenty of water at least 1000 mm of rainfall. In Pakistan sugarcane is grown
entirely with the help of irrigation. Sugarcane has a long growing period during summer season
and needs 12-16 watering. Lack of irrigation water supply will affect the growth, length of stalk
and juice content. Therefore production can be increased if proper amount of irrigation water is
available. B: To obtain a good harvest fertilizers are necessa,ry. High yielding va rieties need
adequate amount of chemical fertilizers. Pakistani soil is deficient in nitrogenous matter, Potash,
phosphoros and nitrate are required to make up the deficiency of.minerals and for a good growth
of sugarcane crop. Sugarcane gives a good income to the fanner. Therefore proper amount of
fertilizer will ensure a good crop yield and good income to the fanner. Two to three crops can be
obtained from one sowing if adequate amount of fertilizer an(t irrigation water are used. .

(b) Explain how this crop is processed. [6]

The sugarcane crop is harvested by manual labour. The upper foliage is removed and stalks are
tied in bundles, loaded in trucks and transported to nearest sugar mill as quickly as possible. At
the factory the cane is crushed, juice is obtained and boiled. During boiling process sugar crystals
are formed. Refined sugar crystals are whitened to make white sugar which is packed in bags.
Bagasse and molasses are by-products.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 71

(c) Study Fig. 4, a graph of sugar cane production.

60
Prod~n
~~>
(nii~joIJ.

(i) What was the increase from 1965 to 2005 in

A production?
B yield per hectare? [2]

A: Production has increased from 16 million tons in 1965 to 45 million tons in 2005; increase was
about 29 million tons.

B: Yield has risen from 33 tons per hectare in 1965 to 47 tons per hectare in 2005 showing an
increase of 13 - 14 tons per hectare.

(ii) Name an area of high sugar cane production. [1]

Area ofhi~ sugarcane production:

In Punjab: Eastern central Punjab in districts of Faisalabad, Sargodha, Gujranwala, Sialkot. In

Sindh: South central Sindh in Hyderabad and badin districts.

In NWFP: Charsadda.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 72

(d) Study the list of factors below which affect agricultural development:

m~h.nl .. tfon land consolidation .,....port improvM'Mnts

... nclalmn. . education telecommunication new ... d vari8Cie.

(i) Choose three of these factors and for each explain how it increases production of sugar
and other agricultural products. [6]

Mechanisation:- Mechanisation means the use ofmachinerx in ace of animal power or manual
labour. Machines make the farm work quick and efficient. Lana can be p'loug}ied deeply, soil is
pulverized which ensures a healthy crop. Harvesring and threshing is done quickly. Pre and post
harvest losses of the farmer are reduced. Combined with adler modem methods of farming, the'
use of machinery helps to increase production and also e income 0f the farmer. Land
consolidation:- A common feature of land owne ship m:Pai(istan is that plots owned by a farmer
are scattered and not at one place. Land consolidation aims at bringing tlie land owned by a farmer
at one place. The farmer will be able to work and look after his farm in a better manner. It would
save time and energy. A large plot will make the use of machinery possible and irrigation easier.
This will help to increase farm output and giw more profit to the farmer. 'ifransport Improvement:-
Improvement in transport system means that there shoulcf.p,e proper roads to connect villages to
towns. A good transport system will heJp the farIJlierto get the inputs e.g; fertilizers etc easily and
quickly. If availability of inputs is ensured arm productro. will increase. Proper roads will also
help the farmer to carry his product to the market. Fas~ana quick transport is especially needed
transport sugarcane to the mill to prevent losses. Financi loans:- Loans play an important role in
increasing agricultural production. Farmers can purcha e tractors an farm machinery, good seeds
fertilizers and pesticides and install tubewells with the help of loans. Farmers can purchase more
land and can have larger fields.

Education:- Education means both formal and agricultural education. In farming it will mean
proper knowledge of modem fanning methods. Farmers need to be educated and trained in the use
of machinery, high yielding variety of seeds and use of proper fertilizers according to the need of
the soil and the crop. He needs to be educated to identif; crop diseases and attack of pests and use
""","_o ___

of proper pesticides. An educated farmer carries out experiments on his farm and can increase his
production and income.

Telecommunication: The government tries to educate the farmers through radio broadcasts and
TV progra meso Useful and latest information is rovided inthese programmes. With the help of
mobile phones the farmer can keep conta t with the agriculture expe s and research stations for
guidance and instructions. Access to infonnation,.and better skills will increase his production.

New seed varieties:- This is an important aspect of modern methods of farming. The use of
traditional and des; varieties of seeds keep the yield low and static. Improved and new high
yieldi g varieties of seeds easily increase the production by 10-20 percent and can resist pests and
diseases. Mexipak wheat, Irripak rice and Nayab cotton have helped to increase crop production.

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 PAGE 73

(ii) Explain why it is important .to increase the production of sugar and other agricultural
products in Pakistan. [4]
It is important to increase agricultural production in supply the need of food crops for a
fast growing population. Increase in agricultural more income to the farmer.
It will increase the GDP and .bring production will
provide more raw material to agro-based ;..~...,'t\";.. " and leather etc.
Progress in industrial sector will
agricultural production will .
increasing the export of rice, fresh fruits
will help to improve the balance of trade.
3 (a) Study Fig. 5, a map of Pakistan.

India

htamaUonal
boundary
di8pu111d
Int8rnaUorulI
booodilry
orovinclal
bot.ndaty
riven

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 74

(i) Name the province A.

(ii) Name the river B.
(iii) Name the plateau C (3]

(i) province A: Balochistan you some

(ii) river B: R. Sutlej
(iii) plateau C: Potwar Plateau

(b) Name the two main centres of production ofsurgical instruments at D and E. (2]

D & E: Lahore and Sialkot.

(c) (i) Give two examples of a small-scale or cottage in [1]

dustty, marble products,

(ii) Using your answers to (c)(i), explain what is meant by a small-scale or cottage industry.
[4]

Small scale industry is a small factory'employirig mers and a capital investment of not more than
10 million rupees. Simple machines and electric ~ower is use.. It is labour intensive and uses local
raw material. Cottage industry is located in borne and hous~~. Only family members work and no
hired labour is employed. Simple traditional tool nd met ,as are used. Usually local raw material
is used and meets local demands. Women also work and'tfaditional ski11is used.

(d) Explain bow government organizations help and PJomote the development of small-scale
industries. [5]

To promote small scale industries the government has set up l?akistanSmall Scale Industries
Corporation at national level. Similar organisations are working in all provinces. The government
offers loans for opening small and medium sized industries. Technical training institutions and
vocational centres have been opened for this purpose. isplay centres and craft shops have been
opened in cities to exhibit the products of small scale a d cottage industries.

Export Promotion Bureau helps in the export of seve al items produced in small scale industries.
The government also helps in marketing the products. Small industrial estates with infrastructure
provided by the government at many places

••

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(e) Study Fig. 6, a map of air routes in Pakistan.

(i) Name two major airports in the northern Punjab shown on the map. [2]

Lahore (Allama Iqbal Airport) and Islamabad (Benazir Bhutto Airport).

(ii) Describe the distribution of air routes from the northern Punjab. [3]
From Northern Punjab air routes mainly run towards south and south west. Chief airports in
northern Punjab are Islamabad, Lahore and Faisalabad. These airports are interconnected by air
routes. These airports are also linked with other provincial capitals and to Karachi. Lahore and
Islamabad are international airports. From Islamabad air routes run towards north and northwest
also to Chitral, Gilgit and Saidu. Lahore is linked with Bahawalpur, Multan and D. L. Khan.

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(iii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using air transport in the northern Punjab.
[5]
Main advantage of air transport is that it provides fast, safe and comfortable travel. Much time is
saved which is valued by businessmen, High officials, foreigners, diplomats and tourists. Air
transport is also preferred for carrying high value light weight goods and perishable items. Air
transport crosses geographical barriers such as high mountains, big deserts and dense forests easily
Mountain areas are easily accessible by air. Main disadvantage is that the air fare is high and
beyond the reach of common man. Only well to do people can afford air travel. Flights are subject
to clear weather conditions. Passengers fac problems when flights are cancelled on account of bad
weather. Small domestic airports operate only during day time. Night servi is not available.
Construction of airports, refuelling and catering services are costl Airports are built at good
distance from cities and do not provide de to door service, A'rport transport is not suitable for-
heavy and perishable goods.
4 (a) Study Fig. 7, a pie chart showing the sources of energ};s',!Pply.

FlO. 7

(i) Nam the two largest sources of energy. [1]

Oil and G .
(ii) What percentage of energy comes from oil? [1]

47% of energy comes from oil.

(iii) Name tw ot er sources not named on the pie chart. [2]

Nuclear and Hydel Power. (Solar, geothermal and tidal).

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(iv) Why does coal only supply 4% of the energy supply in Pakistan? [3]

Only few power stations use coal to generate electricity. Most of thermal power stations run on
gas or oil. In case of coal the transportation, storage and disposal of ash creates problems. Coal is
of low quality (lignite), seams are thin and reserves are not oeveloped.

(b) Study Fig. 8, a map of Pakistan.

_.. In'lematJonal
bOund allY
Hlsputed
..._ Il"Ilemallonal
botmJdary
- rivel!'
t!lf9 oIlfWd
o 400
kin

Fig.'

(i) Describe the location of the two main oil fields shown on the map. [2]

Potwar Plateau, Lower Sindh

(ii) What is crude oil? [1)

Crude oil is unrefmed petroleum.

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(iii) Why does Pakistan import most of its oil? [2]

Oil produced in Pakistan only fulfils about 25% of our needs. The rest is to be imported at high
cost. In view of increasing population and increase in transport vehicles the need for oil is
increasing in Pakistan. Reserves are small and are running out. Development of new oil fields is
slow because of high cost and lack of investment.

(c) Study Photograph B (Insert), a gas extraction unit at Nautheh in the otwar Plateau .

....•.. -_.-...-....

[3]

Gas is easy to extract. Once a gas ell is disco ed and drilli g is completed, gas comes out by
itself because it is under high p ess re of roc aye a epth of several thousand metres. Gas is
controlled by valves. There is 0 impact n environme t. Little manpower is used.

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 PAGE 79

(ii) Study Fig. 9, an advertisement for natural gas.

SUI GAS

A cheap fuel.
Easy tocuse.

FI... I

Suggest why this advertisement states that natural gas is 'A cheap fuel. Easy to use.' [4]
Natural gas is cheaper than coal, oil or fuel wood. Gas is not imported. There are large reserves in
Baluchistan and Sindh. Gas is easy and cheap to transport through pipe lines. There is no storage
problem. There is no pollution and no ash disposal problem which is in the case of coal or fuel
wood. Gas is easily lit and turned off. Gas cylinders are also convenient to use.
(d) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing nuclear power. [6]
Nuclear power has the advantage of being the cheapest source of power because a small amount
of uranium produces tremendous amount of heat which is used to generate electricity. The fuel is
long lasting and will not run out like fossil fuels. There is no pollution. Disadvantage is that
construction of a nuclear plant (ora reactor) is very costlyInitial cost is very high. Highly expert
engineers are required to build a nuclear power plant and foreign assistance is needed.Highly
qualified people are needed to run a nuclear power plant. Leakage may be very dangerous for
workers and for people living close to a nuclear power plant. Disposal of the used fuel is a problem.
Supply of uranium from foreign countries is not easy and may create problems.

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5 (a) Study Fig. 10, a bar chart showing population change from 1951 to 2001.

1
Popul'ation
{millions) 1401tt:~r.m;tttm!tt~~mttj~~

1
ruraJ

(i) What was the total population in 2001? [1]

Population in 2001 was 144 million.

(ii) By how much did the-total population increase from 1951 to 2001? [1]

Population in 1951: 32 million

Population in 2001: 144 million

Increase (144-32) = 122 million.

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 , r',

PAGE 81

(iii) Compare the increase in the urban and rural areas. [3]

(c) Describe the effects of population growth on the economy and development of Pakistan.
[6J
High rate of population growth has resulted in over population in the country which means that
resources of the country fall short of the requirements of the people. It results in food shortage
which causes hunger, deprivation and unrest. Supply of basic needs such as water, gas, electricity
and health services falls short of requirements. Prices are high. High rate of growth of population
eans that a large number of people are added to the labour force every year. This leads to
unemployment because job opportunities do not grow as fast. Unemployment leads to poverty,
illiteracy and low standard of living. The economy of the country remains poor. To meet the
short,ges food stuffs and other items are imported. The government revenue is spent on imports
instead of on development projects. Development remains slow. The government has to arrange
for foreign loans and balance of payment remains negative.
Therefore population growth has had a bad effect on the economy and development of Pakistan.

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(d) Study Fig. 11, a bar chart showing employment and unemployment in 2004.

% uneri1P1oyed
in 2004

(i) What percentage of people were unemployed in urban areas? [1]

In Urban areas 10% of people are unemployed!

(ii) Why are many people unemployed in cities? [5]

High rate of growth of population is the main reason of large unemployment. Job opportunities are
not created as fast as the growth in population. Rural to urban migration is another reason for
unemployment in urban areas. Many unskilled and semi-skilled people come to towns in search of
jobs. They do not get jobs readily because of poor qualification and slow development in industries
and services.
The education system of Pakistan does not produce a labour force which is required for modem
organiz tions. There is a mismatch between supply and demand of labour force. Instability of
government has slowed down the industrial prog ess. Ethnic trouble in cities has also created
unfavorable conditions for creation of job opportunities. Therefore arge unemployment exists in
cities.

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 PAGE 83

(iii) Suggest wby tbe real number of people unemployed in rural areas may be bigber tban
tbe figures recorded. [3]
Mechanization in agriculture is the main reason for unemployment in rural areas. Many farm
workers are laid out when machinery is used on farms. in rural areas there is much under
employment or disguised unemployment which is not full time employed. He
works only for a few hours during the day or the people work
on farms than are needed. .
There is no arrangement for any vocatronar-trammg
small scale or cottage industry. in fact 9OITec:t...
tlfgl.l1res"1'l
Difficult to measure partial or OI·lsgI1IS{:a
...lmelmploymeJIit~ws'!fn(f!l1_~lI'e~n6t

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 PAGE 84

May June 2010

1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows a map of forest types in Pakistan.

(i) Name the forest types found in each oftbe areas A. Band C. [3]

A. Coniferous Forest
B. Riveraine Forest
C. Mangrove Forest

(ii) Name the sea D and the line of latitude E. [2]

D. Arabian.Sea
E. 23 ~ N latitude or Tropic of Cancer.

(iii) Explain why the forest type A grows naturallY! in cool, hilly areas. [3]

Ceniferous forest grow in Northern Areca of Pakistan, NEP, V and Baluchistan at an altitude
of over 1000 meters. Coniferous forest can tolerate low temperature with the help of thick
barks a can grow on thin soil. The branches of these trees (fir, spTuCe, D larch) are sloping
downwards so that they can shed off the sio er needle like long leaves help to reduce the loss
of moisture. Their OW roots absorb moisture easily from_,melting snow. Conical shapes of
trees help to survive in strong winds. With these characteristics the coniferous forest adapt to
cold climate.

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 PAGE 85

(iv) Why is it important that forests by the coast are protected? [4J
Mangrove Forests are found along the Coast of Indus River and Hab river Deltas. Mangrove
forests protect the coastal area from flooding caused by tropical storms and high tides.
Mangrove forests are breeding ground for fish. Roots of these forests offer shelter to young
fish. These forests are a source of wood for the for building houses and boats.
ially the which migrate from Siberia
during winter season. Therefore it is otect the Mangrove forests and efforts
should be made for its reafforestation.

(b) Study Fig. 2.

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 PAGE 86

With reference to Fig. 2, explain how deforestation can cause soil erosion. [5]

Deforestation means reckless cutting of trees and clearing the land of trees. When trees are cut
down the land is exposed and the upper fertile layer of soil is washed away by rain water. The
rain water runs off quickly on the bare soil and the water is not absorbed in the soil. No new
plants grow on the infertile lower soil layer which is left behind. The rain water form small
channels which become deeper and deeper with successive rains. The area present a dissected
landscape. This removal of upper fertile layer of soil is called soil erosion. Soil erosion makes
the land unproductive.

(c) There has been development of forests in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh using
irrigation.
(i) Why is irrigation necessary for new plantations oftrees? [2]

Irrigated and planted forests have been grown in Punjab and Sindh.There is low rainfall (less
then 250mm in Sindh and south Punjab) which is not enough for normal forest growth. The
rainfall is unreli-able and comes only during a brief Summer Monsoon period. There are long
dry spells. Long dry spells and high rate of evapotranspiration due to high temperature prevent
the growth of forests. Therefore irrigation becomes necessary for survival and healthy growth
of trees.

(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages' of developing more irrigated plantations of
trees in lowland areas of Punjab and Sindh. [6]
There are many advantages of irrigated or planted forests. Irrigated forests supply timber for
house building and furniture making. These forests also supply firewood. Forests check air
pollution by adding oxygen to the air. Forests reduce summer temperature and add to the
rainfall.
Forests add to the scenic beauty of the land.

O·LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 87

2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows the areas of cultivation for four main crops in Pakistan.

10,000

6,000
Araaofcrop
(HXlOhectares)

4,000

2,000

(i) Which crop covers the greatest area? [1]

Wheat covers the largest area.

(ii) What is the area covered by this crop? [1]

Wheat crop covers 8,450,000 hectares.

(iii) Name two other food crops grown in Pakistan not shown on the graph. [2]
Millet (Jawar, Bajra), Pulses.

(b) (i) Describe the methods of cultivation of wheat on barani (rain-fed) lands. [5]
Barani Lands include the Potwar Plateau, some areas in NWFP and Northern Areas. Wheat is
the main winter crop which is grown with the help of winter rainfall from Western Depressions
giving light rainvfrom December to March. Methods of cultivation are traditional. Land 1S
ploughed, seed from last years crop is sown in November / December. The crop grows with
the help of winter rainfall, and harvesting is done in March / April. If the land is not level and

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 PAGE 88

flat (as in som parts of Potwar Plateau) terracing is done and fields are protected by
Embankments to conserve water. In Barani Lands the winter rainfall is not reliable, traditional
methods are used, fields are small and good seeds are rarely used.
Therefore the yield per hectare is low.

(ii) Explain the advantages and disadvantages to wheat farmers of modern irrigation
methods such as perennial canals and tubewells. 15]
,
In the plains of Punjab and Sindh the use of perennial canals and tubewell is of good advantage
for cultivation of wheat. Not depending on rainfall the farms can be watered when water is
needed and the amount of water is controlled. There is adequate supply of water from perennial
canals which ensures healthy crop growth. The HYV seeds specially need proper supply of
water; The result is that large yield per hectare is obtaine . Irrigation by perennial canals and'
tubewells can also support double cropping. Tubewells can check water: logging and salinity
by lowering water table. The disadvantage is that the cost of::installation of tubewells is high.
The cost of running and maintenance is also high because of igh rates of electricity and diesel
oil. Supply of electric current is not regular.
Prolonged use of irrigation by perennial canals may cause water log ging and salinity which
renders the land unfit for cultivation.

(c) Waste products from food crops such as straw from cereals and bagasse from sugar cane
have some uses. Explain the importance of waste products such as these. You may refer to
those crops shown in Fig. 3 or others. 13]

Waste products from food crops are used in many ways. Stra is used as animal feed, in
packaging, and thatching of roofs. Bagasse' from sugar mils is sed for generating power for
the mills. Ba-gasse is also used to make chipboard. Molasses is used in chemical Industry.

(d) Read the extract below.

The farming land in barani areas such as the Potwar Plateau is subjected to soil
erosion, overgrazing, and desertification due to poor farm management.
This leads to low crop productivity, poor quality livestock and low farm incomes.

(i) What reasons does the writer give for the low farm incomes in barani areas? 13]

In the given extract the reasons for low farm income in Barani areas are soil erosion,
Overgrazing and desertification.

(ii) Explain these and other causes of low farm in omes in Pakistan. [5]

Soil erosion means the removal of upper fertile layer of soil by rain water or wind. The less
fertile lower layer of soil which is left behind results in poor crop and low output. Overgrazing

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 .'
PAGE 89

leads to lack of food for animals and it also results in further soil erosion and desertification.
Desertification means lack of water. Low crop productivity means low income for the farmer
--- who does not have money to buy good seeds, fertilizers or pesticides. Poor quality livestock
give less milk. Lack of investment in land and livestock bring low return. Lack of education

- on the part of the farmer is another important reason for low income. Use of traditional methods
bring low yields. Farms are small and machinery
andunfavourable climate also cause low
not De u ed. Pests, plant di eases, flooding
au tivity and I income. ack government
support and oppressive actions of big rds
give no chance to improvement.

3 (a) (i) Name three ways by which coa

Three methods of coal mining are:

1. Strip or open cast mining
2Adit mining
3. Shaft mining

[3]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 90

Which shows a brickworks near Kanai, Balochistan Plateau. Describe the main features of
the brickworks shown in the photograph. [4]
Photograph A shows a traditional brick kiln. Black smoke is comin celae chimney. There is a
working area of hard flat land where bricks are made Out of clay with the help of moulds. The
bricks are dried in the sun. There are piles of baked bricks (finished product) on one side of
the photograph. An arranged pattern of small piles of earth is seen in the foreground. A good
road runs nearby. An electricity pylon and telephone poles are seen along the road.

(c) Study Fig. 4, which shows the location ofPipri'steelworks.

[3]

Three raw materials for steel mill are

(1) Coal (2) Iron ore (3) Limestone

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 PAGE 91

(ii) With reference to Fig. 4, explain why the steel mill was located here. [6]

For the steel mill a coastal area has been chosen because both essential raw materials (coal and
iron ore) are imported.The steel mill is located in an open space near Port Qasim on the Gharo
Creek. Port Qasirn helps in handling the raw material (Coal and Iron ore) which are transported
to the steel mill by a conveyer belt.A widened de)!? channe from Gharo Creek to the steel mill
also helps in the transportation of raw material-The mill is connected by railway and road to
the main Karachi-Kotri railway line and Karachi- yderabad super highway. his helps in
distribution of finished products to Bunjati and up co .n ~ er ers CG e from Karaehi and
other new settlements. There is plant}' of open space for futur expansion. A to\ynship
forworkers of the steel mill can also be built.

(d) Read the extract below.

Imports of steel increased by 37% from 2004 to 2005 a growing amount

of machinery and industrial steel products flowed in. This amount is higher
than any government predictions.

Explain the advantages and disadvantages oliincreasing steel production in Pakistan.

[6]

Main advantage for steel productions i~ the country is that it reduces dependence on foreign
import of steel. It saves foreign exchange for the Country. The steel produced is in great
demand for heavy and light engineering works (for making machinery) and for construction of
buildings.
Also the steel mill gives emp oyment to a large number of workers. Disadvantage is that the
cost of production is high because both coal and iron one are imported. The initial cost of
building the mill is :very high and beyond the financial resources of Pakistan. The mill creates
pollution by giving out smoke and toxic effluents. It encourages rural urban migration area as
well. Lack of infrastructure and skilled labour are other difficulties.

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PAGE 92

4 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the exports of Pakistan in 1997 and 2007 by percentage (each
dash on the circumference represents 10%).

(i) In 2007, what percentage of the exports was cotton? [1]

Cotton exports account for 60%.

(ii) Suggest reasons why cotton makes up a large percentage or Pakistan's exports. [3]
Cotton exports are important because Pale-stan grows good quality of on in large quantity
which is Surplus of local requirements. Raw orial., cheap labour anda large local and foreign
market have helped Cat orOw th of textile industry. There are a out 500 textile units AOrking
in the country. A large variety of cotton goods are produced for which there I S good demand
in foreign markets Therefore Pakistan exports raw cotton, cotton yam, cloth, bed linen, towels,
canvas and garments.

(iii) From Fig. 5, state:

A one export that has increased in percentage,

B two exports that have decreased in penentage. [3]
A. E'mort of rice has increased in percentage.
B. 1. Export of leather goods, Q. Export of sport goods.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'
.!!!II
~GE~ ~
-0
fa

~
(b) Study Photograph B (Insert), showing Landhi Export Processing Zone, Karachi. .m
I
a
I
:t

(ii) ExphIi the importance of xport Processing Zones. [4]

Export Processing Zones are a kind of industrial estate which have been setup to boost up
industrial production and export of manufactured goods, The purpose is to earn more foreign
exchange in order to correct the High quality goods meeting international standards are
produced and exported. Export p ocessing zones give employment to people and also
encourage the development of cottage and small scale industries. Infrastructure is built up and
is improved.
Latest technology is used. Workers improve their skill. It-also attracts foreign investment into
Pakistan.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
I
 ' ...
PAGE 94

(c) Study Fig. 6

(i) Give two advantages of transporting goods by:

A bullock cart,
B lorry. [4]

A. Bullock carts are cheap means of transport and are easily available. There is no fuel cost. It
is economical for people.
B. Lorries (trucks and trailers) transport large quantity of goods at a time and are a fast and
quick means of transportation of goods. They offer door to door service. Therefore it is
economical and
specially suitable for long distances.

(ii) To what extent would the building ofmo e motorways, sue as that between Lahore and
Islamabad, help the development of industry in Pakistan? [6]
Motorways are likely to help in industrial development. Motorway provide fast and safe
movement of goods. Raw material can be easily transportedto factories and finished goods are
sent to markets which would encourage industrial development. Motorways open up
undeveloped areas and attract investors. Motorways provide faster movement of businessmen,
technical experts and tourists. Motorways relieve the traffic congestion on older road such as
the G.T. Road. Motorways are well maintained and are quite fit for large vehicles. Motorways
are helpful in the development of dry ports.
But only the building of a Motorway will not promote industrializing. There are many other
factor as well which are needed for industrial development.
The negative aspects or problem in building a motorway is that it involves high expenditure
and are costly to maintain. It becomes a burden on the economy by increasing foreign loans.
Motorways do not serve small towns and remete areas wliich remain neglected A large tract
of agricultural land is acquired for building it.

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 PAGE 95

5 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the desert climate ofNok Kundi.

40

30 150

temperature
("C}

50

o
Jtj Aug Sap Nov Dec

(i) With reference to Fig. 7, describe the yearly distribution of temperature and rainfall in a
desert climate. [5]
The graph shows that Nok Kundi experiences very hot and long summer summer season
(march till November), and short, cool and mild winter season (December till March). January
is the coolest month with 11°C average ches a maximum of 5°C in June and July. After August
the tempera-
The graph shows that Nok Kundi experiences very hot and long summer ason (March till
November), and short, cool and mild winter season monthly temperature. After January the
temperature rises steadily till it ture radually and steadily declines till December (13°C).
Dainfall is very Scanty and is about 5Umm during the whole vear. Rainfall comes mainly
during winter months of December to March. Erom April to November the rainfall is very low
and variable. May,lune, September and November are exceptionally dry months.

(ii) Explain how the climate of desert areas affects agricultural and industrial development.
[6]

Acute shortage of water hinders development in agriculture. High Summer temperature results
in high rate of evaporation. Therefore agriculture will not be possible unless arrangement for
irrigation

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 PAGE 96

through storage tanks, wells or Karez is made. Karez can support some on a limited scale.
Wind storms and dust storms which are common in desert climate also damage crop growth.
Lack of water also discourages industrial development. Every industry needs water. No
agricultural raw material is available in this region, labour is short because of low population
and out-migration.

(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows a population pyramid fo~ P kistan for 2006.

FIg.I

(i) What percentage of the tota.1 population is aged 4 years and under? [1]

The diagram of population pyramid shows that the percentage of person under 4 year is 12%.
(ii) Which age group has the largest percentage? [1]

Largest percentage is of 10-14 age group.

(iii) What is the percentage of the total population aged 60 years and over? [1]

Percentage of people over 60 years is 7 to 7.5%.

(iv)Which age groups are called 'the dependent pepulation"? [2]

Perso sunder 15 years and over 60 years is 7 to 7.5%.

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 PAGE 97

(c) Study Fig. 8 again.

(i) How is the shape of the population pyramid for Pakistan likely to change from 2006 to
2026? [3]

The shape of population pyramid is likely to change i future because the base is narrower on
account of decrease in birth rate. The bars in the middle (15-59 age group) will be wider in
future. There will be more working and earning population. The op (ove 60 years) will also
have larger bars.

There are many advantages in the chan e of the sliaR_eof population pyramid. Wider oars In
the middle in future will mean larger umber ot:wor1{ing and earning population. It will bring
more income to people and prosperity in the coun . Sma ler bars at the base will mean that
less percentage of children may be educated more easily. There would be more young workers
who will be energetic and innovative: It will help the economy and there will be more money
for development.
Disadvantages are that in future there will be more older people to look after which will mean
more taxes on working people to give health care, perrsien and old age benefits to older people
A large work force will cause problem Qfunemployment in the country. The middle age group
of working people may like to emigrate to other co ntries which might create shortage of
skilled labour in the country.

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Oct 2010
1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows a map of Pakistan.

Arabian Sea

o 400
km

Fl9·1

(i) Name the cities A, Band C, and the line of latitude D. [4]
A: Quetta

B: Hyderabad

D:..300 N latitude

(ii) Wit reference to Fig. 1, explain how the population density, of the area north of the line
D is related to relief (topography) and water supply. [5]
The area north of line D includes central and northern Punjab, Pakhtoonkhwah (NWFP) and
norther Balochistan. Central and northern, Punjab has high density of population (over 200
persons per sq.Km). This region is continued in NWFP in districts of Peshawar, Mardan and
Abbo abad. It is mostly fertile alluvial plain with a developed irrigation system and a network of
canals. High agricultural productivity has attracted large population. Level nature of land has
helped in the development of a good network of roads and rail- ways with many large commercial,

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industrial and administrative centres. The southern part of NWFP is hilly with Waziristan Hills
and SulaimanRange. This is an area of medium density of population (50-200 per- sons per sq
Km) because of hilly terrain and low rainfall In the extreme north is Chitral district with
mountainous and rugged topography of Hindukush mountains. Low rainfall and difficulty in
cultivation and communication has resulted in very low p'opulation density (under 50 persons per
SqKm).

metric
tonnes 400,000

300,000
1996 1998 2004 2006
:year

Fig. 2

The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 19.96.

(i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2]
Water pollution along Sindh coast because of industrial waste d cause pollution. Sewage water
from Karachi. Oil spills from ships also cause pollution.

(ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006.
[3]

There is a gradual rise in fish caught from 400,000 tonnes in 1996 to 470,000 tonnes in 1999. With
a decline in 2000, there is again a rise in fish caught in 2002 which is maximum with 480,000
tonnes. After
2002 there is a fast decline in 2003 and 2004 after which a slow and gradual decrease is seen till
2006 when it is 380,000 tonnes. On the whole the fish catch has been fluctuating

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(c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5]

Marine fish are more abundant along Balochistan coast. For improvement in fishing the
infrastructure should be developed in coastal areas of Gawadar, Jiwani, Pasni, Orman etc. First of
all proper docking facilities should be provided. Improvement in shing technique is needed.
Motorlsed boats; better and tnodern net should be used. Fishermen need education and training.
Ice factories and cold storage facilities should be provided. Facilities of sonar to locate fish.
Satellite navigation and weather forecast should be provided.
(d) Study Fig. 3.

communications
employment

food

technology
pollution

Fig. 3
With reference to Fig. 3, explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing
industry in Pakistan. [6]

Advantages: Main advantage is that more people will be employed in fishing industry. Increase
in fish catch will lead to more exports earning more foreign exchange. It would bring more income
to fishermen and increase in their standard of living. Improvement in technology would lead to
better education for workers.
Disadvantages: Increased fish catch would provide nutritious food for the population.
Disadvantages: Increased fisli catch may lead to over fishing and depletion in fish resources in
future. Increase in number of trawlers and mechanised boats may cause more water pollution in
coastal areas. Imported technology will be expensive and will reduce income of fishermen.
Improvement in fishing may lead to over-fishing which may reduce fish catch in future.

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2 (a) Study Fig. 4 (Insert), which shows patterns of goat rearing in Pakistan.

The importance of goat rearing by region, 2000

Key:
_main
_secondary
_minor
o noinformation
o 100200km
I - 4 I

Fig. 4 for Question 2

(i) Describe the distribution of goat rearing in Balochistan. [3]

In Balochistan the main goat rearirng area is Zhob district in no and norther part and Kalat,
Khuzdar, Barahin Range and irthar Hills dishern central part. A large secondary area covers
western ana Balochistan. There is low distribution along western bor der Hills, Raskoh and Kharan
desert.

(ii) Suggest why the government of Pakistan discourages the rearing of goats. [2]

Goat rearing is discouraged by the government because goats over graze the grass pulling up the
roots. Overgrazing causes soil erosion, which further leads to desertification, and further growth
of grass becomes difficult.

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(iii) Why are there many nomadic farmers in Balochistan? [3]

In Balochistan nomadic farming is common. Nomadic herdsmen move about with their goats and
sheep in search of grass and water. In Balochistan settled agriculture is on a limited scale and is
confined to some valleys only. Large areas in Balochistan are covered with barren hills, mountain
ranges and rocky and sandy deserts. Rainfall of 125mm cannot support crop growing. Therefore
nomadic farming is common in Balochistan.

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PAGE 103

(c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert) showing a buffalo farm in Lodhran district, Punjab.

-
(i) How do the photographs show that these buffalo are being kept in good living conditions?
[6]

- Photograph A and B show that buffalo are kept in.good living co ditions. Proper sheds have been
provided. Sanitation is also upto the mark. A worker is busy in removing the dung. On one side
there is a
concrete trough or tank for feeding or to provide drinking water for animals. A tree provides shade
from ho sun. Photograph B shows a well and a tank to provide sufficient clean water for animals
for drinking, bathing and cooling.

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(ii) Suggest why buffalo farms can often be found around urban areas. [2]

Buffalo farms are often found close to urban areas in order to supply fresh milk to the town. Buffalo
supply 70% of milk in Pakistan. Fodder is provided from nearby agricultural areas.

(d) Meat provides a valuable source of protein in food, and there are many other useful
products from animals. Explain the advantages and disaAv.ant ges of developing livestock
farming in Pakistan. (6]

Advantages: Livestock are important for Pakistan because tbey provide meat and milk, They also
provide hides, skin, wool and bones which ar~;,-Iiawmaterial for industries. Hides, leather and
leather goods are exported. Livestock development will create more employment and more·
earning. Cow dung manure will be provided or crgp growing. imal products can be exported
to earn foreign exchange.
Disadvantages: Animals create sanitation problem if kept close to residential areas. Some diseases
are transferred to humans. Growing fodder for animals becomes necessary. Land which could be
given to food crops goes to growing of fodder crops. It might affect food crop production and
result in food shortage. Overgrazing may create problems in future.

3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the sectors of employment by percentage in Pakistan.
employers
o

80% 20%

70% 30%

[1]

Paid employment.
(i) Which is theJargest sector? [1]

A farmer, a shopkeeper, a carpenter.

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PAGE 105

(Hi) What is the percentage of 'unpaid family workers'? [1]

25%
(iv) State two jobs that may be done on a farm by unpaid family workers. [2]

1. Ploughing, sowing, weeding.

2. Harvesting, threshing, feeding animals.

(v) Suggest why many farms rely on u pa

-
(c) Study Photograph C (In ert), which shows a v ey in Shangla district, NWFP.

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(i) With reference to the photograph, explain why agriculture is difficult in this area.
[4]

People will move to town in search of livelihood i.e. jobs and employment. Education and medical
facilities are poor or absent in rural areas. Security of life and absence of political freedom are also
reasons for rural to urban migration.

(ii) Name two cottage industries that could be developed in tbis area. [2]
I
f
(i) In the area shown in the photograph agriculture is difficult because flat and level land is not
available. In hilly areas the soil is thin and infertile. Some hill slopes have been terraced where
limited farming done. Being a highland region winter is severe and crop growing is not possible
during winter. Summer crops will depend on rainfall. N(!)other method of irrigation can be used.

(d) Choose two of the improvements shown beloll:, and explain to what extent these two
improvements could create more employment opportunities in mountai valleys.

ROAD BUILDING RELIABlE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY

CLEAN WATER SUPPLY

[6]

1. Road building in northern mountain areas will ea better transport facilities which will
encourage tourism. Better transport will make trade easier. Local pro ucts can be marketed easily,
which will bring more income to the people. Health and educational facilities will be obtained
more easily. There will be more jobs such as drivers, road side hotels, guides and maintenance
workers. It will also attract investments.

2. Reliable electric supply will encourage cottage and s all- cale indus-tries. A large number of
items can be produced and marketed. It will create job opportunities. Use of radio and TV will
bring awareness and education. Tubewells can provide water for agriculture. But problems of
---power shortage and break downs may occur.

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4 (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows energy sources by percentage in Pakistan.

others
HEP
(hydel)

Flg.S

(i) Name the two largest sources of.enem. [2]

(a) (i) 1. Gas (ii) Oil

[1]

HEP(Hydel)

(iii) Suggest two sources ofenelllY in tbe '0 bers' sedor of Fil. 6. [2]

Coal energy 2. Nuclear energy, Solar and wind energy.

(b) (i) Name an HEP (hydel) power station and state the name of the river on which it is built.
[2]

Tarbela on River Indus.

Mangla on River Jhelum.

(Ii) Wby is HEP(bydel) an important source of electricity in nortbern Pakistan? [3]

A highland area is suitable for building a hydel power station. The valley is narrow and dams can
be easily built to create a reservoir. In northern part of Pakistan there is more rainfall which ensures
a regu-lar supply of water. Water also comes from melting glaciers. HEP is a cheap and renewable
source of energy. There is no pollution.

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(iii) Why can the supply of power from these stations be unreliable? [3]

Supply of power from a hydel power station can be unreliable because of fluctuation in the amount
of water in the reservoir. Siltation in the reservoir may also create problems by reducing the storage
capacity of the reservoir. There may be also seasonal shortage during winter. Climatic change may
cause lack of rainfall.
(c) Study Fig 7, which shows the location of Faisalabad.

to Islamabadand
NWFP

IRRIGATED
FARMLAND

to Karachi

State three.faetors shown on Fig. 7 which influence the cotton industry in Faisalabad. For
___ each factor, explain its impolltance to the development of this industry. [6]
1. Most important factor which makes Faisalabad a textile industryOcenter is the supply of raw
mater-ial(raw cotton) from the surrounding areas of Rechna Doab which are canal irrigated.
2. Facility of road and rai transport helps to c8l1( raw material to Faisalabad and also transport
finished goods to Karachi and other places in the country.
3. Dry port and airport provide facility for export of fmished goods to foreign markets. Airport
helps bus' essmen.

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(d) Study Fig. 8.

5_.
jobs skills

infrastructure COTTON

competition

In recent years there has been little gro

Fig. 8, explain the advantages and disa
Pakistan.
Advantages: Growth of cotton textile . and employment in the
country. It will reduce unemployment, bring income and increase GDP. ~provement in
infrastructure would lead to further progress' other industries. There would be improvement in
road and rail transport, power supply and water supply. Increased export offmished textile goods
would bring more foreign exchange and help i reducin trade deficit. Better and new technology
may be adopted to reduce the cost of Qw(Juctionand imp~owethe quality of product.

Disadvantages: Increase in cotton textile production would mean that Pakistan will depend on
only one industry. Any reduction in production may have a harmful effect on the economy of the
country.
Growth and development of industry will cause greater rural to urban migration. Industrial
development will cause greater pollution in the environment. It may cause less investment in other
industries.
There would be less land for food crops if more land is given to cotton crop.

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 PAGE110

5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows an advertisement for a big company.

THEBIG POWER TRAaGR COMPANY

Our trpdon are big andpowerful.
They work quickly and efficiently.
• They can do many low.

For sale or lease

Conlod

(i) State four ways of contacting tIt's com pan [2]

I. Letter 4. Email

(ii) Which is the slowest way of contact? [1J

Letter
(iii) Why does the companj; advertise many ditTerent ways of contacting it? [1]

he company adopts different ways of advertising make it easy for the buyers and give them
choice to contact the company and place orders.

(b) (i) Explain two of the reasons given in the a sing this tractor on a farm.
[2]

I. Ira tors work quickly and efficiently. Land is ploughed deep and soil is pulverized. It will
replace animal and reduce labour force.

2. Tractors can also be used for threshing grain, harvesting and transport of grain used.

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(ii) Why are tractors not used by many small-scale farmers? [4]

Small scale subsistence farmers are poor. They cannot buy tractors which are too expensive for
them. There is not much work to De done on a small farm. The tractor may remain idle for rest of
the time. Diesel is also costly. Repair and maintenance are also costly and beyond the reach of a
poor farmer. There is enough family labour to wor on the small farm. Family will become
unemployed if machines are used.

(c) (i) From the list below state two im

COTTON MACHINERY IROO ORE LEATHER

CRICKET BATS

Exports 1 .........................................•........•....2 .............•...•..•.................................. [2]

(i) Imports: 1. Machinery 2.Iron ore
Exports: 1. Cotton 2.Surgidll Instruments.

(ii) The European Union (EU) is a major trading partner of Pakistan.

Name two countries in this trading community. [2]

1. France
2. Germany
(iii) Why it is important that Pakistan trades both imports and exports with the EU?
[2]

EU (European Union) includes about a dozen European countries. needs to diversify its foreign
trade to improve its foreign exchange earnings. Trade links to be developed with more countries
and more items should be exported. Improved trade relations will result in more trade agreements.

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(d) The development of wind power generators off the coast of Pakistan could reduce the
country's dependence on imported fuels. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
developing alternative power sources.
[5]

Advantages: Wind is a renewable source of energy. This source can be easily utilized in coastal
areas where strong wind usually blows. Coastal towns and villages can be supplied with electricity.
Solar energy is also a renewable source. It has great potential because Pakistan is an arid and semi-
arid country. Both wind and solar energy are environment friendly and do not create poIJution.
Both can be cheap in the long run.
Disadvantages: A large number of wind turbines are needed which will cover a large area. It is
expensive to build and foreign technology is required. )\lind energy is j experimental stage and
the current is more costly then other sources. Solar energy is also in experimental stage. Electric'
current is costly as compared with thermal or hydel power. It is also expensive to build. Both may
be unreliable because they depend on weather conditions.

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PAGE 113

May 2011

1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert), a Persian Wheel.

--

(i) With reference to the photograph, explain how this machi e is used for water supply.
[3)

The machine comprises of a ho izontal wheel attached to a vertical wheel. Horizontal wheel is
rotated by a wooded-shaft, using an power or draft power. With horizontal wheel the other wheel
also rotates, and tfie buckets attached to it bring water ou to empty into troughs.

~- (ii) What are the advantages

tubewell?
and disadvantages of replacing this Persian Wheel with a
[4)

Advantages: Tubewell is more efficient. It irrigates a larger area. It supplies water whenever
required. It solves problems of water logging and -salinity.

Disadvantages: It is expensive and so, unaffordable for the poor f ers. It consumes electric or
diesel power. Diesel consumption causes air pollution.

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 PAGE 114

(b) Study Fig. 1, which shows canal water supply in Pakistan.

million acre

110

100

90

80

70

60CO 0>

~ ~
,...
year

Fig. 1

(i) In which year was the water supply highest? [IJ

1999

(ii) How much higher was this tban the supply in 2002? [IJ
31 million acre feet.

(c) Why is there not enough water supply from canals to meet the needs of all users? [4J
Rainf-allin Pakistan is ineffective. It is unreliable due to its variability. Dueto generally high
temperatures, there is greater evapotranspiration. There is water loss by seepage through the
unlined canals, and an additional loss by many fanners, who make unjudicious use of water. Water
theft is also reported in some areas.

O·LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE115

(d) Explain why waterlogging and salinity of soils causes problems to farmers. [6]

ave to

Water pollution is caused by disposal ofuntreate uman anCiline strial w teo Proper sewage and
sanitation is not available to all settlements. Untreated dumping of Dio-nondegradable materials,
e.g., plastic shopping bags, also causes wate pollution. These products do not decay even for
decades. Oil spill from oil tankers adds to sea water pollution. This results from accidental leaks
or while washing containers. Chemical fertilizers and insecticides become part of drinking water
and make-it toxic. Polluted 'f

water causes various health problems, like cholera, typnoid and malaria. It is unsafe for food
processing industries, e.g., fish canning. I involves Huge cost to setup water treatment plants.
Moreover, contaminated water blocks water channels and irrigation canals.

2 (a) MAIZE ,PULSES MILLET OILSEEDS TOBACCO

(i) Name two crops on the list that are used mainly for animal feed. [2]

Maize, Millet
(ii) Name one crop on the list that is not a food crop. [1]

Tobacco
(iii) Name one crop that is rich in protein. [1]

Pulses

(iv) Name one type of oil seed. [1]

Mustard (may also mention sesame, soya bean, sunflower)

(b) (i) What is meant by a barani crop? [1]

A barani crop is grown in areas depending on rainfall, not on irrigation.

(ii) Name one area of Pakistan where most wheat is grown by the barani method. [1]

Potwar plateau districts e.g., Attock, Jhelum,

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(iii) Study Fig. 2, which shows the months when wheat is grown by the barani metbod.

How much rain fell in the wettest month? [1]

107mms
(iv)Describe tbe barani method ofwbeat cultiva ·onwith reference to the temperatures and
rainfall shown on Fig. 2. [5]
Wheat is sown after ploughing the fields, by the start of winter in October to December.
Temperature in these months are mild, ranging from 4 -19°C and rainfall slowly increases from
16 to 41 mm. Grain
gradually swells with rising temperature and more rainfall in March and April, 88 to 107mm.By
April and ay, temperature rises from 12 to 23°C helping crops get ripe. Now it is ready to
harvest.

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 PAGE117

(c) (i) Explain why crop yields may be low when subsistence farming methods are used.
[6]

production?

Training: It will enable farmers to manage crops more efficiently as they will learn how to
improve soil fertility, use modem methods such as use of machinery, GM or HM seeds, chemical
fertilizers, insecti-
cides and ·pesticides. They will also learn how ro markei-tlieir products. They will be able to get
loans and plan for an effective use of'the monel' and ot er assets.
Land reform: Consolidated land holdings ensure i plioved efficiency as it is easier to use
machinery on a standard sized farm (about 12 hectares) than a fragmented holding. Research
experiments are pos-
sible on a better sized farm. Land ceilings loosen the grip of big land owners and guarantee
improved working of farmers. However, poor literacy, poverty d strong social position of land
owners restrict the extent of success.

3 (a) (i) Name the two main raw materials quarrted in Pakistan that are used to make cement.
[2]

Limestone and gypsum.

(ii) Name three other inputs used by a cement factory. [3]

Labour, machinery, power (also, capital & land).

(b) QUARRYING CRUSHING PACKING

DRIVER SALESMAN OFFICE WORKER

(i) From the list above, state oneexample of:

A Primary employment
B Secondary employment
C Tertiary employment [3]

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PAGE118

(b)(i)

A: Quarrying/Crushing.
B: Packing, Crushing.
C Driver (Salesman, Office Worker).

(ii) Explain why a salesman should have a good education. [4]

A good educated salesman is a better presenter of sale produ t , has knowledge about the
products, prevailing trends as well as ot er cu res. H can co urticate-with the foreigners and
convince them effectively. He can use computer and othe sopthsticat a [achlncs ~nd can make
accurate calculations and work out details of acceunting: He can send a a eceive emails about
various products, orders and demands fro other cities and countries. fie can advise the owners
about improving production and sales.

(c) Study Photograph B (Insert), of Karachi.

Phot:ogt.igJh

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(i) State three uses of concrete shown on the photograph. [3]

Construction of roads and footpaths. Construction of huge commercial buildings. For making
houses, shops and street poles.

(ii) Using your answer to (c)(i), explain the imp

Karachi.
[4]

Advantages: Closer location of industry makes it easier for the citizens to get cement for
construction. It reduces transport cost bQth for \he manufacturer and the consumers. It also saves
time for both. For wbole sale supply, it is convenient Q'~ the manufacturer to deliver cement in
bulk in less time. Big cities provide cbeap skilled labour

Disadvantages: Cement in ustry produces noise poJIution by running heavy machinery. It also
causes air pollution through dust and smoke. Dust and industrial waste contaminate water supplies.
There is loss of land for other uses, e.g., fanning, housing and roads. Growth of such industries
may result in more rural to urban migration and development of sbanty towns as well as more
burden on civic agencies.

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4 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows the levels of literacy in urban and rural areas.

Urban R......
o o

80% 20%

70% 30%

illitemte

FIg. 3

(i) State the percentage of literate people iJ:l,urban areas. [1]

62 or 63%

(ii) How much greater is this than the percentage oEUterate peopl'e in rural areas? [1]
24-26%

(iii) Give two reasons why the percentage of literate people is larger in urban than in rural
areas. [2]

Urban areas provide a greater variety of jobs for literate people. Thereare several educational
institutes in.urban areas, and usually people can afford education in cities. As against this, rural
people do not
need formal education for agriculture, and so, there is lower percentage

iv) Using examples, explain why there are many job for iIIitea;ateand poorly educated people
in urban areas. [3]

Urban areas offer a huge range of jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors. Factory industry absorbs
a lot of workforce, both literate and-illiterate, Most people in cities can afford to have servants and
workers
for routine chores 0 life. Informal sector also provides jobs to them, e.g., helpers in shops etc.

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PAGE 121

(b) Study Photograph C (Insert).

-
With reference to the hotograph and using your 0 e, explain why many people
become ill in homes like these. [6]

Such squatter settlements lack ~st of hygieiijc facilities such as safe drinking water, sanitation,
adequate ventilation an good space for inha itants due to congestion. They have large families
that further compound their pro' lems. They all victim to malnutrition due to poverty and lock of
awareness. They are also a p ey to air and water borne diseases - respiratory diseases, e.g.,
bronchitis, flu and tuberculosis; digestive ailments, such as, cholera, typhoid, dysentery as they
r- consume polluted water and do not observe hygienic sanitation. They have, poor immunity as many
of them fail to get vaccinated against major diseases, like tuberculosis and hepatitis. They have
litt e access to basic health care and rely on quacks and illegal medical practitioners.

(c) Why do people in villages think that their quality of life will improve if they move to a
city? [6]

Ruralities are attracted to big cities because there are variety of job opportunities to improve their
earnings. In villages, the major source is agriculture. Whereas in cities, there are factories, hotels,
big shops, departmental stores, several under construction buildings and shopping plazas. These

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 PAGE 122

offer variety of jobs to the migrants. There are better social and financial services in the form of
public and private sector schools and hospitals, transport, security and entertainment resorts. With
the growth of satellite TV channels, many people in rural areas get information about major cities.
They are tempted to improve their quality of life by better earning and better living by availing
electricity, gas, telecommunication, better food and healthy sanitation.

(d) The government can introduce self-help schemes to improve the living conditions of
people in shanty developments and tent cities. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of
self-help schemes. [6]

Advantages: Such schemes will enable people to improve their living conditions by building
better and proper houses and equipping them wjth:~afeWa1e supply, sewerage and electricity. This
will improve their health promote hygienic se se. These s hemes ensure better use of the available'
area, lesser slums and a better scenic view to visitors.
Disadvantages: They involve huge costs as there is continued increase in inflation leading to high
prices of construction materials. Funds may be embezzled by the concerned people as corruption
is a constant factor in Pakistan. Such developments take time and may attract more migrants from
villages, thus setting up a vicious cycle. Then, those removed from slums may setup more slums
elsewhere.
•
5 (a) Describe the route of the main monsoon across Pakistan. [3]

Monsoon winds originate from the Bay of Bengal, east f dia. They travel across the Gangetic
plain in northern India and enter Pakistan from/the nortHeast.They travel in the Northern Areas to
bring rainfall in the upper Indus Plain, mainly upper Punja and the areas of Khyber
Paktoon Khwa(KPK).

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the rainfall of Peshawar and Lahore.

150

rainfall 100
mm

1
rainfall
mm
1

• Fig. 4

(i) Using figures from Fig. 4 in your answer, compare the distribution of rainfall from June
to September at Lahore and Peshawar. [4]
Lahore receives more rainfall June to September than Peshawar. July is the wettest month in
Lahore, with 202 mm rain while August is the wettest month for Peshawar, with 68 mm rain.
Lowest rainfall occurs in October in Peshawar but in November in Lahore. Lahore's total of July
and 'Augustis 360 mm while the total amount for Peshawar during the same months is 115 mm.

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(ii) Explain why there are differences in amounts of rainfall caused by the monsoon in
different areas of Pakistan. [4]
Pakistan receives the tail end of Monsoon as it is located on the western end of the Monsoon
region. By the time Monsoon winds reach Pakistan, they have lost good amount of moisture. There
is more rain in northern mountainous areas where air rises more quickly and gets condensed easily
causing more rainfall. However, in some hilly areas such as Gilgit and Quetta, there is little rain
as they located on the leeward side of hill slopes. Global wanning also affects Pakistan's rain
system.

(c) Study Figs 5A and 5B, which show rainfall distribution in Fakistan.

December to March

Rainfall
l111li
200

1
150
1,DO
Arabian 50
sea 25

••.•.•••••• diSputed international boundary

FIg.5B

(i) What is the main cause of rainfall from: [2]

A December to March? Western Depression

B April to June? Thunderstorms or convectional currents

I
(ii) Name one area which receives high rainfall in b th seasons A and B. [1]
Northern Punjab (also Peshawar, Rawalpindi)

..
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 PAGE 125

(iii) Which area receives the highest rainfall from December to March? [1]

Murree and Gilgit regions (also Islamabad, Sialkot, and Peshawar).

(d) Explain the importance of the arrital of the monsoon to people who live and work in
urban areas. [4]
Monsoon rain has a pleasant effect as it lowers the summer temperature. Dust and pollution are
washed away, making environmehrand working condifons better. It brings more water for various
consumers: domestic, industrial and commercial. nowever, it brings floods that makes life
difficult. People in cities cannot move to their work place as roads are inundated.

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Oct 2011

1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert).

Photograph A for Question 1

(i) State three ways in which th [3]

1.
2.
3.
/~

(ii) Name two species 0 [2]

I. Rahu
2, Grass & Silver- Chine

[3]

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 PACiE127

(b) Study Fig. 1, which shows fish production in Pakistan.

Thousand 800
tonnes

600

400

200

(i) Which type of fishing increased ft;Om199' to 2007? [1]

Inland and fish farming

(ii) In which year was marine fish production lowest?- [1]

1997
(iii) How did the overall total production cbange from 1997to 2007? [2]

The fish production increased from about 425 in 1997 to 550 thousand tonnes in 2007. Highest
level was about 650 .in 2002
(c) Explain why fishing and fish farming are important industries in Pakistan. [4]
They provide employment to many people. By exporting fish our foreign exchange earnings
increase. Development of fishing and fish farming reduces burden on crops and livestock farming.
Fish meat is a better source of protein than red meat (beef, mutton). Fish waste is used to make
poultry feed and poultry droppings encourage growth of plank tons that are food for fish. Fish bones
are used as fertilizers, and fish oil is a source of vitamin D.

(d) (i) State three ways in which fish can be stored and processed before sale. [3]
It is preserved by salting.

1. It is preserved.by salting.

2 It is dried and canned.

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3. It is gutted-intestines are removed.

(ii) At the present time, most of the fish catch is processed in Karachi. The ports of
Balochistan such as Gwadar and Pasni have the potential for development. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of developing fish processing industries in the ports of
Balochistan? [6]
Advantages: Such activities will providejobs to the unem Joyed.They will reduce poverty in the
local population and improve their living standards. Export eamings may be spent on various
development schemes near and off the coastal areas. They will restrict rural to urban migration.
Untapped potential of a big coast will be explored by develop'ingGwadar Port.
Disadvantages: Earnings from such industries are low due to the limited value addition. SuppJy
of processed fish to big markets of Sindh and Punjab will 'be more expensive due to long and'
difficult distance. They might not be feasible due to low demand from markets in Balochistan.
There are no sources of heavy investment by local investors. There is poorly developed
infrastructure.
2 (a) Study Fig. 2, which shows cotton gl'o}Vingregions in Pakistan.

t .-(
i
~.""._......
_,t
,'\._;.
r:
i
~" i
~\<,,.......
_._
......
.r ...... u>
__ ....

international
boundary
disput~
international
boundary
rivers .

(i) Name the regions A and B. [2]

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 PAGE 129

B: Upper Indus Plain

(ii) Why is cotton not grown further north? [2]

Further north, in the Potwar region, flat land and canal irrigation are not available. Thunderstorms,
rain may destroy cotton crop during the season of ginning in October - November. Cotton crop is
destroyed by too cold and too wet climate

(iii) Why is cotton not grown further

Further West, there is rugged land of Hftlocltl.~l:a.!}.~

aridity increases further west whereas cotton Iieieds:-WJ~~,~~~~f£lli~
irrigation canals.

(b) Study Fig. 3, a graph of cotton

Production 4

(i) State the area used to grow cotton in 2005. [1]

3.2 million hectares

(ii) State the production in 2005: [1]

2.4 million onnes

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 PAGE 130

(iii) By how much has the area used to grow cotton increased from 1975 to 2005? [1]

1.2 million acres

(iv) Which has increased faster, the area used or the cotton production? [1]

Cotton production
(c) (i) Explain three factors that have caused the yield of cotton to increase per hectare.
[6]

1. Use of GM(Genetically Modified) or HYV seeds, ego Nayab 78 These are resistant against
insect! pest!virus attack and ensure gOodheight of the cotton plant w en the plant ripen
2. Chemical fertilizers makeup the deficiency of organic salts in soil making them more fertile..
Soils rich in chemical fertilizers guaran- tee good yield with medium to tall plant.
3. Timely spray of insecticides and pesticides improve yie1dby' 0- tecting the crop against locust
and leaf-curl virus. These sprays are more effective when the crop ls-ripening
(ii) Explain why cotton yields vary from year 10 year. [3]

Chemical fertilizers makeup the deficiency of organic salts in soil making them more fertile. Soils
rich in chemical fertilizers guarantee good yield with medium to tall plant.
~
(d) What are the advantages and disa~vantages of t1eveloping t e cotton manufacturing
industry in Pakistan? [6]
Advantages: Pakistan earns 64% of its total export e
This industry also satisfies the local demand ofcotton educts and t us saves foreign exchange.
This industry absorbs most of the industrial workforce, reducing unemployment. It contributes
about 7% of the GDP of akistan's economy. It creates value-added products.
Disadvantages: Too heavy reliance on this Industry results in eglect of other industries. So,
Pakistan's industrial production and exports remain non-dive ified. Any fluctuation in the world
cotton trade may adversely affect Pakistan's export earnings. Damage to cotton crop by floods or
leafcur-I-viruswill reduce supply of raw cotton to the industry. Growing competition with China
and Egypt has created tough situation for Pakistan. Frequent power breakdown and lack of
modernization are also the disadvantages.

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3 (a) Study Fig. 4

(i) Name the area A which has many mineral resources. [1]

Potwar plateau and the salt range.

~ __ _.(ii) Name two minerals that can be extracted in this area. [2]

Rock salt, limestone (also gypsum, coal)

(iii) Name the cities Band C. [2]

B is Pesha\Yar.C is Islamabad

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 PAGE 132

(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows fertilizer production in Pakistan.

Produrnron 6~-------------'----------1
milfion
tonnes

year

Fig.I

(i) By how much did fertilizer production increase from 2000 0 2008? [1]

5.7-46 =1.1 Million tonnes

(ii) Compare the production from 1990 to 2000 to that from 2000 to 2008. [3]

It increased unsteadily, 1990 to 2000. Whereas there was steady increase, 2000 to 2008. Production
increased from 3 in 1990 to 4.6 million tonnes in 20eO. There was a decline in production, 1990
to ]992, 1994 to 1995 and then from mid 1995 to 1998, but there was a mild drop in production,
2006 to 2007. 1992 to 1994 there was sharp increase and again 1998 to 2000 there was sharp
increase.

(c) What are the benefits of increasing fertilizer production for the people and economy of
Pakistan? [4]
More fertilizer factories will provide more jobs to the peo le, Farmers will be able to buy fertilizers
at cheap rates from local market, instead of the expensive imported fertilizers. Foreign exchange
will be saved b}: increase local production. This will improve the negative balance of payment of
Pakistan. Increased production will improve crop yield which will ensure more raw materials for
the agro-based industries. Export of products of these industries will improve Pakistan's economy.

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(d) Study Fig. 6, which shows imports of goods to Pakistan in 2007. [2]

(i) State the percentage of:

A. Machinery 65%
,
B. Electrical goods 10%
(ii) Name two machines that may' be used in a craft industry. [2]

1. Stitching machine

2. Electric or manual saw

~I----(iii) Explain the importance of mechanization to the craft industry and other small-scale
industries of Pakistan. [4]
Mechanisation speeds up various processes, e.g. stitching and cutting. It will reduce involvement
of manual labour. It will improve quality of products. Earning of the craftsmen will increase with
an increase in the amount of production. Mechanization provides jobs to the educated and skilled

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 w'

PAGE 134

workers who can operate a variety of machines. Machine made products are produced in bulk and
can compete with hand made products in terms of quality and price. However, mechanization
-
causes unemployment of the manual workers.

(e) The countries ofthe European Union have a large demand for goods such as clothes and
sports goods. Pakistan can produce these goods cheapl . Explain the advantages and
disadvantages of developing a trade agreement with partners in the EU. [4]

Advantages: Such agreements will create pe anent customers a istani products. They may
attract new buyers, too. Export earnings ill i ~rove by exporting 10 ulk. Bilateral relations will
also improve due to increased trade. Ch aper imports will be available.

Disadvantages: Qual ity of products may decline due to f ed quota of exports. akistan will face
tough competition with other member stat s .producing the same goods. akistan, might not be-
able to diversify exports with increasing demand of the same category of goods. Agreements may
affect trade relations with old partners.

4 (a) Study Photograph B (Insert).

[1]

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 PAGE 135

(ii) Describe the topography (relief) and vegetation of the area shown in the photograph.
[3]

Topography (reliet): It is a vast flat area. Land of the area is covered with dry soil that suggests,
it is part of a desert plain. There are some small ridges/burrows visible on the land surface.
Vegetation: Dry to green vegetation is spread over a wid area. There are small sized bushes with
relatively large sized bushes and trees in the rest of the area. Q tall trees. Sparsely spread
vegetation is seen.

(iii) Explain why these animals are

(iv) What are the disadvantages of keeping animals in a nomadic way? [2]

This is a subsistence type of farming with a little output of milk and meat. Farmers live a life of
poverty. There is no veterinary Fare for e livestock and this makes them vulnerable to various
diseases. Farmers are not aware of modem breeding.

(v) Suggest an alternative way of keeping these ani [1]

They may be kept on a large, commercial farm, with fences and stalls.

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(b) Study Fig. 7.

F1g.7

(i) State one important physical reason for the low density of population in each of these
areas: [3]

RELIEF RAIN ALL RlVERS

lain how each of the three factors above contributes to a high density of population in
[6]

Relief: Flat land facilitates crop farming on large scale with perennial canals and use of machinery.
It is easier to establish large and small scale industries and build network of roads and railways.
There is more economic activity.

Rainfall: Northeastern and eastern Punja-b reeeiye good amount of Monsoon rain in summers.
This nain 's useful for Kharif crops of rice in upper Punjab, and cotton and sugarcane in central
and lower Punjab. Pleasant summers due to Monsoon encourage people to settle there.

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 PACiE137

Rivers: Five rivers of IRS(Indus River System) provide water for do- mestic, industrial and
irrigation purposes. Irrigation is vital for all crops in Pakistan, and with good yield, people earn
more. Water needs of industries are satisfied and more people settle in the area.
Rivers

(c) Choose either area A or area B from Fig. 7.

DIsadvantages: These developments in olve high costs and there will be dk ot funds for other
developments, such as health and education. There c (!)ftribal 0 position as the people in
Balochistan mistrust the federal 6ehhent. 'F~)': might at? ose and disrupt such schemes. These
schemes may not be economicallyfeasible due to less than expecte revenue gen eration in low
population density areas.
5 (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows January temperatures in Pakistan.

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 PACiE138

.N

18
1S
.,.10
'5

--- International
boundary
...-.... ~
intamalional
boundary

Rg.I

(i) What is the temperature at:

Faisalabad? 0C
Chitral? 0C [3]
Karachi: 18°C
Faisalabad: 10°C

(ii) Do the temperatures increase or decrease:

from south to north? .....•~.....................•......................•••••.........................................

from east to west? , .
[2]
from south to north: decreases
from east to west: decreases

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 PACiE139

(iii) Explain two factors that affect winter temperatures in Pakistan. [4]
1. Angle of the sun increases from south to north, thus winter tem- perature decreases in that
direction. Sun rays fall vertically on southern parts than on northern parts.
2. Maritime factor influences winters in coastal areas, kee ing the seasonal and diurnal (day/night)
temperatures low. So, the winter temperature of Karachi is not as low as that of
(b) Study Fig. 9, which shows the

t
o Ian 400

(i) Name the areas of high rainfall A and B [2]

A:Lower Sindh

B: Upper Punjab
(ii) Name the body of water that is the source of moisture for each of the monsoon winds X
~~ ~]
X : Bay of Bengal
Y : Arabian sea.

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 PAGE 140

(c) Explain why the lack of monsoon rainfall in the Southern Punjab and Northern Sindh
causes problems for farmers. [6]
Lack of rainfall makes planning of crop cultivation difficult. Good amount of rainfall in needed
for Kharif crops - cotton, rice and sugarcane. Rice and sugarcane specially need plenty of rainfall.
With less than required rainfall, crop growth is affected. Iiisufficient rainfall has adverse effects
on plant growth. Crops become susceptible to pest and insect attacks due to lack of adequate
moisture. Leaves of the crop tend to wilt. Also, it causes deficiency off odder crops and that creates
problems for livestock farmers. They have to purchase animals feed as enough grazing grounds
are not available. In order to overcome all these problems, farmers in these areas have to make
extra spendings for irrigation facilities. Unlined perennial canals create problems of waterlogging
and salinity.
(d) Consider the feasibility of improving water supply fo farmers in Punjab and Sindh.
[6]
Farming areas of Punjab and Sindh depend on water from gUlcie.1i melt in the northern mountains
and the Indus River System. We can build more reservoirs and canals to store this water. More
tube wells may be built to extract ground water. New techniques, e.g., trickle irrigation will ensure
minimum water loss. Available water may be saved by preventing water pollution, water logging
and salinity. However, such scheme needs heavy investment to build and maintain canals and
reservoirs, due to the problems of siltation and water loss through eYiaporation.Also there are
interprovincial conflicts on water use and building of re~ervoir. India's ability to control flow of
river waters, especially after the Indus Water Treaty, restricts success of such schemes. Rising
prices of diesel, electricity and construction materials are also hindering factors. Most farmer, due
to lack of education do not use water in a fair way, and cause water less.

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 PAGE 141

May 2022
1 (a) Study Photographs A, Band C (Insert).
(i) Name the forest types A, Band C and locate each type of forest by writing the correct
letter in each area shown on the map below (Fig. 1). [4]

or Riverine or Irrigated forest.

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 ".
'!!III
IIIiiiiii
PAGE 142
~
11
ID

I 3

g
:a:I

The trees found in the forest are green and healthy. It i a dense forest, having a close canopy. The
species are grown naturally as roductive forest. Ther are trees with broad leaves and of different
heights. Species are mostly same. They are mostly to provide shade. The land is bare
of green grass.

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 PAGE 143

(iii) Explain the importance of the forest in Photograph B to fishermen and fishing villages.
[3]

The mangrove forests are important because these are breeding ground for fish and shrimps. They
provide the employment opportunities. The forest is a hindrance for floods, storms & Tsunamis.
The wood is used for extracting timber, making houses & boats. The camels feed on the leaves.
Villagers use it as fire wood.

(iv) Why does the forest in Photograph A ap [3]

The area shown in the photograph is

blocks. They are of same species and
has been afforested.

Soil erosion/surface runoff leaving infertil

rainfall, floods, siltation in dams.

[4]
t can be done by terracing,

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 PAGE 144

(c) CRAFTS TOURISM CLIMATE SOILS

With reference to two of the above, explain how trees can be a valuable resource for the
people who live in mountain areas. [6]
CRAFTS:
Employment opportunities can be provided in craft indusjry, Locals can earn a lot to improve their
living standard. Use of local raw material to i crease exports to e oreign exchange. Provides
souvenirs for tourists.
TOURISM:
It provides scenic beauty which attracts tourists to,earn f0reign exchange 0 be spent on different
projects and development of the area. The shade could be provided. Nature study, photography-
can be done. People can go on picnic to enjoy.
CLIMATE:
Due to the forests, transpiration is increased which helps to bring more rain. Humidity is also
increased. They help to lower the temperature. They provide more oxygen and fresh air and helps
to reduce air pollution
SOILS: Humus is formed due to the leaf fall. It helps to increase fertility of the soil. It helps to
grow a large crop. The trees hold back soil and control soil erosion. It Ips to prevent flooding.
•
2 (a) Study Fig. 2 and name the following~
(i) the line of latitude A;
(ii) the mountain pass B;

(iii) the road C;

(iv) the province 0 [4]

,0 LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 145

F!g.2

(a) (i) 36° North

(ii) Khunjemb pass

(iii) Karakoram Highway

(iv) Gilgit Baltistan or FANA

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 PAGE 146

(b) Study Fig. 3, which shows the climate of Gilgit.

mm

(i) What is the maximum temperature, and in which month does it occur? [2]

(1) 27,5° e in July

(ii) In which season of the year is the rainfall highest? [1]

Spring season
•
(iii) Compare the climate of the months from May to September with the months from
November to February. [4J
The months of May to September are hot. The temperature is mostly.over 18°e to 27.5°e but the
months of November to February are colder. The temperatures are under l2oe, the lowest being
3°e in January. The rainfall is higher but variable as 6-26 mms in the summer months. It is
increasing but there is less rain and snowfall in the winter months. The climate is wetter in summer
but drier in winter.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 (c) In what ways does the winter climate make life difficult for people who live in
mountainous areas? [6]

A Transhumance? [2]
Transhumance: It is also called seasonal mig tion. The livestock farmers move to the lowlands
with their animals in winter for fodder, shelte and water and move back in summer when the
climate is.bearable.
B Nomadic farming?
Nomadic farming: It is the movement offarmers with their animals in search offodder, shelter and
water. They do not settle for long in one place. They lways keep moving.

(ii) What are the ad antages and disadvantages of these types of livestock farming in either
mountain or desert areas? [6J
Advantages: The livestock farming is important as nomadic and semi-nomadic farming helps to
provide milk, meat, ghee, butter cheese to the people where they stay for the time being. The dung
or animal waste makes the land fertile with natural manure. By transhumance they are saved from
the extreme cold conditions
Disadvantages: The livestock farmers do not settle, they move from one place to another leaving
./ the area with shortage of milk & meat. The dung & waste leads to air and land pollution. These
animals overgraze the land leading to soil erosion. There is lack of veterinary doctors. They live
in poor conditions.

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3 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the climate of Sialkot.

(i) Circle and label on the x-axis:

A the month when rice would be planted,

B the months when it would be growing,

C the month when it would be harvested. [3]

40

30

10

FI......

(ii) Explain how canal irrigation is used and controlled to grow rice. [4]
When the saplings of rice are'transplanted the water is flown in the field with the help of canals.
The field is filled with 30-37cms of water, it is flooded and then the bunds of mud & clay are made
around. So that the water do not flow outside the field. The water of canals is diverted to other
fields. When the land is drained it is left to dry and finally harvest takes place.

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 .'

t PAGE 149

(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows wheat production.

24
ion
mas)

22

20

18

- 16

-
(i) What was the production in 2008? [IJ
21 million tonnes

(ii) Compare this to the production of wheat in the years from 1999 to 2007 [2J

The production of wheat in 2008 is 21 million tonnes, higher than in 1999, 200 I, 2002, 2003 &
2004. But it is not as high as 2005 and 2007 as it is the highest in 2007 as 23.7 million tonnes. The
production is same in 2000 and 2006 as 21 million tonnes.

(iii) Suggest reasons for the changes in production over these years. [4J
--.
The production increases due to the use of HYV seeds, fertilizer and sprays. Mechanization also
results in efficient work for growth. The production decreases because of variable rainfall. The
---- floods and storms damage the crops.
low output. The diseases, virus and
The poor irrigation methods and traditional skills also lead to
pest attack, lack of nutrients in soil and weak seeds lead to
variable production.

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 PAGE1S0

(c) To what extent is it possible to increase agricultural production by the use of modern
methods? [6]
There are possibilities for a good output by the use of fertilizers as nutrients are provided. The
sprays help to save the crop from pests and diseases. The use of HYV seeds save the crop from
droughts and give a large quantity and better quality output. The irriglitional methods as water
from tube wells or canals help to provide water in time when n ed~d. rrhe crop rotation in the field
improves its fertility e.g. pulses are grown to revive nitrogenous compounds in the soil. The
problems faced are due to environmental or economic reasons. It is due to the-use of traditional
methods, lack of money for the use ofHYV seeds, machinecy, and irrigational w,ater. Over use of
water leads to water logging and salinity. Farmers could no afford to buy<the machines, fertilizers,
HYV seeds etc. The water drained from the field has the chemicals of fertilizers & sprays which
contaminates the sub-soil water.

(d) Study Fig. 6.

•
.'
(i) What is the percentage of goods carried by rail? [1]

5%

(ii) Compare the advantages oftranspomng goods by ro d and rail. [4]

Roads help to reach all areas whether near or far. Eve vehicle as car, cycle, bus can move on it.
They can be made anywhere. Roads are used fon short distances. They are cheaper and faster.
Industrial estates can be easily accessible by roads. Perishable items can be moved easily. The rail

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 PAGE 151

has a limited network. They need stations. They are a cheaper mode of transport for long distances.
Heavy and bulky materials can be transported.

4 (a) Study Fig. 7.

ARABIAN
SEA

75
I

A the port where iron ore and coal are imported

B the site of the Pakistan Steelworks
C the lake that supplies water to the Pakistan Steelworks
D the destination of the motorway from Karachi [4]

A: Port Bjn.Qasim

B:Pipri

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 PAGE 152

11
c. Haleji Lake n
D: Hyderabad
(b) Explain why the Pakistan Steelworks is called 'a large scale industry'. [4] rl
The large-scale industry is an area with large ....
large income. A large number of workers
needed to get a large output. This industry
vu .. " .. '

n
"
quality products. It also requires

(c) Study Fig. 8, which shows imports

n
VBlueof
imports
(000 milion As)
rt

"
n
iJ
r1
40

r,
rt
n
r,
[1] r1

"
f"l
n
i ,

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 153

(ii) By how much has this increased since 1998? (lJ

85 000 to 88 000 million rupees.
(iii) Suggest one reason for this increase and explain your answer. (3]

Steel is imported because of Industrialisation in Pakist . ffbe demand of growing population is

increasing for construction and machinery. It is needed for buildmgs, houses and Industrial estates.
For railway carriages steel bodies are needed. dhe devaluation of Pakistan's currency leads to the
negative balance of payments and a high imp,ortbill
(d) WATER ELECTRICITY (6)

processing.
2. ELECTRICITY is needed for power & energy. It is used for running machines for
manufacturing of products. It p!ovides light, heat and ventilation. Work can be done efficiently.
Computers can be used in industries.
3. GAS PIPES supply gas to the industries where it is used as a cheap fuel for production e.g.
cement and fertilizer industry. It is used to provide heat and light. It is used for cooking purposes.
4. TELEPHONE is a source of communication. It helps to contact the buyers and suppliers. It is
used for sales, orders marketing and advertising. E-mail and internet can be connected with
telephones which links the whole world.
S. ROADS are a source of transport. They help to bring raw material to the industry and take the
finished goods to the markets for sale. Roads are efficient and cheaper way for travel and attraction
for visitors. Choose two types of infrastructure from the list above and for each explain its
importance to businesses on an industrial estate.
(e) What are the benefits and problems of developing new industrial estates? (6]
Benefits: They provide employment opportunities. The goods produced help to export so that trade
increases. More foreign exchange can be earned. There will be an increase of GOP and GNP. It
helps to increase the national income and economic growth. There is competition among the
industries which helps to increase the quality. Government provides an infrastructure as roads,
railway, electricity and communication. It provides subsidies, rebates and tax holiday to the
industries for their stability.
Problems: There is a need of more capital. The costs are high. There is loss of agricultural land as
it is cleared to construct industries. The power resources needed to run the estate would help to
deplete the natural etc. More imports are needed as machinery and resources e.g.

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 PAGE 154

coal, gas mineral oil which increases the import bill leading to a negative balance of payments.
There is too much of rural-urban migration in search of jobs.

5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows population density in Sindh.

,
8aJocllistan
,I Punjab

FNOrA.
over 800 per sq. kilometre
201 • 800 per sq. kiiomBtre
50- 200 per sq. kilometre
undIIr 50' per sq. kilometre

o 100 200'
km

fig. I

(i) Describe the distribution of the areas with a population density of 201 to 800 people per
square kilometre. [3]

It is found in the central Sindh. They are towards the south east and east of river Indus towards
south. Mostly in Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Kotri and Sukkur.

(ii) What is the lowest population density shown on the map? [1]

Under 50 per sq. kilometer.

(iii) Name the area which has the lowest population density. [1]

Tharparkar desert. (Sindh)

(iv) Explain the reasons for a high population density in the Karachi area. [6]

Karachi is the provincial capital of Sindh. It is a Metropolitan city. It has a Maritime climate with
moderate conditions. The city has many industries which attract labour workers. Rural-Urban
migration has also increased its population. There is a high birth rate and a low death rate. There
are great opportunities for business and trade. Many jobs are available in tertiary sector. The sea

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 PAGE 155

port of Karachi is used for trading (export & Imports). Better Infrastructure as roads, railway, air
and sea links with electricity, transport and communication is provided. The services as medical,
education, marketing, health and sanitation etc.= are present. Better living standard with better
settlements, good schools and hospitals are also present.

(b) Explain the difference between density and distributio of population. [2]

Population density is the number of people Rer unit area. or larger, Population distribution is the
spread of people in an area. ·It can be smaller

../

15

1(l

e
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2010 2015 2020

~popUldion
._mated population

Fig. 10

(i) What was the population in 2010? [IJ

13 million

(ii) By how much is this expected to increase from 2010 to 2020? [IJ
4 million

(iii) What problems can be cause in an urban area by a high population density? [4J
The high population density leads to a burden on the resources. Poor houses, slum areas and katchi
abadis develop. There is unemployment. Lack of sanitation and hygienic water. Frustration
develops leading to drug addiction, increased crime rate, smuggling, theft & murder.

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 ; .

PAGE 156

There would be shortage of food supply, hospitals, schools and entertainment areas. Due to load
on electricity 'there would be load shedding. People will be living in poor conditions. Air, water,
land and noise pollution will increase due to more traffic, sewage, house waste etc. Many diseases
can be observed. .
(d) Read the article below, published in 2009.

arachi.

The work is shared between the authorities and the local people.
Residents will benefit from sanitary facilities, water systems, a power supply and
better roads. Materials for building are supplied for housing, health centres and
schools, including a grammar school.
There is also a scheme to provide cheap loans for smaU businesses.

To what extent can self-help schemes, such as that in Orangi, succeed in improving the living
conditions in this and other slum areas? [6]
The self help schemes improved the conditions of the'slum areas by providing water for
cleanliness, hygienic water for drinking. The sanitation facilities reduce the diseases and death
rate. It leads to lower Infant Mortality. The power is supplied to use machines and electrical appli-
ances. The roads provide an opportunity for business, trade and transport. The schools, clinics,
doctors help to develop educational and medical facilities. Cheap loans can be provided for small
business. It providesjobs reducing the crime rate. The living standard and income would be better.
The failures are due to lack of money & investment. There is lack of education and medical
conditions, people look for facilities. High cost is needed for a better infrastructure as roads,
electricity, communication, sanitation etc. Political instability leads to deterioration.

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 PAGE 157

Oct/Nov 2012

1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows mineral extraction in 2008 in Pakistan.

1600

1400

1200
extraction
(thousand 1000
tonnes)
800

600

i 1
~ a 11
~

'=
mineral

Fig. 1

(i) Name two minerals shown on Fig. 1 that are used to make cement. [2]

2. Gypsum

(ii) State two uses of rock salt. [2J

1. Usedfor flavour in food, for preserving.

2. In chemicals as soda ash and Sodium Bicarbonate.

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 PAGE 158

(iii) State the amount of gypsum extracted. [1]

640 - 680 thousand tonnes.

(b) Study Fig. 2 which shows chromite extraction in Pakistan.

extraction
(thousand
tonnes)

fig. 2

(i) Describe the changes in extraction from 1992 to 2008. [3]

There is an overall increase from 1992-2008. It rose from 2004-2008.There was a sharp rise in
2007. The secondary peak can be observed between 1996-98 then a fall in 1999. Lowest
extraction was 16 thousand tonnes in 1994. Since 1992-2008 the amount extracted increased
from 28,000 to 115,000 tonnes.

(ii) Suggestwhy the extraction of minerals, such as chromite, varies from year to year.
[3]
It varies becausethe government does not invest in mineral exploration. More capital is needed.
Machinery is not present for extraction.lt is also difficult to move the machinery due to lack of
roads. Many companies fear terrorism especially in Balochistan.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'

PAGE 159

(c) Study Photograph A (Insert) which shows a quarry in Pakistan-

Photograph A fot Queadon 1

(i) Use the photograph and your ow vironmental problems that

can be caused by mineral extraction. [4]

The deforestation can be bserved in photograph. and is d formed. Pits and holes like
depressions are formed hich are not filled fter extraction leading the water to collect making
water trougns, Inemineral extraction results i the vibration due to blasting noise forming cracks
in the land. Rock and soil piles UR verywher . The landis eroded. Dust is observed everywhere.

(II) How can these [4]

The problems of deforestation can be solved if afforestation programmes are started. Trees bring

r- oxygen, the roots are held strong, The pollution of dust can be controlled if pits are filled again.
The miners must be given masks to cover from dust, ear pads to save from deafening, strict laws
must be made to avoid deforestation and causing of air, water and land pollution.

I.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
--~--------------------- -----
 PAGE 160

(d) To what extent can more extraction of mineral resources help to increase development in
Pakistan? [6]

The extraction of mineral resources can help in industrial development, as raw material can be
easily provided. It can lead to more trade, increasing exports and imports. It will lead to
employment opportunities. The Multinational companies will be attracted for investment.
Infrastructure as roads, railway, water & gas supply, electricity and communltatlon set up will
develop leading to economic growth. But for all this government would need Ijnorecapital, skilled
people to work. They have to face competition with other countries as we are short of capital,
technology and machinery. We have lack of skills and there are many remote areas facing
environmental hazards like floods, droughts etc.

2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which shows the climate of Karachi

40

30 30
temperature
(DC) 20 20

10 10

0 o
80 80

rainfall 60 60
(mm)
40 40

20 20

o Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sap Oct Nov Dec
0
month

Fig. 3

(i) By how much does the temperature rise from January to May? [1]
12"C

(ii) Describe the pattern of rainfall during the winter season from October to March.
[2]

There is a constant but gradual increase of rainfall as 1 - 12 mms from

October to March. The increase is 2 mm per month .

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 161

(iii) With reference to Fig. 3 only, describe the climate of the months from June to September.
[4]

The temperature is warm from June to September. It is 29-31°Cwith an average of 30°C. It is the
highest in June.There is a little change in temperature. The rainfall is the highest in July 85 mms.
It starts

conden-
sation of moisture winds.

(c) (i) Name the violent storms that form over:the sea and that may affect Karachi. [1]

Tropical cyclones.

(ii) In which months may these occur? [1]

April, May, June, Sept, Oct, Nov.

(iii) Explain how storms such as these may affect industry and communications in urban areas.
[6]
The storms lead to flooding In the urban areas which cause great problem for the people living
in the cities. There is a great lightning and heavy rain. The buildings, roads and bridges are
damaged. There is hindrance in the port activities. Traffic can be blocked on road. The electricity
lines are damaged which stops the working of the machines.There is load shedding which leads
to loss of production. The tele-communication is disturbed. The telephones did not work. The
labour could not reach the work places due to heavy rain and strong winds.

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 PAGE 162

(d) Readthe article below.

The continuing power cuts and load shedding in the expanding commercial
city of Karachi must be addressed. The port city lies on the shores of the
Arabian Sea, and has a windy and sunny climate.
The huge population and many industries generate a huge amount of waste
that needs to be disDosed of. ""; - -""I

Assess the possibilities and problems for electricity generation other than by fossil fuels at
Karachi. (6]

As Karachi is near the Arabian Seaso wave and tidal power can be used. The wind energy can be
used if wind turbines are placed. They can produce the wind electricity. The sun rays on the coast
also help to produce energy with the help of solar panels. Pakistan is near the plate boundary
and is in an active geological lone. Soit can help to produce Geothermal energy. Nuclear energy
can be produced and land waste can be used to produce biomass. Tile problems faced will be
that Arabian Seais in the extreme south away from large towns. Wind turbines therefore obstruct
shipping and fishing. The wind speed is also not the same with a regular speed. Sun also does not
shine at night as it is covered with clouds. Also the burning of the waste causes air pollution.
There are several problems in nuclear energy asthe radio active waste is destructive it could not
be deposed easily and more capital is needed for the technology of Geothermal energy.

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 PAGE 163

3 (a) Study Fig. 4 which shows an irrigation system.

I I
I I I
I I I
I

(i) Name the irrigation system shown in Fig. 4 [1]

karez

(ii) Name an area of Pakistan where It Is used. [1]

Baluchistan

(iii) Explain how this system provides water for agriculture in this area. [4]
The water of rain in the mountains drain to the foothills and form the ground water. The under
ground tunnels are made by digging shafts to flow the water to the land for cultivation. The canals
are covered to avoid evaporation. These provide water to the farmers in Balochistan but their
maintenance is necessary.

(iv) Name a fruit crop grown in this area. [1]

Dates, apple, apricot, melon.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 164

(b) Study Fig. 5 which shows the results of a land-use survey •In Pak·stan
I
in 2008•

80%
cultivated

50%

Fig.S

(i) What percentage of land is cultivated? [1]

37%

(ii) What percentage of land is waste? [1]

13-15%

(iii) Explain how soils are damaged by waterlogging and salinity. [4]
When there is excessof water in the soil it leadsto waterlogging. It is also due to misuse of water
by the illiterate farmers. If the canals are not properly lined and maintained, the water seeps
causing waterlog-ging. The water rises up carrying salts and when it evaporates it causessalinity
as a hard crust is formed. Therefore, due to salt the as roots could not get oxygen in waterlogged
soils.

(iv) Explain three reasons, other than by waterlogging and salinity, why over half the land was
not cultivated when the survey was made. [6]

l.The land is not cultivated due to overgrazing by animals as the humus contents of top soil is
eroded by the over eating of grass.The nutrients became lesswhich do not help to cultivate .

.0 LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 165

2. The low rainfall in the area makes it arid and dry. The soil is crumbled and cracked. It lacks
humidity leading to low growth. Erosion is easier leading to lack of cultivation.
3. Deforestation is another factor. If the trees are cut down in an area the top soil becomes loose
as there are no trees to hold the roots and provide humus content to the soil by the fallen twigs
and leaves.The nutrients of the soil reduce leading to infertirty.

(c) To what extent could government a

these, the government has to arrange for:a large capital. Our people are not trained and literate
to work efficiently. Government also has to provide for a high population. It leads to a great
economic burden. Due to the mecf:lanisationthere is unemployment and the Land reforms can
be a failure due to corruption by the land lords.

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===
~ PAGE 166
11
II

~
-&'I 4 (a) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution of the cotton textile industry in Pakistan.

I
=i Nt

:t

....... disputed
inlemationaJ
boundary

o colton textile
industrY,

Fig. 6

(i) Name the main centres of the cotton textile industry A, Band C. [3]

(i) A: Quetta

B: Gujranwala

C: Multan

(ii) Describe the distribution of the cotton textile industry. [3]

Most cotton textile industries are in Punjab along the rivers egoMultan, Faisalabad,Lahore etc.
Some are in Sindh near river Indus eg, Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur and Larkana. Few are in KPK
as Peshawarand Nowshera. In Balochistan, Quetta is the major textile industry.

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 PAGE 167

(b) Study Fig. 7 which shows the output of yarn and cloth between 1999 and 2008.

yamoulput
(milion
kg)

(i) Compare the outputs of cotton yarn and -cotton cloth from 1999 to 2008 shown
onFig.7. [2]

(i) Cotton yarn output isgreater than the cotton cloth. Cotton ya~nwas the highest in 2008 (26000
million kg). Cotton cloth was the bighest in 2007 and 2008 as 1900 million sq.m.

(ii) Suggestone reason for the difference In output of cotton yarn and cotton cloth, and

expfain your answer. [2]

The reason can be less investment leading to less raw material to pro- duce cotton yarn and
cotton cloth. It can also be due to load shedding asthe machines stop working.

(c) (i) Give an example of a job in each of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the

cotton industry. [3]

Primary: Farming, picking, bringing water.

Secondary: Washing, dyeing, spinning, wearing

Tertiary: Sales,transport, management.

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 PAGE 168

(ii) How is the proportion of workers employed in each of these sectors changing? [3]

Here is a less proportion in the Primary sector, more or less in the Secondary and more in the
Tertiary job

[3]

(d) To what extent will improvements in education ben_efttboth the rural and urban people of
Pakistan? [6]

Education increases literacy. They can read and have great skills. Due to education, better jobs
are available which pay more. They can use the machinery and get a good output. The farmers
can earn a lot of money. People get aware of having family planning. They know about the healthy
food, exercise etc. This also helps to improve their living conditions. More education leads to
more doctors, teachers etc. Having more educated people also leads to lack of jobs. Many
therefore emigrate to other countries which reduces the numbers of skilled people as doctors,
teachers, managers etc. Many people who receive education in rural areas could not live in such
standards and move to the urban areas which puts a burden on urban resources, it is becauseof
Rural urban migration.

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 PAGE 169

5 (a) Study Fig. 8 which shows birth and death rates in Pakistan from 1990 to 2005.

40--

30

births! deaths
per 20
thousand
population

10

it)

i
'I""

(i) State the birth rate and death rate in the year 2005.

[2]

(i) Birth rate: 26 per thousand.

Death rate: 7 per thousand.

(ii) By how much has each decreased since 19901 [2]

Birth rate: 13 per thousand (33%)

Death rate: 3 per thousand (30%)

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 170

(iii) Explain why both the birth and death rates have fallen in Pakistan. [6]

Both birth and death rates have fallen becauseof the better family planning programme. People
use contraceptives as many are literate of having small families. Women a e educated. Late
marriages also lead to less children. There are more doctor:s, medicines and hospitals to save
people. The infant mortality rate hasdeclined due to vaccination facilities. There is an availability
of variety of food. Many can afford to have nutritious food. Peopl have a healthy lifestyle, they
have proper diet food and exercise. People do not want to tiave more chlldnen as many have
become materIalistic. They work to improve their standard of living so they dld not want to have
large families

(b) Study Fig. 9 which shows birth and death rates of a country.

50

40

birthsl deaths
per
thousand 30
population

20

10

00 0 0 0 0
~
.... ...
~ ! ...
S; Sl
....
year

FlO. 9

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 171

(i) Describe the main changes in birth rate from 1941 to 2000.

There is an overall decrease from 1941-72. The birth rate was the highest in 1981 as 50 persons
per thousand. The greatest decrease was in 2000. It was 36 persons per thousand.

(ii) Complete the following:

NATURALINCREASE= Birth rate minus ==;:.r....:...=.;=

[2]

greatest.

1941 1972

1981

(c) (i) Explain the difference betwee [2]

Emigration is moving away from one area on country. Immigration is moving into an area or
country ..

(II) Explain the advantages ~nd disadvantages of International emigration for the people of
Pakistan. [6]

International emigration helps to earn higher income due to better job opportunities. The people
abroad can send remittances to their homes and have better living standards as housing,
electricity etc. They want to have social benefits as education, health care etc. They get better
food also. The disadvantages are that the country loseseducated workers e.g. doctors, teachers.
Some emigrants face problem of language in other countries and also because of their
qualifications, they are rejected.They also need work permits. There is also a high cost of living-
Many also are prejudiced.

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 PAGE 172

May/June 2013

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows the climate of Quetta.

60 60
temperature
(0C)
50

40

30

20

10

o .Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
month

Fig. 1

(i) Describe the annual distribution of rainfall at Quetta. [3]

In Quetta, the rainfall is highest in winters from Oct- March, There is 57 mm rainfall
in January, the total rainfall in winter is 202 mms There is no rainfall in September
month. In summers, July has the highest rainfall 13 mms, The total rainfall in summer
is 62 mmS, Annual total rainfall is 264 mms

(ii) State two causesof rainfall at Quetta and name the months when each occurs.
[4]
Cause1: Western depressions
Months: From December to April
Cause2: Thunderstorms
Months: From July to August

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 PAGE 173

(iii) What are the maximum and minimum temperatures at Quetta, and when do they occur?
Maximum Month .
[2]

Maximum: 28°C

Maximum: 4°C

1. The sun is on a higher angle, it is on the head. iThereis high resolution.

2.There are longer hours of day light with less-cloudsin the sky.

(b) Explain how underdevelopment and disease can be made worse by water shortages.

[6]

Underdevelopment: If there is water shortage, it destructs agriculture produce.The out put of

crop will decrease, the crops can wither. Livestock could die if water is not available. Water is a
great requirement for industries, it can lead to less hya.elpower generation also.
Disease: Due to the water shortages, there will be problem of hygiene, sanitation system will
create problems. There will be lack of cleanliness. There will be malnutrition children will be
weak. There will be a risk of Water-borne diseasesas Diahorrea, Dysentery, Malaria & Dengue
fever.

(c) (i) Name two types of infrastructure other than water supply. [2]

1. Electricity

2. Roads

(ii) For each of the types of infrastructure named in (c) (i), consider the advantages and
problems of improving it in Balochistan. [6]

1. If electricity is present in Balochistan, new industries will be set up, production will increase, it
will lead to emplovment opportunities for the people. It will help reduce migration to urban
areas. Living standard of the people will develop. The area is remote, it will need more money to
set up the electricity grid to provide it but the population is also low. It will create great burden
on the economy.

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 PAGE 174

2. If roads are made in Balochistan, new settlements will develop. There will be new industries
which will provide employment opportunities to the people. It improves their living standards
also if roads are made, the forests have to be cleared leading to deforestation. It will be expensive
to make roads in Balochistan due to the difficult terrain and a lot of money will be spent on
building roads leading to the burden on the economy.

2 Study Fig. 2, which shows a map of the coast of Pakislan.

(a) (i) Name on the map, two of the ports shown. [2]

I
Balochistan I
I
, I

/
,,: Sindh
Ormara ,_ .,
I

Gawadar .......................
..J.i.w~n.L·················
..· Keamarl Karachi

ArabiBnSea
Key
internationalboundary
provincialboundary o 75
...rv....t coastline km
• ports

Fig. 2
(ii) Name two types of fish caught In the sea near Pakistan. [2]

1. Shark
2. Catfish

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 175

(b) Study Fig. 3, which shows the contribution to Gross National Product (GNP) of the /fishing
industry in Pakistan.

GNP
RsOOOmillion
50

4()

30

20

10

o
~
year

Fig.3

(i) What was the contribution to GNPof the fishing industry in 2010? [1]
56 000 million rupees
(iI) By how much has this figure increased since 2006? [1]
26 000 million rupees
(iii) What Is meant by 'over-fishlng'? Why does it occur? [3]
Over-fishl".: It is when more fish are caught than replaced naturally.
Why it occurs: If too many fish is caught which becomes a by - catch It is too small to be sold.
It only becomes a waste. Mostly, the fish is caught in the breeding seasonfrom May - September.

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 PAGE 176

(c) Study Fig. 4, which shows the main districts for fish farming in Pakistan.

river •

Arabian Sea fi$h far~

dispute<f
international
boundary
o 300
km

(i) Describe the distribution of fish farming in Pakistan. [3]

Fishfarming is done in same mountain areaswhere the rivers flow as swat, Chitral, Dir, Malakand
area. Farms are found in D.LKhan, Mardan, Swabi, Kohat and Abbottabad. In Punjab, they are
found in the irrigated areas and near the tributaries of Indus e.g. Attock, Sheikhupura,
Gujranwala. In Sindh, they are found in the areas nearthe delta of river Indus e.g. Thatta, Badin
and Dadu.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PACiE177

(ii) Describe how fish are reared on a fish farm. [4]

Rectangular ponds are made, clean hygienic water is filled in it. The surface is cemented.
The embankments are solidified with mud orcement. Trees are planted along side to provide
shade to fish. Separate speciesare bred in separate ponds. Proper feed is provided.
(d) Give an example of primary, secondary and in the industry.

Primary: Fisherman

Tertiary: Lorry driver

farming in Pakistan?

Choice: Marine fishing

Benefits: Many people get employment bette!' infrastructure as developed ports, roads, display
centres are provided. More food output to provide to the population leading to a balanced diet.
Shrimps are exported to Japanto earn foreign exchange.

Problem.: MQ.tly sub.lst,n~e fl,11 rmen use old tradltl al metho9s. There 15 l4Ickof Investment
in the sector. The industries on the port dump the c:!1,micalwat r in the sea leading to water
pollution it is a threat to mangroves, breeding grounds for fish.
[6]

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 PAGE 178

3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the climate of Multan.

40
temperature rainfall
fOe) (mm)
30 150

20

10 50

o . o
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
month

Flg.5

(i) In which months is the temperature above 25°C? [1]

April - October

(ii) What is the maximum rainfall and when does it occur?

Maximum rainfall .•.....•.•.••..••.•..•.•.•••.•...•••.•••..

month.......................................... [1]

61mms, July

(iii) Cotton is the major cash crop grown in Pakistan. Label on Fig. 5:

- the month of sowing

- the months of growth
- the month of harvest [3]

(iv) Explain why the months you have marked for growth have the best climatic conditions for
cotton. [4]

Cotton is a Kharif crop, it is sown in April/May and harvested in October November. It needs
temperature between 25°C -35°C for growth. The temperatures at night are mild. It needs 1000
mm rainfall which is fulfilled by monsoons or if needed by irrigation. During the harvest season,

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PAKISTAN STU· IES
 PAGE 179

October / November have very less rain, light shower helps to bloom the cotton bolls but frost
for a long time is dangerous.

(b) Study Fig. 6, which shows the amount of cotton produced and the area used for this in
Pakistan.

16
production
(million bales>
14

12

10

production

Fig. 6

(i) What was the hilhest annual production, and in which year did it occur?

Production year.......................... [1]

14 million bales. , 2006

•
(ii) Compare the chanle in cotton production with the change in area of land used between
2000 and 2010. [3]

In 2000, the area used was 2.9 million hectares and in 2010 it was 3.2 million hectares. The area
changes by 0.4 million hectares since 2000 to 2010. The production of cotton was 8.9 million
bales in 2000 which
became highest as 14.5 million bales in 2006. It was 12.9 million bales in 2010. The production
mostly increased from 2000 by 5.5 m in the year 2010.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 180

(c) How can the government help farmers to grow more cotton? [6]

Government can give loans to the farmers on installment to buy the tractor, seeds, fertilizers &
spray etc. The high yielding variety seedscan be given on cheap rates. Aerial sprayscan be a great
help by the government to save the crop from destruction. Machine can be given on lease or

can also help the farmer who have small farms.

(d) To what extent can the development of cottage and small-scale industries improve family
incomes in Pakistan? [6J

The development of the cottage and small scale industries help to increase employment
opportunities. The women could work at home helping inmaking cultural craft products. The
production from small scale industries will help to fulfill local demands. It will improve the
standard of living. The rural urban migration will decrease. People in the rural areas Will use the
local raw material, waste materials can also be utilized.
On the other hand increasing incomes will lead to child labour, the children will not study, they
will work in the small scale industries to earn their living so their conditions will deteriorate. It
will also lead to lack of infrastructure as the government will feel a great burden to provide the
roads, electricity and schools etc.

4 (a) (i) State what is meant by 'renewable energy' and give an example. [2J

Meaning: Renewable energy can be used again. They are not exhausted.

Example: Wind, Sunrays,Water

(Ii) Name a fossil fuel, and explain why it is non-renewable. name .

why it is non-renewable [2]

name: Coal.

why it is non-renewable: It is non-renewable becauseit takes millions of years to form, they are
also taken out of the ground. Coal also becomes ash and is exhausted. It is a fossil fuel.

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 PAGE 181

(iii) Explain how fossil fuels cause:

Air pollution

Land pollution [2]

outon
the land.

GAS

80% 8Q% 20%

Fig. 7

(i) State the percentages of gas and oil used for electricity production. [2]

(i) gas: 30%, Oil: 40%

(ii) Which user takes lS% of gas? [1]

(ii) Fertilizer

(iii) Which user takes 50% of oil? [1]

Transport

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 182

iv) Explain why a larger percentage of gas than oil is used in the home. [3]

Gasis in a large quantity in Pakistan. It is transported efficiently with the help of pipelines.
It is a cheap source of energy. It can also be transported as liquified Petroleum Gas(LPG)or
Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)to northern areas. It is also not used more in vehicle as oil.

(c) Study Fig. 8, which shows the usage of coal mined in Pakistan.

COAl
electriCity
and home

Fig. 8

(i) Name the industry A which usesa large amount of coal produced in Pakistan. [1]

Brick

(ii) Why is only a small percentage of coal used for electricity generation? [1]

Coal found in Pakistan is mostly of very low quality, lignite or peat.

(d) Name one type of renewable energy. Explain where the most suitable areas in Pakistan
would be for its development. [4]

name: Wind energy

explanation: The speed of wind for wind energy is feasible in the mountain area of North and
west ot Pakistan. Also in the coastal areas of the Indus and Makran coast. The wind speed helps
the turbines to move andproduce wind energy to a large area.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 183

(e) Explainwhy it is important to supply electricity to rural areas. Consider to what extent it is
possible. [6]
It is important to supply electricity to rural areas as tube wells can work to provide water to the
agricultural fields. Many small scale industries can develop which gives employment
opportunities to the people. This raises the standa
use electrical appliances, they can be lin
Technology which helps them to mnr1<>,"n'7A tt,enl\sellile:SHFhe~-y
...,:an_be
electricity, the government has to
lines and to maintain them. The cost

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PAKISTAN-STUDIES
 PAGE 184

5 (a) Study Fig. 9 (insert), which shows the main towns and cities in the Punjab province.

IN

d....,~~
ICiIty

~~·.,. ... kA:Mt_ •

.8OOMdDRr
" ...... 7'SIIIi
~
'sO-1M
,~
lU"""" ;0
no IIIrit.-

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 185

(i) Name the cities A, B, C, and state the size of their population.

A name Lahore population 4-6 Million

B name Faislabadpopulation 2-4 Million

C name Multan population 1-2 Million [6]

(ii) Describe the distribution of towns and cities with a population of over SO000. [3]

(b) Study Fig. 9 again.

(i) Name an area with a population den$ity below SOpersons per square kilometre. [1]

Nokkundi

(Ii) With reference to physical factors only, explain why 'the area that you have named in (b)

(i) has a low population density. [4]

The area of Balochistan is an arid and hot area, ther~ is scarcio/ of nfall which leads to no
agriculture. There is also shortage of water.The terraln of the area is a desert with sand dunes,
rOcks& hills. The land has stony areas, sandstorms are common, land is a barrier leading to less
vegetation. Therefore the population density in the area is low.

(c) In the last SOyears there has been a big increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas.

(i) Name two push factors that cause people to migrate from rural to urban areas. [1]

Unemployment

(Ii) Explain each of the factors you have named in (c)(i). [4]

Unemployment 1scommon in rural areas asthere is no proper infrastructure as roads, electricity,

there is lack of industries which leads to lessjobs.The rural areas lack the better civic facilities as
hospitals, schools etc. there is lack of doctors, nurses and teachers so they are forced to move to
urban areas to get the services of teachers, doctors etc.

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 PAGE 186

(iii) Explain two problems experienced by migrants from rural areas when they reach urban
areas. [6]

Problem 1The migrants from rural to urban areas faced problem of housing as the cities are
already over populated. There is shortage of houses, they are expensive and of poor standard, so
they are forced to live in slums or with 10 persons in a single room.
Problem 2 They also face unemployment, they could not get good debs, if they have no good

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PAGE 187

Oct/Nov 2013

1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert) •

.--

Name: Tubewe-U

How it arks: A deep underground well is dug, t e water is pumped up und well is dug, the
r--
water is pumped upfrom the aquifer, diesel motor is needed to pump up water and flow it
intoa reservoir and is distributed to the fields by canals or pipes etc.

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 PAGE 188

(b) Study Fig. 1, a map showing the main sugar-cane growing areas.

A .

KeY:
._-- international boundary
~--. di$Puted boundary
.. -. provincial boundary
~riYer
• main. sugar-ame.
IJfQWIng area
o 400

Fig. 1

Name on the map one city, town or district in each of the areas A, Band C. [3]

A is Peshawar
B is Faisalabad
Cis Hyderabad

(c) (i) What is meant by the following terms? [3]

Subsistence crop: It is a crop grown on a small scalefor the use of the farmer and his family
Cashcrop: It is a crop that is grown to be sold for income on a commercial level.

(ii) Describe the climate and soil conditions needed for growing sugar-cane. [4]

Climate: Temperature required for sugar cane is between 25°C -35 c as it is a kharif crop. It is
sown in May, June, the growing time needs hot temperature. It needs 1500 mms of rainfall for
growing. It can also tolerate frost for a short period.
Soil: Loamy soil having equal amount of silt, sand and clay is the best for its growth. The soil
retains water and allows infiltration. It is richand fertile with nitrogen, phosphate and potash.

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 PACiE189

(d) (i) Give two reasons why sugar-cane factories should be built as close as possible to the
fields where sugar-cane is grown. [2J

(i) It is a heavy, bulky & costly crop for transport as it also destructs the road surface.the road

1. Bagasse
2. Molasses

Name: Wheat

can fulfil tile needs af the increasing population,

we can export it to earn foreign exd'ian ) It adds to tbe~GOP.We do not need to import wheat.
Olsadva"ta •• s; There Is h!Sh cost of Machinery and vv seeds. The Irrlgiltlonal water Is to be
bought to fulfill the needs f the crop. T ere is a law output when there is water logging,
salinity and attack of diseaseor virus.

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PAGE 190

2 (a) Study Photograph B (Insert) showing a brickworks, and Fig. 2, a diagram showing the
main inputs to a brick-making industry.

(i) Write the names of three other physical inputs in the three empty boxes on Fig. 2 above.
[3]

moulds 1 c.Q~J.. I
r---r-~:.....:..r---,-~/

.:
labour capital

Ftg.2

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 PAGE 191

(ii) Explain how bricks are made. [3]

Clay is first mixed with water, 30% sand is added to

and placed under the sun to dry, then on _'V"'~"">"",-V"V

(iii) Name two types of air pollution t

1. Carbon monoxide
2. Soot/smoke

by this brickworks
""'lIIU~IVIl,.rfl·2~I·tI

[4]

to noise pollution.

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 PAGE 192

25

20

production
(million !onnes) 15

10

2005
year

Fig. 3

(i) What was the production of cement in 20091 [1]

28 million tonnes

(ii) By how much did production increase from 2000 to 20091 [1]

19 million tonnes

(iii) Name the two main raw materials used to make cement. [2]

1. Limestone
2 Gypsum

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 ,)J. •

PAGE 193

(iv) Give three reasons for the continuous increase in cement manufacture from 2000 to
2009. [3]

1. Demand has increased due to population increase.

2. Raw materials are easily & cheaply available.
3. For more construction & urbanization the need has increased.

goods.

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 PAGE 194

3 (a) Study Fig. 4, a graph showing the weight of goods carried by road and rail transport in
140

road

120

100

80

weight
(million tonnes
perkm) 60

40

20

o
1997
year

FIg."
Pakistan.

(i) What is the weight of goods carried by road in 20091 [1]

128 million tonnes per km.

(ii) How much more was carried by road than rail in 20091 [1]

122 million tonnes per km.

(iii) By how much has the weight of goods carried by road increased from 2002 to 20091
[1]
18 - 20 million tonnes per km.

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 PAGE 195

(b) Why has the use of road transport increased more than rail transport since 2000?
[4]

The roads can be built easily in plain areas. Some are present in mountainous areas. Roadscan
go any where, but railways need stations. There has been less investment in constructing rail
tracks. There is corruption in the railways, there are sholt term returns in the road, but long

(c) Study Fig. 5, a map of Pakistan.

y Y

alboundary
•• -- di6Ruted boundary
ArabiaiJ Sea
...-. provincialboundary

o 400
km

•t
Fig. 5

(i) Give ttie latitude of the lines X - X and Y - y [2]

128 million tonnes per km.
122 million onnes per km.
18-20 million tonnes per km.

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PAGE 196

(ii) Explain the effect of latitude on

Temperature

Day length [4]

Temperature: There is greater heating as it is near the equator. As we nigher the cooling effects
can be observed. At the lower latitudes there are direct rays of the sun. At higher latitudes
there is less insulation
I

Dav length: In high latitudes the days are shorter in winter but longer in summer as earth is
tilted on its axis. Northern hemisphere points toward sun in summer and away from sun in
winter.

(d) (i) Study Photograph C.

Name three attractions to tourists shown in the photograph. [3]

1. Terraces/ Forests
2 Mountains
3. River valley

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 "

PAGE 197

(ii) Explain how local people can gain income from tourism in mountain areas. [3]

The local people can work as guides to earn money. They can work as waiters in the hotels and
restaurants. Some work as drivers for transportation. The locals sell the crafts as souvenirs to
the tourists to earn money.
(e) To what extent is it possibleto increasetourism in

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PAGE 198

4 {a} Study Photographs D and E {Insert}.

-"---

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'!!!II
IIIIiiiiii
PAGE 199
~
11
II

;--
I
II
5
'&
I
a
~r- ~
i

(i) Name the type of renewable en [2J

D:Wind
E: Solar

(ii) Give three advantages 0 [3J

Advantages

1. They will not deple e.

2. They do not pollute the enviro ment.
3. They are cheap resources for energy genera ion.

(iii) Give th ee disadvantages of generating energy by either D or E [3J

Disadvantages:

1. It is-not constant as it needs clear skies.

2 Sunny days are less in winter.
3. The solar panels are expensive to build and maintain but the running cost is low.

r_

-
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 PAGE 200

(b) Study Fig. 6, a map of Pakistan.

400
,

fig. •

On the map name the two dams shown, and the rivers on which they are situated. [4]

X dam: Tarbela, river: Indus

y dam: Mangla river: Jhelum

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PAGE 201

C (i)With reference to water supply and relief (topography) explain why it might be possible
to build more HEP (hydel) power stations in areas such as that shown in Photograph C
(Insert). [4]

(ii) Give three reasons why it is difficult to develop more HEP (hydel) power stations in
Pakistan. [3]
•
1. It is expensive to build more HEPstations.
2.-Some areas experience less rain && hot temperatures.
3 The government is less keen to build dams as they face threat from tribal areas also.

--
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 PAGE 202

(d) To what extent is it possible to increase the electricity supply to rural areas? [6]

It is possible to increase the supply to rural areas if we extend the national grid, more power
can be generated through renewable resources as wind, Solar and HEP etc. Some non
renewable resources as thermal power also can be used. In rura areas as the population is low,
Biogas plant can alsO help providing electricity to 80 houses easily. The problems faced are
power theft, and the high cost of technology to be provided. TI:I eleGtriclty,fluctuates or breaks
down due to the siltation in the reservoir. There is too much of Tribal opposition to provide
electricity to the rural areas.

5 (a) Study Fig. 7 (Insert) a map of literacy in Pakistan.

Utency,1",
as a percentage of
total population
aged 10 years and above
60 and over

Q . 2(10
km
! 40-59
20-39
under 20
no data

FiG. 7 for Ouestion 5

(i) Name a city in each of the three areas shown on the map where literacy is over 60%
[3]

Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad.

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 PAGE 203

(ii) Name an area where literacy is below 20%. Explain why the literacy rate is low in this
area. [6]

Area: Chaghi (Balochistan)

Reason:The province of Balochistan is the largest one according to the area but smallest in size
of population. It is a remote area lacking the infrastrt cture-as roads, electricity, schools. The
people face tribal influences which do not all w them to receive education. The population is
children work as child labour.

FIg.'

(i) What is the percentage of literate males in urban areas? [1]

37-39%
(ii) How much larger is this than the percentage of literate males in rural areas?[1]

1-2-14%
(c) (i) Give an example of tertiary employment for which literacy is not important. [1]

Sweeper / driver /maid

(ii) Explain why literacy is important to increase economic development in Pakistan. [6]

Literacy is important to increase because the skilled people as engineers, teachers, architects
etc help to improve the economy. New investments can be made to increase employment,
people get higher wages. The learned people can manage the administration and business to
get profits. The literate ones can get opportunities abroad and earn a lot of remittances for
Pakistan adding up in the foreign
exchange earnings. Literate ones can help in making better policies and administrating.

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 PAGE 204

(i) What is the percentage of literate females in rural areas? [1]

10%

(ii) To what extent can population growth be influenceCtby inclieasing female literacy?
[6]

provided, there will be lessdeaths, the family planning clinics are present, and they should
be encouraged by the religious leaders to have families according to their resources.

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 PAGE 205

May/June 2014

1 (a) Study Fig. 1,a graph showing wheat production and cultivation.

production
(milliontonnes)
20

10
' ..

o
1990 1995 2000 2005

;Fig. 1

(i) By how much did wheat production increase from 1991 to 20101 [1]
10 milliontonnes

(Ii) By how much did the area of wheat cultivation Incre se from ~991 to 20101 [1]

11 million acres.

(iii) Compare the production of wheat from 1991 to 2000 with the production from 2001 to
2010 [2]

They both have increased.There is a fluctuation yearlv.ln 1991-14 million tonnes production was
observed which increased by::; milll tonnes to 19 -24 million tonnes in 2000. From 2001 2010 it
as 10 to 24 million tonnes.

(iv) To what extent was the amount of wheat produced related to the cultivated area from
1991 to 20101 [3]

When area was high, the production was high. It was lowest in 1991 as 79 million acres and
highest in 2009 and 2010 as 90 million acres. There was an exception when in year 2002 area
decreased but production increased. Production increased when area was constant in 1991.
Production decreased when area was constant in 2005 and 2007. Area increased when
production was constant in 1992, 1995 and 2003. Area decreased when production was constant
in 1996.

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 PAGE 206

(b) (i) Circle the months in which most wheat is grown in Pakistan.

OCTOBER- MAY JUNE- SEPTEMBER [1]

OCTOBER-MAY

(ii) Explain why the climate at this time is most suitable for wheat farming. [3]

The Oct/Nov/Dec are sowing months when temperature is 10 - 20°Cgood-tor growth, There is a
need of moderate rainfall. Only lS0 - SOOmmin spring is needed tor growing_andswelling of grain
before harvest. Warm temperature is needed 2S-30°Cfor ripening in April and May.

(c) Why are waterlogging and salinity called 'the twin menaces for farmers'? [2]

Water logging restricts the roots to grow, it prevents air pockets in the soil. Salinity poisons the
soil. There is excessof salt which cannot be tolerated by soil. Therefore, both of them destroy
the fertility of soil and damage the soil and crops.

(d) Describe the ways in which damage by waterlouing and salinity can be prevented.
[6]

To preventWater loggingand Salinitybetter water mangementsystemsare developed.Irrigation must

be plannedproperly.Tubewellsare installedto pump out excessivewater to lower the water table.The
surfacedrainsaredugwhichdivert waterto a riveror a lake.Canalsare linedto avoidseepage.Thecanals
must be closedproperlyto avoid blockagewhich leadsto overflow of water. Theymust be cleaned,and
embankmentsmustbe madehighto avoidoverflowof water. Eucalyptustrees are plantedwhich helpto
absorbexcessivewater in roots. ReclamationprojectsasSCARP mustwork to control water loggingand
salinity.

(e) To what extent can better education and training increase farm production? [6]

The education and training helps to increase farm production. Better water for irrigation must be
managed.The farmer must have knowledge of better seed varieties and fertilizer to increase the
crop output. The farmer must use the pesticides and insecticides to prevent crop from its
destruction. Farm machinery must be used and they could maintain and use it properly. It should
be easier for the farmer to get loans and therefore, he coul maintain the finances. Government
and farmers face problems due to lack of land. They need more money for the products,
machinery and traing set up. Power of landlords can restrict their development work. There is a
burden on economy to provide loans to farmers. Most farmers are also reluctant to use modern
methods.

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 PAGE 207

2 (a) Study Fig. 2, a cross section showing an oil trap.

(i) Label on the diagram A the layer of rock co ,taining oil. B the layer of rock containing gas.
[2]

(ii) What is meant by the term 'porous rock~ [1]

Rockhaving pores or holes is a porous rock. Jiheyallow liquid or gas to passthrough.

(iii) Why is the feature in Fig. 2 called 'an oil trap'? [2]

Oil is trapped between non-porous impervious layers of rock. Oil is also trapped between gas
above and water below.

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 PAGE 208

(b) Study Fi~. 3 which shows the uses of oil.

FIg. 3

Choosethree of the following terms below to complete Fig. 3.

By-products raw materials pesticide

Petrol biogas bagasse [3]

,0LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 209

(c) Study Fig. 4, a map showing oil refineries and pipelines in Pakistan.

Arabian Sea

(i) Name and locate the oil refinery marked,on the o,lIfleld In Fig. 4. [2]

Name. Attock Oil Refinery

Location. Potwar Plateau

(i1) Name one refinery where imported oil Is processed. (1)

PARCO(Mehmoodkot)
(iii) Explain the importance of the White Pipeline, and other pipelines to the development of
Pakistan. [4]

The White oil pipeline project takes crude oil from Port Qasim to PARCO:Then after refining
of oil it flows it to other pipelines to provide it to the petrol pumps of other cities. It reduces rail
and road transport needs and charges. It is the fastest and cheapest mode to transport oil and
meet the demands of people. It will increase industrialization and employment opportunities.

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 PAGE 210

(d) (i) Name an area where coal is mined in Pakistan, and state one type of coal found there.
[2]

Name. Quetta

Type of coal: Coking coal

(ii) Give two reasons why most of the coal mined in Pakistan is called 'low quality'. [2]

1. It has more ash and low carbon content.

2. It has high sulphur and moisture content.

(e) To what extent can Pakistan rely on fossil fuels to Increase fuel and gower supplies?
[6]

Pakistan has large reserves of coal and gas, oil is in Attock, Morga, Balochistan and lower Sindh.
Due to availability of gas and coal in Balochistan and Sindh a eas, they become suitable for use
in power station to produce electricity. Coal is a cheap fuel ana coargas can be made. Industrial
and domestic needs can be met by the available fossil fuels in the country, Government feels
problems with transportation of bulk coal,extraction of oil and gas. Also, many fossil fuels are
expensive to import along with extraction, exploration and provision to areas.

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 PAGE 211

3 (a) Study the map Fig. 5.

Arabian Sea

(i) Name the towns A, Band C. [3]

1. Quetta
2. Peshawar
3. Gilgit

(ii) Name one of the passes D, E and F shown on Fig. 5" and name the country that it links to
Pakistan. [2]

(iii) Give two reasons why air transport is used to carry lightweight or valuable goods to other
countries instead of roads. [2]

1.For safety purpose

2.Quick transport

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PAGE 212

(b) Study Fig. 6 (Insert) an advertisement for cotton fabric.

Rg. 610r Question 3

COTTON FABRICS INTERNATIONAL

FOR THE BEST QUALITY COTTON

Look at the huge range of cotton cloth on our website

www.cotlonfabric&mlemationalro

Contact Cotton Fabrics Inter Iional, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Tel. 041·9234188

Fax. 041·9234189

E·mail: cotton(abricsintcmatkmaJ@.palocom.com

(i) State three ways in which this company can be contacted. [3]

1. Telephone
2. Internet (email / website)
3. Letter or visit

(ii) Explain the importance of good communications to a business such as Cotton Fabrics
International. [3]

Good communications link the dealers. They are good for advertisement. The system helps to
know about the market and demand links can develop providing international exposure, It helps
to mostable the price of the products.

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 • ~ \ot , , • ."

PAGE 213

(c) (i) Name two dry ports in Pakistan. [2]

1. SambrialSialkot
2. Lahore

[4]

craft industries of Pakistan?

A better road network connects differe :t areas. They provide accessto the raw-meterials and
markets. Tourists can move from one Rlaeeto another buying crafts as soveniers from the areas.
Peoplewill be employed in small scale and craft industries making the living standard better, e.g,
Swat or Skarducan be linked by road network. Infrastructure as electricity, gas,and water supply
can be provided to the areas for development. ifhe problems which can hinder the development
are closing of roads in mountainous areas due to avalanches, snow and land slides. The cost of
construction of roads and transport increaseswhich bur; ens the economny.

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 PAGE 214

4 (a) Study Fig. 7, a map of deforestation in Pakistan.

• area of de1of'estation
X~:::::: desert
.-'_' internalionaJ boundary
---. disputed bwndary
Arabian Sea
o, , kin !

Fig. 7

(i) Name the areas of deforestation A and B. [2]

A. Sulaiman kirthar range
B. FATA- Safe koh

(ii) Name the desert C. [1]

C. Kharan desert

(iii) State three reasons why deforestation occurs in one of the areas shown on Fig. 7
1. Due to overgrazing of land.
2. Use of firewood.
3. Construction of roads, houses and industry.

(b) Study the article below from 'Dawn', November 4th, 20~1.

Pakistan bas the bigbest annual deforestation rate in Asia.

Tbe forests only cover 2.5% of the country's land. At tbe time of independence
tbey covered 33%. If deforestation is not more strictly controlled, the country
will not be able to meet its commitment under tbe UN Development Goal. Tbis
goal is to increase its forest cover to 6% by 2015.

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 '!!III
IIIiiii
PAGE 215
~
-0
I
I
(i) By how much has forest cover decreased since independence? [1] '&
I
30.5%

(ii) By how much should it increase

Development Goal?
UN
=
I
3.5% :t
[6]

Effect: Soil erosin.

it barren.

Effect: Siltation

Explanation: Silt blocks in dams reducing the capacity of storing water.

Effect: Flooding

Explanation: Excessivewater flows 'in the form of floods~i• the lowland area if there is

Deforestation in foot hills.

(d) Explain how forests can become a source of Income for the people of rural areas. [4]

Forests provide employment In the forest department. Wood for firewood can be extracted.
Herbs can be obtained by pharmaceutical Industries. Furniture, toys and souvenirs can be
made for sale. Forestsalso attract tourism providing employment for tourist guides,
transporters and resorts.

(e) (i) What is meant by the term 'sustainable agriculture'? [1]

To supply food, fulfilling the needs of present and future generation.

(ii) To what extent can agriculture be sustainable in Pakistan? [6]

Tomakeagriculturesustainable,vegetationcoveriskeptsafe.Organicfarmingcanhelpasnaturalmanure
is used.We canrestrict the useof heavymachinery,Lessovercroppingand multi croppingcanhelp and
sustainagriculture,Better water managementcan be done by lining of canals.It helpsto providewater
for irrigation.Soilcanbe preservedby contour ploughingor makingterraces.So,proper knowledgecan
helpto sustainagriculturalproblems,Governmentfacesproblemsin sustenancedueto lackof education
andfunds.TheYhaveto providefor manypeopleasthere ishighdemandof morefood. Landreformscan
also help sustainagriculture,as consolidationof holdingsleadsto the useof land for cultivation and
increasingcropoutput.

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 PAGE 216

5 (a) Study Fig. 8 showing the United Nations figures for the different age groups in Pakistan.

Fig.'

(i) What was the percentage of the age group 0-14 years in 2010? [1]
37%

(ii) Which age group of the population decreased in percentage from 1990 to 2010? [1]

o to 14
(iii) How has the percentage of working population (aged 15 to 64) changed from 1980 to 2010?
[1]
Increased, then decreased to 1990, and then increased.

(b) (i) What is meant by 'seasonal migration'? [2]

Migrating from one place to another is influenced by weather, availability of water, grazing
lands for animals and employment in a season.

OLEVEL·
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 217

(ii) Name and describe an example of seasonal migration. [4]

Example: Transhumance

Description: Especiallyin northern areas due to

opportunity available, the lIvestock f",rnnAFc

climatic conditions, they return back
are bearable and they can get grass

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 •.

PAGE 218

(c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert).

(i) Give four features of the housing shown in the photographs. [4]

1. Closely built congested area.

2.Dirty water, no sewerage system.
3.Poor scrap material spread over.
4. Rusty, stony roofs, single storey shanty homes.

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 PAGE 219

(ii) Explain why people live in areas such as those shown in Photographs A and B. [6]

The people are forced to live in such slum and shanty areas as they are poor and rural.
Urban migrants who did not have proper place to live or bear high expenses of better
residential areas. They are mostly unemployed or low paid. These houses could be a
temporary settlement. Many refugees settle in such areas. :riley are cheap affordable
houses and feel they could get work nearby to fulfill their needs.

hotographs A and B be
improved? [6]

problem due to political instability. There is so etimes local resistance to the improvement projects.
Corruption can also increase as the funds can be used in a wrong manner.

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 ,". '''"''' .. !t ..,.:;.. : ,1#-' ~~•.:; \ .

PAGE 220

Oct/Nov 2014

1(a) Study Fig. 1which shows a map of Pakistan.

Arabian Sea
250
km

fig. 1

Name: (i) The rivers E, F and G [3]

E: Indus

F: Jhelum

G: Ravi

(ii) One of the dams [1]

H: Tarbala

J: Mangla

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PAGE 221

'-

(b) What is meant by

--
A an link canal

B an perennial canal

C an inundation canal? [3]

C an inundation canal: It is a non-peren

(c) Explain the importance of the Indus [4]

(d) Study Photograph A.

-
./

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 222

(i) Name the type of forest shown. [1)

Coniferous forests.

(ii) Suggestthree reasons why these forests are being cut down. [3)

1. For fuel or heating.

2. For making roads and houses.
3. Clearing the land for farming.

(iii) Explain the effects of this deforestation. [4)

Deforestation leads to soil erosion as there are no roots to hold the soil and it is exposed which
makes it to loose nutrients. There is siltation in the dams which reduces the capacity of storing
water. There is also lossof habitat as animals move away from the forests. Lackof trees leads to
low oxygen and increased carbon dioxide which is a cause of high temperature and low rainfall.

(e) To what extent is it possible to save and even Increase the area of forests in Pakistan?
Explain your answer. [6)

The government can protect the forest area by making laws not to cut the trees and restrict the
logging companies for the use of bulldozers. QUDtacan be set to cut the trees. Selective cutting
method helps reduce deforestation. We can also use natural gas as fuel rather than the wood.
The Afforestation programme helps to grow more trees. If a tree is cut, a new tree or sapling
must be planted. The animals must be provided alternative grazing areas to save the fertility of
soil to grow forests. The government needs more flnanee. Mostly government is not interested
in making policies. The forests are mostly cut for housing, making roads and growing crops.
Replacement or planting forest in another area is a long term investment.

2 (a) Explain what is meant by each of the following terms, and choose one example of each
from the given list.

A raw material

example

B waste material

example

Cvalue added material

example

O·LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 223

I LIMESTONE 1 I CO2 1

[6]

finished woods,

Examples: Coal/limestone,

Examples: Shay/ CO2

Examples: Steel/Coke.

MAINUNE KARACHI,KOrAl

fig. 2

(i) Name the creek X and the port Y.

X Gharo creek

Y Port bin Qasim [2]

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(ii) Name the sea to the south where ships can travel to the steel mills. [1]

Arabian Sea,
----
(iii) Using Fig. 2 and your own knowledge, state three factors that make this site suitable for
the development of the Pakistan Steel Mills. Explain one advantage that each factor gives to
this industry. [6]

Factor 1: Labour

Advantage: As Karachi is a Metropolitan city there is high population, so cheap labour is easily
available, Factor 2: Rail/road connection

Advantage: It allows cheap transport of raw material and movement of finished goods to
markets.

Factor 3: Power supply

Advantage: There are Thermal & Nuclear power stations therefore continuous supply ot
electricity is present.

(c) Explain why the Pakistan Steel Mills is an industry in the 'formal sector'. [4]

It is a formal sector as it is capital intensive. Employment is registered and legal.

There are regular working hours with regular fixed wages They pay taxes. The work is done on a
large scale in a purpose built factory with a large number of labour and heavy machinery bringing
out high standard products.

(d) To what extent can work in the informal

areas? Explain your answer.
sector improve the lives of those living in urban
[6]
--
The people become self employed and earn income for themselves. They do not remain
unemployed. The earmings can help improve their standard of living. They usually get the work
which does not need education. They can also use their traditional skills. The services they
provide can be available locally. During work they have to work in poor conditions, they nave low
income in irregular hours. They also have to face the competition. Child labour is also common.
Also the goods are of low quality.

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3 (a) Study Fig. 3, a graph showing rainfall in Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

300

250
rainfall
(mm)
2()()

150

100

50

Fig. 3

(i) What is the minimum rainfall, and.when does it occ~r? [2]

(i) 50-52 (mm) in October

(ii) What is the maximum rainfall, and when does it occur? [2]

253-254 (mm) in March

(iii) For how many months between October and June is the rainfall above 80 mm? [1]

6 months

(iv) Give two causesof high rilinfall between October and June at Dir. [2]

1. Western depression
2. Relief rainfall. mulia mody

(v) What is the main cause of summer rainfall at Dir? [1]

Monsoon rainfall

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(b) (i) In the list below circle three inputs used mostly for cash crop farming.

ANIMAL MANUAL
DUNG LABOUR

DESI
--
SEEDS

[3]

(ii) Explain how each of the three inputs you have circled can increase crop yields. [6]

Chemical Fertiliser: It adds nutrients e.g., nitrogenous, nitrate phos-phates, potassium & potash
to the soil.

High Yield Seeds: They help to increase the crop yield. They are also resistant to disease and
pests. They are drought resistant.

Modern Tractor: They are quick and efficient. The better tools can be used to get a high output.

(c) (I) Explain what is meant by sustainable livestock farming. [2]

It is to meet the need of food for the present generation while not compromising the ability
--
of future generation. It is also achieved by minimizing damage to the natural environment.

(ii) To what extent can livestock farming increase food supply in Pakistan? Explain your answer.
[6]

The livestock farming helps to provide meat, milk, eggs, cheese etc. These provide proteins. High
quality animals are bred due to selective breeding. The animals are given high quality fodder.
Vaccination makes them healthy and fat, therefore, more milk and meat is obtained. Better
husbandry method is used to get better breeds. The cleanliness and hygiene helps in preventing
disease among the livestock. To have all these benefits, there is lack of land to keep the animals
in a hygienic environment. There is lack of education among the livestock farmers which leads
them to use traditional methods. The cost of modernization is difficult. Government also does
not take interest and support them.

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.

Khyber
Province Sindh Punjab Balochistan
Pakhtunkhwa
Area (sq. km) 74521 140914 205345 345190

Population Density
238
(people per sq. km)
Populationunder 47
15 years (by %)

Populationfrom 15 to
65 years (by %)
50

Population~r
3
65 years (by %)

(i) Name the smallest and largest province b

Smallest KPK

Largest [2]

(ii) What is the population density of Sindh province? [1]

216 people per sq.km

(iii) Which is the most densely populated province? [1]

Punjab
(b) Choosetwo of the factors given below and explain how they cause a low population density
in Balochistan. [6]

RELIEF CLIMATE INFRASTRUCTURE SECURITY

-. Factor 1: RELIEF

Explanation: Balochistan is a mountainous area.lt is so steep that irrigational work cannot

start.The land is rocky which does not encourage bulldlng.Farrnlng is also not possible asthe soil
is barren and dry.

Factor 2: Climate

Explanation: The temperature of Balochistan is dry and arid as it is mostly a desert area.lt is
extremely hot in summer but cold in high land where snow falls in winter.There is scanty
rainfall

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which leads to shortage of water

(c) Study Fig. 4 again.

(i) Which province has the largest percentage of population over 65? [1]

Punjab
-
(ii) Compare the age range of Punjab and Baluchistan provinces. [2]

In Punjab,there are fewer children under 15 years. More are in working age as 15 to 65, they are
independent and more are over 65 years. In Balochistan more are under :1,:5 years of age and less
between15·65 and above age group.

(d) Use Fig. 4 and your own knowledge to explain the advantages and problems caused by the
age distribution of either Punjab or Baluchistan. [6]

Choice: Punjab

Advantages: There are fewer children which leads to low pressure on schools and clinics,
therefore, there is more chance for better education. More people in working age help in more
production, more earning and economic growth. Larger population of old age can provide
support and advise to family. We can also learn from their experiences.
Problems. If there are fewer children there will be fewer workers in future, there will be not
enough young to look after the old. If more people are of working age, it could lead to
unemployment and lower wages. There will be burden on resources as health, transport, food
supply etc. With more old people, pensions will be needed. More health care and balanced
diet will be needed.

e) To what extent can the birth rate of Pakistan be reduced? Explain your answer. [6]

Birth rate in Pakistancan be reduced by increasing literacy. If women marry in later age it reduces
the span of reproductivity. There can be carrer oriented women and want few children to look
after. The use of family planning and cheap availability of the contraceptives has helped a
loNGO'sare also working to create awareness among the women in rura areas. Religiousleaders
must preach to have families accordin8 tresources. To reduce the increasing population, many
problems ale as illiteracy and opposition to the family planning programne ulemas preach that
Allah gives Rizqso why not have large families. marriages also lead to increase in population.

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5 (a) Study Fig. 5, a map showing air routes in Pakistan.

(i) Name the destination of the air routes from Karachi R, 5 and li. [3]

R: Gwadar

S: Peshawar

T: Lahore

(ii) Describe the pattern of air routes from Islamabad. [3]

The air routes are widely spread in all directions, Longer routes are to the south-west, and few
are-to the north asGilgit, Skarduetc), shorter routes are also to the north as lahore to Islamabad,
Peshawar etc.There is no air route to the coast. Karachi links many cities in Punjab, Sindh, also
Quetta in Balochistan and Peshawar in KPK

(b) Explain the benefits of air transport to the people and the local economy of the northern
mountains of Pakistan. [6]

People: Air transport in Northern areas will help them move if roads are not available or there
is land slide, sometimes roads are blocked with Show. It is the fastest means of travel. It enables

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relief to victims after earthquakes. It provides accessto hospitals in emergencies. It provides

employment as air hostess, pilot, waiter, guide, hotel staff etc.
Local economy: It helps to transport perishable goods efficiently, light weight value
added products can be transported to earn foreign exchange aurng rade. It helps to
promote cottage industry and increasestrade which brings income. Tourism can be
developed to add to the foreign currency

(c) (i) What is meant by the term 'cottage industry'? [1]

It is the household industry where the family works anCiearns for t'hemselv,esby
selling their home made products.
(ii) State and explain three advantages of establishing cottage Industries in a rural area.
[6J

Advantage 1: Employment
Explanation: This may lead to involve women in work. More earnings
and local demand can be met easily.
Advantage 2: Raw material
Explanation: It is available locally and cheaply which can help in
production of goods to earn money.
Advantage 3: Exports
Explanation: It helps to save from expensive imports, promotes self reliance, earns foreign
exchange which helps in increase in GNP.
(d) To what extent can small scale and cottage industries be sustainable? Explain your answer.
[6]
Small scale & cottage industries work.in home having low set up costs.They use cheap raw
material or sometimes waste products. Simple technology is used with less need of electricity.
They cause lessdamage to the environment, The traditional skills are used which do not demand
education. They need government support for which loans are needed. The infrastructure as
roads is helpful to bring the raw material and take back the finished goods to the market. The
industries provide low output there are low earnings as middle-man works to reduce their profits.
The lack of modern technology and telecommunications limit the marketing skills, Poor quality
products lack demand due to their low value. The small scaleworkers are mostly poor who need
more money to develop new products to earn more money.

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1 (a) (i) On the outline map of Pakistan Fig. 1 mark and shade two areas which experience
low annual rainfall (125 mm or less).
Any two separate regions within the overlay provided. Shaded areas may touch lines but not go outside
lines.

,"
...... ,.....
~......-.- ....
\.
" .
.,
....
j
L..
i Key:
_J.-~-'
......
_. international boundary
~(
i .,....'-,disputed boundary

Arabian Sea
o 400
km

fig. 1

(ii) Name the crop which is mainly grown in these areas of low annual rainfall. [1]
Dates

(iii) Explain the difficulties for p~ople living in areas of low rainfall. [3]

There are many difficulties for people in areas of low rainfall such as there will be lack of water
for drinking, cleaning and domestic uses. There will be less water for irrigation. Agriculture would
be affected. This can result in droughts as well. Livestock farmers cannot find water for their
animals.

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(b) (i) Study Fig. 2 which shows rainfall data for two cities on the River Indus.
-- -----------------------

mean 40 +------t~ ~~_+_-____,_-....,:.___::_.,..__-__41:

monthly
rainfall
(mm) 30+-------@~---'=:--,---=---

Hyderabad, Sindh Dera Ismail Khan. KPK

fig. 2

A. Compare the amount and pattern of monthly rainfall in Hyderabad with that of
Dera Ismail Khan. [3]

Both Hyderabad and Dera Ismail Khan have high rainfall in July and August above 55mm. In June
and November, they have same pattern of rainfall. Dera Ismail Khan has more rainfall as compared
to Hyderabad. Dera Ismail has higher rainfall in all the months except for Aug/Sept.

B. Give three reasons for any similarities or differences in the two patterns of rainfall.
[3]
Both have same rainfall pattern due to summer monsoon which occurs in July-Sept.

Dera Ismail Khan experiences rainfall from western depression (Dec-March) but Hyderabad does
not.

Dera Ismail Khan also experiences rainfall due to thunderstorms from April-June but Hyderabad
does not.

(ii) Explain the effect of flooding on the local economy and transport links in communities
along the River Indus. [4]
Floods occurs when there is high rainfall or more glaciers are melted. Flooding destructs the crops,
livestock and property of the peoples. It can result in loss of income and can damage infrastructure
which leads to unemployment. Over all production will reduce as well as profit. Roads and railway
will be destroyed which will create transportation issues too.

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(c) Give an example ofa dry port and explain why it is located where it is. [3]

The example of dry port is Lahore Dry Port.

Dry ports are located in an ~ea which are awaiQ:'tiiO

should be located near the industrial area 0
are located in areas where there are ro s an

- New routes Wi1l be open up to reduce ressu on Karac' ort. With he help of motorway
.-- transportation will be quicker and
supplied easily. The government mus
IC·· t trade of goods can be 0 e. Raw materials can be
d ttlese projects and the highway can be upgraded to

- motorway. But there are many issues as well such as building motorway is very expensive.
Deforestation will be done. Mangr ves wil! be cut down which will a ect fish breeding. On the
other hand, Keti Bandar is too small a 0 to be served fly motor way'

-- 2 (a) Study Figs 3 and 4 hich give information a out the extraction of three metallic
minerals in Pakistan in 20 0-11:

350

300

250

200 20%
tonne • Iron ore

- (000) 150

100
• Bauxite
o Chromite

50

-- Q+-.&:I./.io.OI---.-_
Chromite Bauxite Ironore

-
Rg.3 Fig. 4

(i) How much iron ore was extracted in 2010-11? [IJ

'-- 329000 tonnes

---
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(ii) State the difference between the type of information being provided in Fig. 3 compared
to that in Fig. 4. [1]
Fig.3 shows quantities and amounts in tonnes, whereas, fig.4 shows proportions and percentages.
(b) (i) Give one use for the mineral chromite and name one area ~ere it is extracted in
Pakistan.
Use: To make steel
Area: Muslim Bagh [lJ

(ii) What are the benefits of extracting mineral resources for local people and the national
~oom~ ~
Labors will be needed for extracting minerals which will increase employment opportunities. Their
income will increase as well living standard. It will help to improve infrastructure as roads,
electricity for the national economy. More over exports will increase and foreign exchange will be
earned. Overall balance of payment will improve. There will be more industrialization. More taxes
can be earned by the country.
(iii) Explain the effects of mineral extraction on the natural environment. [4J
Deforestation will be done which is cutting of trees. Natural habitat will be destroyed and wild life
will be affected. Depression will be done. The extraction will lead to air pollution due to ash, dust
and smoke by blasting. There will be noise pollution due to use of heavy machinery or explosive
blasting. The waste will be dumped into rivers leading to water pol1ution.

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(c) (i) Fig. 5 is a diagram ofa thermal power station.

__JJLtbjD~ _
__S.te.am _

coal-

Choose three terms from the list

spaces provided.

reservoir transformer steam [3]

Steam, Turbine, Transform r, Cooling tower, Boiler

(ii) Explain why burning fossil fuels in power sta ions is unsustainable. [4]

The fossil fuels produce carbon i oxide while burning coal, oil and gas. This will lead to global
warming and climatic c ange. efossil fuels n exhaust and cannot be replaced. Their extraction
is difficult and expe sive e.g. Goal by Shaft ining and dri ling of oil. Pakistan also lacks the oil
reserves therefore It is imported hich i ases om import bilI.

(~\r---------------------------------------------------.
Pakistan Railways now carry less than 10 percent of Pakistan's passenger traffic and
5 percent of its freieht.
I

To what extent is it possible to develop railways further in Pakistan? Support your answer
by using examples you ha e studied. [6]

Railway are very important for a country. They educe the traffic in the country. The government
should invest in railway. The must provide faster railway such as Karakoram and Business class.
They can also attract private investors fo funding. Computerized reservation system can be
introduced. ELectrification can be done on main lines such as Karachi to Lahore. Double track
syst should be introducing to avoid accidents. Foreign funding can also be attracted from China
or Usa .

.-'-

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 PAGE 236

But there are many issues such as it is impossible to develop railway i~ mountain areas of
Baluchistan, Gilgit and KPK. In many areas there is a single-track system .w~lch d~lays t~e ~a~el,
there is lack of maintenance as the railways track are getting old. There IS inefficiency tn timing
as railways are not on time. The major cause is lack of investment in railway.

3 (a) Study Fig. 6 which gives information about the area of 'Fa kist an unde: cultivation.

disputed boundary

provincial boundary

o 400
km

_ __ Flg.~ _
- ------"..---
(i) A. Name a district that has a cultivated area of over 65%.

Sargodha

B. How much of Faisalabad District is cultivated? [2]

35-65%

(ii) Suggest reasons why so many districts of Pakistan have a cultivated area ofless than 5%.
[3]

The area is less than 5% as they are away from Indus or its tributaries. Some of the areas are
mountainous area or having bad land topography. Some areas are deserted having less rainfall and
high evaporation. Cultivation is very low due to temperature. At the end of river Indus there is a
marshy area where cultivation is not possible.

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(iii) Explain why agricultural land is no longer producing crops in many regions of Pakistan.
[4]

Many lands of Pakistan is affected by Water logging and salinity due to seepage from the unlined
canals or due to poor farming practice. Droughts also make the land too dry and they are unable to
support crops. Due to floods many minerals are ashed away making the land barren.The
overgrazing of land by the livestock has also decreased fertilityiof the soil. Siltation in dams has
reduced the capacity of water storage and bloeke the canals for irrigation.
ulation in Pakistan in

1981

80%

I!Jrural
• urban

Fig.7

(i) By how much has the rural population decreased between 1981and 2010? [1]
8%

(ii) Loss of agricultural land is one reason for the rural population decreasing. Describe three
other push factors that are causing people to move to urban areas. [3]
Unemployment has to led to migration.
Mechanization in farms.
Poor standard of utilities.
Zamindari System.
Unrest in tribal areas.

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(iii) Explain the effects on rural areas when large amounts of people migrate to urban area.
[4]
If people migrate to urban areas, there will be less population pressure on housing and services
such as education and health. Less employment will be required. People working in urban areas
will sent their money to their families and rural areas which will improve their living standard. The
population will get unbalanced. There will be more women in rura areas. lIhere will be less
population to support rural services.
(c) Study Fig. 8 which is a graph showing the changes in po'pulation density for different
provinces between 1972 and 2011.

500~--------------~~=---~
45O+-------------~--------~
400+-----------------~~~_.
35O+-------------~~----~~
population300+------~c,---~a:,-- - Punjab
densRy 250+----~~--~~~-~ -_.. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
(peoplelkm2) 200-t=_..,...::;;;.---,...o:p.:;..._---
._. Sindh
15O+---~~~~------------- •••• Balochistan
100+-~----------~---------
50+--------------
o -_._. __ .----------------------
1972 1985 1998 .2011

Fig. 8

Describe two of the main changes over time that can be seen in this graph. [2]

1 Punjab, KPK and Sindh's population density increased at fast rate. Baluchistan at a slow rate.
2 Sindh became more densely populated then KPK but Punjab has the highest density of
population.

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(d) Read the foUowingtwo views:

-T-h-e-G-ov-e-rn-m-e-n-t-s-ho-U-Id-sp-e-n-d--'"
,
The Government should
spend more money on more money on development
development projects in the proj~in e more densely
least densely populated ~opulated pl'9Vinces.More P-E!QPle
province in Pakistan. livethere.
This province is behind in
development.

The government should spend more money on development proje.cts in the more densely
population provinces as Punjab and Sin h. There are more demand 0 services, housing and jobs.
These provinces are developed with goodzransport networks. More industries are established here
and more will be attracted. On the other nand, p. ovince of Baluchistan is least populated. It has a
large barren and rocky area. There are many minera s which are yet to be discovered in
Baluchistan. The coastal areas can be developed and 'they have potential to earn money. If
government provides money for this province it can be developed as ether provinces.

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 9 which shows formal and informal sector employment in Pakistan over
three years.

Sector 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Formal 26.7 26.7 26..2
73.3 73.3 73.8

Fig. 9

Which sector of employment makes up the largest share of the labour force in Pakistan over
these years? [1]
Informal

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(ii) Tourism is a service industry. Name two other service industries. [2]

Transport
Doctors
Lawyers
Teachers
(iii) Study Figs 10 and 11 which give information abouivisitorm into PakiStan in 1999.

0%

1I~~llllliiiI20% E1visiting
- relatives
• business
' !ill tourists

• religious visits
122 other

Fig. 10 Fig. 11

A. What percentage of visitors into Pakistan was classed as tourists?

13%

B. What was the total number of visitors into Pakistan?

655000

c. Suggest one reason why more people visited relatives compared to visiting Pakistan as
tourists. [3]
Poor law and order situation can be a reason why visit abroad.

PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'

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(b) (i) Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show airports in Gilgit and Chitral. Using
the photographs and your own knowledge describe the problems in providing air transport
in the northern areas of Pakistan. [3]

Photograph A for Question 4

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Photograph B for Question 4

The area is covered with mountains and there is very less flat land available so it is difficult to
make runway' for takeoff and landing. There is no proper infrastructure such as roads and railway
which can be connected to airport. Its difficult for people to transport. Apart from that sufficient
funds are not available to construct airport and to provide modern facilities.

(ii) Explain the advantages to Pakistan as a developing country of providing more air
transport routes. [4]

The advantages of providing air transport routes are that it will attract more tourist which will
result in more income as local business activities will increase. It will also be a source of income
as employment opportunities will be created. Foreign exchange will be earned which will improve
the balance of payment. More investors will be attracted which will overall improve the economy
of Pakistan.

(c) (i) Name or describe a border crossing by road between Pakistan and a neighboring
country. Which country is linked to Pakistan by this road?

Border crossing: Karakoram highway

Country: China [2]

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(ii) How useful is the border crossing you have named or described in (i) for trade? Give
reasons for your answer. [4]

The border crossing between Pakistan and China through Kara Karam is important for trade as
Pakistan imports many things from China i.e Sugar and Appliances. It saves time and its cheaper
as well. Apart from that it improves relation between the countries as well.
(d) There are advantages and disadvantages to Pakistan oftl'ading with ditTel\entcountries
or groups of countries.
Read the followingtwo views:

Pakistan would benefH

from stronger trade links I

with China.

Which view do you agree with more? ~ive reasons and refer to places or examples you have
studied to support your answer. [6]
J agree with the first statement that Pakis an would benejjt from stronger trade links with China
because of Karakoram highway as it-connects Pakistan (lirectly to C ina. The trade between the
countries can be done easily. There is no restriction Qf ade barriers when it comes to China.
Chinese imports are of low price and it meets the demand of the local population as well. On the
other hand, Chinese goods 0 damage the local industry of Pakistan,
According to second statement that Pakistan will'.have more advantages in trading with EU
countries. But the reality is Pakistan uses Child labor which is not accepted by the EU countries.
Due to poor currency Pakistan can loses foreign exchange. EU has been many restrictions and may
not trade with Pakistan due to poor law and order situation. Though we have a good history with
countries such as UK and Germany,

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'tI
"I
'I
5 (a) Study Fig. 12which givesinformation on birth rates and death rates in Pakistan.
j
c o ,'. E
~ 50
45

=I 40
35
<,
<;
.,
:a: 30
25
f?:-
Ir .
20 ....... 1\ :..
......... -- ...... _
''_''
15
10
5
- .......-.-.1-.1"""
'FT-
o
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
, 2010

Fig. 12

i) On Fig. 12: A. Add a suitable label for the y-axis (vertical axis).
AandB

B. Circle one of the letters C, D, or E on the graph to show the point where natural increase
is highest. [2J
D

(ii) Give two reasons why Pakistan continues to have a high birth rate. [2J
1) Early marriages are very common in Pakistan which results in high birth rate.
2) The concept of more children to ,Qrk on farm is another reason as many people are
illiterate in Pakistan.

(iii) The death rate in Pakistan has been decreasing every year since 1960. Suggest reasons
for this. [3J
Many new medical facilities are now available which is why death rate has reduced. Vaccination
has been introducing for Polio diseases. People are now aware of better food and hygiene. Many
people can now afford medical treatments for major diseases.

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 PAGE 245

b) Study Fig. 13 which shows changes in population growth rates for two countries between
2000 and 2012.

2.5

.annual 1.5
Qrowth
rate
(%) 1

- Pakistan
0.5 _. Sri Lanka

0
2000 2002 2004 2008 2010 2012

~1g.13

(i) Compare the main changes in the population growth rate of Pakistan with that of
Sri Lanka between these two dates. [3]

From 2000 till 2004 the population of both countrie . is decreasing. There is more fluctuation in
Pakistan's growth rate apart from Srilanka. In 2000 Pakistan growth rate was 2.2% and Srilanka's
was 1.6%. Overall, the difference in the time period for Pakistan is 0.6% and Srilanka is 0.1%.
(ii) One of the factors affecting population growth is international migration. In recent years
Pakistan has experienced more emigration than immigration.
A. What is meant by the term 'immigration'?
People moving or entering into a country
B. Explain what has caused high levels of emigration and the effects of this on the economy
~~~~? ~
Emigration means people leaving the country. The causes of high levels of emigration can be the
poor law and order situation of Pakistan. Corruption and terrorism is increasing a lot in Pakistan.
Moreover, the unemployment rate has also increased. There is no proper infrastructure and load
shedding is common problem in the country. The effect of emigration is that skilled workers leave
the country and Pakistan has limited skilled workers. Many doctors, engineers and teachers have
left the country.for better future. But there is one benefit that is the remittances Pakistan get from
abroad.

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(c) (i) What is meant by the term 'sustainable population growth'? [1]

It means population sized that can be supported by available resources.

(ii) Suggest three problems that might be caused by unsustainable population growth.
[3]

1) There will be a great pressure on the utilities as water,gas supply & electricity leading to
load shedding
2) There will be increase in air, water and land pollution due to congestion
3) Unemployment will increase which can cause of high crime rate

(d) Read the followingtwo views about reducing the population growth Fate in P'akistan

The population growth rate is The population growth rate is

best reduced by family planning best reduced by i~~ing
programmes. literacy for all, especially
females.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons and refer to examples you have studied
from Pakistan to support your answer. [6]
I agree with statement A that to reduce population, family planning programmes can be very
effective such as Green Star Clinics. It can be introduced by Government NGOs e.g Behbud
association. Cheap contraceptives can be introduced to make sure people can afford it. Awareness
among the couples can be spread through media and newspaper. Policies can be made like China
that is one child policy.

According to statement B education for all especially women can help but in Pakistan we have
limited educational facilities. Sufficient fund is not available to promote education. In rural areas
it can be widely opposed by the tribal areas. They do not accept careers of women. Therefore,
education is a less approach for controlling increased population.

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OctINov 2015
1 (a) (i) Describe two ways in which water supplies can be polluted. [2J
Dumping of Industrial waste.
Dumping of Sewage water.
(ii) For one of these ways explain how the problem caused by pollution can be solved.
[2J

t
__ rMtr

-t- dam
._. _. inlernll)ionali boundary
)

I
,,,' ".", • ~ad boundary
•• - •• provincia,! boundary
i
i
",,' oI 250
i I
/
r km
-.._ ...... ....;.

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(i) Locate the followingtwo dams on the map:

• Warsak (W);
• Diamir Bhasha (under construction) (D). This dam is 150 km downstream of Gilgit.
Mark their positions using the appropriate symbol from the key and label each with the
correct letter. [2]

WOn R. Kabul between confluence with R.Swat anq Afghan bo~der RED OVERLAY SHOWS TOLERANCE D
On R.lndus GREEN OVERLAY SHOWS TOLERANCE ,

[4]
The purpose of dam is store water. The advantages (i)f uilding a dam is the more HEP will be
produced which will reduce in load shedding. The dam wifI also control floods as well. With the
help of dam irrigation will be done. The scenic beauty of the area will attract tourist which will
result in foreign exchange. More employment opportunities wil be created.
(iii) Read the following article about the proposal to build a new dam, the Kalabagh, on the
River Indus at the point indicated on the map, Fig. 1.

Kalabagh Dam - A Controversial Issue

Put;ab wants the iKafabagh Dam to be buill, but 1hIn ISopposition to the project from
a section of the population in Sindh, Khyber Palchtunktrwa and Baloohlstan.

Those who are opposed In the dam 8f9U8 thai: 11mifl.1t be baneIiciaI for Punjab and
harmful for :the oUler provinces.

The Katabagh Dam issue is dlffieuH to ram"'" at _ stage.

Describe the disputes over water availability and use which can arise from proposals to build
dams at sites such as this [4]
Water is the major dispute between the provinces. If the kalabagh dam is constructed then there is
a possibility of unequal distribution of water. Punjab will get more water as compared to other
provinces. The KPK province will get sufficient water. But on the other hand, Sindh will suffer
along with the agriculture land. There will be disturbance for the delta area and mangroves.

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PAGE 249

(c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show typical scenes of deforestation.

Photograph A for Question 1

--
-

.---

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PAGE 250

Photograph B for Question 1

(i) State one use of timber from forests that have been cut down. [1]

Furn iture making.

(ii) Using the photographs and your own knowledge, describe the effects of deforestation on
the natural environment. [4]

Deforestation means cutting of trees. Deforestation is the major cause of flood. The soil will be
washed away due to surface run off. There will be siltation in dams which will reduce the storage
capacity of the dams. Deforestation will also lead to the loss of habitat which can also result in
loss of species. It was also lead to soil erosion.

(d)

Pakistan is rapidly losing its trees. Over the period 2000-2007 the country's forests
decreased at a rate of2.2% per year, the ninth highest rate among the world's nations.

What actions can be taken to reduce deforestation? To what extent are these actions possible
in Pakistan? [6]

In order to reduce deforestation afforestation programmes can be started. Sustainable forestry will
be a great help. Sustainable forest means utilization offorest in a way that it can be use by current

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 PAGE 251

generation as well by future. Selective cutting method can be used. Cutting of wood for fuel also
causes deforestation. Government's forestry department must take action on illegal logging and
provide licenses for logging companies. The use of heavy machinery should be restricted.
On the other part there are many problems such as the cost of afforestation is very high and it is
very time consuming. The projects are very difficult to manage. The population is increasing a lot
so the demand of wood is also increasing.
2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2, which shows the usag

.B.

13 Fertiliser
ra Tr.-.spoIt
• Commercial

Ftg.2
In the key, name the activities A and B which are two of the main users of natural gas in
Pakistan. [2]
A: Power Station
B: House hold
(ii) State two ways in which gas is transported to homes in Pakistan.
By pipeline
In cylinders

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(b) Study Fig. 3, which is a graph showing usage of electricity in Gigawatt-hours by three
different sectors over a ten-year period.
40~---------------- __

- - - indu$Iria1
.......V'fQ.I'_"

o+---~--~--~--~ __~~ ~ __~ __~

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Fig. 3 '.
(i) What was the industrial usage of electricity in 2004? [1]
17400 GWh

(ii) To what extent are the changes over the ten years similar for the three sectors? [3]

There is an overall increase in the usage of all three sectors. There is little fluctuation and a steady
and similar rate of increase for all. Agriculture has increase and household has increase a lot.

(iii) Load shedding is the deliberate, temporary reduction in supply of electricity from a
power station. Explain the effect ofload shedding on industry and business. [4]
Due to load shedding the overall production will stop. The customer will get dissatisfy as the orders
will get delay. The overall income of business will reduce. The reputation of the company will get
damage. If they use generator it will increase their costs. Fluctuation and load shedding sometimes
end up in damaging the machinery as well.

(c) (i) A. From the list below, circle one place which regularly experiences the highest
temperatures in June in Pakistan.
Quetta Karachi Jacobabad Abbottabad Larkana Zhob
A: Jacobabad

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE2S3

B. Which range best describes the highest temperatures recorded? Put a tick in one of the
boxes below.

llCK

[2J
52-54

(ii) Explain why the place you havenamed in I(i)is the hottest pace ·n Pakistan. [2J
Jacobabad is very hot area of Pakistan as it is away from sea and it is mostly under the angle of
the sun.

(iii) Describe the effects on people ofliving in extremely hot climates. [3]

Due to hot climate outdoor working is affected. People have to stay indoor and have to work
indoor. There are many people who might get heat stroke. Some can be dehydrated due to lack of
drinking water.

(d) It has been suggested that a power station to harness sol r energy should be built in
Bahawalpur District, Punjab. The solar panels and associated access roads and buildings
will cover 25 km2. Read the foUowingtwo views about this proposal:

With .. I ' .... ~un... Ius> II'IUCD JIand M possible

out. PeIdsIan needs to is, needed 10 .,ow food
produce more .......,.. lor' Pakistan'$> >glO'llring
energy on 1h",Iand~ poptjation.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]
I agree with statement B more as compared to statement A. We need more land to grow food to
fulfil the demand of local population. Extra food can be exported to earn foreign exchange which
will improve the balance of payment. The economy of Pakistan depends on agriculture as its an
agro-based economy. Desert areas can be reclaimed by providing irrigation facilities for e.g ThaI.

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The renewable energy needs a large land and a high cost to start as solar panels are expensive to
plant. Wind turbines are needed in a large quantity. Suitable climatic condition is needed for
renewable source of energy. The government of Pakistan is least interested in these projects and
development as they are focusing on other important roles.
3 (a) Study Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, which give information for rice production and the area over
which it is sown during four years.

5000
rice lInIB
production 4000 sown
(ooo1on9) (000 1500....·
------
3000 heclaAIS)
1000+-------------

1000 500+---,-----------

o .2006 2009 2010 2011

o -
2008 2009 20m 2011
Fig. 4 F1g.5

(i) What was the production in 2008? [1]

5 600 000 tons.

(ii) What is the difference between the maximum and minimum area sown during these
years? [1]
600 000 hectares.
(iii) Suggest two reasons why rice production varies from year to year. [2]

Due to pest attack.

Due to unfavorable weather conditions.

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(b) Study Fig. 6 which shows date and almond growing regions in Pakistan.
N

t I

(_ ..... "
\

">
.~.

':.~.... ~-.-~---~,,-..__-
.,..-
.

o 400
11m

fig.•

(i) Describe the distribution of the areas where almonds are grown. [3J
Almonds are mostly grown in the central parts of Baluchistan as Kalat. They are also found near
the boundary of Baluchistan and KPK. Almonds can also be seen in the area of FATA as well.
(ii) Why are the areas shown on the map suitable for growing dates? [3]
Water is available from River Indus. In Baluchistan they are grown in oases areas and the areas
where Karez irrigation is possible. The dates can withstand dry conditions as they have deep roots
and don't require much water or rainfaill.
(iii) Explain the difficulties in finding and reaching markets for almonds, dates and other
fruit grown in Pakistan. [4J
ruits are perishable items and they might get damage if proper storage facilities are not available.
Lack of infrastructure as roads and ports create delay in transportation which can result in wastage
of products. We also have to face a strong competition in export markets.
(c) (i) Describe what is meant by 'subsistence farming'. [2J
It is done for own family and consumption. Traditional methods are been used.

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(ii) Explain why some farmers are subsistence farmers. [3]

The farmers have small lands therefore they are unable to use the machinery. Due to poverty they
cannot afford modern inputs such as fertilizers and machinery. More over the farmers are under
the power of the landlords who do not allow them to work independently.
(d) Explain why livestock is an important part of the agricultural sector. To what extent is it
possible to develop livestock farming further in Pakistan? [6]
Livestock farming helps in rotating Persian wheel for ·rrigatioJl. They can be used for
transportation of the raw materials and finished goods. Meat afid milk are used by the people as
food. The cow dung is also used as natural manure for the crop field providing minerals to the soil.
Cow dung can also be used as a source of fuel providing elec icity to small areas. The wool and
bones are used in cottage industries. Bullocks can be used for ploughing fields. But due to shortage
of funds the quality farms are not developed. Many farms lack of.Jhe refrigeration and storage
facilities. There is also a high price of fodder for the animals in or near the cities as they are mostly
kept outside the cities.
4. (a) Study Fig. 7, which gives information for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of
Pakistan in 1992 and 2012.

1912 2012

~ agriculture

• manufacluring
industry

9oIher industry
•• MCSS

Fig.7

(i) What is meant by the term Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? [1]

It is the total value of all the goods and services produced within a country.

(ii) A. What percentage ofGDP came from services in 2012?

53-54%
B. What might be included in the category 'other industry'?
Power or mining.

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c. State whether the share of GDP from the following has increased, decreased, or stayed
the same in the period from 1992 to 2012:
Agriculture: Decreased
Manufacturing industry: Increased
[3]

(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows the value

Animals and animal pnxiJcts

Edible tats andoils

Mineral products
Ch~ inc" fertiliser$ 5(15()

2870
Melals 2290
5130
Vehides and IraNpQrt 2190
Other 3490
TOTAl 31640

(i) Name a textile product exported by Pakistan. [1]

Readymade garments.
(ii) How much greater is the total value of all imports than the total value of all exports?
[1]
US$ 31640 - US$ 23350 = US$ 8290

(iii) Use Fig. 8 to describe three differences between goods Pakistan exports and imports.
[3]

The animal products are exported but not imported. Metals are more imported than exported.
Mineral products and chemicals with machinery are imported. Vehicles and transport are imported
but not exported.

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(iv) Explain two problems for Pakistan's economy caused by the differences you have
described in your answer to part (iii). [4]
Problem: Exports are largely low value-added primary products which do not earn a great deal of
foreign exchange. They also face high competition in the world market.
Problem: The imports of Pakistan are mainly high value added products and therefore expensive.
Value of imports is greater than the value of exports leading to the negative ba ance of payment.

(c) (i) State one main trading partner with Fakistan for each of exports and imports. [2]
Exports: UAE
Imports: Japan
(ii) Describe a method of transport that could be used for trade with one of the countries
stated in your answer to part (i). Suggest the benefits of using-this method of transport.
[4]

Method: Ship shipments.

Benefit: It is readily accessible due to warm water ports which are open all around the year. The
storage capacity is very high and it is the cheapest form of transport. It is also the safest form of
transport.

(d) 'There are more factors that hinder trade between Pakistan and other countries than
factors that help trade.' To what extent do you agree with this view? Give reasons and use
examples you have studied to support your answer. [6]
Trade is essential for all the countries in the world. In Pakistan trade is affected due to various
reason. The tribal leaders also create different problems. Terrorism is also a great factor. Poor
government policies is another reason. But there are border issue with India and Afghanistan.
Pakistan also faces trade barriers from various countries. The reason behind this is child labour.
The devaluation of Pakistan's rupee has made the imports expensive than the exports. Pakistan has
to pay a lot of foreign exchange to other countries for imports.
Improvement are made to transport systems and roads are being made such as Kara Koram
highway. The ports such as Karachi and Bin Qasim are been developed. Trade development
authority of Pakistan is helping trade by providing international markets. Pakistan is also a member
of SAARC and ECO which has given them access to world markets.

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5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which is a map giving information about cotton textile industries in
Pakistan.

N _.- _.",...- '-

........\
t

, ......
"""',_
",,_~ ,_,__
,-v";
\
\
.
"
....,
i
i
i'~i
_.,.,.

fill·'
(i) Name one of the major centres of the cotton ind'Ustry,A or B.. [1]
A. Hyderabad
B. Faisalabad
(ii) Suggest reasons why the cotton textile industry is distributed as shown in Fig. 9. [3]

Faisalabad and Hyderabad are both cottons producing areas. Hyderabad is near the sea coast which
can help reducing the cost for trading. Karachi is a sea port and has the availability of thermal and
nuclear power for running machines.
(iii) Explain what can be done to improve Pakistan's cotton textile industry. [3]
Bettef soils with fertilizers must be used to increase the crop output. The solution of leaf curl virus
must be checked and solutions must be made. This will lead to more crops providing cotton to
industries. Government must increase investment by giving tax holiday.
(b) (i) State two characteristics of employment in the informal sector of industry. [2]
Self-employment
It is not a registered or a tax payee business.

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PAGE 260

(ii) Give an example of a job in the informal sector. [1]

Street hawker

.<---

In photograph C there is a 4 wheel keep which is overloaded with large pieces of timber.

In photograph D there is a truck moving on an uneven road. The mountain road is very narrow and
steep. There is no security. There is a danger of falling from the edges. The road is unmetalled and
uncomfortable for use of heavy vehicles.

(c) (i) Choose a province and name two tourist attractions within it. Province [2]

Province: KPK

Tourist attraction: Naran and Kaghan Valley., Saiful Maluk Lake

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 PAGE 261

(ii) Suggest two problems the tourist industry in Pakistan must overcome in order for it to
be more developed. [2]
Terrorism is a risk for security.

Lack of infrastructure.

(d) Read the followingtwo views:

Tourism isone of Ihe

WOItd"sfastest growing
~.Mor •
.uractions and faI:lililies
mr tourists II'II.1St be built .
to help Peld&tan Oevetop.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer. [6]
I agree with statement A more. The tourist income must be high. It is a part of tertiary sector.
Tourism will help in creating employment opportunities for the local people. The overall income
and living standard of the people will increase. The cultural linages with other countries will be
developed. More foreign exchange will be generated and the amount can be used on the
development of the country.

But tourism is restricted only from May to October in Northern areas. There are problems as
crimes, smuggling and prinking of alcohol. Many tour-ists lack the respect for local customs. More
construction of hotels and use of vehicles lead to air and noise pollution e,g Jeeps are used in Naran
valley.

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May/June 2016
1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which is a map of northern Pakistan.

/
,"
I

o 200
km
N
. Key:

.- . /
~ /
I international boundary

disputed boundary
t
_/

(i) On the map name the following: [3]

• Mountain range A: Himalayas

• City B: Murree
• River C: Jhelum
(ii) Explain the causes of high rainfall at city B. [4]

Murree receives high rainfall through out the year. In summers, rainfall is due to the monsoons
from they Bay of Bengal through India. In winters rain is due to western depression from the
Mediterranean Sea, which enter through Iran and Afghanistan. Thunderstorms also bring rain in
summers.

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(b) (i) What is meant by the term 'population density'? [1]

Population density means people living per unit area.

Population density =Total population
Total area
[1]

Punjab
(iii) Explain the physical factors that c
have a high population density.
Punjab has a fertile land and many rivers such as Intlus and Jhelum. Summer monsoon bring
rainfall in Punjab which make it easy to practice agriculture.~any people work their as farmers.
The rivers flowing Punjab also help in irrigating the field and it also provides water to industries.
Moreover fishing can also be done in Punjab. The land is flat so it is easy to make infrastructure.
(c) Study Fig. 2 (Insert) whic~ shows two population pyramids for Pakistan .
.....
1..._1

;=.. ..:.;-::;;;'
n-2D;:;'~4 ---,;'=:;'

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 PAGE 264

(i) What information is displayed in a population pyramid? [2]

It shows the percentage of population in certain age groups. It also shows the gender (male and
female) distribution in different age groups.

(ii) Identify two ways in which Pakistan's population structure is forecast to change between
2014 and 2040. [2]

There are fewer children in age groups 0-14 and 15-19.

More population are in age range 25-59.

(iii) Give one possible reason for each change identified in (iij. [2]
It is due to decrease in birth rate having small sized families. Women marry later. Also the literacy
has increased.

Due to better medical facilities the life expectancy has increased;

(d) Read the following two views about overpopulation in Pakistan:

The problems caused by The needs otlha people

overpopolation can onry be 90Mtd by .'*' only be mat if
increasing resources such as fooct~ popLllation growth can
housing, and MSentiaJ services. be cont«)Ilad.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied. [6]

I agree with statement B more because it is necessary to increase the literacy rate to educate people
about the family planning programmes and use of contraceptives. The marriage of female should
be delayed to reduce the span of reproductivity. There is a great religious opposition and we also
have tribal influences which hinder the birth control system e.g. Sabz Sitara. There is also a
tradition for large families as children are needed to work on farm.

00 the other hand more food and housing is needed for increasing population but Pakistan is a
developing country and it lacks resources for population. The balance of payment of country is
negative and we have to import wheat and sugar. The weather conditions also do not favour crop.
Mechanization can be used to improve the production of crop.

2 (a) (i) suggest one reason why farming is more productive on Oat land. [1]

Machinery can be easily used on farms with flat land.

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(ii) Many processes are involved in rice cultivation. In the boxes below, place the following
processes in the order in which they occur.
Flooding sowing draining transplanting

1 p10ugNng
2
.3
4
5
6 Ilar\Iesting

[2]

Sowing, flooding, transplanting and draining.

(iii) Explain how one of the processes you name in (ii) is carried out on a small-scale
subsistence farm. [3]
Process: Sowing
Explanation: The land is ploughed and seeds are sewn in the beds or nurseries. Water is then
flowed into the fields with the help of canals.

(iv) Describe the natural factors needed to produce the highest yields of rice. [3]
The rainfall i abundance as 1500mm and above is needed for rice to grow. The land is flooded.
Temperature around 35 degree is required to grow and about 25 degree for harvest. A flat land
with fertile soil is also required for the highest yield.

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(b) Study Fig. 3 (Insert) which gives information about the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of Pakistan for 2014 by sector.

FIg. 3 for QUHtioft 2

• mandlcluring
Secondary
• oI'Ier Industry

T.mtwy .. B

(i) State what might be in categories A and B in Fig. 3. [2]

Livestock and services.

(ii) For one sector in Fig. 3 explain how its contribution to GDP could be increased. [2]
Sector: Primary
Explanation: With irrigation and modern agriculture methods e.g. Machinery and HYV seeds
land reforms
(c) Study Fig. 4 which gives information about the yields of three crops grown in Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KPK).

Key:
• KPK2011
Ii:"J Pakistan 2011
II KPK 2006-10 average
• Pakistan 2006-10 average

wheat rice maize

Fig."

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(i) A. Which crop had the lowest yield in KPK on average over the years 2006-10?
Wheat

B. In 2011 what was the difference in maize yield between KPK and Pakistan? [2]
1950-2150Kg
(ii) Using Fig. 4 and your own knowledg
province.

(d) Read the followingarticle:

The lowari Tumal is due to oMn in 2Of7.1t Is 8.6km long and wil give Chitral Vallay
its only all-weather road 10 the rest of PaJOstan.
For $ClI1'I$ in Chitral Valley !his tUnrleI wiD be of .... benefit but b' oIhers it wiDcreate
problems.

To what extent does the Lowari Tunnel benefit or crellte problems for the local people and
economy of Chitral? Give reasons for your answer. [6]
The lowari tunnel will help hitral valley to 0 long r cut off fro the rest of Pakistan for many
months due to snow. It can be used in all the weatJlers of Pakistan. It opening will shorten the
journey to Peshawar by half. It will also provide access to hospita s and colleges. Tourism will be
promoted and source of income will increase. Infra structure will also be developed in the country.

The problem is that cost of construction is very high as well as the maintenance cost. The area is
also targeted by the terrorist. There will also be a loss of scenic beauty. In my opinion the opening
of tunnel will be beneficial in increasing trading and earning of foreign exchange.

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 PAGE 268
==
~

1
Ii
" I
. I t ln Pakistan by sector.
3 (a) Study Fig. 5 which givesinformation about emp oymen I

IilI 1979 2013

:tl 80% 20% 80%

I

(i) A. State the proportion of primary sector employment in 1973.

57-59%
B. By how much has secondary employment increased between 1973and 2013? [2]
5-7%

(ii) Suggest reasons for the change in tertiary employment shown in Fig. 5. [3]
Due to more literacy, a higher number of people are entering the trade, finance and insurance
sectors. The tertiary sector is highly paid in certain circumstances and have fixed salaries and
working hours. There are better working conditions e.g. air-conditioned offices. They wat white
collar jobs. All these reasons led to the change in tertiary employment.

(b) (i) What are the causes of unemployment and underemployment in urban areas of
Pakistan? [3]
There is a large informal sector in urban areas therefore the workers are not registered. People are
self-employed. Some are labour workers who work part time. In rural areas there are problems to
collect the correct data as well.

(ii) Suggest two reasons why unemployment is difficult to measure in countries such as
Pakistan. [2]
Due to self-employment.

Many workers are not registered as they work in informal sectors .

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(c) (i) Study Fig. 6 which shows the distribution in Pakistan of selected cottage industries and
the engineering industry.

N
\

... cottage lnc1lstries

• engjneering industry
I.... 1 cottage ~~~
end 8IlgInetl'll!JIrldl,Jitry
.... - lirltemalional boundary
, ~~ilsputed ary
\/'plOVlmlill boundarv
Arabian Sea 400
km

fig.I

A. Give an example ofa cottage industry. [1]

Pottery.
B. Compare the distribution of cottage industries and engineering industry as shown in Fig.
6.
[3]

Both industries are spread throughout all the provinces. Majority of them are located in
Punjab, One is available in KPK and Baluchistan. Both are present in Lahore, Gujrat and Karachi.
Apart from this, cottage industries are also located in Quetta and Peshawar. The engineering
industries are only present in Hab.Faisalabad and Trudia.

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 PAGE 270

(ii) For the products of either cottage industry or engineering industry, identify your chosen
industry and circle a suitable method of transport.
Chosen industry
Air road ship rail [1]

Industry: engineering industry.

Method of transport: by ship.

(iii) Suggest one advantage of using this method of transRort fo your selected industry.
[1]

It helps to export large heavy goods through container ships.

(iv) Explain what is meant by the term 'small-scale industry [3]

Small-scale industry has limited assets, the family workers are been used. The output is also low.
Limited taxes are being used.
(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for industrial development in Pakistan.

It. B

It is batt8f' tor Pakistan 10 promote large- n is better for Pakistan

scale industries which provide more goods to prnmott smaf.acaJe
for domastic use and for other 1ndusIrias. I and oottage IncUrIries
in rural areas.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied. [6]
I agree with statement B more because if we promote small-scale and cottage industries in rural
areas it will help in more employment opportunities for the people and women can also work.
Rural urban migration will also decrease and living standards of people will improve. Industrial
waste can be recycled also the raw materials will be used e.g. Embroidery industry.

On the other hand, according to statement A, if large industries are developed, they are expensive
to set up. Loans will be needed for machinery and raw material. Heavy machinery and raw material
have to be imported which increased the burden on economy and the balance of payment will be
negative.

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4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 7 which is a diagram of an HEP (Hydel) power station .

...........
9.~m._ -..--..

.
A. On the diagram place an arrow or arrows to indicat~ the direction of movement of water
through the power station.
B. Choose two terms from the list below and nse them to label the diagram in two of the
spaces provided.
Outflow turbine reservoir dam [3]

(ii) Name one multi-purpose dam in Pakistan. [1]

Tarbala dam. ,
(iii) Give two uses for a dam such as the one you named in (ii) [2]

Production ofHEP
To control floods.

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PAGE 272

(b) (i) Study Photograph A (Insert). Identify the type of forest vegetation shown in the
photograph. [1]

PIlot••• A lor Ountlon 4

Sub- Tropical dry forest.

(ii) Study Fig. 8 which gives information about different types of forested area in Pakistan.

Key:
2005 • natural forest
• plantations
other woodland

o SOO 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

fOrested area (000 hectares)

Rg.8 ""-.

---

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 PAGE 273

Describe one main change in forested area over the period shown. [1]

Over all the natural forest has decreased.

(iii) State the main difference between natural forest and plantations. [1]

Natural forests are not planted by man but plantations are man-made.

(iv) In 2014 about 4.2% ofthe land area of.PalUStanwas covered in forest. Explain why more
forests need to be planted in the Indus Plain. [5]

(c) (i) Name two fIShing ports on the Makran Coast. [2]

Gwadar

Pasni

(ii) Describe the methods used in commercial marine fishing. [3]

In commercial fishing mechanized boat or trawlers are being used to catch the fish. These boats
can go deep in the sea around 40-50km. Proper storage facilities will be available such as
refrigerator. Sonar system will be available to detect fish in the sea.

(d) To what extent is it possible for marine fishing to be developed sustainably in Pakistan?
Give reasons to support your answer. [6]
Marine fishing can be made sustainable by many ways such as avoid over fishing which is catching
of fish in the breeding season. Fix quota much be introduce for catching fish and licenses should
be introduced. Mangroves forest must not be cut down as they are breeding ground for fish and
provide food for the fish which is known as plankton. There are certain problems as we do not
have sufficient capital and training for catching fish. Oil spills from ships is another major issue
face by the fishing industry. Dumping of industrial waste also pollutes the water.

In my opinion it is possible to sustain the marine fishing if we introduce strict laws.

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5 (a) Study Fig. 9 which is a map of southern Pakistan.

N KAIY:

f
.-,
I
~
.......
\ ........ ~,--,-,_..-.,.,.

,.... " ,,
","'--"- ...

I
, /

,
.... ,
\.
I
;./
r'--'/ '

FIg••

(i) On the map name the following:

• Line of longitude A: 640 E
• River B: Dasht
• City C: Karachi [3]
(iI) Explain the advantages of locating an industrial estate at D. [4]

The area is near thermal power plant to provide electricity. It is also close to the domestic market
in Karachi where cheap labor is available and demand for good is available. It is close to port
Qasim so it is easy to access to sea for exports. Infrastructure is also available such as road,
electricity and communication.
(b) (i) What are Export Processing Zones (EPZs)? [1]

These are the areas which have the government support to attract joint ventures and foreign
investors for export orientated units.

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(ii) Describe the features of an EPZ. [3]

Infrastructure should be available such as telephone, electricity and roads are provided along with
security. High technology is used. The EPZ is also exempted of duties on imported machinery and
raw materials e.g Sialkot. They are also given tax holidays as well as subsidies. '

(c) Study Fig. 10 which gives information about the numbel\ of internet users and telephone
lines in Pakistan.

number
(000 people) ,60-f------ .......
~~~_;~~

o+-----~--~--~-¥~--~~~~
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 ·2012

Rg;:10

(i) How many more people were using the internet in 2012 than in 2007? [1]

28500 - 29000

(ii) A. Describe one difference between the number of internet users and the number of
telephone lines over the period 2007 to 2012.
Internet use is increasing but telephone lines are decreasing.

B. Suggest one reason for the change in the number of telephone lines over the same period.
Increase in mobile phone and social media as facebook, google and skype. [2]

(iii) What problems might there be in extending Information Technology (IT) throughout
Pakistan, [5]
Extension of information technology throughout Pakistan need a lot of capital. Pakistan is lacking
in finance a lot. At times people cannot afford the payments and the bills. There is a risk of cyber-
attack. Load shedding is quite common in Pakistan. Apart from that we do not have sufficient IT
professionals as well. Technology has to be imported in Pakistan which will affect the balance of
payment. Due to natural disasters as earth quakes and flood also destroy the cables.

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(d) Read the followingtwo views about reducing the high unemployment rate in Pakistan.
A B

Unef11lloyment levels are best

reduced by increasing training
opportunities in agriculture and other
primary sector jobs.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasens to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. [6]
I agree with statement B more because unemployment is reduced if more skills are developed in
manufacturing and service sectors. Many service sectors are available in urban areas where more
literate people live. The tertiary sector already employs large workforce about 35%. The salaries
are very high in secondary and tertiary sector. Though manual work' will be reduced due to
technology which might cause unemployment.
According to statement A, Pakistan being an agro based country should develop employment
opportunities in agriculture and primary sector. It is mostly practiced by illiterate people by using
traditional method. It does not generate much income as well. Many lands is being damage by
water logging and salinity. Pest attack such as leaf curl virus is another reason due to which crops
get destroyed.

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 PAGE 277
·~
~

1
OctINov 2016
I
.@
1 (a) Study Fig.l which shows the distribution of monthly rainfall in Karachi I
a
I
~
mean monthly
rainfall (mm)

Rg.1

•
(i) A for how many months does Karachi experience I!ss than 10mm rainfall?
7 months

B Estimate the total rainfall in Karachi for the period July to September. [2]

173-175mm
(ii) Describe briefly the climatic region in which Karachi is located. [1]

Coastal climate (maritime) warm summer, mild winters

(iii) What is the main source of rainfall in Karachi? From which direction do the rain-
bearing winds come?
Source: Summer monsoons
Direction: South west [2]

(iv) Describe the effects of tropical cyclones on cities such as Karachi. [4]

There will be floods due to cyclones which could damage the transportation and communication
system. Electricity and transmission lines will be disturbed. There will be damage to work places
and homes, The canals will be blocked. Overall infra structure will be damaged and people wont
be able to go to work.

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PAGE 278

(b) Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show parts of the lower Indus valley. Using
the photographs and your own knowledge, explain the advantages for agriculture in areas
like this. [4]

--

The area is near the river which is a source of irrigation, It is an active flood plain having alluvium
deposits which makes the land and soil fertile. Fertile soil help to grow crops. The area is large so
machinery can be used easily and animals can graze in open land. The large area can also increased
the production of crops.

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 PAGE 279

(c) Study Fig. 2 which is a map showing different forest types in Pakistan.

KIY
Types 01 forest

..........................................................

~ .

8 : .
11·······················
..·····..··..······..···
._-" international boundary

......... disputed boundaty /

I
i
I
"-~
"
\
'-'--..--..._,-.--~. .-"",'

"-.....
-_
I
I
L
i

300

FIg.2

(i) In the key, name tlie types of forest shown on the map. [2]

Mangroves

River fain or bela

Goniferousl Alpine

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(ii) For one of the forest types you have named in (i): • Describe the features of the forest. •
Explain the uses or purpose of the trees that grow there. [4]
Forest type name: Mangroves.
Description: The trees are generally 3-8metres high. The leaves are broad and leathery. The roots
are deep so that they can easily survive in the salty water.
Explanation: The forest wood is used for fire. They are best breeding grounds for fish. It also
provides food for fishes that is known as plankton. They lare also barriers to earth quakes and
floods.

(d) Read the following two views about the possibilities for tourism in Sindh province:

A 8

Hotels and tourist resorts need to be The COSSUII area of Sindh

developed along the Sindh ooast to cannot support large oombars
bring foreign exchange and boost oI1DUrtsts.Thera could be
the economy. negaItve etrects from tourism.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places
or examples you have studied. [6]
I agree with statement A because Sindh has many tourist attractions as Clifton beach, Hawks bay
and Paradise point. Many historical buildings are also av.ailablesuch as Mazar-e-Quaid. It can
bring foreign exchange. If proper investment is done than overall earnings can also be increased.
It will also create employment opportunities as well.

According to statement B, Karachi needs tourist industry infrastructure such as resorts, clubs and
roads. It resorts are made, it can cause a loss to fishermen. The Indus delta is a marshy area which
is not suitable for making resorts. Cutting of mangroves need to be done which will affect marine
fishing as well. Tourist can pollute the environment such as noise and air pollution.

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2 (a) Study Fig. 3 which is a map showing the locations where three different non-metalllc
minerals are extracted in Pakistan.

Name··········...·........................................•....

Name .
Use .

Nam& .
Use .

Flg.S

(i) For any two.loeaneas, state the name o.fthe mineral extracted and a use for this mineral.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on Fig. 3. [4]
You should choose fro.m the fo.llo.winglist:
Gypsum limestone rock salt
Rock Salt! Cooking
Limestone/ Cement
Gypsum! Cement
(ii) Using Fig. 3 and yo.uro.wnkno.wledge,suggest difficulties there may be in getting minerals
to. export markets. [3]
Since the minerals are bulky they cannot be easily transported. It is expensive to transport. Roads
and railways are not connected to many areas due to mountainous areas. The distance is also long
from Inland areas ttl seaport at karachi.

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PAGE 282

(b) Study Photograph C (Insert). (i) Name the type of livestock shown in this photograph.

[1]
""III •••• C ••• __ •

(ii) Why is this type of livestock valuable to the farmer? [3]

Farmers get meat for food and dairy products as milk, butter and cheese. Goats can survive in
rugged landscape. Their skin can be used for leather products. The hair and wool can be used to
make finished goods. ,"

(iii) What environmental problems can be caused by keeping this type of livestock? [2]

It can lead to over grazing which will result in soil erosion. Land becomes barren and deforested.
Desertification can also be observed.

(c) (i) Name two of Pakistan's main exports. [2]

Raw cotton

Sports goods.

(ii) Read the following article:

Pakistan produces many goods that could be exported in greater quantities.

For a variety of reasons the amount of exports remains low: in 2013 the
value of exports was only 13% of GDP.

Explain why it is difficult for Pakistan to sell more of its goods to other countries. [4]

Due to low quality goods it is difficult to compete on international level. Child labour is very
common in Pakistan which causes barrier to trade. Sometime is production quality is not good.
High cost of raw material and use of machinery is another problems.

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(d) Chemical fertilizers to help increase agricultural production are one of Pakistan's main
imports. These imports are expensive. Read the following two views:
A B

PflIkISianshould manufacture
mOte of itS own ohemlcal
fel1iU$&tS to redUce the need
'Qr i~rtlng them. .

According to statement A, modern factories need more money to setup. Cow dung is insufficient
and is used in rural areas as fuel, Chemical fertilizers are not environmentally friendly. They are
imported which has a negative affect on balance of paYlReflit.
3 (a) Study Fig. 4 which is a diagram of a coal mine.

Type of mine .

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PAGE 284

(i) Choose two terms from the list below and use them to label the diagram in any two ofthe
spaces provided.

Adit cage shaft open-cast seam tunnel [2]

Shaft mining

Cage

Tunnel

Shaft

Seam

(ii) Suggest two reasons for using this type

Reason: To access seams deep below surface and from different dep hs.

Reason: Can exploit further along the seams where it does not appear.

Disadvantage: It is more expensive ana has greater risk of the accidents.

(iii) What type of coal is imported by Pakistan and how is it used? [2]

Type: Anthracite

Use: Steel industry

(b) Explain what the fuel CNG is and state the main reasons for using this fuel. [4]

CNG is known as compressed natural gas, compressed to 1% volume under high pressure. It is
used in transport vehicles. It is cheaper and reduces air pollution. It can be stored easily. It can be
transported in cylinder to northern areas.

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(c) Study Fig. 5 which is a graph givinginformation about different non-renewable fuels used
for electricity production in Pakistan over the period 2006-11.

40,--------------------------------------,
......
,..
:-:.::._...~ ~ .....
35-p-o.._;;:-:----------------:-o,.......=-=.t..-...=---------I
3O+-~~-.~--~~
~".
__ ~~~------~------_4
~+---~------~~+_--~-r~~~~--~ --- gas
tetawau.nours
(TWh) 2O+-----r---'-'::~:__-.;.;.=;;;.....; .........
;...__-=""'"'__I

15+-~------~~~~~~~~~~~
10+-------------....c..",.~4:*~~~:------~,...s~;:..,..;t

Fig. 1

(i) What is meant by the term 'non-renewable fuel'? [2]

It is an energy source that depletes or runs out. For examp e Coal, Oil and Gas.

(ii) Which fuel use has increased by the la~est amctunt between 2006 and 20H? [1]
Oil

(iii) Use information from the graph to describe one main ditTerencebetween the change in
gas used for electricity production and the change in oil used for electricity production.
[2]

Gas has overall decreased from 36 to 27 TWh.

Oil has increased from 28 to 34 TWh/

(iv) Explain why so little coal is used for electricity production in Pakistan. [3]
Very little coal is used to produce electricity because the mined coal is oflow quality that is lignite
or peat. It contains impurities such as high content of Sulphur. It has low carbon content and more
ash. It cannot be used in the production of electricity.

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 PAGE 286

(d) Read the followin!! article:

Energy

Crisis Industrial growth in Pakistan relies on the availability of energy.

Pakistan does not produce enough energy for its needs and therefore spends a
lot of its earnings on expensive imports of fuels.
Describe briefly different measures that can be taken to solve the c'Oiintry's energy crisis. To
what extent can these measures be successful. [6J

To solve energy crisis, large scale schemes of renewable resources must be introduced such as
solar and wind power. ¥ore investment should be done in making dams so that HEP can be
produced. Awareness should be created through media to save energy in homes and workplace
and not to waste energy. Small scale schemes such as bio gas can be very helpful in rural areas.

To develop renewable power stations huge amount of funds are needed. We do not have sufficient
skilled workers as well. Lack of government interest is anothe problem which we have to face.

In my opinion we can develop new plants as solar power panels since we have more sunny days
in Pakistan.

4 (a) (i) Describe two human inputs used in the cultivation of cotton. [4J

Labour is used for ploughing and sowing.

Pesticides are sprayed to prevent the diseases and damage to the crop is saved.

(ii) Study Fig. 6 which is a graph showing the production of raw cotton in Pakistan over the
period 1982-2014.

12r-------~----~~~----~------------~

10+----------,~------------~~~----~~

raw tXltton
(mitflOll bales)
6+----,.A~------=----------+_---__t
4+-+------------------------~--------__t
2~--------~~~~~------------------~
O~~~~~~~_T~~T_~~~~T_--~~~
1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

FIg. 8

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A Describe the main changes in the production of raw cotton between 1982and 2014.
[3]

The production of raw cotton increased from 1982 to 1991 and from 1992 to 2004.

It decreased from 1992 to 1995 and then in 2004 and 2010.

Overall is fluctuating but shows an increase in the end.

More rainfall which is good for crop or i

Greater use of pesticides.

Greater use of fertlizers.

(b) Describe different ways in which governments can support farmers. [4]

The government can introduce various scheme to support farmers such as they provide them
subsidies. Irrigational schemes can be introduce uch as making of dams and barrages. The SCARP
project can help to solve the problems of water logging'and salinity. Training can be given to
farmers to use machinery for better results.

(c) Study Fig. 7 which is a ,table giving information about agriculture in Pakistan over the
period 1950--2010.

AgI'IWtUI8%1hare T01aI cropped area

Year
in tabdur force (millionhal
195(1 6i 13 l
,-
1960 59 15

1910 58 17
1980 53 ;/ 19
1999 47 23
..... 2007 48 24
2()10 45 23

FIg.7

(i) Describe the relationship between agricultural labour force and cropped area. [2]
As the labour forces decreases, cropped area has increase. It has an inverse relation. Labour was
66% where as the area was 13 million ha. Then when labour was 45% the areas was 23ha.

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 PAGE 288

(ii) Suggest reasons for the change over the period 1950-2010 for either labonr force or
cropped area, as shown in Fig. 7.
Choice: Labour force.
Reasons: It has decreased due to mechanization in farms. Many people have migrated to urban
areas for better jobs. They are being paid high in informaljobs. [3]
(d) Read the following two views:

Pakistanishould plant more Mort- Jand~1d be used to

cash crops on its land to grow"'erops to feed 1he growing
g&ner&le IxpoI't earnings. mpulation d Pjt~.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. [6]
I agree with statement A more. There should be an increase in cash crop as more crops will be
exported which will result in the improvement ef the balance of payment. E.g. wheat, rice and
sugarcane. The government should give incentive or loans to buy machinery and fertilizers.
Training and education should be given to farmers as most of them are illiterate.
According to statement B, growing food will help to fulfill the demand of growing population.
The overall population is increasing so is the demand. It will also reduce the imports of agriculture
products. But many farmers do not have an access to a fertile land. Many farmers don't have skills
to grow crop. The most important barrier is the harsh weather condition.

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5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 8 which is a bar h ztvine l .

in Pakistan for 2014-15. grap grvmg informatlon about infrastructure spending

Funds
ava8ab1e

1000 2000 3000

FJg.8

A What is meant by the term 'Infras ructure'? I. [2]

Infra structure means the basic facilities or services provided for example roads, rail, electricity
and gas.
D U":DG laJ'oe-marion nnm Fig. 8 only, describe problems for infrastructure spending in
2014-15. - [3]
'fha projects<lostlllUCt,. more than the funds. The total cost is Rs 7700 bn and the funds available
is Rs 700bn. Sufficient funds are not available. The source of funds available are Rs 500 bn from
the government and Rs 200 bn RGm foreign assistance. The money available would only pay for

(ii) Spending on infrastructure projects is lower in some years than others. Suggest reasons
hy this might be. [3]
It is lower because of the trade deficit as we have a negative balance of payment. The exports of
akistan are very limited and the size of debt is very high. Another reason can be change in
~ovemment and the policies leading to unstable earnings. Huge amount of funds are used for the
1eliefprogrammes during disasters.
~b)Read the following article:
People move to towns and cities from the countryside for many reasons and often
in large numbers. Some people return but most stay. As well as changing the
lives of the migrants in many different ways, this rural-urban migration also
brings change to the urban areas. The effects can be positive or negative.

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(i) State two pull factors for the movement of population described in the article. [2]
Higher paid jobs due to better working conditions.

Access to health and hospitals.

(ii) Describe the effects on urban areas of the movement of large numbers of people into
iliem. ~]
The urban areas will be over crowded and over populated. There will shortage of resources such
as food and there will be a pressure of many services such as schools and hospitals. Traffic
congestion will increase as more cars and buses would be moving. Shortage of jobs will result in
more crime rate and poverty will increase. Social and psychological problems will increase.

(c) (i) Name a fishing port on the Sindh coast. [1]

Karachi / korangi
(ii) Describe activities that are involved in the secondary sector of the fishing industry.
[4]

Freezing to preserve food for export. Canning to preserve the food. Salting to preserve the fish.
Gutting to clean the fish for better hygiene. Smoking to give fish a unique taste.

(d) To what extent is it possible to develop the fish processing industry further in Pakistan?
Give reasons to support your answer and refer to places or examples you have studied.
[6]

Makran coast is a very huge undeveloped coast line around 700krn long where Gwadar has been
developed as the new port. It has a fish harbor with modem facilities. It also connects to central
Asian countries. There is also potential at Pasni and Jiwani ports. The government should provide
basic facilities along with EPZ so that trading can be done. The value added products such as
canning and salting can be done to earn more foreign exchange.

The. problems which will arise as that the lack of investments by the government to develop
infrastructure such as road, rail and gas. More capital is needed to expand the industry. Many
processing plants are currently out of operation.

In my opinion it is possible to develop fish processing industry.

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 PAGE 291

May/June 2017

1 (a) (i) What is meant by each of the following terms? [2]

A Subsistence crop farming: Crops grown for own consumption of the farmer and family.

B Cash crop farming: Crops grown for sale. They are commercially grown.

Rice sugar cane oilseeds

Cash crop: Cotton / Rice / Wheat / Sugarcane.

(iii) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using Higli ¥ielding Varieties of crops?
[4]

Advanta es
Yields are increased.

ear.

These are artificial crops genetically modified,

therefore not health .

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PAGE 292

(b) Study Fig. 1, which shows population growth rates for selected provinces over three time
periods.

100~--------------------------
90~------------------------~ Key:
80 Baldehistan
70
population 60 • Punjab
growth (%) 50
~Sjhtlh
40
30
20
10
o

FJg.1

(i) A What was the population growth rate for Punjab between 1972 and 1981?
27%

B Which province showed an increase in population growth rate in every period? [2]
Sindh.

(ii) Identify one difference between the population growth rates of Balochistan and Punjab.
[1]

Baluchistan's growth rate has increased and Punjab growth rate has decreased.

(iii) Explain two factors which have contributed to population growth in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer. [4]
Early marriages have increased the span for reproductivity therefore the couples can have more
children at an early age. Family planning programs face great resistance from the families as
Ulemas tell them that Allah gives 'Rizq' to everyone. There is also the lack of use of contraceptives
as many did not have any knowledge .

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PAGE 293

(c) Study Photograph A (Insert)

PhOtograpn A lor QUeatJon 1

[2J
This is Nomadic farming. The armers keep on moving from one place to another with his herds
or flocks in search of water, fodder (grazing grounds) d shelter.

(ii) How is the keeping of buffalo different rom the type of faeming in Photograph A?
[2J
Buffaloes can be kept for dom tie use in the I eds. They are kept in the outskirts of cities as they
need large amounts of ater, t ey usually sit in.it. They are kept in a settled environment.

-
. ..-: -

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 PAGE 294

(d) Read the following two views about increasing food supply in Pakistan:

Development ·of the livestock Increasing crop production

sector is the best way to and cu 'vahle area is the
increase Uheamount of food best wa~ of ensuring there is
available in Pakistan. enough fOOd in Pakistan.

I agree with statement B more because we have sufficient agriculture land in Pakistan so we can
easily grow more food for the increasing population. We also have proper irrigation system to
provide water. HYV seeds are also available along with fertilizers to grow more food. But over
cultivation might destroy the land as well.
According to statement A, the livestock needs proper hygienic farms with fodder for them. If there
is no proper management it leads to over grazing resulting in soil erosion. There is also lack of
capital to provide all facilities to live stock.
However agricultural production will be feasible as it can be done with both modern and traditional
methods.

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 PAGE 295

2 (a) Study Fig. 2, which shows changes in road type in Pakistan over a IS-year period.

1998-99 2013-14

0% 0%

800/0

Key:
o Metalled
[E] Unmelalled

(i) Complete the pie chart for 2013-14 by using tbe following information and the key
provided:
~
Road type Percent

Metalled 73
V
Unmetalled 27

[2]

(ii) State the increase in the percentage of metalled roads in Pakistan between 1998-99 and
201'31-14. [1]
73 - 56% = 17% increase.

(iii) Suggest two advantages of developing the motorway network in Pakistan. [2]
1. It is quick and efficient which helps to save time while travelling.

2. 1\s industrial estates are present, there are employment opportunities for the people who can
travel easily.

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PAGE 296

(iv) Explain the difficulties of building roads in the desert areas of Pakistan. You should
develop you~ answer. [4J

It is a sandy and rugged rocky terrain which can increase its construction cost. The climate
conditions are unbearable due to heat, the extreme arid conditions create a great difficulty for the
construction workers. Traffic can be hatnpered due to sand stonns. Government also does not want
to invest a lot due to low population density whic eads to low returns. There is a great influence
from the Tribal rulers who do not want any development in the areas and therefore there is less
security.

(b) Study Photographs Band C (Inse

(i) Using Photograph B and your own knowledge, describe how bricks are made in rural
areas. [3J

Clay with 20% of sand is mixed with water, the mixture is then put in the rectangular moulds
which is brick shaped, it is then left in the sunlight to dry. Then it is baked in the kilns on the
temperature 900-1000°C in the furnace. Later it is taken out and water is poured to make it cool
and hard.

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PAGE 297

(ii) Describe the work being done in Photograph C. [2]

Harvesting, the women have collected and tied the crops in the stacks and they are carrying them
over the ir heads. This is manual work.

(c) (i) Why is employment in urban areas considered to be more attractive than employment
in rural areas? [2]
They get high salaries. Monthly salaries or fixed wa_ges. ere are better working conditions as
work is done in offices where fans and air co ditioners ate 'avat able. Timings are also fixed.

1. Better schools / colleges for a good educational setup and academics.

2. Infrastructure as roads, electricity, water and gas supply for a better living standard.
3. More entertainment and recreation facilities are present e.g. Cinemas, P rks, etc.

(d) It has been proposed that a large integl(ated iron and steel mill should be built on the
outskirts of Rawalpindi, Punjab.

80km2 of land will be cleared for the mill and new infrastructure will be provided to
the site by the local authorities. Large amounts of ra materials will be brought onto
the site by road or rail and it is planned to produce up to 3 million tons of finished
steel per year. r:
L JJ

Evaluate how the new integrated iron and steel mill will affect the local people of Rawalpindi.
Give reasons to support your answer. You should consider both benefits and problems in
your answer. [6]
As large land 80km2 was cleared for the mill and new infrastructure as roads were to be provided
by local authorities, this helped to plan to produce up to 3million tonnes of finished steel per year.
It can help to provide employment opportunities for the local labour workers. New settlements are
developed, roads, electricity are provided. It also helps to access the industry for work. Trade can
be increased because goods are made in surplus and exported to other countries to earn foreign
exchange and spent on the development of the area.

There are many problems faced by the people of Rawalpindi, there would be increased air pollution
due to smoke and dust from the chimneys. There could be traffic congestion on roads. Many
people could migrate from rural areas.

In my view it is not good for the local people to set up a mill.

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3 (a) Study Fig. 3, which ranks Pakistan's main trading partners for imports and exports in
2013.

Rank _Origin of imports Rank Destination of exports

1 UAE 1 USA""'- ~
2 China 2 China
-TN .......
-......-~?
,
3 Saudi Arabia II. 3 ~igh'iniStJp ~-
»:>
4
5
6
Kuwait
India
Malaysia
'" .
•
-
4
5
6
~AE ~
rG.8_!!11BnY
UK"':;
...
''"[
_
_r;1
..

I
-

Elg.3 6~
(i) Name a country which is a main trading partner for both imports and exports. [1]
China.
(ii) For either imports or exports suggest reasons why the countries listed are important
trading partners for Pakistan. [3]

Imports: These countries have a strong economy. We imported capital/manufactured goods from
them which are expensive to be produced in Pakistan. We import Mineral oil from UAE, Kuwait
and Saudi Arabia. Edible oil from Malaysia. Electrical appliances from China, fruits and
vegetables from India to fulfill the requirement of Pakistan.

Exports: China, Afghanistan and India are the neighboring countries of Pakistan. We can save
expenses by exporting through the land routes. We export cotton, rice, sugar to these countries.
US / UK and Germany are developed countries. We export cotton products, sports goods and
surgical instruments to them. We have political ties with them. These countries can easily be linked
through the sea.

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows the amount of coal produced in Pakistan over the period 1980-
2012.

6000
.
5000

~
f ~
~ ,"_-,
@7JC1l? 1'- I

,., ,
J

000
4000
r ~
:......i1lI ... !~ I~
....
II
".

I.... II
too". I!J :;;. r 1~
3000 .. I~ r
It I,I~~I
~ t -4.-
.... r 1'\
1;1 '~
II.J ~ I-
f, i""l
2000
1
1.1 ~ Ir.
I~f~ I'" I> I~' f:' ~ }

- .,
J"
1000 .
" I,
"'" )
..01
... 1\
.
1984 . 1988 ""'. 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012

(i) Name two coal producing areas in Pakistan.

1. Lower Sindh - Lakhra coal mines.

2. Quetta coal fields - Sor range.

ii) A Complete Fig. 4, by drawing the bar for 1988. The amount of coal produced in 1988 was
3 million tonnes.

B In which year did coal production peak?

2005.

e How has coal production

Increased
changed since its peak?
decreased stayed the same
e the correct answer.
[3]

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 PAGE 300

(iii) Explain why the amount of coal being extracted in Pakistan has changed since its peak.
You should develop your answer. [4]
The coal fields in Pakistan are not exploited on a large scale as they are harder to access due to
lack of roads, the coast of extraction has also increased. We also lack the budget for extraction of
coal because government does not take any interest. There are spending on other sectors, also there
is lack skilled people to extract them. The demand of these fossil fuels has decreased because they
add up in pollution of air and water therefore we are looking for renewable resources for a cleaner
environment.
(c) Pakistan usually has a negative balance of trade.
(i) What is meant by the term 'balance of trade'?
. [1]

It is the difference between Exports and Imports.

Balance of Trade = Exports - Imports.

(ii) What are the reasons for having a negative balance of trade? [3]

The value of goods imported by Pakistan e.g. Mineral oil, Machinery etc. is more than the value
of the goods exported e.g. carpets, cotton products, etc. there is a depreciation of our currency
Rupee against the foreign Dollar, Pound and Euro, so we have to pay more. Trade embargoes have
been imposed by a few countries e.g. USA, Japan on the child labor issue.
(iii) Suggest two effects ofa negative balance of trade on the national economy. [2]
I. The taxes (indirect and direct) are increased to cover up the deficit, it lowers the purchasing
power of the people.
2. We largely depend upon the loans and foreign aids to fulfill our requirements. It increased the
debt burden on our economy.
(d) Evaluate whether using global telecommunications has improved employment
opportunities in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you
have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. [6]

The use of global telecommunications has improved the employment opportunities in Pakistan e.g.
in cyber cafes, TRG companies for buying the goods online. The job available are tertiary jobs
with formal setups, getting fix salaries and working for fixed timings. This can also help them
improve their working conditions.
Online banking system can help get linked at any time of the days. Websites can be made to
advertise the product which can be sold worldwide.
There might be few problems as it will reduce the jobs available as many people are unskilled and
they do not have education. Also, there is limited demand in developing countries like Pakistan.
Load shedding can also be a hinderance in providing global telecommunication to all.

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4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5, which shows a diagram of the karez system ofirrigatiou .

.MaLnteninte ..shaft ...

Water table

Flg.S
Choose three terms from the list below and use the to label the diagram in three of the
spaces provided.
maintenance shaft aquifer canal tunnel water table [3J
(ii) Give an example of a barrage in Pakistan and name the river it is on. [2]
Barrage: Chashma.
River: Indus.
(iii) State why barrages are needed in Pakistan. [2J
They are needed to provide irrigational water to the fields for agriculture. They help in flood
./ control by collecting it in their reservoir.
(b) (i) Describe two ways in which the atmosphere in Pakistan can be polluted. [2J
1. Smoke / fumes and harmful gases from the factories and power stations.
2. Burning of rubbish or fossil fuels.

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 PAGE 302

(ii) Explain how the use of chemical fertilisers on farms damages the natural environment.
You should develop your answer. [4]
Due to surface run off from the farmland, water pollution is observed. There can be eutrophication
in rivers because nitrates, phosphates cause algal blooms which increase C02 and destroy aquatic
life. The infiltration also creates ground water pollution. Also over use of fertilizers damages the
soil.

irrigation llivestock
o indulJtrial
.dom8$tic

Fig. 6

(i) A Which sector used least water?

Domestic.

B How much water was used by the irrigation/livestock sector?

94% [2]
(ii) Name a type of industry that uses large amounts of water. [1]
Hydro Electric Power Stations.

(iii) About 60% of irrigation water is lost before it reaches crops. Give three reasons why
irrigation water is lost in this way. [3]
1. Seepage from the unlined canals leads to wastage of water.

2. Evaporation from streams and rivers due to high temperature.

3. Water theft from the canals or mismanagement of canal water.

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(d) Read the following two views about water shortages in Pakistan:

The best way to prevent water

shortages in Pakistan is to
build more dams and other
infrastructure projects. These
will store or supply more water.

I agree with statement A more because the construction of more dams whether large or small
projects could help to store water in the feserveirs which was usually wasted due to siltation and
floods. The dams help to prevent losses of water flowing downs streams into the sea.

But to build the dams a large amount of fund is needed and it takes a long time to build them.
,
According to statement B long scale time is required to educate a sufficient number of people to
conserve water by different methods. Also the growing Ropulation in Pakistan has increased the
usage of water in domestic and industrial plants. Linings ofcanals Ca;D also reduce the water losses.

5 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the amount of oil produced in Pakistan and the amount of oil
imported, for selected years.

Key:
Z1imported
• produced

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 450 500

000 barrels/day

Fig. 7

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 PAGE 304

(i) Name the location of one oil refinery in Pakistan. Give one reason to suggest why it is
located there.
[2]

Location: Mahmood Kot (PARCO),

Reason: The crude imported oil is taken to PARCO for refining with the help of WOPP (White
Oil Pipeline Project) from the sea port Karachi.

.2009
Imported 185000
Produced 60000
[1]

(iii) Compare the amount of oil produced and the amount of oil imported in Pakistan in the
years 2011 and 2013. [2]

Ans. The amount of oil imported increased from 150000 to 370 000 barrels per day. The amount
of oil produced was almost constant at 65000 barrels per day.

(iv) Give two reasons why Pakistan imports large amounts of oil. [2]

I. Lack of technology and expertise for the extraction.

2. Lack of capital, therefore reserve cannot be explored or exploited easily.

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 PAGE 305

(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows population and electricity production in Pakistan over the
period 200~2014.

population 150 +--==--......-=::::::::::_---.:::-----~~~~

(millions)

•••• electricity
production

'FIg. 8

(i) A Describe the relationship between population and electricity production from 2000 to
2008.
Population increases, so electricity production also increases. Population is probably higher than
high production of electricity.

B Describe the changes in population and electricity production since 2008. [2]
Electricity production remained the same, there was a slight increase but population kept
increasing.

(ii) Explain why electricity production does not meet the demand for electricity in many parts
of Pakistan. You should develop your answer. [4]
Population increases is higher due to more settlements, industrial work and domestic usage. There
is very little investment in the new power stations as government spends in other sectors. Many
power plants are not working to the full capacity due to power theft and siltation in dams. There
are power breakdowns due to faulty transmission lines and old machinery.

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(c) (i) Electricity can be generated using solar power. Complete the passage below by
choosing the correct words from the list and placing them in the spaces provided

Rectangular, solar canels are mads up of many solar cells .

which convert the Jjght. '..energy from the sun into eleCtricalenergy. They can

tum a turbine.

roofs panels wind steam east

heat light soUth cells [3]

(ii) What are the disadvantages of generating electricity by wave and tidal power? [3]
It is an expensive technology because government does not invest in it. These power plants are
restricted to coastal areas. They can be disrupted by cyclones or tsunamis. We also do not have
experts to set up wave and tidal power stations.

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 PAGE 307

(d) Read the following two views about solutions to Pakistan's shortage of energy:

A B
To produce more energy, large-
scale power generation schemes To produce more energy, $mall-scale
such as nuclear, gas-fired. oil-fired, power generation schemes should
and multi-purpose HEP (Hydel) bf:t set up, such 88 bloc • wind, ~nd
power statiOI16 should be built. $Olaf IlQW8rplafi1S

According to the statement A; large scale power schemes need more capital, there are also
problems with the disposing of waste e.g. nuclear plants.rOil is also expensive and is imported to
run the thermal power stations, but more energy can, e produced to fulfill the demands of
increasing population.

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OctINov 2017

1 (a) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows part of the urban area ofIslamabad.

Photograph A 'or Question 1

(i) Describe three features of the residential area in this photograph. [3)

I. It was irregular arranged and crowded housing area.

2. Water containers can be seen on the roofs of houses.
3. The power cables / transmissionaod telephone lines are scattered.

(ii) Suggest reasons why people move into areas such as that shown in Photograph A.
[4)
People usually move in such areas as they can be closer to their work places. Some cannot afford
higher qualities houses as they are on cheaper rent or had to pay low taxes. Some can be living
temporarily. The houses could be near the transport links as they could have easy access to roads
and railways.

(b) A shortage of food is one reason why people move away from rural areas.

(i) Give two reasons why there might be a shortage of food in rural areas. [2)
L The water logging and salinity does not allow an area to have proper cultivation,
2. The floods can destroy a land or there can be no irrigational facility available for better
agriculture.

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 PAGE 309

(ii) Describe the ways that human factors can improve the production of livestock farming
in Pakistan.
[3]
The increased production of fodder crops can help to provide more grazing grounds for the
livestock. Vaccination facilities are available to figli many viruses and diseases in livestock.
Hygienic living areas are provided where there is shelter from eather conditions. Improved
veterinary facilities help to save the lives of many animals.
I
(c) Study Fig. 1, which shows death rates in Pa(gstan between 2000 and 2014.

10~--------------~--~~~~~------~~~
9~~~~~--~~--~~--~~
8+-----------~~~--~~~~~~--__7
7t-------------~------~~~~====
6~--------------------------~~~~~~
population
5+----------.",......,...,...---..,--:-----------..:,:::...--
(per 000)
4~-------~~~~-------~---
3~------------------~------------~---
2+---------~__..,_--..,-~~~~----~------~---
1~------~~~-~--~~---~--
O~----~--~~--?----~~~T_---~-_,
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Fig. 1

(i) What is the death rate in 2ooo? [1]

9.5 Per 1000

(ii) How has the death rate changed between 2000 and 2014? [1]

It has decreased.

(iii) Give one reason why the death rate has changed over this period. [1]

It has decreased due to better health care, medical facilities are available as there are better
medicines/doctor etc.

iv) EXRiainthe impacts of this change in death rates on Pakistan. You should develop your
answer. [4]
The decrease in death rate will lead to decrease infant mortality rate. It will put pressure on health
care and education for children. More elder people will be a part of high production, therefore,
there will be strain on government to provide them better health facilities and pensions, but on the
other hand, youth can get their advice and they can be a support for them at houses. More people

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 310

of working age would lead to more unemployment due to overpopulation. Less jobs and more
demand.

(d) Rapid population growth and rural to urban migration lead to pressure on housing in
urban areas of Pakistan. Read the following two views about ways to solve the housing
problems in urban areas:

The government should provide

funding to improve poor quality
housing in urban areas.
Itreas.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider ViewA and View B in your answer.
[6]

I agree with statement B more as cottage industry can be develop in rural areas, which will provide
them job opportunities in rural areas and it will improve their living standard as well. Electricity
can be provided to develop the area and people living their can easily use media and electrical
appliances. The remoteness of the area might create few problems such as it will be difficult to
provide medical and educational services and people might be attracted towards urbans areas for
these facilities.

According to view A, self-help schemes need much funding to develop the slum areas. There will
also be resistance from the local communities on investing money on slum areas. More investment
will be required to convert them into a reasonable settlement.

It would be better to develop rural areas as it will reduce the rural-urban migration and it will also
reduce urban areas getting crowded.

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2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2, wbicb is a flow diagram oftbe cement industry .

............................................... c::::::>

coal

On Fig. 2, insert tbe name of a raw materiaLused to make cement in tbe space provided.
[1]

Limestone or gypsum
(ii) Give one example of primary, secondary, and tertiary employment in tbe cement industry.
[3]

Primary: A miner (quarry man) to extract the raw ma!:eriallimestone,gypsum or coal.

Secondary: Manufacturing of cement by factory worker.
Tertiary: Salesman, driver.
(iii) Tbe cement industry is an example of a formal industry. State tbree cbaracteristics of
employment in tbe formal sector of industry. [3]
1. Regular working hours which are fixed.
2. Fixed or regular wages, paid monthly or on daily basis.
3. Registered work and legal7Taxpayer.

(b) (i) Name two fuels wbicb are imported in large quantities by Pakistan. [2]

1. Crude Oil,
2. Coal.

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 PAGE 312

(ii) Explain the disadvantages to Pakistan of importing large amounts of natural resources.
You should develop your answer. [4]
When Pakistan imports large amounts of natural resources, it is dependent on other countries which
might restrict imports due to trade embargoes, worsening political relations and political stability.
A large import bills has to be paid because of which the negative balance of payment increases. It
also discourages development of Pakistan's own natural resources sector which prevents growth
of natural economy and less jobs are created.
(
(c) Study Fig. 3, a map which shows the distribution of population in southern Pakistan.

t 200

;Key:
popUf.ation dan!iity .- --- intar.,.lior ral boundary
IWgn - ~ --- in1I!ifI'Ial boUndaiy
mediUm • CiIiM
row

FIg.S

(i) On the map name the following: City A; City B.

[2]

City A: Quetta.
City B: Hyderabad.
(ii) Name one area of low population density shown on Fig. 3. [1]

Tharparkar.

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 PAGE 313

(iii) Describe three human factors that cause some areas to have a low population density.
[3]

I. The areas are barren due to the deforestation and soil erosion which do not encourage farming.
2. Lack of infrastructure as there are no roads, electricity, water supply etc. .
3. Lack of educational and health facilities.

Government projects. poliCies

and support have the greatest
influence onthe growthof
industries.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6]

I am supporting view A more because the low taxation policy of government can attract and
encourage people to invest. Training programs can be introduced fo workers which will enhance
their outputs. Government can also provide infrastructure such as roads, electricity and raw
materials for industrial sector for e.g. Korangi Industrial estate.
According to statement b, the energy shortages can influence the industry, as the speed of work
will reduce and it won't get completed on time. The natural disasters can lead to destruction
because the cost of building earth quake proof is high. Natural disasters can divert funds away
from the development of industry but if sufficient funds are available industry can grow as well.

3 (a) (i) A Name a species of fish reared on a fish farm.

Trout / Mahasheer / Palla.
B Give two uses for the products of fish farms. [3]

1. Poultry feed as it is a source of protein.

2. Fish oil is extracted which is used as medicine.

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(ii) Describe the methods used to rear fish on fish farms. [3]

Rectangular ponds are made which are lined with cement to avoid seepage. Water is filled in them.
Trees are planted on its sides to provide shade and oxygen. Water is enriched with nutrients as
fertilized manure and poultry dropping make its bed for growth of plankton.

(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows changes in farm size in

Farm size
Percentageof farms' I - .. r:
hectares (ha) 1980 1990 200Q ~2010
89 t
UnderS
5-20
74
24
81'
17
86
1.'13 10"
,
21 and over 2 2 1 1 -- 1-

Fig. 4

(i) In which year was the percentage of farms under 5 hectares (ha) the smallest? [1]
1980.
(ii) Identify the two main changes in farm size over the whole period 1980-2010. [2]
1. Under 5 hectares, an increase from 74% to 89% farms is observed.
2. For 5-20 hectares, a decrease from 24% to 10% farms is observed.
(iii) Suggest a reason for one of the changes you have identified in (b)(ii). [1]
For under 5 hectares, an increase from 74% t089% farms because of increasing sub-division of
family plots due to inheritance laws.
(iv)Explain how farm size can affect production on farms in Pakistan. You should develop
your answer, [4]
A large farm can give more produce as machines can be used easily. On the other hand many large
farms do not produce much due to the Zamindari system which do not allow tenants to work on
them and they are left barren.
For small farms, less investment loans are not given to buy machines, HYV seeds for fertilizers
which leads to a low output. On the other hand they also need more labor to harvest crop which
also takes long.

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PAGE315

(c) (i) Study Photograph B (Insert).

Photograph B for Question 3

A Name the crop shown in this photograph.

Millet.

B Give one reason why this crop' can be grown in many areas of Pakistan.
Can grow in arid! sandyl areas here few irrigational facilities are present.

C Describe one natural requirement for a high yield of this crop. [3]

Light, sandy, alluvial loamy soil can give a high yield of crop.

(ii) Sugar cane is an important crop grown in Pakistan. Suggest two reasons why there is an
increased demand for this crop. [2]

I. Population is increasing and so is the demand.

2. It is exported to earn foreign exchange.

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(d)
A huge area, 4-7 million hectares or one-fifth to one-third of the total agricultural
area of Pakistan, has seen yields decreased or crops lost completely due to
w<ltprlmrging and salinitv.

Evaluate whether it is possible to prevent agricnIturalland tieing damaged by waterlogging

and salinity. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examplesyou have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your.ansyer. [6]

The land can be prevented from water logging and salinity by installing .tnbe well~ which will
pump water from the water table. Eucalyptus trees can be pi ted as they absorb the ground waters.
SCARP can be used to solve this problem as well.
However it is very difficult and expensive to solve the prob~emcreated by water logging and
salinity. Farmers usually over-irrigate the lands which lead to the destruction of soil. Canals are
normally unlined which leads to a great seepage resulting in water logging.
4 (a) Study Fig. 5, which is a map of southern Pakistan.

N II.

o
t 200
km
'","-
\ ..... _.- ...._
i
\
<,
I
i
,
./
\'-1
\,'-,
", "

(
.J'

Key:
.__ -__ . inlemallanaJ bOundary
-rWer

FIg. 5

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 PAGE317

(i) On the map name the following: Line of longitude A-A; River B; Desert C. [3]

Longitude A-A: 64° E.

River B: Hub.

Desert C: ThaI.

(ii) Describe the natural topography (reliet)::ufArea 0 on the map. [3]

(iii) Give reasons why the Indus River floods.

(b) Study Fig. 6, which shows the road types in the road network of Pakistan's National
Highway Authority in 2016.

I(ew:

fig.'
(i) What is meant by the term 'road network'? [1]

It means how the roads are connected to others.

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 PAGE 318

(ii) Complete Fig. 6 by drawing the bar for the motorway, using the information below and
the key provided:
~w g w

I I 7

[2]

(iii) The road network is most dense on the plains of Punjab and Sindh. Explain why there
are fewer roads in the mountainous areas of Pakistan. \1ou should develop your answer.
[4J
There are few roads in the mountainous areas of Pakistan because the area is rugged with steep
slopes and a difficult terrain. Extreme weather conditions hinder the travelling as roads are blocked.
by snow and landslides. It is also expensive to construct roads in the mountain areas.

(c) (i) Name one type of tree grown on plantations in Pakistan. [1]

Shisham / Fir / Eucalyptus.

(ii) Describe three physical factors which influence the distribution of forests. [3]
1. Distribution of rainfall leads to less or more crop yield.
2. Cold and warm temperature effect the forest growth.
3. Alluvial soils are required for growth of trees in abundance.

(d) Evaluate whether developments in transport networks benefit or create problems for the
people and the natural environment in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement
and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider benefits and problems in your
answer. [6]
The development in transport networks would benefit people and the natural environment because
it will be a quicker and cheaper way of travel for passengers and goods. Motor ways would provide
more chances of employment opportunities as labour could move from one area to another.

With the help of rail development, the number of cars will be reduced on roads this will reduce
traffic issues as well as air pollution.

But on the other hand, more investment will be required to develop the roads and railways. Railway
does not provide door to door services. The fumes from railway will lead to air pollution and it
will also create noise pollution as well.

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5 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows climate data for Lahore, Punjab. Lahore has a monsoon
climate.

mm

fig. 7

(i) What is meant by the term 'monsoon'? [1]

It means a short period of heavy rains (July to September).

(ii) How does Fig. 7 show that the climate in Lahore is typical of a monsoon climate? [2]

There is wet season, rainfall between July - September. Very little rain is observed from Oct -
June. There is high annual temperatures 30 - 340 C. Highest temperature is in June before the wet
season.
(iii) Give reasons why Lahore has more rainfall in July than in December. [2]
There is low pressure on land in July, and high pressure in December. July has high temperature
with more humidity but December has low cooler temperatures with less humidity.

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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows the percentage ofthe population working in Pakistan in 2013-
14.

Urban

in rural areas is reater than in urban areas. ./

[2]

(ii) Suggest reasons for the differences in the percentage of the population working between
rural and urban areas. [3]
There is higher proportion of women working in agriculture fields in rural areas. More males
migrate from rural to urban areas. More salaries / wages are paid to the males in urban areas than
the females. Employment in rural areas is more labor intensive than in urban areas and less labor
intensive in urban areas.

(iii) Explain the advantages of mechanization in small-scale industries in Pakistan. You

should develop your answer. [4]
Mechanization leads to less need of labor worker which help save the labor cost. Machines help in
improving the production to export them and earn foreign exchange. It helps replacing the child
labor, therefore, countries would lift trade embargoes.

(c) (i) A provincial capital city regularly has the lowest temperatures in Pakistan. Name this
city. [IJ
Quetta

(ii) Describe four impacts of low temperatures on people who live and work in mountain
areas. [4J
1. Farming is not possible in low temperatures many people have to practice transhumance.
2. There is a loss of telecommunications and electricity due to heavy snowfall.
3. It is difficult to travel by road and air due to fog, snow and landslides.
4. There is a danger of death due to cold and frostbite.

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 PAGE 321

(d) Read the following two views about possibilities for air transport improvements in
Pakistan:

I it! b$IIer 1.1) buid more

i\itIioQ.ya .. ..IMah AiipOI1,
Kai'd, Paki$Wi'$Iaf98(1t
OW· .

According to view A more run ways shou1d be build at Jinnah airport would result in more traffic
congestion. As people from other cities will trav:el to Karachi to use air facilities. But this will also
be beneficial as huge amount of people will be able to travel easily.

However, in my view B is more important as infrastructure of roads will be provided for air travel
from smaller towns.

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 PAGE 322

May/June 2018
1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
- -, - -- intemational boundary
province-level boundary
disputed boundary

"':' ..
" -'--" - :
./
'" '1
J N

oI
t
100 200 300
I I I
.. 1"""" km

Fig. 1.1

(i) On Fig. 1.1, label the following: Afghanistan; India; Line of longitude 700E
You should write the name in the correct location on the map. [3]

Afghanistan - to west of Pakistan; • India - to east of Pakistan; • Longitude 70 °E- middle line of the three
on map.

(ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw and Iabel the Tropic of Cancer. [2]

Accurately drawn line for position ofTropic of Cancer; • Accurate label.

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 ..

PAGE 323

(iii) Describe Pakistan's location in relation to other countries in South and Central Asia.
[3J

Pakistan shares a border with India in East, Chine to the North, Iran in the West and Afghanistan
in the North West.

Pakistan is situated in South Asia. It has a link

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In South it Ii

1--

--
The land is a sandy area, made of ridges and s dunes. Sparse vegetation can be seen as thorny
shrubs. It is a barren and dry area.
-

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 .'

PAGE 324

(ii) Explain the challenges of living in a desert area, such as that shown in Fig. 1.2. You should
develop your answer. [4]

The desert area has a high temperature as it is an arid land with scarce rainfall difficult to survive,
Dust and sand storms are common. The crops cannot be grown easily as there is shortage of water
sources, also because of the lack of rainfall. Only scrubs or thorny bushes could grow.

(Hi) Study Fig. 1.3 (Insert). State two features ofthe climate typical ofthe environment shown
in the photograph. [2]

Fig. rt.3 for Question 1•• ~~::::;.-

I. Extreme cold, freezing temperature.

2. Snowcapped area shows that blizzards are common.

(c) Suggest two ways in which latitude affects the climate of Pakistan. [2]

I. If the area is closer to the equator, it would be warmer or hot.

2. To the further North, away from the equator, it will be cold.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 325

(d) Evaluate the extent to which the natural topography of Pakistan limits human activity
and economic development in the north of the country. Give reasons to support your
judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of
view in your answer. [6]
The human activity and economic activity is limited where the land is flat. It is easy to practice
agriculture over there on flat land. Due to harsh climate which is extreme cold it makes it difficult
for the people to work. The winter climate does not allow them to grow crops or work' n industries.
The blockage of roads and land slides is another probler for people to travel. In northern areas
there is no proper infrastructure such as roads and railway.
People live in homes during extreme climate and work in cottage industries to produce goods
which could be exported to earn foreign exchange. Dams can be made in north whicl\-will provide
job opportunities to the people. ..... .

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing forest types in Pakistan.

Key:

~:~:::1alpine
.' .._- ... ,
_8
IIA ,
",

'.
\

I
I
,
C ,/
...... - ... ~ "
~ mangroves '--

) N

t
a 100 200 300
I I I
km

Fig. 2.1

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 PAGE 326

Name the forest types shown at A, Band C: [3J

A: Coniferous
B: Sub tropical dry (Scrub)
C: Tropical thorn (Rakh)

[2J
1. Indus Delta.
2. Hub Delta.

[2J
I. It has prop roots to filter excessive salt.
2. Can survive in salt water.
3. Leaves are leathery and have drip tips.

(ii) Describe two functions of forests. [2J

1. The forests provide a habitat to the animals.
2. They clear pollution and bring more rain as there is also more oxygen.

(iii) Suggest three physical factors which determine the type and density offorests. [3J
1. Altitude - High - Alpines / Coniferous.
2. Cold temperature - Alpines / Coniferous.
3. Presence of Rivers - Riverain / Bela.
4. Soil type - Salty - Mangroves.
5. Dry areas - Thorny - Scrubs.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 327

(c) (i) Study Fig. 2.2, which shows a coniferous tree.

Explain how this type of tree has adapted to the climatic conditions it grows in. You should
develop your answer. [4]
Coniferous are evergreen trees with less leaf fall. They are conical in shape which prevents the
accumulation of snow. It has long wide spreading roots which helps to anchor the tree against
strong winds. The thick bark helps to protect from cold winds.
(ii) State three causes of deforestation in Pakistan. [3]

1. Use of wood in furniture.

2. Fuel wood for cooking and heating.
3. Urbanization for roads.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 328

(d) Around 5 per cent of the land area of Pakistan is forested. To meet sustainable
development targets the amount of land covered by forest needs to increase to 25 per cent by
2030. Read the following two views about possible uses of land in Pakistan:

A
hooreasedforest cover
iis an important use
of land for the future
CkJvelop~nl Of Pakistan. '

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider. View,A and View B in your answer. [6J
I agree with statement A more as the increased forest cover protects the areas against flooding
saving the lives of the people especially in the foothills and low lands. The forests also help against
soil erosion which saves the fertility of soil for agricultural purpose. The forest also helps to control
the pollution by increasing oxygen and by absorbing carbon di oxide. It can also attract rainfall.
The need of wood for furniture and agriculture will be fulfilled. Many people get employed in the
forest department such as mangrove forest.
I disagree with statement B because we have limited land and the growing population needs more
land for settlement. More over some forests are also cleared to make infrastructure. In my opinion
growing of forest will help to provide goods for wood-based industries to fulfill the needs of the
local people.
3 (a) (i) Define the term 'livestock farming'. [1]

It is the keeping of animals.

It is also called Pastoral farming.

(ii) State two uses of livestock on farms. [2J

1. They carry loads / transport goods.
2. Used to get milk, meat etc.

(b) (i) Study ,Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2 (Insert), photographs showing different types of livestock.
Identify and name the type of livestock shown in each figure.
Fig. 3.1: Cows / Cattle.
Fig 3.2: Sheep / Lambs.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 "

'!!!II
IIIiiiii
PAGE 329
~
~
r-_
E
".--. 1'Ig.3.1 __ ~
i
i
~

a
I
:t

(ii) Name two products from the-hvestock s

1. Milk
2. Meat.

- (iii) Describe the benefits of rearing the livestock shown in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2.

The waste of the animals can be the best manure for fields.
[2]

They are a source of food as milk, meat and eggs.

The wool is used to make clothes, rugs. The skin is used for making leather products.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 330

(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.3, a map showing the main regions of Pakistan where buffalo are kept.

K.ey:

_ main buffaloareas
- .. _.. international boundary
...~."~ ~ province-fevel boundary
-------- disputed boundary

"':--'"
'\ - _ _"_'
.. .. ._:
)

'-..
., N

oI
t
100 200 300
I I I
km

Fig. 3.3,

Using Fig. 3.3 and your own knowledge, describe the distribution of buffalo in Pakistan.
[3]

They are found along the eastern border of Pakistan mostly in Punjab. Also found in Central Sindh
around Hyderabad. In the upper Indus Plain alongside the rivers, as Ravi and Sutlej.
(ii) Suggest two reasons why buffalo are kept in these regions. [2]

1. Buffaloes cannot climb the mountains. They therefore mostly live in plains.
2. They prefer to be in water most of the time so they are in the river flowing areas.

(iii) Explain how natural factors can create problems for buffalo farmers. You should
develop your answer. [4]
Buffaloes cannot live in the cold climates as they survive in hot temperatures and like to sit in
water.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 331

The disease can create a great problem as it could spread and kill other animals when vaccines are
not available.

(d) The government has encouraged the growth of commercial poultry farming since 1964.
There have been some challenges but different strategies have been introduced to further
develop this type of farming in Pakistan. Evaluate the extent to which commercial poultry
farming in Pakistan has overcome its challenges and developed further. Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples you:bave studied. You should consider the
challenges and the strategies used in youli answer. I [6J

On the other hand, there were many problems such as huge amount of capital is required to setup
poultry farms. There will be air pollution in farms due to smell and harmful gases like methane.
Due to load shedding the refrigeration facilities as the meat will get rotten.
I think that the poultry farms can be developed if govenppf t provides loans and incentive for the
farmers.

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 PAGE 332

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the location of selected textile industries in Pakistan.

Key:
• major textile centre
• other textile centre
• cotton

~._.
'\ -.,_" __ '
.c.>:

'-. ., N

t
oI 100 200 300
I I I
..,f"'~·· ->
" km

Fig.4.1

Name the three major textile centres labelled X, Y and Z on Fig. 4.1. [3]
X: Hyderabad.
Y: Karachi.
Z: Faisalabad.

(ii) Describe the location of the major textile center labelled Y on Fig. 4.1. [2]
Y is Karachi. It is in the South of Pakistan near the coast of Arabian Sea. It is also near the border
of Baluchistan.

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 PAGE 333

(b) (i) Define the term 'secondary industry'. [1]

The industry which converts raw materials into commodities for the consumers.
(ii) State a feature of each of the following types of industry: [3]
Cottage industries: Where the owner and his family works with no hired labor.
Small-scale industries: It is a medium investment and the work is done in workshops-

(iii) State three reasons for the location, of the co!,Wntextile industries in Pakistan. [3]

(c) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing three of the processes involved in the spinning of
cotton.

A-opening
Bales of Cotton laid down
uniformly In layers. Web or sllver.The slivers are then
Rollers are used to flatten the fibres DiVided Into threads

C-Drawlng
Fibres are strailhtened.The silver Is
Collected In moving cylinders where
Fast and slow rollers further divide
silvers

FIg. 4.2 [3]

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 PAGE 334

(ii) Explain why the cotton textile industry is important to Pakistan. You should develop your
answer. [4]
Ans. The cotton textile helps to provide employment opportunity for the locals whether skilled or
unskilled. This way labor workers can improve their living.
The industry helps to fulfill the local demand of people also the surplus is exported to earn a high
foreign exchange for the economic development of the country.

(d) Although cotton textiles is Pakistan's largest industl")',it st,iI faces challenges if it is to
increase its global market share. Read the following two views about some of the challenges
to the cotton textile industry in Pakistan:

A
load shedding of electricity
lis a major charrenge to the
growth of 1he ootton textile
indus1ry.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6]
I agree with statement A more because due to load-shedding, production comes to standstill, the
consignments or orders would not be completed in the given time therefore exports are affected.
Many workers lose their jobs and many times they are not paid which will reduce their living
standard. The name of Pakistan can be defamed when deadlines are not met and the trading
partners cannot rely on Pakistan. e.g. Export of cotton textile can slow down.
According to statement B, to improve the skill of labor, Government needs to invest in Education
and training. As the current employees are overworked therefore, the full capacity of cotton
production cannot be completed on time. As a result, the cotton production may decline in the
future if there are no skilled workers to fiUthe vacancies.
However, the load-shedding leads to deteriorating economy.

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 PAGE 335

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which is a diagram of the Demographic Transition Model.

high

births and death$

(perOOO 30
per year)
20

10

low

Fig. 5.1

(i) Add a suitable label for line Z on Fig. 5.1. [IJ

Line Z: Total Population.

(ii) Describe the changes that occur in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model in Fig.
5.1 . [2J
Birth rate increases slightly then decreases slightly so it overall decreased slightly. Death rate fell
rapidly. Natural increase is at the highest.

(b) (i) Suggest three reasons for a high and fluctuating death rate in Pakistan during Stage 1
of the Demographic Transition Model. [3J
1. Poor hygienic facilities as there are less sewage disposal and sanitation facilities.
2. The diseases like Diarrhea, Cholera and Malaria increased.
3.JIigh Infant Mortality rate (IMR) as children die from diseases.

(ii) Explain two reasons for a fall in the birth rate in Pakistan during Stage 3 of the
Demographic Transition Model. You should develop your answer. [4J
There is a fall in the birth rate because family planning programs as Sabz Sitara, Behbud
Foundation and Chabi ka Nishan played a great role. The lady health visitors forced the couples in
rural areas to control the increasing population. Women started receiving higher education and
they had become career oriented so they marry at a later age which helps to reduce the span of
reproductivity .

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 336

(c) (i) Define the term 'population density'. [1]

Ans. The number of people living per unit area.

DOP = Total Population
Total area

(ii) Study Fig. 5.2, a map showing the population density of Pakistan.

Key:
peopleper square kilometre
• over 1000
"
...... _- ...... '\.

JAMMU &
~ 101-1000
KASHMIR
~ 0--100
disputed territory .-
- ,' _ .. internatiOnalboundary ........ "
#

"-'~ .... "

1.... -,,·······_·_·_· province-level boundary

disputed boundary

t
o1 100 200 300
I I I
km

Fig. 5.2

Describe the population density of Pakistan. [3]

More densely populated area (over 1000) are South East, East, Sindh, KPK and Punjab. Less
densely populated (0 - 100) are South West, West, North Baluchistan except Quetta, also Gilgit
and Northern areas have a low density. Moderate density of population (100 - 1000) are in central
parts of Sindh, KPK, and Punjab.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 337

(iii) Suggest reasons for the variation in population density in Pakistan as shown in Fig. 5.2.
[5]

More population is found in plain and fertile areas. There will be less population in rugged and dry
lands. More population will be available in nearby ivers and 1 es. In areas where infrastructure
is available such as roads, electricity and water ..are available. The areas whicfi has limited facilities
have less population.

It is encouraging if government makes policies to support the population of Pakistan. The

government should educate the people about family planning programmes such as green star
clinics. The use of contraceptives must be made common to Control population. Unemployment
must be reduced by creating jobs if government starts new projects. The farmers must be given
incentives to grow crops to fulfill the need of. growing pOQulation and make them realize that they
do not need more children due to mechanization, It is difficult f()r the government to provide
slJfficient food to the growing population therefore, the~ have to I port the food crop which will
further make the balance of payment negative. The unemployment levels are high and it is not easy
for the government to provide opportunities for jobs in a large number. It can also lead to an
increase in the crime rate such as theft, smuggling and murder.

In my view, it is possible to control the increase in population through late marriages as the span
of reproduction is decreased having less children to provide opportunities in future.

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PAGE 338

Oct/Nov 2018
1 (a) (i) Study Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4 (Insert), photographs showing different crops growing
in Pakistan. Identify the crops shown in each photograph. [4]

1'Jg..I.I""'-"1

Fig. 1.1: Rice.

Fig. 1.2: Sugarcane.
Fig. 1.3: Cotton.
Fig. 1.4: Wheat.

(ii) State what any two ofthe crops shown in Figs. 1.1-1.4 are used for. [2]

Name of crop: Sugarcane

Use: Making sugar, brown sugar, gur.
Name of crop: Cotton
Use: Fabric, cotton yam, clothes.

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
L _
 ~GE~
.~
~

1
~

(b) (i) Explain the ideal natural growing conditions needed to produce cotton. You should
.Ia
develop your answer. [4] ~

=
i
:t
[4]

~ .' -',---."_,,,.'~'.~
Key: ,:,/1'.' ;
............
-<,
_ .. _.. international boundary \. -',_, ( ..<,
:} ..J ~AMMU ~.- __'\,
..•.•.•:•.•_- province-level boundary
KASHMIR
-------- disputed boundary

.,
~. .......... ,,_ .. _ )
.. .. ,,_' ,.. (

../
/ N

t
oI 100 200 300
I I I
km

Fig. 1.5

On Fig. 1.5 shade and name the provinces where oilseeds are grown. [3]
Shade on the map at least two of the following provinces: Sindh, Punjab, KPKor Balochistan (must shade
entire province)

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'

PAGE 340

(ii) State two reasons why oilseeds are grown in these provinces. [2J

1. Oil seeds can grow in a wide range of different climate conditions on nutrient rich soil.
2. These provinces are good domestic markets for the oil seeds.

(d) Pakistan is an agricnltural country, yet a recent United ations report placed Pakistan
on a list of countries facing food shortage in the future. Read the following two views about
ways to prevent future food shortages in Pakistan:

The best way to prevent food The bes iW8y to prevent

shortages is to increase food food shQrtag88 is to inaease
production for the domestic food imports for the domestic
market. market.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6J

I agree with statement B because the increase of production is important for the domestic markets.
To grow more foods farmers must be given training and incentives to grow more crops. HYVs
seeds can be used to increase the production. More food crops can be grown as wheat, rice and
vegetables. It will fulfill the need of domestic markets and the surplus can be exported to earn
foreign exchange. This will also improve the balance of payments as well.
I do not support statement B because if we import more food crops from other countries as foreign
exchange will be used and our reserves will get empty. The imported food can be expensive and it
could lead to unemployment for the farmers in the country.
In my view a is more important than b.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 341

2 (a) (i) Which one of the following definitions correctly describes hydel power? Tick one box
below.

Tick (.I}

Hydel power is electricity generated by using foSSIl fuels.

(ii) Explain how the climate causes problems in developing hydel power in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer. [4]
If there is less rainfall in winter and more snow all areund, HEP cannot be produced in large
amount because the water is freezing and low temperatures do not help. On the other hand very
high temperatures lead to evapotranspiration, which leads to less water available to store and
produce HEP.

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 .'

PAGE 342

(b) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, pie charts showing the percentage share of energy produced in Pakistan
and the world.

Pakistan World

50%

Key
coal ~ nuclear
• oil E*:J hydel
~ gas D renewable

Fig. 2.1

Compare the proportion of energy produced from any two non-renewables in Pakistan with
the rest of the world. [2]

World uses 41 % more coal than Pakistan's 1%. Pakistan uses 37% more oil than world's 5%.
Pakistan uses 28% more gas than the world' 20%. World uses 13% more nuclear power than
Pakistan's 3%.

(ii) State three reasons why the contribution of renewable energy sources, other than hydel
power, is smaller in Pakistan compared to the rest of the world. [2]

1. The building or development ofthe renewable energy plants is expensive.

2. It is cheaper to use coal or gas.
3. Areas suitable for large scale production of renewable energy are very far from centers of
population.

(Hi) Suggest two ways solar energy can help solve the problems of producing and distributing
energy in the rural areas of Pakistan. [2]

1. It is limitless and will not run out as sunrays are available.

2. Solar panels can be located anywhere and do not need to be connected to the national power
grid.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 343

(c) (i) Draw and label a diagram of a wind turbine.

[3]
of a wind turbine, labels can include: • Generator. Rotor,Blades / fans • Tower / pole • Gear box
cables
Tr"rlefnr'ft'lAr.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 344

(ii) Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using wind energy. [4]

Advantages Disadvantazes
l. Wind is renewable and will not run out. I. It is expensive to build as a large area
It does not pollute the atmosphere. and many turbines are needed for a wind
farm.
2. Wind is free and cheap to run. It can be 2. Wind does not blow constantly and
generated at night unlike solar energy. during storm force the turbine stops
working.
J tJu A \.
~
(d) Pakistan is planning to expand its nuclear energy capacity from 1300 to 8800 megawatts
between 2018 and 2030. To what extent is further developing nuclear energy a sustainable
way of generating more electricity in Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and
refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer. [6]

Developing nuclear energy can be sustainable resource which can produce electricity can help to
boost the economy as it can reduce the energy crises. Sufficient energy can be producing to run
industries. It would help to provide jobs and to reduce the unemployment in Pakistan as new
industries and projects would start working.
Nuclear power needs a small quantity or uranium to produce large amount of energy and there are
less chances of accidents. It is very expensive to set up a nuclear power plants as more investment
will be needed. On the other hand, the renewable schemes are cheaper such as solar and wind. The
nuclear rays can cause cancer as well.
In my view nuclear energy can support in industrialization and the wastage are very dangerous.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 345

3 (a) (i) Complete Fig. 3.1, which is a divided bar graph, using the information below to show
the employment structure of Pakistan:

Sector PeroentagEt (%)

Primary

Tertiary

[4]

Accurate completion of percentage bar chart.

(iI) Complete the table by classifying the jobs from ttie list below into the correct categories.
An example has been done for you.

Prinary SecoridaIy Tertiary

farmer factory woIker teacher

nurse . train drhfel bulkier

fisherman

[3]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 , .
===
~ ~GE~

"E
i
~-&
:t Primary
farmer
Secondary
factory worker
Tertiary
.Teacher
Miner Builder Nurse

=
I
Fisherman Chef
-'
rr Train driver
~
,.r\

:t (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a world map. Shade and label two cou
of products from Pakistan.

[2]

Fig. 3.2

Accurate shading and labels for 2 countries.

(ii) Name three major products that are imported into Pakistan. [3]

1. Mineral oil. 2. Electrical appliances. 3. Machinery / computers.

(c) (i) Define the term 'trade deficit'. [1]

Trade deficit is a negative balance of trade where the value of imports exceeds the value of exports.

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
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e
_.~-
E fIJ
==
fIJ
=
~
~
., Q
...,

Hamza Mohammad Ali

 PAGE 348

(iii) Explain why Pakistan has a trade deficit. You should develop your answer. [4]
Pakistan exports a small variety of goods e.g. cotton, rice, sports goods, leather goods, carpets, etc.
these are not high value goods. The goods that Pakistan imports are of a higher value. Thus the
value of imports is greater than the value of exports.
There are also many trade barriers and restrictions on some experts due to child labor,
environmental and health standards due to which the goons cannot bought by the other countries.
I

(d) The negative Balance of Payments needs to tie corre.cteddn orde to ensure future
economic growth. Read the following two views a~o~t correcting the Balance of Payments in
Pakistan:

The best way to OOIT8ct the n. best.., 10 mmId ..

Balance of Payments is 10 Balance of PIIynHIn1B is to
il1C!l'88Seexports. r8strict importS.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6]

I do agree with statement A, the exports will increase which will generate foreign exchange and
the balance of payment will be improved. Balance of payment can be improved by exporting value
added products e.g cotton. The taxes on exports should be reduced to provide benefits to the
exporters. There must be a proper quality control on the standard of goods as well to compete in
the markets.
1 disagree with the statement B, if we restrict imports the goods produced by many industrialists
might be of low quantity. They might exploit customers as well as they will know that there is
restriction on imports. If the imports are restricted the goods produced in Pakistan would be
expensive and there would be more reliance on the local produced goods.

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4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the rail network in Pakistan.

K_,:
- ., - " international boundary
--- province-kwel boundary
.---- ..-- disputed booodary
-- rail network

N
INDIA
IRAN ,_ l.i..
.r
x
t
o 100 200 300
I I I I
km

Name the three provinces X, Y and Z.

X: Baluchistan.
Y: Punjab.
Z: Sindh. [3]

(ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, identify two countries that have international rail links with Pakistan.
[2]

1. India.
2. Iran.

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(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the rail network in Pakistan.
[3]

The Northern areas of Pakistan and FATA has no rail network due to its terrain. There are two rail
lines in Central KPK. There is a dense network of rail in Punjab due to its plain area and a large
population.

Computerized ticketing system.

(ii) Suggest reasons why the government is improvingl the railways in Pakistan. [4]
The rail network is cheaper than the road and air, for long distance travel. The trains carry large
number of passengers on one journey and also offer freight in cheap rates. The railways help trade
by connecting the other neighboring countries e.g. India (Sarnjhota Express). It links dry ports to
transport goods to sea ports.

(c) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a survey of internet usage in Pakistan in 2014.

Approxim8181y87% of households own f"IIOtlH pbones bg1j Only 7", .... e an int8met
conneclion.

Mobile phone OWJl8fShipis higher in .-man .artJ8$ (95"') than rural 8'88S (83%).

Approxim818ty 17% of urban homes have an inlfJmat (l(]('"ol8Clion eompared with 2%

of rural homes.

Suggest two reasons why a small percentage of the rural population use the internet.
[2]
1. Electrical devices are expensive and most people do not have knowledge*+e of using them.
2. Many rural areas lack electricity and also have limited access to the internet.

(ii) Explain why internet access is important in education. You should develop your answer.
[4J
Internet access in education can help learning beyond the classroom. It opens up wide horizons
and develop interest in wider world for the students and teachers. Online learning or distant
learning helps increase knowledge of a subject. The up to date information can be obtained and
women at home can gain knowledge easily.

O-LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
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(d) It is important to improve telecommunications in Pakistan to encourage development.

Read the following two views about improving internet access in Pakistan:

A B

It is beUer to invest in
improving internet access in
the maiO' cities of Pakistan.

I agree with the statement A, because if tlie internet access will be improved in major cities it
would benefits to the people and they would be connecte fo eople around the country. The
students will be able to study online with the help of internet ana the will be able to learn new
skills. People from different areas will be connected for their busines such as call centres.
I disagree with the other statement because it is very difficult to provide internet in rural areas as
it would be expensive to install and people won't be able to afford it. It will be difficult for the
people to use the internet as well.
In my view, statement A is more better as compare to statement B.

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5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a population pyramid for Pakistan in 2014.

Male Female

economically
active

young
dependents

15 12 9 6 3 8 12 15
Population (In milion.) PopAaIion (In millona)

Fig. 5.1
Complete the graph using the information below:

I ~ 21).-,24
F_
110 mYloa
[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1 describe the population structure of Pakistan. [3]

There is a large number of young dependent 0 - 19 years.

There is a small proportion of elderly dependents 60+ age.
There is gradual decline through the older age groups, economically active decline in 20+ age.
More females in older age groups, less males in older age group.

(b) (i) Define the term 'birth rate'. [2]

The number of births per 1000 of the population per year in the Birth.

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(ii) Study Fig. 5.2 showing selected population information about Pakistan.

187 million

Urban population

Rural popul8lion

Population growth rate

TolaJ fertilty rate

Using data from Fig. 5.2 calculate the natural population increase for Pakistan. Show your
working in the box below. [2]

Natural Increase = Birth rate - Death rate

= 26.8 per thousand -7.0 per thousand

= 19.8 per thousand.

(iii) From the list below tick three correct reasons for overpopulation:

__! -- r '..I'

t:?
IF

lidt (./)
Too many people )..< ./
~ !,t
Use 01contnaptkln
Not enous#' raeouroas e.g.. Iood, ,shellBr, water ./
Immvalon II ,'> 'i "t
Poor ii'IfrasIrucWre I ,~
oJ
..lack of government finanoa \. \
RapidjlOpulation growth
e-"
~ ..I
[3]

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(c) (i) Give two benefits and two problems to a family of baving a small number of cbildren.
[4]

Benefits: The family would have more income to provide more food and education to children.
Their standard of living would be high and they could have more quality time.

Problems: The family may not have a child to look after them in old age. Children are needed to
work and earn if they are small in number, their earnings would also De low.

(ii) Explain bow and wby tbe deatb rate in Pakistan is' changing. You sbould develop your
answer. [4]

Death rate is falling. It has decreased from 30 in 1947 to 7.2 per 1000 in 2012. It is due to access
to the healthcare, more doctors and hospitals. Improved medical facilities are provided with faster
emergency services. Vaccination saves from diseases and deaths~ therefore Infant mortality rate is
decreasing. Improved hygienic food and water saves many from diseases.

(d) Stage 4 oftbe Demograpbic Transition Model sbows low birth and death rates with steady
population growtb for Pakistan between 2014 and 2040. To what extent will low birtb and
death rates bave a positive impact on tbe future development of Pakistan? Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer. [6]

A low birth rate puts less pressure on the economic resources like education, food and housing. It
will also result in low dependency ratio. Low death rate means that elderly people can help with
childcare and provide knowledge to younger generations that they can learnt from their experience.
But lower death rate also means that there will be more elderly people which will result in more
dependency ratio. The government will have to provide food and medication. There will be a
burden of pension on the government.

.0LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 355

May 2019
1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, an outline map of Pakistan.

Key:

- .. _.. intemational boundary

-- river

",
-:-'"
............ --- .. ~-..." .. --- . .-
}

........ . , N

o,
t
, , ,
100 200 300
km

Fig.. 1

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 PAGE 356

(i) Label on Fig. 1.1 the province-level areas in the correct locations using the letters from
the list below.

letter province-level ~
.A Balochistan
B FATA
c
D
E Punjab

[3)

(ii) Name the cities Y and Z. [2]

Y: Multan
Z: Hyderabad.
(b) (i) Describe the characteristics ora floodplain. [3)
A floodplain comprises of gently sloping flat land. In the Upper Indus Plain there are 4 Doabs,
land between two rivers, marked by levee/ riverbank, active floodplains, old floodplains and
alluvial terraces. Rich alluvium brought by the IRS (Indus River System) with silt and gravel is
spread on the plains. There are Oxbow lakes, meanders and braided channels on the land of a
Doab. In the Indus Deltaic plain in the land tends to be marshy with water meadows.
(ii) State two ways that land on a floodplain is used. [2)

Usually such land is used for arable farming! crop cultivation along with livestock farming to rear
buffaloes and cattle as there are plenty of grazing grounds. Land near an agricultural farm is also
used for setting up fish farms due to easy availability of water from irrigation canals. Flat land
topography also facilitates setting up factory industry and transport links like roads and railways.

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(c) (i) Complete the passage below about monsoon rainfall in Pakistan. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Monsoon blow towards the heart ofthe in

....•.... . They blow towards the

autumn continen

summer

[2]

(ii) Describe the causes of the south west monsoon. [3]

These winds blow from the Arabian Sea (secondary Monsoon) or the Bay of Bengal (primary
Monsoon) towards the low pressure areas developed due to strong heat in northern parts of
Pakistan. The inland areas tend to get heated more quickly than the ater body of Arabian Sea.
These winds, carrying a lot of moisture, reach the hot 0 pressure areas of Pakistan. They strike
the heated land, expand and rise to a significant height to get condensed. This is followed by spells
of heavy shower.
(iii) Explain two impacts ora heavy monsoon. You should develop your answer. [4J
Heavy monsoon will result in floods and it may damage the infra structure such as roads and
railway. It will cause difficulties for traffic. Students and workers will face difficulties in travelling
and work. Flood water will destroy houses especially shanty towns. Many waters borne diseases
will increase like malaria and typhoid. This will also put burden on health care services.

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(d) Rivers are an important resource for human settlement and economic activity, but
flooding is an increasing problem which can hinder development. Read the following two
views about ways to manage flooding in Pakistan:

More flood
management schemes
are fll8eded along rivers
to prevent floods.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to sUllport your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and:;;YiewB in your answer.
[6]

I agree with statement A more as compare to statement B.

More flood management schemes are needed to prevent flood as it will save many areas from
getting affected. Due to flood many people get killed and injured. To save them flood schemes are
needed. Floods causes many damages such as students won't be able to go to schools and it will
be a loss to an economy. Many businesses will be affected S0 to save the loss and to save economy
management schemes are needed.
On the other hand, rivers will provide nutrients to the soil which is good for farming. But the cost
of management is very high. Money can be spent on infrastructure for e.g. transport. Flood plains
can be used for fish farming and the water can be used for irrigation as well.

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2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, which is a map of the southern coastline of Pakistan.

,.........
" ~~~-"-'.-".,
_ _ ..__ .--
..

\
-,
-........

200
- .. - .. international boundary
......................
province-level boundary

Name two fishing pods on this coastline. [2]

1. Gawadar.
2. Keamari 1Karachi ports.

~ __ (ii) State two uses of fish.

..... [2]

1. Fish provide healthier white meat with additional nutrients like vitamins A and D.
~. Fish farms are a source of self-employment and earing income quickly.

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(iii) Complete the passage about types of marine fishing in Pakistan. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

Fish that is caught and sold for profit is known as ..

· fishing. Manyfamilies depend on this type of fishing for their main source

· of Fish that is caught by the familY for.Jth,ejr own

·consumption is !mown as fishinQ. Many.:peopIe

who live near the coast rel.yon fish as the main COIl1JX?nenI of their

catch oommercial diet large income

small Subsistence
[2]

Fish that is caught and sold for profit is known as commercial fishing. Many families depend on
this type of fishing for their main source of income. Fish that is caught by the family for their own
consumption is known as subsistence fishing. Many people who live near the coast rely on fish as
the main component of their diet.

(iv) Describe three fishing methods used in marine waters. [3]

I.Traditional or wooden sailboats are used that are equipped with small fishing nets made by rope.
These boats can travel to a maximum of five to seven km into the sea.

2. They are helpful in surface fishing only as they are not designed for deep sea fishing.

3. Commercial fishermen use large motorboats, equipped with gill nets and capable of travelling
up to 50 km in the sea.

(b) (i) What is a fish farm? [1]

It is an artificially built farm, usually rectangular in shape, for keeping and rearing fish.

(ii) Describe the characteristics of a fish farm. [2]

It may be rectangular, or square or circular in shape, built by humans in the vicinity of an

agricultural farm. A cemented impervious base is built and its sides are made of solid mud or
concrete. It has pipes, water control and harvesting facilities. Trees are planted around its sides.

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(iii) Classify the followingflsh into the correct category in the table below. An example has
been done for you.

Marine fish Inland or freshwater fish

shark manaseel'

Choose from:

drum rahu

palla trout ray: grass carp

[3]

Marine fish
shark
Drum
Croaker
Catfish
Skate
Ra

(c) Explain two problems caused by the fishing industry on the natural environment. You
should develop your answer. [4]
Sea water is polluted by oil spill from oil tankers. This contaminated water adversely affects the
growth of marine fish. Motorboats used by commercial fishermen are powered by diesel. Their
engines produce carbon dioxide and smoke that cause air pollution. This way the ecosystem is
badly damaged causing disruption in food chains and endangering valuable fish species. The
problem is worsened by reckless cutting of mangroves that provide shelter, natural habitat and
breeding ground to small sized fish and shrimps. With rapidly depleting mangroves, marine
fisheries are facing serious challenges. France stopped importing marine fish from Pakistan for
many years for the same reason.

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(d) Fishing is an important and growing economic activity in Pakistan. Read the following
two views about ways to develop the fishing industry in Pakistan sustainably:

A B

Develwing inland fish

fanning has greater
benefi1s for the people
and economy and is
more sus~ainable.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6]

I agree with statement A more as compared to statement B.

There are several sites for developing inland fisheries which may provide jobs to many people
living nearby. Most of the fish is caught and sold during winters but the income is very limited.
Due to global warming the fish catch will be greatly reduced. in future. It will be wise to develop
marine fishing industry especially along the Makran coast. People living near the makran coast
can do fishing for their survival. Fishes can be exported as well to earn foreign exchange too.

On the other hand marine fishing can be developed as infrastructure facilities are available at
Ormara and Pasni. Ice storage and cold storage facilities are available. It is very time consuming
to develop them further and it is very expensive as well. Skilled and unskilled workers will be
needed for working and developing marine fishing.

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 PAGE 363

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing gas producing regions and the natural gas pipeline
network in Pakistan.

Key:
- .. - .. international boundary
..._." _ province-level boundary

-------- dio;;p~ boundary

_ ga5-producing regions

--- natural gas pipellne

Name three gas producing-regioas in Pakistan. [3]

1. Sui in eastern Baluchistan.

2. Tando Adam in Sindh.
3. Many parts of the Potwar Plateau in northern Punjab.
(ii) Using Fig. 3.1 and your own knowledge, describe the distribution of the natural gas
pipeline network in Pakistan. [4]
The pipeline runs from the Indus Delta coast in the south to the tip of the northern regions including
Peshawar. This line connects Karachi with Multan, Lahore and Peshawar. A pipeline from this
main line goes to Faisalabad in central Punjab. Another pipeline runs from Karachi to Quetta.
There are not many branch lines for smaller towns of Punjab and Sindh. Most of Baluchistan,
almost whole of Gilgit Baltistan and several areas near the Pak-Afghan border do not have any gas
pipeline.
(iii) Explain one way of transporting natural gas to parts of Pakistan not served by the
pipelines and one limitation of this method. You should develop your answer. [4]
Natural gas is cooled to a very low temperature in order to liquefy it. This is called LPG (Liquefied
Petroleum Gas). It is filled in metallic cylinders that are transported by road or rail tankers to the
areas not connected to gas pipelines. Road tankers carry LPG cylinders to Murree and Galyat
region as well as to Gilgit Baltistan. It is a more expensive and dangerous means of supplying gas.

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 PAGE 364

Serious accidents may take place due to leakage or explosion. Moreover, it is not reliable means
of transportation as the supply may be interrupted by heavy snowfall or political disturbances.
(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the percentage share of natural gas used by selected sectors
in Pakistan.

sector

manufacturing

percentage of gas used (%)

fig..3.2

Complete Fig. 3.2 by drawing the bar for domestic use using the information below.

. gas. use percentage (%)

domestic 18
[1]

(ii) Name two other sectors that use natural gas which are not shown on Fig. 3.2. [2]
1. CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) as transport fuel.
2. As raw material in chemical fertilizers Industry.

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 t , ) ~

PAGE 365

(c) Complete the passage about generating electricity using natural gas. Choose the correct
words from the list and place them in the sp'ac_es
provided•

.................................... lines.

biofuels fossil fuels heat hyde! light

nuclear power steam thermal transmission turbines

[5]

(d) The natural gas field discovered at Sui is consi ered to be one of the largest in the world.
Additional smaller gas fields have since been discovered and developed in Pakistan.
To what extent is further development of the natural gas industry possible in Pakistan? Give
reasons to support your judgement. You should consider different points of view in your
answer. [6]
Natural gas industry can be developed in Pakistan by various methods. In Pakistan we have many
gas reserves so gas can be extracted from these reserves such as Sui. Pipelines can be extended
and it can serve those areas where gas pipelines are not available such as northern areas.
Deforestation will be reduced if gas is provided to northern areas.
However huge amount of funds is needed for such developments. Pakistan might need to take
loans from other countries such as UK and USA. Rugged landscape of mountainous regions and
Baluchistan weather may restrict the exploration projects. Terrorists people can also create
problems in the development of the country.

4 (a) (i) Define 'tertiary industry'. [1]

It is the industry that is related to providing any service.

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(ii) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows the percentage share of people employed in each economic
sector in Pakistan.

0%

~ SecOndary
~ Tertiary
~

50%

Fig. 4.1

What is the percentage of people employed in tertiary activities in Pakistan? [1]

35%

(iii) Name three different job types in the tertiary sector. [3]

1. Computer Operator.

2. Doctor.

3. Engineer.

(b) (i) Describe the difference between domestic and foreign tourism. [2]

Domestic tourism is when people ofa country go on holiday within the country. In foreign tourism,
people from different countries go on holiday to some other country.

(ii) Study Table 4.1, which shows the source of foreign tourists to Pakistan from selected
countries in 2007.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 367

origin number

UK 275600
USA
Afghanistan
China

Table 4.1

UK.

B Suggest two reasons for this. [3]

1. Usually expatriate Pakistanis come to meet their friends and family they left in Pakistan.

2. Many also visit to enjoy the scenic beauty of the northern mountains and the cultural events like
Shandur Polo, world's rooftop festival m Pakistan. Many others visit historical sites in order to
revive the memories of the colonial past, like the Governor House, Lahore.

3. Sikhs form UK visit to perform pilgrimage to Punja Sahib, Hasanabdal and Nankana Sahib,
Shekhupura.

(c) (i) Explain two adyantages of tourism to Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
[4]

Tourism is a source of foreign exchange earnings for Pakistan as tourists pay the government for
providing them facilities and security. This money can improve Pakistan's negative BOP (Balance
of Payment) and can be spent on developing tourist sites as well as improving social services like
education and health care in ether parts of Pakistan. Many people get jobs as guides, drivers and
owners of food business. Food and services for tourist may be availed by the local people. These
include sports grounds and swimming pools. Many tourists are keen to buy the products of cottage
and craft industries like embroidery, clay and straw items in addition to specially designed fabric
and outfit, does contributing to our economy.

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PAGE 368

(ii) Study Figs. 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6 (Insert), photographs of some natural and cultural
attractions of Pakistan. Use the photographs and your own knowledge to suggest how each
is a tourist attraction. [5]

FIg. 4.2 for QUHtion 4

OLEVEL. .•
.

PAKISTAN STUDIES
 "

PAGE 369

Fig. 4.4 for Que.tlon 4

r-

--
r-

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 .'

PAGE 370

fIIg. 4.6 for QunIIon 4

(d) Tourism is an important and growing activity in akistan contributing 7.4 per cent to
Gross Domestic Product in 2017. To wbat extent is furtber development of Pakistan's
tourism industry possible? Give reasons to support your judgement. You sbould support
different points of view in your answer. [6]

Pakistan has a great potential to develop its tourism industry as it has many impressive attractions
and historical places. Out of 20 highest peaks in the world Pakistan has 8. They include K-2, the
second highest peak in the world. Hawksbay and Sandspit on Karachi coast are the only tourist
attraction there. Increased in marketing and promotion of attraction using social media can also
improve the image of Pakistan. Pakistan also provide visa on arrival to 24 countries. Infrastructure
can be improved to attract more and more foreign and local tourist.

But there are many problems as well such as political instability and lack of concern by the
government ministry. There is a also a serious power shortage crises and many terrorism activities
too. The cost of developing infrastructure is very high. Some of the tourist sites have been
mismanaged can be improved which is going to be time consuming. Many places and services are
below international standard which hinders the tourism industry.

-- .•...••..

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 PAGE 371

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing population distribution in Pakistan.

Key:
_ .. _ .. intemational boundary
.•_.__..._._....province~Jevelboundary

-------- disputed boundary

I_I densely populated

N
INOlA

t
100 200 300
I I I
tun

fig. 5.1

Name a province that is sparsely populated. [1]

Baluchistan
(ii) Using Fig. 5.1, describe the population distribution of Pakistan. [3]

Population is unevenly distributed in Pakistan. Most of the high population density areas are
located towards the eastern sides of Pakistan in the Indus plains. North eastern Punjab districts of
Lahore, Gujranwala and Sialkot have high population density. In the lower Indus plain Karachi,
Hyderabad and Sukkar also show high population density. In the western mountainous regions
there are fewer major cities like Peshawar and Quetta. Rest ofthese areas have very low population
density like the tribal areas (now merged with KPK) and Gilgit Baltistan province. Most of
Baluchistan and the desert areas of Punjab and Sindh have low population density

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(iii) Suggest three physical factors for the pattern of population distribution shown in Fig.
5.1. [3]
1. In the areas of rugged topography fewer people live as compared to the flat lands of the Indus
plains. Cold to very cold climatic regions ofGB and upper KPK create difficulties for the people,
and therefore, they have low population density.
2. Deserts have unbearably high summer temperatures with.a ·seniouss ortage of water also fail to
attract people to live there.
3. Areas of Indus plains and the coast have tolerable climatic conditions. So they have high
population density pockets.
(b) (i) Define 'rural to urban migration'. [1]

It refers to the movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities.
(ii) Using your own knowledge,what is the trend for the percentage share of people living in
rural areas? Circle the correct answer.
Increasing decreasing stable [1]

EV
(iii) State three pull factors for people moving to urban areas. [3]

1. Better paid, and greater variety of jobs.

2. Better services like healthcare, education and entertainment.
3. Organized lifestyle with a planned infrastructure.
4. Hopes of improving standard of living.
(c) (i) Explain two impacts of large numbers of people moving into urban areas. You should
develop your answer. [4]
A continued rural to urban migration results in sprawling growth of cities. Migrants fail to afford
a better living place, and so, I force to live in shanty towns / Karachi Abadis where there is poor
ventilation and sewerage system. There is an overall increase in the population of such cities that
has its own problems. Civic facilities providing agencies such as WASA (Water And Sanitation
Authority) and TEPA (Traffic Engineering and Planning Authority) are overburdened as they have
to deal with an ever increasing number of people in the same city. Many migrants fail to get jobs,
and are inclined towards anti-social activities such as drug addiction and crime.

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PAGE 373

(ii) Study Figs. 5.2 and 5.3 (Insert), which show two areas of shanty development in Pakistan.
Describe three differences between the shanty developments shown in Figs. 5.2 and 5.3.
[3]

1. Houses shown in 5.2 are made of tents whereas those in 5.3 are built of bricks and cement.

/.

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PAGE 374

Fig. 5.3 for Question 5

_ ••..•..

(d) Evaluate the measures taken to improve the living conditions in shanty developments in
urban areas of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you
have studied. You should consider different points of view in yonr answer. [6]

Government is improving many shanty settlements by self-help schemes such as Orangi pilot
project. In self-help schemes residents develop a sense of responsibility by keeping their area
c1eand and maintain a healthy environment. Good ventilation and supply of safe water have gently
reduced the chances of an outbreak of diseases. Clean water prevents diseases and people will have
a healthier life. The standard of living will be improved.

On the other hand a high population growth rate always troubles the government that finds it
difficult to provide funds for improving the condition of shanty towns. A high birth rate in the
families living in such areas increases illiteracy and spread of diseases. Rising inflation makes life
more difficult for these poor people. To conclude, the shanty towns can always be improved with
the efforts of both public sector and NGOs.

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 PAGE 375

Oct 2019
1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, an outline map of Pakistan.

Key:
- .. _.. international boundary
_....................
province-level boundary

-------- disputed boundaJy

Balochistan

Platue

'\........
'.

\
_ ..- ../ " -
..

Fig. 1.1

(i) On the map name the fo!lowinglandforms in the boxes provided: Balochistan Plateau;
Himalayan Ranges; Karakoram Range; Salt Range. [4]

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 .'

PAGE 376

(ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert). Identify the mountain feature labelled A in the photograph.
[1]
Mountain peak or summit

Fig. 1.2 for Oueetlon 1

(b) (i) Define the term 'topography'. [1]

It means study of landforms or natural and artificial characteristics of a part of land.

(ii) Describe the natural topography of the northern regions. [3]

Northern Mountains have a highly rugged terrain with high altitude of more than 5000m. They
have snow-capped peaks, V or U shaped valleys that seem hanging. There are steep slopes and
high and narrow passes and snowfields. There are many rapids, rivers and streams.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 · r ",,;..r •.• ' .... :~. ~.. "I

PAGE 377

(c) (i) State two reasons why deforestation has occurred in the Northern Mountains. [2]
1. Construction of roads, houses and hotels.

2. Need of firewood and development projects like multipurpose dams.

3. For developing hydel power.s

4. Providing wood for industry and furniture.

(ii) Explain two impacts of deforestation in the Northern Mountains on the natural
environment. You should develop your answer. [4]
Deforestation causes soil erosion as in the absence of trees soil is blown away easily by wino and
floods. Leaching (washing away) of minerals through the soil further accelerates the process of
soil erosion. There are more destructive floods and Ian slid s as'trees act as natural barriers against
these disruptive forces. Natural habitat of valuable wildlife is lost with deforestation in the
Northern Mountains that adversely affects the tourism industry.

(iii) Describe the importance of the Northern Mountains to Pakistan. [4]

Water from melting snow on the mountains feed the rivers of Pakistan. So, more water is available
for irrigation and HEP production. Fruit trees and other natural vegetation provide food and timber
to the local people as well as those living in other provinces, They add to the scenic beauty thus
attracting tourists, especially high peaks like .K2 and Nanga Parbat attract high adventure tourists.
Historic passes help building highways like KKH, which connects Pakistan with China. Northern
mountains protect Pakistan against the cold winds coming from Central Asia and Siberia.

(d) Reducing the impacts of deforestation is more achievable in the northern regions than in
other areas of Paldstan. To what extent can the problems caused by deforestation in the
northern regions of Pakistan be solved? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer
to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
[6]

Huge amount of space is available in Northern mountainous areas where heavy rainfall and suitable
climatic condition supports afforestation. These conditions are not available in the Indus plains.
Trees can be planted on foothills by terracing. If proper irrigation facilities are provided then we
can save forests and we can plant new trees as well. The Agha Khan rural areas support program
has been training people a lot.
Planting of trees can provide food and income to the local people. But these schemes requires
funds and take a lot of time. Supplying natural gas to these people by pipelines are not so easy.
We also need to educate people about the benefits of growing forests. It is a very long term process.

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 PAGE 378

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, amap showing the major rivers oePautan.

Key:
_ .. - international boundary
~......
~~...~ - province--level boundary
-------- disputed boundary

j' -
/'
..""" "
)
.r:"
\ z
,........ _ .._---"
'. ...._.!!-~.,
\
N
l..._

r:,,-' _; (. .,
\ oI
t
100 200 300
I I I
km

FIg. 2.1

(i) Name rivers V, W, X and Y. [4]

V: Indus.
W: Jhelum
X: Chenab
Y: Ravi

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 379

(ii) Name dam Z shown on Fig. 2.1.

Z: Mangla Dam. [1]

(b) (i) Name two examples of barrages. [2]

1. Sukkur Barrage.
2. Kotri Barrage.
(Also Guddu, Chasma and Marala Barrages)
[4]

(iii) Suggest four problems caused by siltation. [4]

Due to siltation the water holding capacity of dam is reduced. Thus lesser water is available for
irrigation .and production of electricity. Water becomes silty, causing blockage of water flow.
Water supply pipes are blocked and canals are choked by silt deposition. Gradual accumulation of
silt at the base of the dam weakens its foundation, and that may lead to disasters.
(c) Explain why rivers are important to Pakistan. You should develop your answer. [4]
River are important to Pakistan as they provide scenic beauty to the country. Thus, it promotes
tourism industry as people can enjoy picnic near the rivers. [t also provides water for irrigation
especially where rainfall is very low. Water is also used to produce HEP. Pharmaceutical
companies need plenty amount of water for making their products. Rivers also add fresh alluvium
to the soils making them more fertile and producing more output. They are a source of inland
fishing as well for both subsistence and commercial as well.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 380

(d) Read the followingtwo viewsabout providing solutions to the challengesof water supply
in Pakistan:

A B

SmaU dams are the

best way to solve water
ShO~e problems and
asSist development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. [6].
I agree with statement A more as small dams are easier and cheaper to build. They require much
smaller land as compared to large dams. They can also be constructed in a shorter time. Few small
dams can also produce electricity as well. Where as large dams are multipurpose as they store
water and they provide water for irrigation as well. They can stop floods and they can produce
HEP as well.
But large dams utilize a huge area and provide jobs to many people as well. It is very time
consuming to make a large dam like Tarbela and Mangla. A country might need to take loans as
well to construct the dams. The land has to be cleared deforestation needs to be done and many
people has to be relocated which is once again very expensive.

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 PAGE 381

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the location of Sialkot, a place where sports goods are
manufactured in Pakistan.

Key:
-" _., intemational boundary CHINA
..__.__._...__. province-level boundary

-------- disputed boundary

\ I
r"
N
IRAN

(
l...
.'r:..I "-',
I..,
"

\
INDIA

t
Fig. 3.1

Using the information in Fig. 3.1 only, describe the location of Sialkot. [3]
Sialkot is located in the northeastern Punjab, It is a border town with India in its eastern side.
Islamabad is 230km in its northwest, and Multan is about 440km in its southwest. Afghanistan is
on its west whereas Iran is in the southwest of Sialkot. China is in its north across the disputed
state of Jammu and Kashmir.
(ii) State two raw materials that the sports goods industry uses. [2]
1: Rubber (or leather).
2: Stitching thread (or wood).
3: Water
4: Varnish

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 382

(iii) Describe how the sports goods industry operates in Pakistan. [3]

Sports goods industry is usually located in small workshops as a small scale industry, or within
household in the form of a cottage industry. It depends mainly on manual labor using hand tools.
Many jobs are done by unskilled or child workers. Cutting, sewing, stitching and shaping are the
common processes. The final processes are done in factories. Supervision is done to ensure
international standards of quality.

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, which shows the percentage ofsugar mills in Pakistan by province.

0%

Fig. 3.2

Complete the pie chart to show the percentage of sugar mills in Sindh and Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (~K), _using the _following information and the key provided:

province percentage (%)

--
Sindh 40%
KPK 110%
[2]
(ii) State one reason why there are no sugar mills in Balochistan. [2]

There are no sugar mills in Balochistan. Sugarcane should be transported to a nearby sugar mill
after harvested. It will take a lot of time to transport sugarcane from Sindh to Balochistan.

(iii) Name one by-product of the sugar industry and state what it is used for.

By-product: Bagasse.
Use: It is used as a fuel in sugar mills, and to make chipboards. [2]

~I
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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE3S3

(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.3 which is a diagram of the factors affecting industrial location.

land

labour

communication

Fig. 8.3

Choose one physical and one human (actor and expla·n how each influences the choice of
location for a steel mill. You should develop ~our answer. [4]
Physical factor: Flat land is required to set up an industry as it is easier to carry machinery and
build roads to and from the factory. Huge space is available for expansion in future.
Human factor: Skilled and unskilled labor is required to carry out arious processes like helping,
doing manual work and operating machinery. Labor colonies should be located near the industry
in order to save time and transport cost.
(ii) Classify the following products into the correct category in the table below. You need to
decide if each product is mainly for the domestic market or the export market.

Domestic market Export market

\
........ "-
~~
\..
/) .:
Choose from:
')))_ ~j ~

c~nt cotton fertilisers

sports goods steel surgical instruments

[2]

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PAKISTAN-STUDIES
 PAGE 384

Domestic market
Cement
Steel
Fertilisers

(d) There is a large domestic market in Pakistan but consumers sometimes choose imported
goods over home-produced goods. To what extent could demand for home-produced goods
be increased? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples that you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. [6J
The government needs to provide many incentives to the local manufacturers of consumer goods.
so that they can promote local industries. Subsidies on the raw materials and machinery will
encourage the local industry to produce better qualitY-products. Pakistan needs to take proper
measures to overcome electricity crises which is a very big barrier te the industries. Frequent power
breakdown has caused many damages to the machinery and it also stops the production as well.
It is not easy to compete with imported goods due to low prices given by China. They have better
working conditions as well as modem machinery. Political instability is another barrier for
Pakistan. Internationally advertisement is hard to compete for Pakistan. It is difficult to attract
foreign investment due to terrorism in Pakistan.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 385

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which is a map of Pakistan's road network.

~:
- ,,- " internalionallxlundary
-".~""-". pI'OYince-leYelboundary
-~-.---- disputed boundary
-- major' highway
-. .~.-. other roads
------, rnotorw'8Y

t
0 100 200 300
I I I I
km

Fig. 4.1

(i) Name the two cities labelled A and B on Fig. 4.1

A: Lahore.
B: Rawalpindi / Islamabad. [2J
(ii) Name the road on Fig. 4.1 that crosses an international boundary. [IJ
Karakoram Highway (KKH)
(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the regional variations of the road network in Pakistan.
[2]

There are more roads in the northeastern, eastern and southeastern parts of Pakistan. There is a
motorway in the northeastern part of the Punjab connecting Lahore with Islamabad. There are
fewer roads in the northern and southwestern parts of Pakistan. There are several minor roads
thro ghout Pakistan as compared to major highways.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 386

(b) (i) State three reasons why motorwaysare needed. [3]

I. Motorways ensure faster movement of goods and passengers.
2. They relieve burden from other roads like N5.
3. They can be further expanded to connect Pakistan with Afghanistan and Central Asian
Republics.
(ii) Describe the benefitsof rail transport for people anp goodS. [4]
Rail transport is faster than road transport. It is safer and more comfortable with fewer accidents.
It is cheaper than road transport as it can carry bulky goods over long distances, There are no traffie
jams on railways.

(c) (i) Definethe term 'dry port'. [1]

It is an inland port like terminal connected to a port by road or il. It acts as a center for the
transshipment of sea-cargo to landlocked cities.

(ii) Name two examples of dry ports that are currently in use. [2]
1. Mughalpura Dry Port Lahore.
2. Sambrial Dry Port Sialkot.
3. Quetta Dry port.
4. Karachi Dry port.

(iii) Explain two advantages of using a dry port. You should developyour answer. [4]
Dry ports relieve burden from seaports, and thus ensure efficiency in trade and transport. They
save the time of importers and exporters by hiring efficient managerial staff that is engaged in
documentation and packing. They have storage and refrigeration facilities to store perishable items
like food products and fruits.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 387

(d) Read the following two views about extending and developing the rail network in
Pakistan:

A B

The existing relI ne\WOl1(

<»uk:l be extended In
BaIooI'MsIan to encoti'age
ht(het industrial
devek»pmentand settlement
growth In ttIs proviooe:

Which view do you agree with more? Give easons t s.upp!rt your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6]

There are few railways in Baluchistan due to mountainous areas as well it is very undeveloped
province. The province should be connected with the main track of Quetta. Makran coastal high
way has already reduced the distance between Gwadar and Karachi. t is easy to build a railway
track as it will promote industries and tourism as well. It will also create job opportunities on a
large scale.
Toe northern area of Pakistan is IdiO undeve "opedand ~Iveno ...llways at all, Railways oan be
beneficial in transporting bulky goods more speedily. By building railways, we can attract and
increase for tourism as well. But there are many chances of landslides and avalanches as well.
Pakistan can seek help of China for the development due to its better relation. It will be overall
benefit for Pakistan.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 388

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1 which shows the an.nual population growth rate in Pakistan between 1976
and 2016.

3_0

annual population
growth .fate (%) 2.0

1.0

o
197619801984 1988 19921996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
year

Fig. 5.1

(i) Complete' the line graph for the annual population growth rate on Fig. 5.1 using the
information below:

year
2016
[2]

(ii) A In which year was the lowest annual population growth rate?

2008.
B In which year was the highest annual population growth rate?

1980.
C Identify how the annual population growth rate has changed between 1976 and 2016.
Circle one correct answer below.
Increased stayed the same decreased [3]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 389

(iii) State two reasons for a declining death rate. [2]

I. Due to availability of safe drinking water and improved diet.

2. As a result of improved preventive and curative healthcare, This includes vaccination and more
effective medicines.

(b) (i) Define the term 'overpopulation'. [1]

Overpopulation is defined as a state of too

[4]

A high population growth rate results in unemployment as there are few jobs against an ever
increasing number of job seekers. Mechaiiization in agriculture and industry reduces the need of
manual workers. Similarly, growing utility of computers has decreased the demand of people
handling manual files and doing paperwork. A poor literacy- rate is also linked with unemployment
as an illiterate person has limited job options. A continued rural to urban migration results in
competition for jobs between the migrants and those settled in the urban areas.
(ii) Suggest three ways that employment can be geneJl'ated. [3]

1. More large scale industries and industrials estates ;S.!,louldbe set up that will create jobs on large
scale.

2. Tertiary / Services sector has huge potential to expand. By promoting tourism industry in the
Northern mountainous areas and major cities can generate plenty of jobs.

3. Government should extend soft term loans, micro finance policy, to the unemployed youth to
start their own small scale business, and thus become self-employed.

(d) It is expected that over the next twenty years Pakistan's birth rate and death rate will
decrease further. Evaluate the extent to which projected population structures will affect the
economy and development of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer
to examples that you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your
answer. [6]
If the birth rate reduces than there will be less pressure on the government to provide food, shelter
and health care. There will be less dependacy ratio that will allow the government to invest in
develepment projects. Low birth rate will also reduce unemployment and it will also support the
active population. he elder people will be able to share their experiences and they will provide
advise to the families.
However, an increased number of old people as many problems too. Such as government needs to
pay them pension. The dependency ratio of old people will increase. The government will need to
build old people homes such as Edhi homes. This will also increase the economic burden on the
family.

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 PAGE 390

May 2020
1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
- ---- - international boundary
---- province-level boundary
-------- disputed boundary
~ river

•• t
oI 100 200 300
I I I
Ian

Fig. 1.1

Name the three cities labelled A, Band C on Fig. 1.1.

A: Islamabad:
B: Lahore.
C: Faisalabad. [3]

(ii) Name the river labelled D on Fig. 1.1.

D: River Indus. [1]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 391

Ae- 1.2 far Qu.1Itian 1

--- City boundaIy

-,....
-Ioed
~
t 2
I t
......... /::iWIfI ml
_1iWW

(iii) Study Fig. 1.2(Insert), a map showingthe locationof a university in Lahore.

UsingFig. 1.2 only, describe the location of this university. [3]

The university is located in the southwest of the city. It is close to the main commercial areas of
the city including Model Town, Ichra and Gulberg. It is not far away from the intercity highway
and railway station. Through the Band Road and Multan Road, access to the Motorway is possible.
Students from other cities can fmd hostels in Model Town and Gulberg where they can go for
shopping too.

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 PAGE 392

(iv) Suggest two factors that may affect access to university education in Pakistan. [2J

1. Universities of private sector offer education charging very high fee that students from rural and
remote areas cannot afford.
2. Several families in rural areas are opposed to formal education, and prefer to keep their children
engaged on the farm.

(b) (i) Define 'small-scale' industry. [2J

A small industry usually has assets less than Rs. 10 million excluding the price of land and
building, and the loans that may have been taken by the owner. It hires up tQ ten paid workers in
addition to the family members.

(ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) only, suggest two advantages of developing a new information
technology business area at x. [2]

1. An IT business can flourish at site X as the nearby university will provide skilled workforce
needed for such business. The same university may provide research services to expand the
business.
2. Due to its closeness to Model Town, it may hire workers and attract customers, e.g., banks and
other businesses from this posh housing area.

(iii) Explain how the following factors can increase economic development in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer. [4]

degree-level qualifications:

The higher level qualifications graduates will provide skilled workers to the industry and business.
This will reduce the unemployment rate and the burden on the government. Since the income will
increase there are very less chances of migration too.

use of telecommunications:

This will enhance quicker and easier communication. Online meetings will be promoted. This will
reduce the need of travelling. It will also attract the major international companies to invest in
Pakistan.

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 PAGE 393

(c) State two strategies used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in
Pakistan. [2]
I. More Export processing zones should be set up.
2. More technical education institutions should be established in major and small towns:

(d) The number of information technology(IT) users in Pakistan has increased rapidly since
2000.
otential to reduce

facilitate their working. However extending 1Jle internet connection to remote areas is very
difficult as well as expensive. IT towers are restricted to major cities only. Overall the literacy rate
in rural areas are also high. Energy crisis is also one of the barriers. In a long run, a sustained
policy of IT teaching may create several job if government shows proper interest.

Key: ..-.,_.,.. ...,.,...~

_. _- __irMmatianaI boUldary
/:
",---.
" '": 36"N
--- province-leYei bouIiJiiry
-------- dsputed bou1daIy

32"N

.,_,
\ o 100 200 300
._r .....-'-:.:> km

Fig. 2.1

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 Hamza Mohammad Ali

.......,
tv
..........

')
 PAGE 395

City 8 -1600 m above sea level, JOoN

Fig. 2.2

Complete the climate graph for city B using the Information below.

July 28
[2)

(iii) Using Fig. 2.2 only, compare the rainfall and temperature for city A and city B. [3]

City A (Murree) receives greater amount of rainfall throughout the year. Maximum rainfall in the
city A is received in July and August whereas in city B (Quetta) in January and March. City B
experience higher temperatures throughout the year than city A.

(b) Explain how the followingfactors affect temperature in cities A and B. You should
developyour answer. [4]

Altitude: City A (Murree) is located at a greater altitude, and so experiences lower temperature
than City B (Quetta).
Latitude: City A is at 34° North whereas city B at 30° North. Angle of the sun changes from 300N
to 34~. City B receives more straight sun rays. Temperature decreases with an increase in latitude
as the distance from equator increases. Hence, a lower temperature is experienced with an
increasing latitude.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 396

(c) (i) Which three statements about thunderstorms in Pakistan are correct?
Tick (I) three boxes below.

Thunderstormsare most likely to occur: TIck (.1')

during Itl~ p~onSQOn season ,
~
duringthe post-monsoonseason
in nQrItl~n and north west~ areas ~
in southem and south western areas
I ~

"
in thesumm~
in the winter ±~
(3)

(ii) Thunderstorms are one source of rainfall. State three other sources of rainfall in
Pakistan. [3]

I. Monsoon.
2. Western depression.
3. Reliefrainfall.

(iii) Other than flooding, describe two problems experienced by people as a result of
thunderstorms. [2]

I. Damage to mud houses.

2. Loss of livestock and crops.
(d) Floods are a normal occurrence in Pakistan. However, every seven to eight years there
are severe floods.
Assess the extent to which the problems of severe flooding can be managed in Pakistan.
Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer. [6]

Pakistan can manage severe floods by introducing tree planting campaign in different provinces
such as KPK. Several laws should be introduce to control deforestation. Ifdeforestation is properly
controlled then chances of flood will reduce. More dams should be constructed such as Tarbela
Dam to control floods and to store the water. People should be discouraged to make houses in the
flood plain. Rivers should be extended or embankments should be raised to control flood. Flood
warning system can be improved. On the other hand it is expensive to make a dam and a reservoir.
Moreover it is a very time consuming project. A lot of skilled and unskilled workers are required
which is not available in Pakistan.

O·LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
___ .l....- _
 PAGE 397

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing a method of coal extraction.

Winch

Cable

Cage

200m

Flg.3.t f,
Complete the boxes on Ag. 3.1 b,y ~ the words m the list below.

cable cage coal seems rrame

tunnel Wheel
[4]

(ii) Using Fig. 3.1, state the depth of the mine at X. [1]
140 m (125-140 m acceptable)

(iii) Tlie method of coal extraction shown in Fig. 3.1 is an example of:

open cast mining adit mining shaft mining

Circle the correct answer. [1]

(b) (i) Name two types of coal found in Pakistan and describe the characteristics
of each. [4]

Type: Anthracite.
Characteristics: It is the best quality coal with rich hydrocarbon content; and bums quietly with
minimum smoke.

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 PAGE 398

Type: Lignite
Characteristics: It is poor quality coal. It has high moisture, ash and sulphur content, and so, burns
poorly.

(ii) State onemajor use of coal in Pakistan. [1]

Brick kilns industry.

(c) (i) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a diagram showing a hydel power station. Using Fig. 3.2 only,
describe how electricity can be generated using this method. [4]

First of all the water will fall from a height to rotate the turbine. The turbine spins the shaft inside
a magnetic field in the generator. This produces electricity. The transformer regulates the amount
of electricity by increasing the voltage. With the help of transmission line electricity is supplied to
commercial and residential areas.

(ii) Explain two benefits of generating electricity using hydel power. You should develop
your answer. [4]

1. Water is a renewable resource, and under water cycle, it can be used over and over again.
2. HEP is eco-friendly / environmentally friendly as at an HEP plant no toxic gases or heat is
released to damage the environment.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 399

(d) Read the following two views about providing a sufficient and reliable electricity supply
for Pakistan, now and in the future:
A 8
Pakistan should
make use of Its rossil
fuel resources for
as long as they are
available.

Pakistan has great amount of sunlight so solar power plants an be installed to produce solar
energy. Moreover we have coastline of me ethan 900km so wind power plants can also be used.
In Pakistan we have many mountains with glaciers so HEP can be produced. They also produced
less pollution.

On the other hand according to statement A fossil fuels should be used to produce energy. As
Pakistan have many coal reserves e.g lower Sindh coal field, Thar coal power project is already
working, it is cheaper to make thermal power station. But there are many problems as such it
creates a lot of pollution. Fossil fuels are imported d this leads to negative balance of payment.
More over a time will come when they will get exhausted.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 400

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas where three different types offruit are grown
in Pakistan.

Key:
-_. -., international boundary
----- province-level boundary
-"'"'""'-- ......
---------. disputed boundary
JAMMU AND
~tiver KASHMIR
disputed territory

/
'_
l.... _ __
... ... ..- ... .. ..
\
N

t
0 100 200 300
I I I I
km

Fig. 4.1

Complete the key with the name of fruits A, Band C below.

Key:

[3J

A: Date
B: Mango
C: Apricot

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 401

(ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only describe the distribution of the areas where fruit A is grown. [3]

Dates are grown mainly along a long strip of upper, central and lower Sindh, east of the Indus
River. They are grown in southwestern parts of Baluchistan.

(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, state two differences between the location of the areas where fruits
Band C are grown. [2]

1. grown mainly to

2.

(b) Explain the ideal natural growing conditions needed to gro bananas in Pakistan. You
should develop your answer. [4]

Bananas need hot and humid climate from sowing onwards till it ripens. It needs moderate amount
of rain, ranging 850-1050 mm.Loarny and well-drained soil with high water holding capacity is
ideal for a good yield.

(c) (i) Define 'subsistence farming'. [1]

When farming is done to satisfy the needs of the farmer and his family.

(ii) State two human and two natural inputs for subsistence rice farming.

human Inputs naturallnpuls

(4]

Human inputs: Drought PowerlEquipment's

Natural inputs: Rainfall, Land
 PAGE 402

(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of subsistence farming. [2]

I: Limited production
2: Limited Profits.

(d) Evaluate the extent to which different strategies used to increase agricultural production
in Pakistan have been successful. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different poitlts of view in your answer.
[6]

Modernization of agriculture can be used to increased agriculture. Modern machine can be used
such as tractors and combined harvester this will speed up the process of cultivation. Chemical
fertilizers can be used to fertile the soil and HYV seed can be used to double the production of
agriculture. Loans can be given to farmers to buy modem machinery.
But on the other hand use of tractor will result in unemployment and this will be used to rural-
urban migration. Tractors are very expensive and the maintenance cost is very high.

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a population pyramid showing the projected population structure for
Pakistan in 2040.

male female

older
depet Ide!Its

economicaMy
active

Fig 5.1

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 PAGE 403

Complete the population pyramid using the information below:

I ."._1 ma~
1.7%
[1]

(ii) Using Fig. 5.1, calculate the percentage of female )::0

~e correct answer.

13.1% 17.4% 18.6%

17.4%

(iii) Describe the projected population stliucture for Pakistan in 2040 using Fig. 5.1 only.
[3]
0-4 age group have the highest percentage of population. Young population is more as it is visible
in the bar. So this group will increase more by 2040. There is a lower percentage of older
population as the bar gets thinner after the group of 59. IL..i{e
expectancy is likely to be lower.

(iv) Explain how population data can be used to plan for the future in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer. [4]

It will help the government to plan for the future. By calculating the projected population of old
people, govt can make plans for providing health care and pensions. By calculating the percentage
of active people, govt can plan to calculate earnings from taxes and contribution towards the
society.

(b) (i) Suggest three benefits ofa youthful population for Pakistan. [3]

1. More active people are available to work on farms and factories.

2. They will feed their families and save enough money enough money to live a comfortable life
in old age.
3. More taxes will be available to the government to initiate development projects.

(ii) State Jour ways that a low and steady birth rate can be achieved in Pakistan. [4]

1. By improving literacy rate.

2. By creating jobs for women.
3. By improving family planning schemes.
4. By discouraging the trend of early marriages.

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 PAGE 404

(c) (i) Complete the sentence below about overpopulation. Put the correct words in the
spaces provided.

too few

Too many, too few

(ii) Describe two impacts of overpopulation. (2]

I. Overpopulation puts burden on the government to provide health services, education and
jobs for an increasing number of people.
2. It may cause unemployment and an increase in crime rate.

(d) Pakistan has one of the world's largest and fastest growing populations. Read the
following two views about the impact of fertility rates on the future economic development
of Pakistan:
A B

Uncheoked high fertIIty Redu~ng. the fertility

rates In Pakistan wi! rata In Pakistan wII
hinder future economic hinder future eoonomlc
development. development.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.

.._._ .. (6]
A high fertility rate will cause more economic problems for Pakistan as it is already a highly
indebted country. The government will have to spend more time on providing food, houses and
education. The government will need to introduce more taxes to fulfil the demand of large
population. Investments in industrial development and power production projects might be delayed
towards feeding a larger segment of poor population.
Are uced fertility rate will ensure a good size of women workforce. It will help government plan
in a better way for a controlled size of population. There will be less unemployment and therefore
less crime rate. Couples with fewer children will be in a better position to plan for their career.
Many western countries like Canada and Australia have plenty of jobs for the immigrants.

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 PAGE 405

Oct 2020
1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of Pakistan.

Key:
- .. - .. intBma!lonaJ bounc:l«ry
._ .._ .._.. province-Ievel boundaIy
_-- - _- _- disputed boundaly

'~"-"-"""""'--""
\.
-

(i) On Fig. 1.1, shade one area where apples are [1]
(ii) State one reason why apples are grown in this and one important use of apples. [2]
Reason: Cool to cold climate conditions of'hilly areas inQuetta and a moderate amount of rainfall,
contribute to better yield of apples.
Use: Apple is used to make juices and jams.

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 .'

PAGE 406

(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of livestock in Pakistan. Using Fig. 1.2 only,
identify the type of livestock shown.

Bulls/cattle/cows

OLEVEL·
PAKISTAN STUDIES
---------------------------,~- L-' _
 PAGE 407

(ii) Study Fig. 1.3, a diagram showiug a type of lift irrigation.

Fig.U

[4]
The picture is of tube well. It compromises two wheels placed across atraditional well: one placed
horizontally and the other vertically. An animal e.g., a donkey or buffaloes rotates the horizontal
wheel that in tum rotates the vertical one. Several buckets are attached to the vertical wheel that
are filled with water and brought out to be emptied into a narrow duct that opens in a farm.
(iii) List two ways the livestock shown in Fig. 1.2 can be used other than as draught power
for irrigation [2]
I. To plough the field.
2. Cow dung is used as manure to enrich the soils.
3. MeatlMilklSkins
(c) (i) Explain two natural factors required for growing wheat. You should develop your
answer. [4]
At the time of sowing dry temperature is required. After a month moderate amount of rain, around
250-1000mm is needed for wheat cultivation. The rainfall comes from western depression from
Dec to March. A small amount of rain before harvesting causes swelling of grain.
Wheat needs mild temperature 15-20 degree at the time of sowing in early winters. It continues to
grow well in even low temperatures. A frost free period with gradually rising temperature is
required as the crop ripens. At the time of harvesting warmer weather is required with 25-30
degree.

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 PAGE 408

(ii) Contrast wheat production on a small-scale subsistence farm and a cash crop farm.

smalr..sca18subsistence farm cash crop farm

oonlrast 1

OOOlrast 2

(4]
Contrast 1: Small-Scale

Drought powerlBullocks/wooden plough

Cash Crop

Tractors/Threshers/Combine harvesters.

Contrast 2: Small-Scale

Traditional methods/family labor

Cash Crop

Tubewells/Sprinklers

(iii) What is waterlogging? Tick (3) one correct answer from the list below:

TiCk (i')'
Dana 'rap water i1rivers"
The water tabte .8$ to the SUrface. ~
~
There is a IaI::k of salt
~ - in the-- soil.

ytater. ~iS$Olvesthe sslt$ in the soil. ""

[1]

The water table rises to the surface.

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 PAGE 409

(d) Read the following two views about initiatives that have been implemented to improve
agricultural production in Pakistan.

A B

Land rebrtns haw had

the most impact on
a~cultund production.

Which view do you agree with more? Givetreasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should co sider View:~ and View B in ):our answer.
[6]

Land reforms did not have a visible impact on agricultural production; Powerful landed/ Zamindars
in Pakistan have usually been the members of the National and Provincial Assemblies. They used
their political influence and social connections to restrict the success of the land reforms. The
purpose is to increase the production and earnings of a fanners. Consolidation of fragmented land
holdings was also not very successful as even today a huge number of subsistence fanners continue
to have poor crop yield. Use of chemicals, on the other llano, has had a visible positive effect on
crop production. On the other hand according to statement B, Chemical fertilizers enhanced the
fertility of soils by adding phosphate, sulphate and nitrate components to the soil. For sugarcane,
potash-rich fertilizers are used along with natural manure to guarantee a greater yield. Fertilizers
also pollutes the water as well. Insecticides and pesticides ensured a better yield by protecting the
crops, though they caused water pollution and eutrophication. It may be concluded that by
conducting research on various chemicals, safer fertilizers and anti-pest and anti-insect chemicals
may lead to even greater fields.

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 PAGE 410

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a map showing the locationofNew Islamabad International
Airport in Islamabad-Rawalpindi.
,. 2.1 far Quaalan2

-~.
_.........d.1
teo,.

-~
_ -
__ Ifloo·
--
_r--,

--
-
0 ___

'"'*"-Y

=
IJOIbIllld _....,.
_.q,f"lu.. ___

1!:Ii:I.1'l"'"

Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of New Islamabad International Airport.
[2]

It is located at the junction ofM-l and M-2 Motorway, between Islamabad and Peshawar. Main
railway track is not very far away. It is a safer distance from residential and commercial areas of
Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
(ii) Describe three factors that encourage the location and development of airports in
Pakistan. [3]
1. With the passage of time, there is an increase in the numbers of people who can afford air
transport.
2. There has been a constantly increasing burden on the older airports.
3. Recently, there has been a consistent growth of tourism and trade.
(iii) Suggest two disadvantages of air transport for people and two disadvantages of air
transport for the movement of goods. [4]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'
PAGE411

People

1. It is the most expensive means of transport.

2. Through rare, the air transport accidents are always fatal.

Movement of goods

--

r-

A huge container, with heavy cranes adjacen to it, robably an oil tanker, is berthed on the pier.
There are three road container parked near the ship. There are some ships in the sea beyond the
berthed ships.

(ii) Name three main seaports in Pakistan. (3)

- 1. Kemari / Karachi port.

2. Port Bin Qasim.
3. Gwadar Port. ',

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE412

(c) Explain the importance of the development of seaports to Pakistan. You should develop
your answer. [4]
1. Seaports stimulate industrial activity as Export Processing Zones (EPZs) can be established
near them.
2. They promote foreign trade.
3. They cause development of the nearby areas where roads, hotels and shopping malls can
be established.

(d) The New Islamabad International Airport opened in 2018with a capacity of nine million
passengers per year expanding to 25 million passengers per year by:2025. Evaluate whether
building major new infrastructure projects such as international airports is the best way to
encourage further economic development in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your
judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of
view in your answer. [6]
New infrastructure projects, like airports, are a means of economic development provide jobs to
thousands of people. They include the security force, porters, tax workers related to the airport
activities. Secondary and tertiary industries star around such projects. Petrol pumps, hotels,
restaurants and housing schemes are near such projects. 0 example, the DRA, Bahria Town etc.
quickly start investing in such schemes. Thus, there is r~p,id growth of real estate business and
construction industry and railways are built to conne~t them with the nearby cities and towns.
However have a large area, deforestation is required to start mega projects. Huge capital required,
and Pakistan is a heavily indebted country. Moreover, with the setting industry, and deforestation,
air pollution will increase. It may be concluded growth is possible b)) major infrastructure projects.
For this a long term and scientific is essential with political stability and elimination of terrorism
and corruption.

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 PAGE 413

3 Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing oil prospecting and drilling.

..Re.fln.ery .

Fif.3.1

(a) (i) Complete the labels on Fig. 3.1 by choosing the correct words from the list below.
Derrick drill pipe refinery valves
[2]

(ii) Study Fig. 3.2, a line graph showing daily oil consumption in Pakistan from 2007 to 2017.

550

500
barrels per day
(Ooo') 450

400

350

o
2001 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Fig. 3.2

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 PAGE 414

Complete Fig. 3.2 by plotting daily oil consumption in 2012 using the information below.

year barrels per day (000)

20'12 410

[2]

(iii) How many barrels of crude oil were produced per day in Pakistan in 2019?

GV the correct answer.

69000 [1]

69000

[2]

1. Road Tankers.
2. Rail Tankers.

(b) (i) Define the term 'refined' [1]

A product whose impurities have been removed.

(ii) Study Fig. 3.3 (Insert), a photograph of an oil refi~ery in Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.3 only,
describe the features of the oil refinery shown. [3]
The oil refinery is spread over a huge area. There are roads connecting various parts of the refiner.
Advanced machinery, pipelines and chimneys can be seen in good shape. The refmery is
surrounded by thick forests.

(iii) Name two oil refineries in Pakistan and state where each one is located.

name of oil hHinety location of oil refinety

2 l<ar.a.chL .

[4]

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 PAGE 415

(c) Explain how oil is used to generate electricity in a thermal power station. You should
develop your answer. [4]
Oil is burned to produce heat. Heat is used to boil water in huge boilers. This generate steam
at high temperature and pressure. The steam is directed towards turbine where it is used to
rotate the impeller of the steam turbine. This causes the shaft to spin in a magnetic field in the
generator. Electricity is then produced by the generator.

Pakistan needs to discover new oil and gas reserves. This educe the import cost of import-
ing crude oil, and thus will improve its negative Balance of Payment (BOE . Oil is the most popular
transport fuel, and furnace oil is used for power production. Pakistan is facing a serious
power shortage crisis for which locally discovered oil will cut short the cost of thermal power
production. This will improve industrial production with an uninterrupted power supply. Simi-
larly, natural gas is the cheapest and safest fuel for domestic, commercial and industrial con-
summers. However, Pakistan should prefer to uti ize renewable power resources such as HEP,
solar and wind to produce electricity. There are plenty of sites to set up HEP plants that do not
cause any pollution. With more than 300 sunnr days, and a huge coastal and desert area,
several solar and wind power plants can be set up. Finally, it will be a wise strategy to start
work on renewable power projects while gradually decreasing dependence on thermal power
production. Work on Diamir Bhasha dam should be sped up, and disputes over Kala Bagh dam
should be ironed out.

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 PAGE416

4 Study Fig. 4.1, a pie graph showing the percentage share of Pakistan's total forest cover by
province-level area.

80

7(J

(a) (i) complete the pie graph in Fig. 4.1 to show the percentage of total forest cover found in
Gilgit-Baltistan and Sindh. Use the information below,and the key provided:

province-tevel area percentage (%)

Gilgit.Batli$tan 11
Sindh 9
[3J

(ii) Complete the passage below about reasons for the variations in the percentage share of
forest cover shown in Fig. 4.1. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the
spaces provided.

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 PAGE 417

KPK has the large$t petc$ntage share of forMt cover in Paki$tan bElC8~ the

is more suitable for growing trees. There are fewer

...............................................

01l1ers.

KPK has the largest percentage share of forest cover in Pakistan because-the climate is more
suitable for growing trees. There are fewer trees in Punjab because the land is needed for
cultivation. Some areas may have suffered more from deforestation than others.

[3]
1. They provide wood for construction.

2. They are natural habitat for:wildlife,

3. They attract rains.

(ii) State one difference between productive forests and protection forests.

Productive forests: Productive forests are also called natural vegetation as they grow naturally.

Protection forests: Protection forests are grown by human efforts, and are also called irrigated
plantation. [2]

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 PAGE 418

(iii) Study Fig. 4.2, a diagram showing how altitude affects vegetation type.

5000

4000

allitude 3000
(m)

2000

1000

Using Fig. 4.2 and your own knowledge, suggest how altitude affects the type and amount of
vegetation in Pakistan. [4]
In the Indus and Hub Delta regions mangrove forests are found at minimum height from the sea
level. A little above them, up to a height of 1000 m in the plains of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan,
sub-tropical scrub or dry forests grow. In the same range of height irrigated forests, bela forests,
sub-tropical scrub and tropical thorn forests are found. It is easier to develop irrigated forests in
the plain areas at low heights of Punjab and Sindh. Coniferous forests thrive at a height of 1000 m
to around 3800 m. They are found in the mountainous areas of upper Punjab, northwestern
Balochistan, most of KPK and GB province, They have evolved mechanisms to grow well at
greater altitudes. Alpine forests are found just below the snow line at a height of close to 4000 m
where there is poor exposure to the sun and sub-freezing temperatures.

(c) Explain two effects of deforestation on the natural environment of Pakistan. You should
develop your answer. [4]

I.As forests attract rain by adding moisture to atmosphere through transpiration, with defor-
estation there will be lesser rains in the affected areas.

2.Forests provide shelter and habitat to wildlife. With consistent deforestation there will be
loss of natural habitat to wildlife, many valuable species will become extinct.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE419

(d) The United Nations environment programme supports Pakistan's initiatives with forest
owners, the timber industry and forest-dependent communities to keep its forests alive and
healthy by controlling deforestation and degradation. To what extent can initiatives on
forests encourage further sustainable development in Pakistan? Give reasons to support
your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points
of view in your answer. [6]

5 (a) (i) Define the term 'migration'. [1]

It is the process in which people leave their borne town and settle elsewhere.

(ii) Suggest four push factors that lead to rural-urban migration. [4]

I.Poor health and education services force rural population to migrate to cities.
2.Limited variety of jobs with poor income as most of the rural population is engaged in
agriculture.
3. Lack of entertainment services like cinema houses, parks and theatres all of which are
needed after a busy an tiring day.
4. Bad crops over a period of consecutive years due to floods, droughts and pest/ insects
attacks.
(iii) Describe the impacts of rural-urban migration on rural areas of Pakistan. [3]
Male female ratio in rural areas is affected with more women left behind after the menfolk migrate
to cities. There will be lesser agricultural workforce leading to poor farm yield. There are chances
of improved standard of living when the migrant members start sending money to their families
after their increased earning in cities.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 420

(b) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a map showing the distribution of urban population in Pakistan in 2018.

Key:
- .. - .. international boundary I.'
.._ ..._ ...._.. province-level boundary
-------- disputed boundary
urban population in·millions

•
•
•
5+
1-4.99
O.S..().99
0.1-0.49
-
j'
.r""")

"'.......
f" 1 • ...__ ... _ •• ,..... •• ....".
\
->:
.
r=:

-
\ /
• r'
=:

. r".._ ..i
• ••
/ N

.:
"-.'.

o
t
100 200 300
I
km

Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of urban population in Pakistan. [3]

Urban population is not uniformly distributed in Pakistan. Most of the towns with a population of
1 million to over 5 million are distributed in Punjab and Sindh. There are also several towns in
Punjab and Sindh with a population of 0.1-4.99 million. There are only two towns with a
population of 1-4.99 million in KPK whereas there is only one city in the whole province of
Balochistan with a population of 0.5-0,99 million.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 421

(ii) Study Fig. 5.2, a bar graph showing the percentage of the population living in urban
centres by province in 2018.

populalion
living in
urban centres (%)

provinoas

Fig. a.2

Complete Fig. 5.2 by drawing the bar for Sindh using the information below.
Percentage (%)
52
(I]
(iii) Using Fig. 5.2 only list the provinces in rank order by the percentage of their population
living in urban centres.
1. Sindh. bigbesr percentage
2. Punjab.
3. Balochistan.
4. Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa, lowest percentage (I]

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PAKISTA STUDIES
 PAGE 422

(iv)State two problems which occur when large numbers of people live in urban areas.
[2]

1. There will be overpopulation of urban areas.

2. There will be more unemployment in the cities.

(c) Explain two physical factors that affect the po ulation distribution of Pakistan. You
should develop your answer. [4]

1. Extremely hot climate as in the Thar desert or unusuallj; cold climate in the nort~~m moun-
tains causes low population density in these areas. MOderate or continental climate of
Punjab, Sindh and coastal towns like Karachi results in high pulation densjty.

2. Availability of abundant water resources encourages hign p.o ulation density. Punjab with
its five rivers, and Sindh with river lndus have many cities wit61ltgq opulation density.

(d) Read the following two views about the impact of migration on Pakistan's future
economic development.

A B

The emigration of wonung.age The imrnigrationQf ~...i

people from Pakistan wi. ~ionaI people tI Pakistan
encourage further economic wi encourage fut1tw aoonomic
development. development

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6]

Immigration to Pakistan seems to be a rare phenomenon. Due to insecurity, corruption and a

serious power shortage crisis hardly any skilled people will come to Pakistan. Therefore, the
overseas Pakistanis contribute more to Pakistan's economic growth. They send heavy foreign
remittances tbat are used for various development schemes as the government gets a good
percentage of taxes from these remittances. The money sent to their families is used for invest-
ment projects of real estate, construction industry and various businesses. The emigrant Paki-
stanis can give new ideas for economic planning, and find new markets for Pakistani exports.
Moreover, by reducing burden on the employment providing bodies in Pakistan, they help the
government to plan for its development more effectively. A recently launched scheme in 2020,
allowing the overseas Pakistanis to open new bank accounts without coming to Pakistan is the
latest good example. If a long term strategy is adopted for utilizing the foreign remittances, and
involving them in development projects, Pakistan can ensure a sustained economic growth.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 423

May 2021

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and limestone extraction
in southern Pakistan.

'........,_..-..-.,....
.........

\ ._
_; o
"1

L~ .'

Key
-,,_ ..- inwlTlliItional boundary
main mineral !txtlaction areas
~gypsum
tim_tone
Fig. 1.1

Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig. 1.1 to show the main areas where gypsum
and limestone are extracted. Use the information in the key. One area of limestone has
already been shaded for you. [2]

Gypsum one area correctly identified (horizontal oval) and shaded

Limestone two areas correctly identified (both vertical ovals) and shaded

(ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan.

Gypsum:

Use 1: For making plaster of Paris(POP).

Use 2: For making chemical fertilizers.

limestone:

Use 1: To reduce acidity of soil.

Use4 Main raw material for making cement.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 424

(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GOPPakistan earned from mining
between 2011 and 2018.

360000

GOP from mining

(PKR mHiion)

-=-".1.2

Complete Fig. 1.2 to show that Pakistan earned 345000 PKR million from mining in 2018. [1]

Accurate completion of the bar graph for 2018.

(ii) Identify the amount of GOPearned from mining in 2011. [1]

270.000 PKRmillion

(iii) Describe the changes in GOPearned from mining between 2011 and 2018. You should
include data in your answer.

There is consistent increase in the earnings from mining 2011 to 2018. In 2011, Pakistan earned
270000 million PKR.From 2011 to 2015 there is a steady increase from 270000 to 314 000
million PKR.From 2016 to 2018 there is a modest increase in earnings, from 336000 to 345 000
million PKR.

(c) (i) Complete the passagebelow about limestone extraction in Pakistan. Choosethe correct
words from the list and place them in the spacesprovided.

t)uilding equipment excavation explosives methods minerals

mining outcrops seams

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 425

When limestone outcrops at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying is an open

excavation from which stone is extracted for building and engineering purposes. Quarrying is
carried out by using different methods and equipment such as hand tools, explosives or power
saws, depending on the final use of the limestone.

(ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should
develop your answer.

1. Availability of natural gas through pipelines reduces the cost a

fuel to the cement factory. Moreover, natural gas being more eco-friendly than coal, will be a
preferred option for the factory owners.

2. If the factory is located close to a big market, the supply ef cement will be quicker to the
construction industry in major cities as there is boom in this industry. The factory owner will
earn more profits by meeting the demand by various constructors.

(iii) Define 'sustainable'.

This means the mineral resources are exploited by the current population in such a way that
the needs asfulfill for current generation as well asfuture.

(d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan's mineral resources could be made
more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have
studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.

Pakistan can ensure sustainability of mineral resources by adopting modern scientific methods
of mineral extraction and exploitation. Mineral waste should be recycled instead of disposing it
off untreated. Vertical precipitators and catalytic converters should be installed to minimize air
pollution. Minerai should be transported in electric or solar powered vehicles so that there is no
emission oftoxic gases.Minerals should be extracted in calculated amount to minimize
unnecessarywaste. More institutes like the PMDCshould be made and empowered. However,
Pakistan, being a highly indebted country, cannot afford to buy modern mining equipment and
pay attractive salaries and wages to the mining staff. Afforestation and reforestation are time
taking processes,and so, it is difficult to reduce air pollution effectively. Useof explosives is a
necessaryevil that causesnoise pollution. Similarly recycling and treatment of mineral waste
are also expensive processes.Despite all this, mining may be made sustainable by a strong
political will and following a strategy of public-private sector partnership.

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 PAGE 426

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 showing a blank divided bar graph.

I
0
I
10
I
20
I
30
I
40
I
50
I
60
I
70
I
80
I
90
I
100
%

r".2.1
Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan.
Use the information in the key. [5J

Eachcorrect division showing percentage share of each source of surface water

Eachcorrect labelling or shading of each source of surface water

(ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. [3J
1. By installing desalination plants.

2. Directly from rivers, wells and lakes.

3. From reservoirs by water pipelines.

(b) (i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should
develop your answer. [4J

1. Water is used by the mineral/safe drinking water processing industries. They supply the
refined water in plastic bottles of various sizes.

2. Thermal power plants burn fossil fuels, and the heat is used to boil water in huge boilers.
Steam thus produced is used to move turbines to produce electricity.

(Ii) Define 'irrigation'. [IJ

It is the artificial supply of water.

(iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. [2J

Persianwheel: Draught power is used to rotate a wheel across a traditional well. Several
buckets are attached to the wheel that are filled with the well water when the wheel rotates.
Buckets are emptied into a small duct that opens in agricultural farm.

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(c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale
subsistence farms. [4]

Advantages
1) Higher yields are produced by using
irrigation devices
2) They are efficient as they savetime and
are more reliable than rainfall

3) They can be used over a wide area and

grow a wider range of crops

(d) Pakistan needs to exploit the Indus River System (IRS)by buildinwmore reservoirs across
its western tributaries. These reservoirs will also store rainwater and water from glacial
melting. [6]

An effective campaign should be launched to educate peo[lle about saving water by using it in a
judicious way. Projects like SCARPma¥ be launched to prevent water loss through the unlined
canals. Inter-provincial water disputes may be resolved by such agreements as the Water
Apportionment Accord. Desalination plants may be installed along the coast to provide clean
drinking water. However, a rapidly growing papulation with a high rate of illiteracy restrict the
successof various schemesabout managing water sources. Indian plans of violating the Indus
Water Treaty create further shortage of water in Pakistan. Globa warming will decrease the
number of rainy days in Pakistan. Pakistancan still effectively manage its water resources by
adopting a long term and comprehensive water policy by winning the support of all provinces.

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 PAGE .4~28,;:
, .' 'I

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern Pakistan.

'K.y
_,,-,,_ international boundary
wheat-growing areas
_main
~ secondary
k:;:;:1 minor

Fig_ 3.t

Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main wheat-growing area. [3]

Wheat growing areas are not distributed evenly throughout Pakistan.There are more areas in
the eastern, and lesser in the western part, acrossthe upper and lower Indus plains. Most of
the regions are concentrated between the longitudes from 68° to 76° E,and 26° to 3r N.

(ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. [2]

1. Chapati and its variants, made from wheat flour, is the staple food of most of the people in
Pakistan.

2. Wheat flour is used for making various bakery products such as biscuits and breads.

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 PAGE 429

(b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for Multan.

temperature rainfall
(·C) (mm)

118·3.2

Comp~ Fig. 3.2using 1he information below.

JUfIIl
(2)

Accurate location of the point 36°C

Linejoined up accurately

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 PAGE 430

(ii) Complete the passage below about conditions required for growing wheat. Choose the
correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided.

50 90 dry heavy light rainfall

sunshine wet 5-10·C 1SOC 3S"C

Wheat is sown duringthe season f'9'J~~.

(c) (i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following:

kharif zaid [1]

Kharif ~ Zaid

(iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on-a small-scale subsistence farm.

Land is ploughed by traditional wooden plou h driven by draug t power like a pair of bullocks.
Desi seeds are sown manually by family mem ers. Traditional methods of irrigation are used
like the Persian Wheel or inundation canals. In Baranl farming rainwater is used. Cow dung is
used as manure to enrich the soil. Harv~sting-ana threshing are done manually by using the
draught power.

(ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop
farming system. You should develop your answer. [4]

1. Machinery: Tractor is used to plough the land. It is a multi-tasking machine as harvester and
threshe can be attached to it. Thus various processes of cultivation are carried out speedily,
and nee for manpower is reduced.

2. HYV/G seeds: They ensure a greater crop yield by making the crop resistant against
drought, insects and pests. Their use also results in a longer and stronger stem. Thus the farm
income is increase .

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(d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan's GOPwith 80 per cent of farmers
growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan's total cultivated land. Assessthe
extent to which the large amount of land currently used to grow wheat should be used to
grow other higher-value crops. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. [6]

More area can be used for growing other major crops as wheat contributes very little to the
economy and usesabout half of the arable land. Due to a high population growth rate, Pakistan
has to import wheat almost every year. Natural calamities furttlef restrict wheat production.

Pakistan's 64% of export income depends on cotton crop and tex ile industry. Thus, by growing
more cotton Pakistanwill not spend more on irpp,OiitiAgraw cotton. Similarly, Pakistancan
increase its export earnings by growing more sugarcanean(:lrice, as rice is alr:eadya major
export item of Pakistan. However, cotton, ric and sugarcane require a lot of irrigation, and
Pakistan is facing a serious water shortage crisis. Moreover, wheat is the staple food of most of
the people, and the raw material for severall3akery products. Growing H;ghvalue crops might
benefit big organizations than individual farmers. Therefore, Pakistan should conduct research
to enhance wheat production on a srnallen percentage of land. Thus, more area will be available
for high value crops
I.

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan's fertiliser
production by province-leveLarea.

50

F".•.1

Complete Fig. 4.1 using-the information in the key. [3]

Eachcorrect division to create pie segment

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 PAGE 432

..
(ii) Define 'secondary industry'. [IJ

It is the industry that converts raw material into a semi-finished/ finished products

(b) (i) Name two raw materials needed to manufacture fertiliser. [2J
1. Gypsum 2. Phosphorus/Phosphate

in Pakistan. Describe two

[2J

1. The factory is spread over a large area of flat land.

2. It is huge multi storey building with tall towers and chimneys.

(iii) Describe the physical factors required for the ocation of a fertiliser factory. [4J

It requilies a large area 0 flat and well drained land with enough vacant space for expansion in
future. It sh uld be away from main population
water resources like rivers and canals. It shoul
material.
settlement area. It should be located near
also be closer to the area that provides raw --

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 PAGE 433

(c) (i) State three ways in which the fertilizer industry is important to Pakistan. (3)

1. Pakistan is an agro-based country that needs healthier and greater crop yield.

2. With more fertilizer industries, the cost of importing fertilizers will be cut down.

3. Pakistani soils are deficient in such nutrients as nitrates. Cfie ical fertilizers make up this
deficiency.

(ii) Explain two negative impacts of using fertilisers anCi

develop your answer.

1, Weakening human immunity: Chemical fertilisers, like insecticides and pestici,des,are known
to weaken human immunity. As a result the farmers ana consumers are more likely to develop
digestive and respiratory system disorders that include bmnchitis and tuberculosis.

algal growth covers the surface of various water resources sucHas rivers and ponds. As a result
the share of oxygen and sun for marine life is reduced, leading to water pollution by the death
offish.

(d) Pakistan's agricultural sector is becoming increasinglyAependent

, , on fertiliser. Readthe
following two views about ways of meeting the demand for fertilise~.

Additionalllllllil..dl and UN
of technoaogy in Paki...... ••
fertiiser indualry is the beltway
of providing IllI)RJ fef1iIiI!IiIt for
agricultural use.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. (6)

(d) Being an agro-based economy, Pakistan should preferably set up more fertiliser industries in
order to increase its agricultural production. Pakistan has plenty of raw materials requined by
fertiliser industry. Pakistan has a narrow industrial basewith fewer large scale manufacturing
industries. By setting up more such factories several people will get jobs, and Pakistan might be
able to export fertilisers. This will help Pakistan reduce its import spendings and improve its
negative BOP.Pakistan has a huge human resource potential that can be utilized in conducting
research on manufacturing more eco-friendly fertilisers. If Pakistan continues to import
fertilisers, its GOPgrowth will be adversely affected as it already spends heavily on importing
several high value goods. Moreover, as Pakistani rupee continues to depreciate against foreign
currencies, the cost of importing fertilisers will increase significantly. Therefore, it will be a wise

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 PAGE 434

strategy to exploit the locally available raw material and human skills by setting up more
fertiliser industries.

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a line graph showing the unemployment rate (as a percentage of the
population) in Pakistan between 2008 and 2018.

3.5

2.5
008mployrnertl
rate (%) 2
1.5

0.5

o
2008 2009 2010 2011 201220132014 2015i2Q1'82017 2018
yeaf

Fig. 5.1

Complete Fig. 5.1 to show that 3% of the population, were unem loyed in 2013. [1]

Point plotted at 3% and line joined up.

(ii) In which year was the unemployment rate lowest? ••••••••••••••.•.•...••.... [1]
Unemployment rate was lowest in 2008

(iii) Wt1lchof the following statements best describe the change in the unemployment rate
between 2008 and 2018? Tick (3) two boxes in the table below:

Une!,\l)loyment rate has:

(1)

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 PAGE 435

Unemplyment rate has: Tick(vI'}

Decreasedthen increased
Fluctuated vi'
Generally decreased
Generally increased
Stayed the same
vi'

I
r"'~
.-- ,
...

unemployment rate was 3 per cent. Calculate the nu ~,..._....,

in 2018. Show your working in the box below.

Number of unemployed people=127,OOO,OOO

x 3 divided 011.100=3,81(1.1,000

(b) (i) Define 'underemployment'. [1]

It refers to a state where people are working fewer hours than they wish or they are doing a job
that they are over qualified for.

(ii) Suggesttwo reasons for unemployment and two reasons for underemployment in
Pakistan.

reasons for unemployment

1 1.

(4)

Reasonsfor unemployement Reasonsfor underemployment

1 A continued process of rural to 1 Increased mechanization in
urban migration crop farming

2 Rapidlygrowing population 2 Availability of seasonaljobs like

cotton picking and sugarcane
crushing
3 cultural restraints

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 PAGE 436

(iii) Describe how unemployment and underemployment can influence GOPin Pakistan
[4]

When there is under-utilisation of human resources, the GOPgrowth is lowered. As a result of

decreased wages, there is lesser tax collection that also adversely affects GOP.People having
lesser income do not spend much and this reduces Pakistan'searnings aswell as GOP.

(c) (i) Name two jobs in Pakistan's informal sector.

1. Street vendors or hawkers.

2. Making pottery and handicrafts.

Manual labour:

If there are plenty of manual workers, they will ccept lower wages or salariesfor doing many
simple and primary jobs. On the other hantllesser manual labour means there are fewer people
to do the low paid primary jobs such as farming and mining. A low output from primary industry
will reduce the raw material for secondary industry. So,there will be lesserjobs in the
secondary industry.

Skilled labour:

With an abundance of skilled labour multinational companies willlJe encouraged to invest in

Pakistan.This will create more jobs for both unskilleCland manual labour. Conversely,job
opportunities are restricted with a lesser number of skilled workers and development is also
restricted in both secondary and tertiary industries. This ultimately leads to a reduced spirit to
compete with other countries.

(d) Pakistan's literacy rate was 60 per cent in 2020 and was predicted to be 68 per cent by
2025. To accelerate this growth, a new government initiative was introduced with the target
of achieving a nationalliter~cy rate of 90 per cent by 2025. Assessthe extent to which higher
literacy rates may increase employment opportunities for people in Pakistan. Give reasons to
support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider
different points of view in your answer. [6]

By increasing literacy rate, an educated and skilled workforce will be available. This will be
available for secondary and tertiary industries. An educated person has a wide range of jobs so
tha he can choose the sector that offers him a better salary. A simple graduate can become a
civil servan . Similarly, such a person can be a successfulsalesmanor start his own business.He
may seekjob in the advanced countries of the Middle Eastand the West where he can earn a

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 437

lot more. However, in various sectors of Pakistan'seconomy there is already a saturation of

jobs. Thus every educated person may not get employed immediately after completing his
education. There are not many large scale industries in Pakistan.Then, there is a culture of
nepotism and bribery in Pakistan-.Many highly educated job seekers need social and political
connections to get respectable posts. Pakistan should of improving literacy
while developing all sectors of economy to abso

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 ,~~f,~~~~1i,·'1::~.;-'~~,..
"
lo..,'t ...-e

;J

PAGE 438

Oct 2021
1 Study Fig.1.1, a map showing the natural topography of southern and western Pakistan.

o
t
100 200 300
I I I I
\ km

Arabian Sea

Fig. 1.1

, __ (a) for the landforms labelled V,Wand Xon Fig.1.1, circle the correct answer below:

•
BalocHistanPlateau Potwar'Plateau Salt Range [1]

(ii)W
Balochistan Plateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1]

(iii)X

Baloohistan P.lateau Potwar Plateau Salt Range [1]

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 .'

PAGE 439

(iv) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the locati

----

(b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of the Salt Range. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe two
features of the Salt Range. [2]

The Salt Range is marked by badland topography, badly dissected(divided) at many places. It is
a dry and arid area. Sharp peaks can also be seen. There are ridges, ravines and gullies that

--
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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 440

represent depressions and elevations on its landscape.There is sparse vegetation on the bare
rocks.

(ii) Name two minerals that can be obtained from the Salt Rangeand suggest one use for
each. [4]

Mineral 1: Mineral salt.

Use: It is used in cooking.

Mineral 2: Limestone.

(c) (i) Explain two ways in which the natural topograpby ofth
exploitation difficult. You should develop yo_j.lranswer.
[4]

• Ruggedtopography with steep slopes and hills makes it difficult to c rry heavy machinery in
the area. The land is barren so difficult to make boads,
•
• Deep ravines create difficulties in building roads and colonies for workers.

• Due to loose rocks, landslides may occur making working conditio 5 dangerous as the roads
might get damaged.

(ii) Describe three environmental problems caused [3]

• land is cleared and for that natural vegetation has to be cut down.

• Soil erosion occurs as the deforested land is exposed to rain and storms.

• Untreated mineral waste from mining gradually causesland and water pollution.

• Useef machinery and explosives produce noise, dust and smoke causing noise and air
pollution.

(d) Evaluate the benefits and' problems of furtheli developing the mineral extraction industry
in Pakistan. ~ive reasons to support your judgement and refer:to examples you have studied.
You should consider differ-ent points of view in your answer. [6]

Further development of mineral industry is possible by importing sophisticated machinery and

foreign consultants. loans may be extended to locals, and foreign investors may be attracted by
improving securi situation in Balochistan and other underdeveloped areas. China has already
invested in Sainaak Project, and in 2014, another Chineseproject, MCC(Metallurgical
Corporation of China) was started to extract Zinc and lead from Daddar in Balochistan. It has

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 441

invested in education, health and water supplies. Before that, since 1980 $236 million have
been spent in Duddar mining projects. However, insecurity and terrorism restrict such projects.

Modern mining devices are expensive, and new projects require huge sums of money. Major
minerals like iron ore and coal are usually of poor qua Pakistan is a heavily indebted country
who usually borrows from the IMF and donor coun these limiting factors the
prospects of mining in Pakistan look bright if by strong
incentives.

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing annual

o
'I
t
100200300
I
km
intemational boundary

Rg.2.1

(i) Complete Fig. 2.1 by shading area Y using the information below and the key.

Y = 126-250mm of annual rainfall [1]

Whole area shaded on map according to the key (diagonal) for 126-250 mm of annual rainfall.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 442

(ii) Study Fig. 2.2, a map showing temperature regions of southern and western Pakistan.

o
I I
t
100200300
I
km

Ag.2.2

Identify temperature region Z shown on Fig. 2.2. [1]

Temperature region Z: Goastal region / Humid region

(iii) Using information from Figs. 2.1 and 2.2 only, complete he passage describing the
relationship between annual fiainfall and temperature regions. Choose the correct words
from the list and place them In the spaces provided.

high low mild strong

O.LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAG·E443

There is a ." •..."'.,.. relationship between the pattem of annual rainfall and

temperatureregions. The majority of the areas with 0-125mm of rainfall

experience summers and winters. whereas areas of

(b) (i) Describe how the Western Depressions

Pakistan. [3]

ern and northwestern parts of Pakistan.

They include
. GB province, several parts of KPKlike Peshawarand
, mans parts of Balochistan.
Peshawar receives maximum rainfall of 78 mm in March. Most of the moisture of these winds is
lost when they reach Balochistan. So,the highest amount of rainfall for Quetta is 49 mm in
February.

(ii) Explain two factors that affect temperature in Pakistan. You should develop your answer.
[4]

1. Altitude: Generally, f~r every lOGO metres, ~Iiletemperature drops by around 6.5 "C, This
happens becauseof decreasing air pressure. Due to this, the distance between the air
molecules is increased resulting in a coolin effect. The height will increase the temperature will
reduce.

2. Angle of the sun: The position of the earth in relation to the sun determines temperature
variability. During summers, land of Pakistan is tilted towards the sun, and so, it experiences
higher>temperatures. Conversely, during winters it is tilted away from the sun, and this causes
lower temperatures. The distance of sun and earth( equator) is short.

(c) (i) Define 'drought'. [1]

It means a long period of no or very little rainfall.

(ii) State two effects of drought on the natural environment of Pakistan. [2]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 444

1. Drought causesdesertification that means encroaching of desert areas into the fertile arable
regions.

2. Water channels like rivers, lakes, ponds and streams are gradually dried up leading to severe
shortage of water.

3. Life of Plants and animals is harmed due to shortage of water.

(iii) Describe the benefits and problems of cold climates for people in PCJkistan. [4]

Benefits: Severaltourists are attracted to enjoy the scenic beauty like the sn<i)wca~pedpeaks
. l
and snowfields. They are engaged in such activities as hiking and climbiQgthe mountain peaks.
Many tourists enjoy ice skating on the frozen water bodies. Local people earn by selling
products of cottage and craft industry, and providing food and accommodation to the tourists.

Problems: Several herdsmen have to take their livestock and ttiatoUheirneighbours to the less
cooler places in winters. this is a kind of seasonal migration as they return to their mountainous
towns in summers.

(d) Pakistan experiences extremes of climate which can have many effects on people's lives•
Readthe following two views:
•

A B
Storms and heavy Droughts ~ve1M
rainfall havethe most most severe i9"~
severe impactsfor for people in Pakistan.
people in Pakistan.

Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer.
[6]

Floods and stormy winds seriously affect the economy becausethey destroy crops, livestock
and mlild houses in the rural areas. Roadsget inundated ttiat make it difficult for workers to
reach tHeir workplace astraffic gets slower. Power supply is disrupted, and it takes a long time
to repair the damage. Ufe in major cities is paralyzed as people are forced to stay indoors. In
Lahore the destructive Monsoon rains causechoking of sewerage system, and on many occa-
sions, eople had to deliver Azansfrom tile mosques to seek God's mercy. Similarly, Karachi
received 200 mm of alnfall in 12 hours in August 202li. This caused 68,000 affected people to
live in the relief eamps. Droughts, on the other hand, can be managed by an efficient system of
irrigation canals. Many parts of Thai and Thar deserts have been reclaimed by irrigation. By
resolving the interprovincial water disputes more reservoirs can be built. For this, IRSAcan play

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 445

a decisive role. So, floods and stormy winds have a greater effect on economy as they involve
much heavier expenses in relief and rehabilitation operation.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing the percentage of Ian

western Pakistan

o 1.00 200 300

I I I I
kin

_ .._. international boundary

(i) Using-Fig.3.1 only, describe the distribution of areas with over 50% of land under
cultivation. [3]

There is uneven distribution of land under cultivation. Most of such land is located in the
eastern and northeastern parts. We can see relatively smaller areas of such land in the central
and southeastern parts. Similarly, no arable land is visible in the western parts near the Pak-
Afghan and Pak-Iran border areas. As well as near the Arabian Sea.

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 PAGE 446

(ii) Define 'cultivation': [1]

It refers to the process of preparing land and growing crops on it.

(b) Study Fig. 3.2, a pie graph showing the percentage share by value of each of the main
crops grown in Pakistan.

(I) value of 00tt0n and rice. Use the

rice 15
[2]

(ii) State two reasons why wheat is the main crop-.grown in Pakistan. [2]

1. Wheat is the staple food for most of Pakistanisw~o consume it in the form of Chapatis, Nans
and Parathas.

2 Whe t flour is the main raw material for several bakery products like bread and biscuits.

OLE-VEL
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(c) (i) Complete the passageabout growing rice in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from
the list and place them in the spacesprovided.

Balochistan commercial large northern

$indh southern

......., fieids.

Small-scalesubsistence farmingis practiced in the Northern regions where rice is grown on

terraced fields.

(ii) Describe the processesinvolved in the g Qwing of rice. [4]

Riceseeds are first sown in a nursery. In order to retai water, terraces are raised around the
nurseries. Fieldsare prepared by ploughing, and then flooded by river water or irrigation canals
to a depth of about 37 cm. Crop is transplanted from nursery to the irrigated field when it
attains a height of 23 em. Fertilisers and manure are added to enrich the soil. Water from the
field is drained throughtholes around the field when the crop is ripe.

(iii) Explain how two natural factors affect rice production. You should develop your answer.
[4]

1 Temperature: Riceneeds warm temperatures of 20 - 30°C as low temperature will spoil the
crop. A warm period is needed at the time of harvesting.

2 Rainfall: Ricegrows well with heavy rainfall, ranging from 1270 mm to 2000 mm. Heavy rain
during 4 - 6 months of cultivation ensures the best yield. However, before harvest, there should
be dry climate as untimely heavy rain will adversely affect the rice yield.

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 PAGE 448

(d) To what extent are climatic challenges the biggest threat to Pakistan increasing its
agricultural production? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you
have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. [6]

Increasing temperatures as a result of global warming and deforestation cause a low

agricultural output. They also damage the quality of agricultural yields. Repeated spells of
drought affect crop and livestock farming simultaneously. Localclimatic changescannot be
prevented as they involve huge expenses.Unreliability and var:ial5i1't¥of rainfall further limit the
yield. An increase in temperature encourages the growth of pests and insects like the lCV (leaf
Curl Virus). Due to changesin climate, farmers cannot rely on rainfall hat rresultsinr more
expenseson irrigation schemes.Thunderstorms an~ untimely rainfall, for example at the time
of harvest-ing, can drastically affect the output of precious crops like wheat and cotton.
However, human factors like unlined canal and an unfair distribution of landholdings also affect
agricultural production. Traditional methods of farming in man't!parts of Pakistan also limit
agricultural and livestock yield. To conclude, climatic changes have a greater effect on
agriculture asthey are beyond human control and totally unpredictable.

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1 (Insert), a map showing t e top five destinations of goods exported and
origins of goods imported by Pakistan in 2017.

Kay

D mm = US 52 billion
....... eXporls
___.. imports

~ Pakistan

Using Fig.4.1 only, identify the country:

- to which Pakistan exports the highest value of goods

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 PAGE 449

- from which Pakistan imports the highest value of goods

- which Pakistan both exports goods to and im

(a) (i) Exports to = USA

Imports From = China

Exports to Imports From = China

(ii) In 2017 Pakistan's total exports were valued at US$24.8 ..UI;I.... " ....... total imports at US
$55.6 billion.

ox below.

[2)

(ii) US$24.8 - US$55.6 = US$ ~30.8Billion

(b) (i) What'is the difference between GNPand GDP? [2]

GNP: It is the total monetary value of production by nationals both within and outside a
country.

GDP: It is the total monetary value of everything that the people in a country produce.

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 PAGE 450

(ii) State two of Pakistan's main exports and two of its main imports.

main exports main imports

1 .

2 n .

Main Exports

1) Cotton textile goods like cotton fabric and

readymade garments

2) Sports Goods

(iii) Describe the changes in tHe types and value of g ods imported and exported by Pakistan
in recent years. [4]

Import of high value and capital goods has incr:easedwhereas import of fuels like coal and
refined oil has decreased,Similarly, there has been more export of value added products and
low value goods like agricultural products.

(c) Explain how trading blocs and currency exchange rates affect Pakistan's trade. You should
....,....,_-develop your answer. [4]

Trading blocs: Members of trading blocs have a free trade agreement with minimum trade
restrictions. This encourages more trade between the member states. Pakistan is a member of
SAARC,and so it can export more goods to the other members of this bloc like Sri lanka and
Bangladesh.

Currency exchange rates: The are a means of determining the cost of imports and the value of
exports. Therefore, an increase or decrease of the PKRupee is significant to trade. If PKRupee
is dell!reciated against the USDollar, imports will become expensive and there will be decreased
export: income. This will reduce Pakistan'sforeign trade.

O.LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 451

(d) In 2017 Pakistan's balance of trade was affected by a 0.2 per cent decrease in the value of
its exported goods and a 5.1 per cent increase in the value of imported goods. ~ead the
following two views:

A
Pakistancould
decrease the amount
of cheap goods
imported to improve
the balance of trade.

It seems better for Pakistanto find new export markets to increase valuable foreign exchange
earnings. However, only finding new trade partners has limited prospects of economic growth.

Pakistan heavily depends on cotton textile sector, and exports its products to five major coun-
tries. Due to a serious power shortage crlsis the quality of export products has been constantly
declining. Many industrialists have eitfier closed their industries or sHifted it to other countries.

Therefore, it will be a wiser strategy to decrease the i~ort of cheaper goods. Exploiting the
locally available cheaper ,oods like raw materials wilJ Jielp in expanding the industrial base of
Pakl$ta.,.It will qreate Jobl on I_rse Icale" and low.....tHe crime ,,.te In Pakistan. Estab"~hlng
more industries by utllislng local raw material will help diversify Pakistan'sexports. Moreover, it
will be easier to find new trade partners, and this will improve a negative BOP(Balance Of
Payment) and increase the GDPgrowth rate. Thus, eventually Bakistan's heavy burden of
foreign debt will be significantly reduced.

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PAKISTAN-STUDIES
 PAGE 452

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a graph showing the change in the percentage of adults owning
a cell phone between 2002 and 2017 for selected countries.

Fig. 5.1 for Question 5

adults owning
a cell phone
(percentage)

2017

Key
China
'_'_Kenya
._,_ Mexico
-0-- Pakistan
'_'_USA

Using Fig. 5.1 only:

- by how much has the percentage of cell phone ownershi changed in Pakistan between
2002 and 20171

ownership between 2002

[3]

• 70%

• Incre~sing

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 453

• Kenya

(ii) Suggest how cell phone ownership may encourage the growth of small-scale industries in
Pakistan. [3]

sendlreceive
text messages
access health
informetion
take/send
photographslvideo

10 20 30
eel ptJoneuse
(peroentage)

Ag.5.2

(i) Usinc information from Fie. 5.2 only, complete the sentence about cell phone use.

The' most oonvnon use of Gel phones is _ ,

wheteas per cent make or receive payments from a cell phone.

(2]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 454

(i) The most common use of cell phones is sending and receiving text messages,whereas 9 per
cent make or receive payments from a cell phone.

(ii) Suggestwhy a large percentage of people in Pakistan use cell phones to accesshealth
information. [3]

Pakistan.

• It is an effective means of distance learning as it prevents unnecessarytravelling.

• Students may keep learning when the schools are closed.

• In times of crisis, for example during the €ovid-19 pandemic, online classes and recorded
lessonsare quite helpful.

• Past papers and mark schemes can be accessedon the internet.

• Students can download and share additional information about various topics and subjects.

(ii) Explain two challenges of prOVidingtelecommunications in some parts of Pakistan. You

should develop your answer. [4]

• Several users of the internet in major cities put a strain 00 network as they are using it
simultaneously. This causespoor connectivity and waste of time during online classes.

",-"--. In remote areas of GB Province and-Balochlstan, due to a poorly developed infrastructure, the
cost of providing telecommunication is increased.

• Similarly, in mountainous areas the transmission of. sign Is is disturbed by high mountain
peaks. l'herefore, people of these areas avail the telecommunicafon with great difficulty

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 455

(d) The rate of growth of Pakistan's telecommunications sector has been impressively fast-
paced in recent years. However, computers and smartphones are of limited use if the internet
is not widely available. Assessthe role of telecommunications in the further development of
Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied.
You should consider different points of view in your answer. [6]

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 456

June 2022

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan.

o, ,
t
100' 200
,
300
I
km

[2J

Plateau.

2. It is the province-with he lowest population density

3. The p_Fovince
has poor accessto electricity and communication

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 457

Fig. 1.2 for Qu.. lion 1

Key
_ main commerdal area (city centre)
_ adminiSlr8tlve •• - -. city bound
residential -- road
_ universities -- ralway
_ industrial - cWJ
_ parts and open apace - rIitet
~ airport

(iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location oft):1e airport in Peshawar. Using Fig.
1.2 only, describe the location of the airport. [3]

Peshawarairport is located in the downtown part of Peshawar.On one side of it is Jamrud Road
whereas Khyber Road is on its other side. The main railway track is also to the airport.

(iv) State two improvements that have recently taken place in air communications in
Pakistan. [2]

1 Online ticketing, reservation and boarding facilities have been implemented

2 New airlines like FlyJinnah have been introduced with the establishment of new airports

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 458

(b) (i) Describe two features of large-scale industry. [2]

lit requires huge area of the land

2 It convert raw materials into manufactured goods

should develop your answer. [4]

Largescale industries provide employment to greater number of si(illed, semi-skilled and

unskilled workers. Income of these workers reduces poverty, helps in improving their standard
of living. As a cumulative result, there will be a decrease in crime rate. By economies of scale,
production of goods exceedsthe local demand. This, in turn stimulates more exports that helps
improve Pakistan'sGDP(GrossDomestic Rroduct) and economic gro th rate. Gradually,
production of more value added goods will bring more inceme for Pakistan's struggling
economy

(d) The development of inte national transport links can help to p omote further economic
growth in Pakistan. Readthe following two views: [6]

A B

Building new intamation,at- ImpttJVfng existing

airports in Pakistan ha.! 1he intemational seaports in
most pOtentialto increase trade Pakistan has the most
and development, entia I to increase trade and
development.

Which vi,gw do you agree with more? Give reasens to support your answer and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider view A and vie in your answer.

Building new airports is generally a good idea. However, Pal<istanbeing an indebted country,
will find it difficult to s endlluge money for this. Mosflof the goods are exported and imported
by sh'p as only high value and non-bulky goods are transported by air. Therefore, it is better to
improve tile existing seaports. The cost of improvement and maintenance is much lesser.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 459

Pakistan should invest in improving the structure and working of its ports. This will motivate the
industrial and trade community to manufacture and export more goods. Work on Gwadar Port
should be sped up so that the time and transport cost between Pakistan and the Middle
Eastern states is reduced due to a significantly shorter distance. By initiating and completing
multiple development projects, Gwadar may eventually become a competitor of the UAE
attracting tourists and foreign investors.

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing three

64"E

o 100 200
I I I
km

'-)
I
c:'\ "_ ..- _,' ..

24"N

• Fig. 2.1

Name either desert X or desert Y. [1]

letter chosen X name of desert Kharan

letter chosen Y name of desert Thai

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'

PAGE 460

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of the desert named in (a)(i) above. [3]

X: Kharan desert is located in south-western Balochistan. It is situated on the Pak-Iran border.

The Arabian Sea is in the south of this desert.

Y: Thai desert lies near central Punjab. It is located at the south-eastern border of KPK. It does
not share boundary with any of Pakistan's neighb ring states.

Thar desert. Using Fig. 2.2 only, state

[2]

2 Th lie is scanty growth 0 znatural ve etation, an

scatter sparsely across he desert
, ~
(b) Explain how desert areas influence the deveto ment of road networks in Pakistan. You
should de op your answer. [4]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 461

construction of roads. Water for the workers and construction material hasto be transported
from distant places due to very sparse population density in the desert.

(c) (i) Describe the effect of latitude on day length and temperature in Pakistan. [4]

Day length: Pakistan is located in the northern hemisphere, and so, tilts towards the sun during

factor tick (.I)

air pressure V
land use
rainfall
.4
soil type
temperature
water quality
,
wind direction V

(III)Describe the characteristics of an arid climate In Pakistan. [31

This is marked by very high summer temperature from May to September. Mean summer
temperature is above 30°C.There is higher degree of evaporation than precipitation. Very low
rainfall is received, usually below 250 mm per year.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 462

(d) In 2019, more than 1.2 million people experienced food shortages in the south of Pakistan
due to drought. Evaluate the extent to which extremes of climate influence the lives of
people and the economy in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer.
[6]

affected areas. This involves greater spending::l:lYl

the government. Blockageof Karezsystem in .
Balochistan causesmore poverty for the subsistencefarmers. Droug ts also causeout-
migration in the affected areas. However, liiy using available water resources efficiently,
destructive effects of droughts can be reduced. By conducting research on drought-resistant
crops, and residual moisture of soils affected by floods, P.aistan can successfully manage the
extremes of climate.

OLE-VEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 "

PAGE 463

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing three methods of coal extraction

Name the three methods of coal extraction shown in Fig. 3.1 in the spaces provided. [3]

Adit Open cast/pit/quarry

the coal is
processed

................
Shaft .

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 464

(ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of a mine in Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.2 only, identify two
features of the mine shown. [2]

1. It is an underground tunnel with rocky walls and flat ground.

2. There is dim light in the tunnel but we can see grayish brown walls of the tunnel.

(iii) Suggest how coal is extracted from the t¥pe of mine shown in FiS.3.2. [2]

[2]

Renewable: are not exhausted and can be.used again and again.

Non-renewable: Non-renewable resources are destined to end, and do not last forever.

(ii) Complete the table to classify by type ,(renewable

resources listed below.

coal gas hydel oil

(3]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'

PAGE 465

(iii) Study Fig. 3.3, a pie chart showing the percentage share by value of Pakistan's energy
sources.

0%

(c) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electricity using solar power.
You should develop your answer. [4]

Advantage: Solar is a renewable power resource, and it will not run out. Once solar panels are
installed, they keep producing electricity and their maintenance cost is low. Solar power is
environmentally friendly and does not create air pollution.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
I PAGE 466

Disadvantage:The amount of electricity generated per solar panel is quite small. Therefore
several panels are needed to power a home. This increase the initial cost of installation aswell
as more area is required.

(d) Pakistan plans to generate 60 per cent of Its power usln, renewable energy ~y 2030, yet
coal-fired power stations are being rapidly developed. In 2016 there was one coal-fired power
station and by 2019 there were nine, providlog15 per c t o~ I(lstan's electricity suppl,y.To
what extent is it possible for Pakistan to ,enerattt..more of ItS ~wer from renewable energy?

Pakistan has already invested heavily on such projects as TIlar Coa and Power Project. Pakistan'
does not have a developed infrastructure for solar and wind power plants. However, having
250-300 sunny days, there is enormous potential for solar power production. Similarly, many
wind power plants can be set up along a 700-800 km long coastline of Rakistan. If Karachi is
powered by solar and wind resources, Pakistan may get l'iillf of the menace of load shedding. In
desert and mountainous areas, with a good speed of winos and sunshine, several wind and
solar plants can electrify thousands of villages and small towns, By resolving the inter-provincial
and international water conflicts, projects llk Kala Ba h [}am can be speedily built. Pakistan
can successfully utilize renewable power resources by a ublic-private partnership and inviting
foreign investors from friendly countries like China and urkey.

4 (a) (i) Complete the table to define the thre~maln types of farming in Pakistan.

type

.....~.~$..b...C.r.9.P......
farming is the production of food and raw
materials from animalS.

....s.u.bs.,i,st.e.n.e.e ...
[3]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 467

(ii) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas in southern and western Pakistan where one type
of livestock is mainly kept.

oI 100 200
I I
km

-"\
./
c: 'f\, ...........
_ .. _ ..

\,..

Fig. 4.1

State the type of livestock mainly kept in the areas shown in Fig. 4.1. [1]

Sheeps/Goats

(Iii) UslnB FiB.4.1 only, describe the distribution of the areas within southern and western
Pakistan where the livestock is mainly kept. [3]

These areas are widely distributed throughout Pakistan.They are in all provinces but mainly in
Balochistan.There are small areas in south-eastern parts of Pakistan, and large areas in central
Pakistan

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 I PAGE 468

(b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage share by value of major
crops grown in Pakistan.

cane

Using the information in Fig. 4.2 only:

- which crop accounts for a quarter of the value of major crops? Cotto ' [1]
- what is the percentage share of sugar:cane? lZ% [1]

(ii) State one major use for each of the crops below:
[3]

Cotton: It is used for making fabric and readymade garments

Rice:It is the staple food for mot Pakistanis

Tobacco: Its main use is for manufacturing cigarettes

(c) (i) Explain how the natural factors of soil and cli sate affect the growth of cotton. You
--~ [4]

Soil: Fertile soil of loamy to clayey type is required for cotton cultivation because it ensures a
better yield. In order to maintain and enhance its fe ility manure should be added.

Climate: Cotton needs high temperature 0 25-35 to give better yield. Mild temperatures at
0

night-time ar.enecessaryfor its successfulgro h. It cannot sust in frost or low temperature

throughout its ripening and harvesting'St ge ali tu tivation. Ample rainfall of 500-1000 mm in
the fgrm offrequent showers coupled wltf sunny periods in between is best for a great yield. A
rainf II lessthan 500 mm will spoil the crop. Similarly, heavy rainfall at the time of harvesting
can also estray the crop.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAG.E469

(ii) Complete the passagebelow about tobacco farming in Pakistan. Choosethe correct words
from the list and place them in the spacesprovided.

AzadJammu & Kashmir (AJ&K) Balochistan domestic export

Gilgit-Baltistan import

Punjab

Tobacco is mainly grown

(3)

(d) Water is a valuable resource for development, yet Pakistan faces acute water shortages.
. "
2600-5300 lit res of water per day are needed to grow enough food for one person compared
with 50 litres of water being needed per person per day~or domestic use. Evaluate the extent
to which the use of water in agriculture in Pakistan can t)e made ore sustainable. Give
reasons to support your judgement and refeli to examples you ha e studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer. [6]

Useof water can be made sustainable by using modern irrigatiom devices like sprinkler and
drip/trickle methods. These save a lot of water. Introducing telemetry / water meters will train
farmers to make judicious use af water. Government of Punjab has already implemented the
use of telemetry in many areas. Lang term strategy should be adopted to reduce or eliminate
waterlogging and salinity by making projects like SCARP(Salinity Control and Reclamation
Program) more effective. Lossof water should be avoided by repairing damaged pipes, and
lining the unlined canals. However, a poor literacy rate and lack of awareness about a
controlled use of water among the farmers is a major limiting factor.

Many farmers still rely on inefficient irrigation methods that cause waterlogging and salinity. All
farmers are not able to afford the'expensive telemetry device. The old network of irrigation
canals needs a lot of repair work which may take time. Groundwater is being used at a faster
pace by a rapidly growing population. More irrigation is needed to grow food crops to feed an
ever increasing population. Pakistan should make the Indus River SystemAuthority (IRSA)more
operational. At the same time it should launch a campaign of creating awareness about the fair
use of water to achieve the goal of sustainability of water in agriculture.

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 .'

PAGE 470

5 (a) (i) Define 'population distribution'. [2]

It means the pattern of spread of population over an area

0
I I
t
100 200 300
I I
km

These are are unevenlv; distributed in souther than northern pa . A large pocket can be
seen in sout -western Balochistan near P.akistan' order with Iran and Afghanistan, while
another major pocket is located nert 0 akra oast. Some sma ler pockets are located in
KPK near Pak-Afghan border

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'

PAGE 471

(iii) Suggest two reasons for the annual population change of the district labelled Z in Fig. 5.1.

[2]

1 This may be due to a high rate of natural increase in population high birth rate and low death
rate

2 This may have resulted from rural to urban

to balochistan

(b) (i) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a ptiotograph of part of a tent city in Pakistan. Using Fig. 5.2 only,
describe two features of the ar a.shown. [2]

1. Several tents of fabric and plastic sheets are erected on a vast area of a flat land.

2. The ground surface is visibly dusty and sandy.

3. The tent city is densely populated.

(ii) State two reasons for the growth of tent cities in Pakistan. [2]

1 Main reasons is internal or rural-urban migration

2 Formal housing units are quite expensive for the poor migrants

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 472

I (iii) Describe four problems faced by many people living in tent cities.

1. Unhygienic living and spread of diseasesamong the people living in such settlements.
[4]

2. There is no.arrangement for disposal of waste.

3. There is no provision of security making the residents vulnerable to criminals or wild animals.

2. Health, education and entertainment services can be provided so that the residents do not
develop major diseasesand work more efficient y with a better health. Education will promote
awareness among them about their rights and responsibilif s. Parksand playgrounds will
engage them in a healthy way, and keep them from anti-s~dal activities.

(d) Readthe following two views about approaches tbat could be taken to further develop
Pakistan's economy.
(6)

With a better longevity, more people can work fQr a longer period of their lives. People with
greater experience can prepare a strong war force of the young population. Moreover, the
healthy older.people can impart their experience and expertise to various development
projects.

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 473

With a reduced IMR (Infant Mortality Rate),there will be low birth rate. This in turn will result
in the growth of healthy children as the load on vaccination schemes, like the EPI(Expanded
Program for Immunization) will be reduced. With an improved literacy rate, it is easier for the
government to prepare educated people to work in various sectors of economy. Educated
people offer their services in a better way as they have
improved performance. They can draw loans
They can also seek advice from such bod
Development Authority}. In a changing
online as freelance writers. Healthy
working for longer hours and becomi

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PACiE474

I
I Oct 2022

I 1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing annual rainfall in southern and western Pakistan.

Key
..-~
~oN~~j __ -4~~ ~~~ ~
\
i
.J
.'~
I
~, .
./

(i) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the pattern of annual ainfall. [3J
Rainfall is variable as it decreases from north to south. Highest rainfall occurs in the northern
and no heastern parts that receive more than 750 mm rainfall. The largest part of the region
receives 'l ~6-250 mm. Areas bordering India in tlie--east,Arabian Sea in the south, and
Afghanistan in the west, receive lower amount of . infall.

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 475

(ii) Name rivers U, V and W shown on Fig. 1.1. [3]

U: River Sutluj

V: River Dasht

W: River Indus

(b) (i) State four natural features of a tloodrlain. [4]

covered with rich alluvium.

4 There are mud and tidal flats in the ~us delta, and alluvial fans in tHe piedmont plains.

(ii) Explaln two ways that floodplains influence human ctivity. You should develop your
answer. [4]
1. Rich alluvium spread over oodplains helps in crop farming on sul:5sistence and large scale.
As they are located near the ivers, water for irrigation makes up the deficiency of a variable and
unreliable rainfall.
•
2. Alluvial terraces or bar uplands are the highest points across a Doab. They are the safest place
for human settlement. erefore, they are suitable for the development of infra-structure, and
establishing industries, houses, ther buildings and roads.

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 .'

PAGE 476

(c) (i) Which of the following statements about monsoons in Pakistan are correct? Tick (3)
three boxes in the table below. [3]

tick (.I)

During winter a low-pressure area is created over the

Tropic of Cancer.

Monsoons are seasonal,

Monsoon winds blow towards the centre of

during winter and towards the sea in summ

Summer winds are called north-west mon

Winter winds are called north-east ~~59!~~r J

[3]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 477

(ii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph of a recent cyclone in South Asia. Using Fig. 1.2
only, describe two impacts of the cyclone shown. [2]
1. Stormy winds damage crops, trees and mud built houses.
2. Due to dusty winds and heavy rainfall motorcyclists and auto rickshaw drivers face great
difficulty in making their way.

Increasing intensity of cyclones are likely to cause more tlamage to industries, shops and houses
in the affected areas. There will be more power outages because tli0\pow supply system in
Pakistan is already a victim of negligence and Roormanagement. Telecommunication lines and
towers will also be damaged resulting in a verse effects on industry, trade and education. Life
will be more difficult with trees and electric poles falling on the roads. However, storm
management and weather forecast bodies are expected to improve their efficiency, thus
minimising the damage. Various NGOs will help the public sector ins itutions like the NDMA
(Natural Disaster Management Authority), WAP A and ASA (Water and Sanitation
Authority) in timely evacuation of tile victims, and their r. abilitation. People will help
themselves under the self-help schemes to withstand such calamitie . Therefore, tropical
cyclones do not seem to pose a huge challenge as most of them are diverted towards India.
Moreover, tourists continue to visit various attractions despite such climatic challenges.

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PAKISTAN-STUDIES
 "

PAGE 478

Fig. 2.1 for Question 2

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 (Insert), a p oto ph of a ty~ of ivestock ept in Pakistan. Using
Fig. 2.1 only, name the type of livestock show [lJ

Poultry

(ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe three features ofth· [3J

1. A large number of birds are kep] in a huge area of tile building.

[2J

Produc

(b) (i) Define 'subsistence farming'. [lJ

~
It is a type of small scale arming in whic the prod cts are consumed by the farmers and his
family

(ii) Describe how a subsiste ce farm 0 . tes a a s stem. You should refer to inputs,
proc sses and ou 'n your answer. [4J

It is pra ice on a small land holding, and is dependant on climate conditions and rain-water.
Farmers use inherited skills and traditional devices like wooden plough and manure.Family

o LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 I!!I!III

AAGE~ ~

1
~
members perform ploughing, harvesting and threshing on the farm. Small output is obtained
depending on good amount of rainfall and protection against pests and insects. Wheat or milk are
!
a
stored to be consumed by family members. ...

a
~
i

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
I PAGE 480

c) (i) Study Fig. 2.2, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan's total irrigated
area by method of irrigation.

0%

irrigation method
tubewells
wells and other
(2]

O·LEVEL
PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 481

(ii) Explain two ways in which a karez irrigation system is operated to grow dates and
vegetables in a desert oasis. You should develop your answer. [4]
I. As most of the farmers in Balochistan are poor, a karez is usually owned by a group of farmers
in a village. The owners share the responsibility for its building, working and maintenance. Thus
it is a cooperative activity.

2. A mother well is dug down to reach the wat r taBle. It is connected to an underground tunnel!
canal that brings water to an' orchard. The tunnel runs fQf- <lista ce upto ten kilometers before
opening on the land surface. It is dotted by ve ic Ishafts throu' which the deposited silt is
scooped out.

[2]

2. Repair of Karez is difficult due to lack of skille<flaber

3. It is feasible for specific sites in Balochistan where water table is not very low.

(d) To what extent can agricultural practice's and water management be improved to
prevent waterlogging and saliJ?-ity?Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to
,, points of view in your answer.
examples .you have studied. You should consider different

[6]
We can improve agriQulturlt1 practicos and w r management by building more reservoirs. For
that, Pakistan needs to activate bodies like the IRSA (Indus River System Authority) in order to
resolve interprovincial water conflicts over ttie use of river waters. Similarly, under the SCARP
(Salinity Control And Reclamation Project) lining of canals and lowering of water table will
improve irrigation schemes and agricultural productivity. The menace of water theft can be
effectively controlled by strict enforcement of laws and instalJing devices like telemetry on the
irrigation spots. Parts of the land can be left for fallow/ giving rest. However, projects like
SCARP have become outdated, and they need their reviewed versions. Installing telemetry
requires strong political will, monitoring and follow up as most of the landed aristocrats have
strong political connections. Replacing traditional methods of irrigation with tubewells may
cause lowering of water table with its associated problems. Due to a high illiteracy rate, many
farmers continue to over-irrigate their crops causing huge waste of water. If projects like the
Kalabagh and Diamir Bhasha Dams are completed on urgent basis, the agriculture as well as the
power sector of Pakistan will significantly improve in their efficiency.

3 (a) (i) What is meant by the term 'tertiary occupation'? [1]

It deals with providing various social and financial services

(ii) Name two examples of a tertiary occupation. [2]

I)Waiters and Manager in hotels

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 482

2) Cashier, saleperson
(iii) State two advantages and two disadvantages of the informal sector to the tourist
industry in Pakistan. [4]

advantages
1
It provides self-employement
to its workers

2 Workers can be hired at low

wages

[4J

Q' PClfllcnf .... !IIInIt

C) dh~
t!I INI<MI
"

.
.~
II
......
tN
:... t;-.:fI
pII'!ilUnd.,.. ...
~:

N
:2,
t

The site is eloser to the main road, rail track and the airport. This helps in having easy access to
various means of transport. The nearby shopping area makes it convenient for the customers to

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 "

PAGE 483

--
do shopping or visit the mall for leisure. Clifton beach is located at a short distance, attracting
tourists for recreation and relaxation.
Flil. 3.2 for QueetJon 3

-
-

-
,...,-- sed by tourists. Using
[2J
I. Vast sandy beach

2. Waves coming from the sea

3. Steep cliffs, clear bl e sky, suns

(Hi) Suggest how tourists may u e tbe area shown in Fig. 3.2. [3J
Tourists can use the beach for sunbathing (tanning their s in) and play beach games. can take
photographs of the sea and make . eir selfies They can enjoy swimming and surfing on the
seawater.

(c) Explain two approaches used by governing authorities to promote industrial growth in
Pakistan. You should develop your answer. [4J

1 Bodies like the PIDC (Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation) can invest in large scale
industries like cotton textile and cement. Similarly, institutions like SMEDA (Small and Medium
Enterprises Development Authority) can extend loans to set up small and medium sized
industrial units.

2. Projects like Motorways and CPEC (China Pakistan Economic Corridor) are helpful in
establishingjndustrial estates and zones along their routes. This will stimulate growth of large
scale industries, and attract Chinese investment.

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 484

(d) Read the following two views about ways industry could encourage further economic
growth in Pakistan: [6]

Pakistan could develop

more large-scale
manufacturing industries
to increase GOP.

Which view do you agree with more?

examples you have studied. You 1OUId-(:opiIilt~

Large scale industries can boost ve BOP (Balance of

Payment). They also create jobs on a the government. More
iron and steel and similar industries can i"n.·... l1'" investment. It is

possible to set up industrial estates Gwadar Port. Such

industries ensure a greater degree of Pakistan's heavy spendings on
imports. Developing tourism industry is .t~..,rnrii"..... and sectarian

violence especially in the GBprovince and itical instability have

further deteriorated this industry. Sudden closure of Imr,nrtsmt ;n"lfitnt .. the PTDC (Pakistan
Tourism Development Corporation) in 2020 yet another example'ot poor policies of the
government about tourism industry. Thus the the large scale industries
may be spent on developing small seale and toudism

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 485

4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan .

.. ..
",
\ , j
_) !
,/ i
......
~~"
" ' ...,._., ,_, .-.._.,.,...,.,.
\
"', ..
"'.
IRAN :"" .
.1

Key
_., - lntemldonll boundllly
-.--.-.• provIllClIHeweI bounda~

f'I....1

(i) Name province-level areas Y and Z shown on Fig. 4.1. [2]

Y: Khyber Pakhtunkhawa
Z:Sindh
(ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the location or Baloehistan. [2]
Balochistan is located in southwestern part of Pakistan, bordering with Sindh on its east,
Punjab on its northeast and KPK on its north, It shares borders with Afghanistan in northwest
and fran in the southwest. The Arabian Sea lies in its south.

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 PAGE 486

(iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, estimate the total area of Balochistan. Circle the correct
answer [1]

350km2 35000km2

(b) (i) Define 'balance of trade'. [1]

main trading partner Uk

name of goods imported Machinery

name of goods exported Fresh fruits

Falkisltan'simports from 2015 to 2020.

[2]

40
value of Imports
(US$billions) 30

20

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 487

Using Fig. 4.2 only:

- What was the value of Pakistan's imports in 2016? 46 US$ billions
- How has the value of Pakistan's imports changed since 2018? Imports has decreased
(iv) Describe the changes in the types and amounts ofgooos imported by Pakistan in recent
~~ ~

Imports of fuel oils have been variable 0

during Covid-19.

your answer.
There are many factors which can promote trade. first of all, trade can be romoted by putting a
ban on child labour as it is not appreciated by the orld. Trade barriers can be removed so that
competition can be increased for best quality o{product. Secondly, infrastructure can be
constructed such as highways and motorways this will promoted industries and overall
production will increase as well as trade.
(d) Evaluate the extent to which Pakistan can increBfeits trade with other countries. Give
reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should
consider different points of view in your answer. [6]
Pakistan is a member of the regional trading blocs, SAARC (South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation) and ECO (Economic Cooperation Organisation). It needs to diversify its
exports, and improve relations with India in order to import cheap Indian raw materials. It should
reduce a heavy dependence on the exports of cotton textile good . Afghanistan is a good market
for cement and sugar that Pakistan can manufacture in excess of local needs. It can attract more
investors from China, UK and the UAE in power and manufacturing sectors, enhancing its
industrial production. It should implement export-friendly policies to encourage exporters for
increasing exports. However, a worsening power shortage crisis and increasing rates of
electricity tariff have restricted industrial production and exports of Pakistan. Various
governments have failed to win the confidence of exporters and importers. Depreciation of
Pakistani currency against dollar has significantly increased the cost of imports resulting in a
more negative balance of payment. Pakistan has full potential to increase its trade links by hiring
the services of local economists, and drafting a long term trade policy on emergency grounds.

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 PAGE 488

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a diagram showing the Demographic Transition Model (DTM). [3]

stage 1 stage 2 stage 3 stage " stage 5

death rate
per#KJU~nd
populatibn

KAIy
-- birth rate
--_-_. death rate
~.~ •• total popUlation
•••••.••..projection

Using Fig. 5.1 only: [3]

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PAKISTAN STUDIES
 PAGE 489

(iii) On Fig. 5.1, shade a stage of-the DTM which shows high natural population increase.
(I]

(iv) State three reasons for a reduction in the death ate in stages 1and 3 of the DTM.(3]

1 Due to an improved medical care including

hospitals.

answer.
1. Early marriages of girls result in an increased span of fertility/ reproductivity. Most of the
rural girls get married as teenagers, and t11ustney have many years of getting pregnant and
having a greater number of children. This is also linked with an increased IMR (Infant Mortality
Rate) that again leads to a greater number ofbirlhs.
2. Illiteracy and poor awareness about the use ot\contraceptives, and benefits of keeping a small
family. Uneducated couples tend to develop ~uperstitio s about contr ceptive devices, and
therefore, resist their use. They also fail to understand the unportance of observing a reasonable
interval between births. They do not anticipate the impact of inflation on a larger size of family.

(ii) Describe how birth rates are being reduced in Pakistan. (4]
A greater number of religious scholars have started supporting family planning schemes.Women
employment projects are attracting an increasing number of-women to do various jobs. Working
women usually get married late, and prefer to have lesser number of chil-dren. Provincial
governments have started taking strict measures against child labour while providing free
education with meals at primary levels. More funds are being allocated for family planning
programs.

(c) Suggest three likely changes to Pakistan's population structure over the
next 50 years. [3J
1. The base of population pyramid will get narrower as a result of a decreased birth rate.
2. There will be fewer number of young dependents.
3. Top of the pyramid will be broader with an increased life expectancy.

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 PAGE 490

(d) Read the following two views about ways of slowing Pakistan's population growth rate:
A B

Reducing infant mortality

in Pakistan Is the best
way to stow the rate or
population gnwwth in the
1UhJre_

[6]
Reducing infant mortality will have a weaker effect on slowing the population growth because
illiterate and rural couples continue to have mor~ children. The~ Mis· telP.retreligious teachings
to justify their mistakes and poor planning. is. greater number of doctors:and paramedics are
needed to control a high IMR (Infant Morta)icyRate) that are not available in remotely located
areas. Many women fail to take a balanced diet during pregnancy, and this increases the IMR.
Therefore, Pakistan needs to improve its f8J1lilyp1anningschemes. More family planning clinics
can be set up while increasing the numbenof the LHWs a,oyHealth orkers). This can be
accomplished with an increasing female literacy fate. YoUPggirls can be imparted education
about sexual health and career op_nortunities.Recently, the e has been an impressive increase in
the number of young female graduates going abroad fo igber education. Such ambitious girls
prefer to get married late. It can seek more funds from tfie WHO (World Health Organization).
Pakistan can significantly reduce its population growth by encoura ing the NGOs like Sabz
Sitara / Green Star and Sabz Cbabi I Gree Key. They can be given more funds and allowed to
interact with female students in coUegesand universities.

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 HAMZAM.ALI
A~ ~-~ ~01 cJd!d, lost

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